Rhoads 1

Forrest Rhoads
Professor Jessica Alzen
California Baptist University
English 123
20 May 2017
Youth Incarnation: An Annotated Bibliography
(1) Brannon, James M. "The Mistaken Goals of Adolescence in Residential Group

Treatment of Juvenile Offenders." Individual Psychology: The Journal of

Adlerian Theory, Research & Practice, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 1989, p. 376.

EBSCOhost,

libproxy.calbaptist.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=t

rue&db=aph&AN=9100118&site=ehost-live&scope=site. This article was a case

study was examined to get a better understanding why juveniles have certain

behaviors. The study included 150 male youth incarcerated in a state youth

treatment facility. All the juveniles were a diverse group aging from 13-19 and the

average age was 16.1 years old. They were all committed to the facility for

various offences but were all excluded from community service because they

were labeled inappropriate. The results of the test were that 28 percent of the

juveniles tried to use misbehavior to resist the treatment for their offence. Eight

percent of the youth resisted treatment, 13 percent of the youth attempted to gain

attention and change the focus of the therapy by giving graphic examples or

trying to charm or flatter their therapist. Another seven percent of the group tried

to gain attention by harassing, and causing the therapist to become uncomfortable.

The article then describes the types of misbehaviors used by the juveniles. For

example, the category of power which is aggressive, disobedient, or being

 Rhoads 2

stubborn. Another category is revenge and this is hurtful, rude, and destructive

behaviors. Lastly, the juvenile tried to display inadequacy to resist treatment.

Teens with inadequacy tend to quit easy, escape daily problems through substance

abuse, and drop out of school. This case study is important to my research paper

because it shows what juveniles try to do to resist treatment. I can use this to find

ways to counter these acts and describe them in my paper.

(2) Caldwell, Michael F. and Gregory J. Van Rybroek. "Reducing Violence in Serious

Juvenile Offenders Using Intensive Treatment." International Journal of Law and

Psychiatry, vol. 28, 01 Jan. 2005, pp. 622-636. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.07.001. This article is about a case study that reports on

reduction in violent offences after juveniles go through an intensive institutional

treatment program. The treatment group was compared to a similar group that was

compared to another group that was not treated. They were all sent to the program

from a juvenile detention facility where they all received the standard treatment.

The results show a reduction in reoffending in the group after controlling the at

risk and other variables. A statistic in the study was found by Caldwell and Van

Rybroek explain, Untreated comparison youth appeared to be about twice as

likely to commit violent offenses as were treated youth (44% vs. 23%)

(Caldwell, Van Rybroek. Reducing violence in serious juvenile offenders using

intensive treatment). This article and case study is important because it shows that

treatment works and allows me to use the evidence in my paper.

(3) Goodwin, Michele, Grossman Ellie. How Mass Incarceration Trickles Down To

Children Huffpost 18 August 2016 Web. 20 May2017

 Rhoads 3

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michele-goodwin/when-mass-incarceration-

t_b_11554242.html This news article form the Hoffington Post describes how the

United Sates is the only country that had kids serving life sentences. In this article

it says, Notwithstanding the fact that in 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

mandatory life sentences without the possibility for parole were unconstitutional

for children, thousands remain locked up without the possibility of release. Prior

to the Courts ruling, the United States was the only nation to imprison children

for life without parole. (Goodwin, How Mass Incarceration Trickles Down To

Children). As a nation, we have forgotten about the children that have been

locked up. There are many girls within the juvenile system that are convicted of

crimes that they have been forced into. For example, girls that have been sex

trafficked and are victims not criminals. This article also describes how the nation

tends to have harsher punishments for children that are another race than white

and kids with disabilities. For example the article states, A Texas study revealed

that when accounting for the same behaviors, African American kids were nearly

three times more likely to receive an out-of-school suspension for their first

offense. For Latino students, they were twice as likely as white students to be

removed from school for their first offense. On the other hand, whites were more

likely to receive in school suspensions. Researchers found that seventy-five

percent of the 133,719 African-American public school students (male and

female) experienced involvement in the school disciplinary system. The contrast

is starkless than 47 percent of white students experienced similar discipline

(Goodwin, How Mass Incarceration Trickles Down To Children). Another child

 Rhoads 4

that had HDHD was hogged tied and placed into a cop car and taken to a mental

intuition without his parents even called. As a nation, we need to find other ways

to help children instead of using punishment that is intimidating and cruel.

(4) Grietens, Hans and Walter Hellinckx. "Evaluating Effects of Residential Treatment

for Juvenile Offenders by Statistical Metaanalysis: A Review." Aggression and

Violent Behavior, vol. 9, 01 Jan. 2004, pp. 401-415. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00043-0. This article is constructed through stats of

multiple case studies. It measures the effectiveness in residential treatment

facilities for juveniles that have committed crimes. It was divided up into three

studies from North America and two from Europe. The combination of the studies

came up with stats of positive results. For example, All metaanalyses reported

positive mean effect sizes, with d statistics varying from 0.09 to 0.31, and an

average reduction of recidivism by about 9% (Grietens, Hellinckx. 2004). The

study ruined the false statement the nothing works and needs to be replaced

with positive optimism. Treatment needs to be specialized per individual and to

placed into specific context per offence. Future research needs to be done on

European strategies and their effective programs. This article is important because

it shows that Europe is using programs to rehabilitate their inmates and the effects

are working. This is why prison populations are lower than the United States in

Europe and I can uses this to explain why and how.

(5) Hoge, Robert D, et all. From Juvenile Delinquency to Young Adult Offending

National Institute of Justice 11 March 2014. Web. 20 May 2017.

https://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/Pages/delinquency-to-adult-offending.aspx.
 Rhoads 5

This article examines and studies what age group is more likely to commit a

violent crime. Most states mark legal transition from child to adult hood at 18

some researchers are being to question this approach. The National Institute of

Justice held a study group to look at the differences between the youth that

commit crimes and the ones that do not. They also examined the early adults that

have committed a crime and put together some facts about the two. The study

results came up with an age curve that starts from late child hood, (ages 9-14)

peeks in teen years (15-19) and drops off in the early 20s. This curve tends to

peek later than property crimes and girls tend to peek earlier than boys. The curve

is higher in minorities growing up in poor neighborhoods. For example, The

Pittsburgh Youth Study found that 52 to 57 percent of juvenile delinquents

continue to offend up to age 25. This number dropped by two-thirds to 16 to

19 percent in the next five years .However, there are large individual

differences at play. Juveniles who start offending before age 12 are more likely to

continue offending into early adulthood (Hoge, et all, From Juvenile

Delinquency to Young Adult Offending). This article on this case study explains

what age group is most likely to commit a crime. This will be useful in my

research paper to explain the age gaps of juvenile offenders.

(6) Jacobson, Julie, Schiraldi, Vincent. What Mass Incarceration Looks Like for

Juveniles The New York Times. 10 November 2015. Web 20 May2017

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/11/opinion/what-mass-incarceration-looks-

like-for-juveniles.html?_r=1. This article from The New York Times is about how

Vincent Schiraldi decided to run the corrections department in 2005 for

 Rhoads 6

Washington D.C, then later in New York City. The corrections department in

Washington for had been under court order for unconstitutional conditions for the

previous 19 years. These court orders were for beatings of children, un sanitary

conditions and drugs being used in the facilities. There was sexual harassment and

even staff marring an inmate shortly after he was released from one of the

facilities. There were female staff that were forced into performing sexually for

their supervisors and threatened of they refused. Vincent had to turn the

corrections department around, he did this by creating a network of community

based programs and weeded out the bad employees. In the article he says,

Cleaning this up was no mean feat. When a boy complained that he had been

savagely and publicly beaten by a staff member (the medical staff said his

bruising was consistent with his account), only a single corrections officer came

forward as a witness. Because of the strong taboo against snitching inside

correctional facilities, the witness was so harassed by fellow corrections officers

that his testimony during an arbitration hearing was shaky and deemed not

credible (Jacobson, Schiraldi. What Mass Incarceration Looks Like for

Juveniles) The problem in New York was that the probation officers were

arresting criminals on technical or noncriminal violations because they felt they

were just going to just be rearrested anyways. To things surprised him while

taking this role. One, bad conditions of intuitions are common and people tend to

ignore it. He sates Since 1970, systemic violence, abuse and excessive use of

isolation and restraints have been documented in juvenile institutions in 39 states,

the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, according to the Annie E. Casey
 Rhoads 7

Foundation, a philanthropic group devoted to childrens poverty issues. During

that time, there have been 57 lawsuits in these jurisdictions resulting in court-

sanctioned remedies (Jacobson, Schiraldi. What Mass Incarceration Looks Like

for Juveniles). The second thing major surprise was that he liked and a lot of his

staff. Vincent says, Yet many of the churchgoing people on my staff were

ostensibly very friendly people who, despite their silence, believed they were

advancing public safety. They attended our football games and plays and cheered

the youths on, sitting in the stands with their parents. They were the good guys,

rendered complicit by years in a corrupt system (Jacobson, Schiraldi. What

Mass Incarceration Looks Like for Juveniles). He believes that change within the

system is increasing but it is not happening fast enough. This article will allow me

to show why mass incarnation for juveniles is a bad idea. I was allow me to

describe how and why I make it worse to just lock them up.

(7) Pierre, Robert. Adult System Worsens Juvenile Recidivism, Report Says

Washington Post. 30 November 2007. Web. 20 May 2017

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/29/

AR2007112901936.html. This article is explaining that when youth are tried as an

adult and are housed in adult prisons are more likely to commit more heinous

crimes. The Centers for Disease Control and prevention had a panel of experts

study and examine if this type of punishment is affective. However they have

found that these laws have not be effective and have been ineffective in

rehabilitating the youth in this setting. One of the members of the panel Robert L

Johnson said, "Not only does it not deter youth crime, it actually makes them
 Rhoads 8

more violent," Johnson continues. "It may save our desire to punish. But don't get

that confused with rehabilitation. Don't make the mistake of believing that

punishment will help anything" (Pierre, Adult System Worsens Juvenile

Recidivism, Report Says). The panel followed six separate studies that took place

across our nation and found that juveniles that were sent directly to adult jails or

prisons were 37 percent more likely to commit felonies. For example, Most law

on this issue is made at the state level, and there is much disparity in the treatment

of juvenile offenders. Some youths are automatically considered adults, no matter

the crime, at 17. Others have a hearing before a juvenile judge. Some

jurisdictions, including the District, allow for 16- and 17-year-olds accused of

crimes such as rape or murder to be sent directly to the adult system ((Pierre,

Adult System Worsens Juvenile Recidivism, Report Says). This news article from

the Washington Post is important because it shows that our justice system needs

to find better ways to handle the youth that have committed crimes. Just because a

teenager of the age of 17 has committed a serious crime does not mean he or she

has been taught or know it is wrong. The crime that they have committed could

have happened to them growing up. They could have witnessed a family member

or friend do the same crime and that is why they feel like its ok.

(8) Tarolla, Susan M., et al. "Understanding and Treating Juvenile Offenders: A Review

of Current Knowledge and Future Directions." Aggression & Violent Behavior,

vol. 7, no. 2, Mar. 2002, p. 125. EBSCOhost,

libproxy.calbaptist.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=t

rue&db=aph&AN=7761522&site=ehost-live&scope=site. This article and case

 Rhoads 9

study is about treatment for violent behavior and aggression. It is an overview of

available evidence regarding key issues within treatment of juveniles. The first

issue is the root cause or disease or condition of the individual. The routine and

long term negative outcomes are explained. The second key issues are factors that

are associated with treatment is discussed. Lastly, the most commonly used

intervention and strategies are discussed. These include family and systems,

parent and social skill training, behavior, group counseling, wilderness programs,

and boot camps. This also gives a description future directions and gaps in

knowledge. I will be able to use this to describe how the different stages of

treatment are used and what is to come in the future for individuals that need

treatment.

(9) Tripodi, Stephen J. and Kimberly Bender. "Substance Abuse Treatment for Juvenile

Offenders: A Review of Quasi-Experimental and Experimental Research."

Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 39, no. 3, May 2011, pp. 246-252. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.02.007. This article is a systematic review to assess

the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment on alcohol and marijuana for

juveniles. This is based off experimental and individual-based interventions and

family-based interventions. The review used five experimental studies on alcohol

and marijuana up to the year 2010. The results are that treatment on alcohol and

marijuana have a small or moderate reduction in juveniles. Interventions that

showed the most promise were multisystem therapies. These include

Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care, Teaching Family and Life Skill

 Rhoads 10

Training. This study will be good to use in my paper because it shows what

programs might work and be influential.

(10) Wyler, Grace. Mass Incarceration in America Vice. 25 July 2014. Web. 20 May

2017https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mass-incarceration-in-america. This

news article about how the United States has a huge problem with the amount of

people that are incarcerated. In America, we have the highest number of prisoners

that are serving life sentences and the most populated jails and prison. Dated back

in July of 2014 more than one out of every 100 Americans is behind bars, and

the US has the largest prison population in the world (Wyler, Mass

Incarceration in America). There are more people in prison in some states than

there are in entire countries. For example, Ohio has a population of 11.6 million

people and had approximately 77,000 prisoners. Pakistan, a country with

approximately 75,000 Prisoners has 192.1 million people. In the article Wyler

states, Other than the United States, most of the countries with high incarceration

rates have had a very recent social trauma," Wagner added. New York has the

same incarceration rate as Rwanda and there has not been a massive genocide in

New York State. The irony is that New York actually used to have a much higher

rate of incarceration. It's actually one of the grand exceptions in the country, of a

state that has been reducing its prison population." (Wyler, Mass Incarceration in

America) This gives us a picture of how bad and over populated our jails and

prisons are. The news article continues and talks about how governors are now

stressed into looking at lowering drug sentences and look for more cost-effective
 Rhoads 11

treatment and parole programs. These programs will be offered to nonviolent

offenders and allow them to parole earlier than the sentencing they were given.