ECS468 (INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES)

Example 1 (Adopt Test 2 March 2010)

Figure Q1 shows a pin-jointed truss with loads 22.7 kN and 45 kN applied at joint A. In
addition to the load shown, member AB was found fabricated 5 mm too short.

a) Form the global stiffness relations corresponding to the unconstrained degrees of freedom
and solve for the non-zero degrees of freedom.

b) Analyse for the axial forces in members 1 and 3 if, the structure is still acted upon by the
22.7 kN load (without the 45 kN load) and member AB was considered cut to the right
length (no fabrication error).

Given A = 322 mm2 for all members in the pin-jointed truss and E = 200 GPa

6m 45 kN
1

22.7 kN
A

6m
2
3

B C

9m 9m

Figure Q1
Learning Outcomes:
This test is designed to access student ability’s on:
 able to identify and number the unconstrained degree of freedoms of the indeterminate
truss and able to determine the non-zero degrees of freedom.
 able to establish the element stiffness matrices of all members in global coordinate system.
 able to assemble the structure stiffness equation
 able to determine the axial forces for the given members using the element stiffness
matrices and force vectors.
 ECS468 (INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES)

4
Solution:

6m 45 kN 2
1

1
22.7 kN
A

6m
6 2 8
3

B 5 C 7

9m 9m

Figure Q1

a) Form the global stiffness relations corresponding to the unconstrained degrees of freedom
and solve for the non-zero degrees of freedom. (CO2-PO3)

Du D1 = ? Qu Q3 = ?
D2 = ? Q4 = ?
Q5 = ?
Dk D3 = 0 Q6 = ?
D4 = 0 Q7 = ?
D5 = 0 Q8 = ?
D6 = 0
D7 = 0 Qk Q1 = 22.7
D8 = 0 Q2 = - 45
 ECS468 (INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES)

Member Stiffness Matrix

 C x2 CxC y  C x2  CxC y 
 
AE  C x C y C y2  CxC y  C y2 
k
L   C x2  CxC y C x2 CxC y 
 
 C x C y  C y2 CxC y C y2 

Member 1, L = 10.82 m
xF  xN 90 y F  y N 6  12
C x  cos  x    0.8318, CY  sin  x    0.5545
L 10.82 L 10.82

C x  0.6919, CY  0.3075, , C x C y  0.4612

2 2

3 4 1 2
 0.6919  0.4612  0.6919 0.4612  3
 0.4612  0.3075
AE  0.4612 0.3075 4
K1 
10.82  0.6919 0.4612 0.6919  0.4612 1
 
 0.4612  0.3075  0.4612 0.3075  2

Member 2, L = 10.82 m

xF  x N 9  0 yF  y N 60
Cx  cos  x    0.8318, CY  sin  x    0.5545
L 10.82 L 10.82

C x  0.6919, CY  0.3075, , CxC y  0.4612

2 2

5 6 1 2
 0.6919 0.4612  0.6919  0.4612 5
 
AE  0.4612 0.3075  0.4612  0.3075 6
K2 
10.82  0.6919  0.4612 0.6919 0.4612  1
 
 0.4612  0.3075 0.4612 0.3075  2
 ECS468 (INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES)

Member 3, L = 10.82 m

xF  xN 9  18 yF  y N 6  0
Cx  cos  x    0.8318, CY  sin  x    0.5545
L 10.82 L 10.82

Cx  0.6919, CY  0.3075, , CxC y  0.4612

2 2

7 8 1 2
 0.6919  0.4612  0.6919 0.4612  7
 
AE  0.4612 0.3075 0.4612  0.3075 8
K3 
10.82  0.6919 0.4612 0.6919  0.4612 1
 
 0.4612  0.3075  0.4612 0.3075  2
 ECS468 (INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES)

K = K1 + K2 + K3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

 2.0757 0.4612 0.6919 0.4612 0.6919 0.4612 0.6919 0.4612  1

 
 0.4612 0.9225 0.4612  0.3075  0.4612  0.3075 0.4612  0.3075 2

 0.6919 0.4612 0.6919  0.4612 0 0 0 0  3

 
AE  0.4612  0.3075  0.4612 0.3075 0 0 0 0  4
K
10.82  0.6919  0.4612 0 0 0.6919 0.4612 0 0 
  5
 0.4612  0.3075 0 0 0.4612 0.3075 0 0  6
 
 0.6919 0.4612 0 0 0 0 0.6919  0.4612 7
 0.4612  0.3075 0 0 0 0  0.4612 0.3075  8

Q5 0   0.8318 
   
 Q 0 AE  0 . 005   0 . 5545 

6
 Q1 0  10.82  0.8318
   
 
 2 0 
Q   0 .5545
Q5 0   0.0003844
   
 Q6 0   AE   0 . 0002562 
 Q1 0   0.0003844 
   
Q 
 2 0  
 0 . 0002562 
 ECS468 (INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES)

Q = KD + Q0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

22.7  2.0757  0.4612  0.6919 0.4612  0.6919  0.4612  0.6919 0.4612   D1   0.0003844  1
       
  45   0.4612 0.9225 0.4612  0.3075  0.4612  0.3075 0.4612  0.3075  D  0.0002562  2
 2
 Q3    0.6919 0.4612 0.6919  0.4612 0 0 0 0  0  0  3
       
 Q4  AE  0.4612  0.3075  0.4612 0.3075 0 0 0 0  0  0  4

 Q  10 . 82   0  AE  
  0.6919  0.4612 0 0 0.6919 0.4612 0 0   0.0003844 
5
 5  
 Q6    0.4612  0.3075 0 0 0.4612 0.3075 0 0  0  0.0002562  6
       
 Q7    0.6919 0.4612 0 0 0 0 0.6919  0.4612   0  0  7

 Q8   0.4612  0.3075 0 0 0 0  0.4612 0.3075   0   0  8

   
 ECS468 (INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES)

 22.7  AE  2.0757 0.4612   D1  0.0003844 

 
 45  10.82  0.4612 0.9225  D   AE 0.0002562 
    2  

 22.7   0.1918 0.0426   D1  0.0003844 

 45   AE  0.0426 0.0853   D   AE 0.0002562 
    2  

 D1   2.987 x103 m 
  
 D2   0.0127m 

c) Analyse for the axial forces in members 1 and 3 if, the structure is still acted upon by the
22.7 kN load (without the 45 kN load) and member AB was considered cut to the right
length (no fabrication error). (CO2-PO3)

22.7  AE  2.0757 0.4612  D1 

     
 0  10.82  0.4612 0.9225   D2 

22.7   0.1918  0.0426  D1 

   AE   
 0   0.0426 0.0853   D2 

 D1  2.067 x10 3 m
  3 
  
D 2 1 .032 x10 m 
 ECS468 (INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES)

Member End Forces

 DNX 
 
 C X CY 
AE  D 
qF   CY CX NY

L  DFX 
 
 DFY 

Member 1

 0 
 
 0.8318 0.5545 0.8318  0.5545 
64400  0 
q1  3 
10.82 2.067 x10
 3 
1.032 x10 

q1  6.827 kN T 

Member 3

 0 
 
0.8318  0.5545  0.8318 0.5545 
64400 0 
q3  3 
10.82 2.067 x10
 3 
1.032 x10 

q3  6.827kN C 