Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

BJT SMALL-SIGNAL ANALYSIS

ASUTOSH KAR
ASST. PROF., ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
IIIT, BHUBANESWAR
 Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

CONTENTS
1. Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration
2. Voltage divider bias
3. CE Emitter bias
4. Emitter-follower configuration
5. Common-base configuration
6. Collector-feedback configuration
7. Hybrid equivalent circuit and model
 BJT Small Signal Analysis

re transistor model employs a diode and

controlled current source to duplicate the behavior
of a transistor in the region of interest.
The re and hybrid models will be used to analyze
small-signal AC analysis of standard transistor
network configurations.
Ex: Common-base, common-emitter and
common-collector configurations.
The network analyzed represent the majority of
those appearing in practice today.
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
AC equivalent of a network is obtained by:

1. Setting all DC sources to zero

2. Replacing all capacitors by s/c equiv.
3. Redraw the network in more convenient and
logical form

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector.

The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output
impedance with a high voltage and current gain.
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

re Model

Determine , re, and ro:

and ro: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a
curve tracer.
26mV
re: calculate re using dc analysis: r e
I
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
E
 Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance: Output Impedance:

Zi R B || re Zo R C || rO

Zi re Zo Rc
R B 10re ro 10 Rc
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av): Vo (R || r )
Av C o
Vi re

RC
Av
re ro 10R C

Current Gain (Ai): Io R B ro

Ai
Ii (ro R C )(R B re )

Ai
ro 10R C , R B 10re

Current Gain from Voltage Gain: Zi

A i A v
RC

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Voltage Gain
VO
Av
Vi
VO I b (R C || ro )
Vi I bre
I b (R C || ro )
Av
I bre
(R C || ro )

re
RC
if ro or 10R C Av
re

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Current gain
The current gain is determined by applyingthe
current - divider rule to the input and output circuits
roI b I r
Io and o o
ro R C I b ro R C
R B Ii I RB
Ib and b
R B re I i R B re
I o I o I b ro R B
A i
I i I b I i ro R C R B re
I roR B
Ai o
I i ro R C R B re
if ro 10R C and R B 10re ,
Io r R
Ai o B
I i ro R B
or we can use this equation too
Zi
A i A v Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
RC
 Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Phase Relationship

The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in
the voltage gain formulas indicates the Kar,
Asutosh inversion.
IIIT Bhubaneswar
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

re Model

You still need to determine , re, and ro.

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance: Output Impedance:

R1R2
R R1 || R2 Zo RC || ro
R1 R2
Zi R || re Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Zo RC
ro 10RC
 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

Vo R C || ro Vo RC
Av Av
Vi re Vi re ro 10R C

Current Gain (Ai):

Io R ro R
Ai Io
Ai
Ii (ro R C )(R re ) ro 10R C
Ii R re

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

Io Zi
Ai A i A v
Ii ro 10R C , R 10re RC
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Voltage Gain
VO ( I b )(R C || ro )
Vi
Ib
re
Vi
Vo (R C || ro )
re
(R C || ro )
Av
re
RC
if ro or 10R C Av
re

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Current gain
since the network is so similar to that common
- emitter fixed - bias configurat ion, except for
the R' , the equation for the current gain will
have the same format.
R' R 1 || R 2 R B
Io R' ro
Ai
I i ro R C R're
for ro 10R C ,
Io R' ro
Ai
I i ro R're
R'

R're
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

And if R' 10 re ,
Io R'
Ai
Ii R'
Io
Ai
Ii
as an op tion
Zi
A i A V
RC

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Unbypassed RE

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

re Model

Again you need to determine , re.

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance: Output Impedance:

Zb re ( 1)R E Zo R C
Zb (re R E ) Zi R B || Zb
Z b R E
R E re Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Defining the input impedance of a transistor with an

unbypassed emitter resistor
ApplyingKVL to the input side :
Vi I bre I e R E
Vi I bre ( 1)I b R E
Vi
Zb re ( 1)R E
Ib
since is normally greater th an 1,
Z b re R E
since R E is much greater than re , eqn above can be reduced to
Z b R E
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):
Vo RC
Av
Vo R C Vi re R E Zb (re R E )
Av
Vi Zb
or Vo RC
Av
Vi RE Z b R E

Current Gain (Ai):

Io R B
Ai
Ii R B Zb

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

Zi
A i A v
RC
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Voltage Gain
Vi
Ib
Zb
Vo I o R C I b R C
V
i R C
Zb
V R C
AV o
Vi Zb
substituting Z b (re R E ) gives
Vo RC
AV
Vi re R E
and for the approximation Z b R E
Vo R C
AV
Vi RE
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Current Gain
The magnitude of R B is often too close to Z b to permit the approximation
I b I i . Applyingthe current - divider rule to the input circuit will result in :
R B Ii
Ib
R B Zb
Ib RB

Ii R B Zb
I o I b
Io

Ib
Io Io I b RB
Ai
Ii I b Ii R B Zb
Zi
A i A v
RC

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Bypassed RE

This is the same circuit as the CE fixed-bias

Asutosh Kar, configuration
IIIT Bhubaneswarand therefore can be solved
using the same re model.
 Emitter-Follower Configuration

You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same
circuit.
Note the input is on the base and Asutosh
the output is from
Kar, IIIT the emitter.
Bhubaneswar
 Emitter-Follower Configuration

re Model

You still need to determine and re.

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Emitter-Follower Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Zi R B || Zb Zb (re R E )
Zb re ( 1)R E Z b R E
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Emitter-Follower Configuration

Calculation for the current Ie

Vi
Ib
Zb
Vi
I e ( 1)I b ( 1)
Zb
subtituting for Z b gives
( 1)Vi
Ie
re ( 1)R E
Vi
but ( 1)
re R
( 1) E

r r
and e e re
( 1)
Vi
Ie
R E Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
reAsutosh
 Emitter-Follower Configuration
Impedance Calculations (contd)
Output Impedance:
Defining the output impedence for the emitter follower configurat ion
Vi
Ie
re R E

Zo R E || re Zo re
R E r e
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Emitter-Follower Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

Vo RE Vo
Av Av 1
Vi R E re Vi R E re , R E re R E

Current Gain (Ai):

R B
Ai
R B Zb
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

Zi
A i A v
RE
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Emitter-Follower Configuration

Voltage gain
R E Vi
Vo
R E re
Vo RE
Av
Vi R E re
R E usually much greater th an re ,
R E re R E
Vo
Av 1
Vi

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Emitter-Follower Configuration
Current Gain
R B Ii
Ib
R B Zb
Ib RB

Ii R B Zb
I o I e ( 1) I b
Io
( 1)
Ib
Io I I RB
Ai o b ( 1)
Ii I b Ii R B Zb
since ( 1) ,
R B
Ai
R B Zb
Zi
or A i A v Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Asutosh RE
 Emitter-Follower Configuration
Phase Relationship
A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and
output.

Vo

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Common-Base (CB) Configuration

The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector.

The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output
impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Common-Base (CB) Configuration

re Model

You will need to determine and re.

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance: Output Impedance:

Zi R E || re Zo R C
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

Vo R C R C
Av
Vi re re

Current Gain (Ai):

Io
A i 1
Ii

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Voltage & Current gain

Vo I o R C (I c R C )
I e R C
Ie Ii
Vi
Ie I o I e Ii
re
Vi Io
Vo R C A i 1
re Ii
V R R
AV o C C
Vi re re

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Phase Relationship
A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.

Vo

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Collector DC Feedback Configuration

The network has a dc feedback resistor for increased stability, yet the capacitor C3 will
shift portions of the feedback resistance to the input and output sections of the network
in the ac domain. The portion of RF shifted to the input or output side will be determined
by the desired ac input and output resistance
Asutosh Kar, IIITlevels.
Bhubaneswar
 Collector DC Feedback Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Substituting the re equivalent circuit into the ac equivalent network

Input Impedance: Output Impedance:
Zi R F1 || re Zo R C || R F2 || ro
Z o RC || RF 2
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Collector DC Feedback Configuration

Voltage Gain
R' ro || R F2 || R C
Vo I b R'
Vi
Ib
re
Vi
Vo R'
re
Vo ro || R F2 || R C
Av
Vi re
for ro 10R C ,
Vo R F2 || R C
Av
Vi re
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
 Collector DC Feedback Configuration
For the inp ut side Current Gain
R F Ii Ib RF
Ib or
R F re Ii R F re
and for the outp ut side using R' ro || R F2
R' I b Io R'
Io or
R' R C Ib R' R C
the current gain ,
I I I R' R F1
Ai o o . b .
Ii I b Ii R' R C R F re
Io R' R F1
Ai
Ii R' R C R F1 re
since R F1 is usually much larger tha n re , R F1 re R F1
Io R F1 (ro || R F2 )
Ai
Ii R F1 ro || R F2 R C
Io
Ai
Ii RC
1
ro || R F2
Io Zi
or A i A V
Ii RC

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit
The h-parameters can be derived from the re model:

hie = re hib = re
hfe = hfb = -
hoe = 1/ro

The h-parameters are also found in the specification sheet for the transistor.

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

Approximate Common-Emitter Equivalent Circuit

Hybrid equivalent model re equivalent model

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Approximate Common-Base Equivalent Circuit

Hybrid equivalent model re equivalent model

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Troubleshooting

1. Check the DC bias voltages if not correct check power supply, resistors, transistor.
Also check to ensure that the coupling capacitor between amplifier stages is OK.

2. Check the AC voltages if not correct check transistor, capacitors and the loading effect
of the next stage.

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar

 Practical Applications

Audio Mixer

Preamplifier

Random-Noise Generator

Sound Modulated Light Source

Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar