MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA e | DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HIGHWAYS AUSTRALIAN ® INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE BUREAU e BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL FEBRUARY 1993 Gin @ GQSMEC SMEC - Kinhill Joint Venture KINHILL SNOWY MOUNTAINS ENGINEERING CORPORATION LIMITED. KINHILL ENGINEERS PTY LTD‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 6. ROUTINE INSPECTIONS 6.1 6.2 GENERAL 6.1|1 Personnel 6.1|2 Equipment and Materials 6.1|3 Reference Material 6.15 Inspection Sequence ROUTINE INSPECTION PROCEDURE 7. SPECIAL INSPECTIONS 7A 7.2 7.3 GENERAL PERSONNEL SPECIAL INSPECTION TECHNIQUES 7.3/1 Methods of Assessment of Materials 7.3|2 Methods of Assessing Global Behaviour Under Load 7.3,3 Miscellaneous Techniques and Equipment PART 2 - BRIDGE ELEMENTS AND DEFECTS 8. BRIDGE ELEMENTS 84 8.2 8.3 GENERAL TERMINOLOGY DESCRIPTION OF BRIDGE ELEMENTS 9. DEFECTS IN BRIDGE MATERIALS. ooo 1 2 3 9.4 9.5 GENERAL DEFECTS IN MASONRY DEFECTS IN CONCRETE 9.3.1 General 9.3.2 Types of Concrete DEFECTS IN STEEL DEFECTS IN TIMBER 10. DEFECTS IN BRIDGE ELEMENTS. 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 GENERAL DEFECTS IN WATERWAYS DEFECTS IN SCOUR PROTECTION DEFECTS IN EMBANKMENTS, DEFECTS IN REINFORCED EARTH DEFECTS IN ANCHORS DEFECTS IN ABUTMENTS AND PIERS DEFECTS IN EARTHQUAKE RESTRAINT BLOCKS DEFECTS IN BEARINGS DEFECTS IN SLAB AND DECKING DEFECTS IN WEEP HOLES, SCUPPERS, DECK DRAINAGE DEFECTS IN RUNNING SURFACE DEFECTS IN FOOTWAY AND KERBS DEFECTS IN DECK JOINTS DEFECTS IN GAUGES DEFECTS IN ROAD SIGNS AND ROAD MARKINGS DEFECTS IN LIGHTING POLES AND CONDUITS, DEFECTS IN UTILITIES RONSoH ons SSevwves enTABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 - BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCEDURES 1. GENERAL 11 1.2 1.3 14 18 INTRODUCTION BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) 1.2\1 BMS Management Information System (BMS MIS) 1.2|2 Reporting and Data Entry 1.2\4 Screening and Technical Ranking of Bridges BRIDGE INSPECTION 1.3/1 Inventory inspections 1.3/2. Detailed Inspections 1.3/3 Routine Inspections 1.3/4 Special inspections BRIDGE INSPECTORS 1.4|1 Co-ordination of Bridge Inspections 1.4|2 Provincial Bridge Inspectors 1.4/3 Inspectors and Safety BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL. 2. SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS 24 RRNNN 2) 3 4 5 6 27 GENERAL BASIC PROCEDURES INVENTORY AND ROUTINE INSPECTIONS DETAILED INSPECTIONS IN GENERAL WATTERWAY/EMBANKMENT SUBSTRUCTURE 2.6]1 Foundations 2.6|2 Abutment and Piers SUFERSTRUCTURE Concrete Beams and Girders Steel Beams, Girders and Trusses Timber Members Masonry and Brick Arches Suspension Bridges 6 Concrete Decks and Slabs 7 Running Surfaces 2.7.8 Joints 2.7.8 Bearings 2.7.10 Railings and Furniture 2.7.11 Drainage COUN AGREAOOREUD COMBI VII OOUSR woo Ss PEPPY 210 211 212 213 2413 BMSZME - Bdge Inapacton MaruA BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCEDURES DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HIGHWAYS MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL PART 7 DOCUMENT No. BMS2-M.Eau DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HIGHWAYS MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL SECTION 7 GENERAL FEBRUARY 1993 DOCUMENT No. BMS2-M.Ea GENERAL 1 1.2 13 14 15 TABLE OF CONTENTS RODUCTION IDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) 1 BMS Management Information System (BMS MIS) 2 Reporting and Data Entry 4 Screening and Technical Ranking of Bridges IDGE INSPECTION 1 Inventory Inspections 2. Detailed Inspections 3. Routine Inspections 4 Special Inspections IDGE INSPECTORS. 1 Co-ordination of Bridge Inspections 2 Provincial Bridge Inspectors 3. Inspectors and Safety IDGE INSPECTION MANUAL NN oon seus ean1. GENERAL 6 a7 INTRODUCTION Bridges are important parts of the road system because of the consequences if they fail or if their function is impaired. Because of their strategic location over rivers or other obstacles to vehicles, the failure of a bridge may limit or restrict traffic, with consequent inconvenience to the public and economic loss to the community. . Itis therefore essential that particular attention is given to /nspection of bridges as part of the management of {he road system. ‘The purpose of Bridge Inspection is to ensure the safety of the public and protection of the capital investment in|bridges. inspection is the process by which data on the physical and structural condition af a bridge is collected. Data from Bridge Inspections is used to plan maintenance, rehabilitation, strengthening and replacement of bridges. @ Bridge Inspection is garried out under the Bridge Management System (BMS). The BMS in this Manual meang|the Interurban Bridge Management System (IBMS), which relates to bridges on National and Provincial Roads. ae BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) ‘The BMS has been developed by the Directorate General of Highways (DGH) to enable bridge activities to bg planned, executed and monitored under an overall policy. The BMS includes all activities involved in management of bridges from inspections, planning, programming and design through to construction and maintenance. The BMS enables these activities to be managed systematically, by providing the facility for regular inspection|of bridges and by analysis of the inspection data by a computerised Management Information System (BMS MIS). With the assistance of the BMS MIS, the condition of bridges ¢an be monitored and appropriate action determined to ensure their safety and serviceability, with optimum use of available funds for bridgeworks. The overall procedurds in the BMS are described in the BMS General Procedures Manual. A flow-chart for the BMS showing the relationship between inspection and other bridge | management processes is shown in Figure 1.1 MSZ. - Bdge Iapecton Maal «29 msey 1993 oo1. GENERAL, e 1.2.1 BMS Management Information System (BMS MIS) The BMS MIS contgins a database of bridges and a suite of computer programs which allow the following 7 . entry and retrieval of inspection and other data . Préparation of standard reports on bridges . interrogation of the data base and retrieval of any combination of infomation * screening and ranking of bridges and preparation of indicative treatment prdgrams ° Preparation of Annual and Five Year Programs of Bridgeworks ° cage-by-case analysis of treatment strategies to determine the optimum e treatment for each bridge The BMS MIS is linkgd to the Interurban Road Management System (IRMS) by Local Area Network (LAN) in DGH, and by exchange of floppy-disk in Provinces. The BMS MIS uses traffic data, vehicle pperating costs, reference data, projected traffic growth rates and other data from the IRMS, to carry out its planning and programming functions. 1.2.2 Reporting and Data Entry The data from Bridg¢ Inspections is reported on standard Inspection Reports. Copies of Inventory, Detailed and Routine Inspection Reports are shown in Appendix 1, with relevant IBMS Reports which) are used as references during Inspections. IBMS Reports for use during inspections mpst be produced by the BMS Supervisor as soon as possible after the Inspection program Has been determined. Inspection reports ate submitted to the BMS Supervisor in each Province. The BMS ‘Supervisor arranges for the data to be entered into the BMS Bridge Database. This should e be carried out within|two weeks of the inspection. Prior to entering the data into the computer, the reports are temporarily held in the Bridge Inspection Holding Fife in the BMS Office After the data is entefed into the computer, the reports are filed in the manual Data File for the particular bridge.|The manual Data Files contain not only the inspection reports, but also design calculations, construction reports and photographs, and all other documentation . which cannot be stored in the BMS Bridge Database. Bridge Data Files and|an overall Bridge Database are maintained by DGH for all Bridges on : National and Provincjal Roads in Indonesia. Each Province maintains Data Files and a computerised Database for its own bridges. A floppy-disk containing the latest Bridge Database is sent each month from Provinces to the Directorate of Planning (BIPRAN) in DGH so that the overall Database can be updated. OMS240.1E - Big Inepeton Maus «21 Jancmy 1993, 131. GENERAL 1.3 BRIDGE Bridge inspection is link between the oj upgrading. INSPECTION ne of the most important components of the BMS. It is an essential eration of existing bridges and planning for future maintenance or The objective of bridge inspection is to assist to ensure that a bridge is able to function in safety and that app| basis. fopriate action is taken to maintain and repair the bridge on a timely Thus bridge inspection has the following specific objectives : * _ to|check safety of the bridge under operating conditions + to|prevent the need for closure of the bridge . tolrecord the present condition of the bridge . to provide feedback to design, construction and maintenance personnel + to|check the effects of vehicle loads and traffic volumes * to |monitor the long term performance of the bridge * to provide information for load rating the bridge Inspection should co} It is important that output of the BMS. Inspections collect tf ence when a bridge is new and continue throughout its service life. fhe data collected is up-to-date, accurate and complete so that the IS is reliable. 1e following data for each bridge * administrative details such as bridge name, Province, Cabang, bridge nuinber and year of construction. + overall dimensions such as total length and number of spans + dimensions, type of construction, and condition of the major components of Bach span and of individual bridge elements © otter data Data is collected th frequency and by vit ‘ough various types of inspection which differ in scale or intensity, ‘ue of the elements or details inspected. The main types of inspection carried out under the BMS are as follows : son . De| fentory Inspections jailed Inspections Routine. Inspections In addition, Special Inspections are carried out under some circumstances. wn 18 January 1993 151. GENERAL e 1.3.3. Routine inspections Routine Inspections| are carried out annually to check the effectiveness of routine maintenance and whpther emergency action or repairs are necessary to maintain the bridge in a safe and serviceable condition. They serve as intermediate checks between Detailed : Inspections. Routine Inspections pre carried out by trained inspectors from Cabang Dinas Bina Marga. 1.3.4 Special Inspections ‘Special Inspections are requested by an inspector during a Detailed Inspection if he lacks the resources, training or experience to confidently assess the condition of a bridge. Special Inspections ¢an also be initiated by the BMS MIS during the Screening process. Special inspections |are carried out by qualified and experienced Bridge Engineers or e technical staff qualiffed in relevant disciplines, 1.4 BRIDGE JNSPECTORS To undertake bridge inspections, it is essential that properly trained and experienced inspectors are available. A planned and on-gding training programme for bridge inspectors is necessary, so that inspectors can acquitp, maintain and upgrade the necessary skills for bridge inspection, and so that a high standard of reporting can be maintained. Responsibility for appointment of inspectors and carrying out bridge inspections lies with Dinas Bina Marga an sub-Dinas Bina Marga in Provinces. 1.4.1 Co-ordination of Bridge Inspections e The Sub-Directorate pf Bridge Design in the Directorate of Planning in DGH is responsible for the overall inspectjon programme, further development of inspection procedures, setting up training programmes for inspectors, and for testing and accreditation of bridge inspectors. USZMLIE Budge Insecin Maul «21 Jy 1993 171. GENERAL e These hazards can be alleviated to a great extent by simple precautions such as : * usb of signs, barricades and traffic controllers, to slow the traffic and dirpct it safely around the activity on the bridge 7 + wdaring high visibility safety vests + usp of safety hamesses, sturdy ladders, and special scaffolding when : actess to high or difficult locations is required . ust of boats, flotation vests and tether lines when working in swiftly- flowing streams * checking for snakes, spiders and animals before accessing confined spaces especially under the bridge . ensuring adequate assistance and the proper equipment is available at all e times 1.5 BRIDGE |INSPECTION MANUAL ‘The Bridge Inspection Manual describes procedures for carrying out the various inspections in the BMS. In adqition, the Manual provides information about bridge elements and . defects, for the guidance and training of inspectors. The Manual is in two parts : * Pait 1 describes the scope of bridge inspections, and describes the prdcedures for carrying out each type of inspection in the BMS. + Pait 2 describes bridge elements and defects which are common in bridges The Manual contains|a number of Appendices and Figures which are reproduced in a Field e@ Handbook for Bridge| Inspection for use in the field. ‘Appendix 4 of the Mpnual contains photographs of bridge types, bridge components and typical defects, and p series of photographs with condition ratings, to assist Inspectors with identification. Appendix 4 also includes photographs of situations where Emergency Action and Routine Maintenance is required. BMS2.MLIE - Bdge Ispecton Maal - 4 Febuary 1983 19DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HIGHWAYS MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA AUSTRALIAN ®) INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE BUREAU BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL FEBRUARY 1993 Miy GSMEC SMEC - Kinhill Joint Venture KINHILE SNOWY MOUNTAINS ENGINEERING CORPORATION LIMITED KINHILL ENGINEERS PTY LTD‘TABLE OF CONTENTS e 6. ROUTINE INSPECTIONS 6.1 GENERAL 1 6.1|1 Personnel 1 6.12 Equipment and Materials 1 6.1|3_ Reference Material 2 6.115 Inspection Sequence 3 6.2 ROUTINE INSPECTION PROCEDURE 4 7. SPECIAL INSPECTIONS 7.1 GENERAL 4 7.2 PERSONNEL eI 7.3 SPECIAL INSPECTION TECHNIQUES. 7 7.3/1 Methods of Assessment of Materials 72 7.3]2 Methods of Assessing Global Behaviour Under Load 75 7.318 Miscellaneous Techniques and Equipment 77 e PART 2 - BRIDGE ELEMENTS AND DEFECTS 8. BRIDGE ELEMENTS 8.1 GENERAL 1 8.2 TERMINOLOGY 4 8.3 DESCRIPTION OF BRIDGE ELEMENTS 8 9. DEFECTS IN BRIDGE MATERIALS 9.1 GENERAL 1 9.2 DEFECTS IN MASONRY 3 3 DEFECTS IN CONCRETE 7 9.3.1 General Z 9.3.2 Types of Concrete 8 9.4 DEFECTS IN STEEL 22 9.5 © DEFECTS IN TIMBER 32 10. DEFECTS IN BRIDGE ELEMENTS e 10.1 GENERAL 1 10.2 DEFECTS IN WATERWAYS 3 10.3 DEFECTS IN SCOUR PROTECTION 5 10.4 DEFECTS IN EMBANKMENTS 6 10.8 DEFECTS IN REINFORCED EARTH 7 10.6 DEFECTS IN ANCHORS 8 10.7 DEFECTS IN ABUTMENTS AND PIERS 9 10.8 DEFECTS IN EARTHQUAKE RESTRAINT BLOCKS 12 10.9 DEFECTS IN BEARINGS 13 10.10 DEFECTS IN SLAB AND DECKING 18 10.11 DEFECTS IN WEEP HOLES, SCUPPERS, DECK DRAINAGE 19 10.12 DEFECTS IN RUNNING SURFACE 20 10.13 DEFECTS IN FOOTWAY AND KERBS 22 10.14 DEFECTS IN DECK JOINTS 23 10.15 DEFECTS IN GAUGES 25 10.16 DEFECTS IN ROAD SIGNS AND ROAD MARKINGS 26 10.17 DEFECTS IN LIGHTING POLES AND CONDUITS 26 10.18 DEFECTS IN UTILITIES 26‘TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDICES @ APPENDIX 1 BRIDGE INSPECTION REPORTS - IBMS REPORTS. APPENDIX 2 GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENT OF NATURE AND DEGREE OF DEFECTS APPENDIX 3 STANDARD BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES. APPENDIX 4 — PHOTOGRAPHSTABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 - BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCEDURES GENERAL 1.4 1.2 1.3 14 15 INTRODUCTION BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) 1 BMS Management Information System (BMS MIS) -4.2 Reporting and Data Entry 4 Screening and Technical Ranking of Bridges |DGE INSPECTION .1 Inventory Inspections 2. Detailed Inspections 3. Routine Inspections 4 Special Inspections RIDGE INSPECTORS 1 Co-ordination of Bridge Inspections .2 Provincial Bridge Inspectors .3__Inspectors and Safety GE INSPECTION MANUAL gros Borrego oss 2. SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS 24 22 2.3 24 2.5 2.6 27 GENERAL BASIC PROCEDURES INVENTORY AND ROUTINE INSPECTIONS DETAILED INSPECTIONS IN GENERAL WATERWAY /EMBANKMENT SUBSTRUCTURE 2.611 Foundations 2.612 Abutments and Piers ‘SUPERSTRUCTURE 2.7\1 Concrete Beams and Girders 2.7|2 Steel Beams, Girders and Trusses 2.73 Timber Members 2.7/4 Masonry and Brick Arches 2.7/5 Suspension Bridges 2.7/6 Concrete Decks and Slabs 2.7|7 Running Surfaces 2.7|8 Joints 2.7/9 Bearings 2.7/10 Railings and Furniture 2.7111 Drainage CMOVV II aOmDa ww be Bp Wy yy bboontit ObUVHaaS PEPYVRYN 2-10 211 212 213 2413 BMSZAKE - Bdge Inspection Manu‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. BRIDGE REFERENCE SYSTEM 31 3.1 DEFINITION OF A BRIDGE 31 3.2. BRIDGE NUMBER 31 3.2.2 Additional Bridges/Previously Unrecorded Bridges 33 3.2.3 Overpasses 34 3.2.4 Duplicated Bridges 35 3.3 BRIDGE LOCATION 36 3.4 BRIDGE COMPONENT AND ELEMENT NUMBERING 36 3.4.1 Major Component Numbering 36 3.4.2 Element Numbering 37 3.5 SEQUENCE OF INSPECTIONS 39 4. INVENTORY INSPECTIONS 4.1 GENERAL at 4.1.1 Personnel a4 4.1.2. Equipment and Materials a4 4.1.3 Reference Material 42 4.1.4 _ Inspection Sequence rae e 4.2 INVENTORY INSPECTION PROCEDURE 43 4.2.1 Administrative Data 43 4.2.2 Crossing Type and Geometric Data 45 4.2.3 Span and Major Component Data 49 4.2.4 Guidelines for Assignment of Inventory Condition Marks 418 4.2.5 Ancillary Data 4-19 5. DETAILED INSPECTIONS 5.1 GENERAL 54 5.1.1 Personnel 51 5.1.2 Equipment and Materials 54 5.1.3. Reference Material 5-2 5.1.5 _ Inspection Sequence 53 5.2 DETAILED INSPECTION SYSTEM 54 5.2.1 General 54 5.2.2 Element Hierarchy and Codes 55 5.2.3 Defect Codes 5-6 e 5.2.4 Element Rating System 57 5.2.5 Significant Defects 58 5.3. DETAILED INSPECTION PROCEDURE 5-8 5.3.1 Administrative and Inventory Data 58 5.3.2 Overall Impression 59 5.3.3 _ Listing of Defective Elements 5-10 5.3.4 Location of Defective Elements 5-11 5.3.5 Assignment of Condition Mark 5-12 5.3.6 Other Data 5-15 5.3.7 Routine Maintenance 5-16 5.3.8 Notes and Sketches eat) ii MSZ. - Bdge Iapeton ManatMINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HIGHWAYS REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL e PART 1 BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCEDURES e DOCUMENT No. BMS2-M.EAu DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HIGHWAYS MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL SECTION 7 GENERAL FEBRUARY 1993 DOCUMENT No. BMS2-M.E1 GENERAL Ww 1.2 1.3 14 15 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) 1.2.1 BMS Management Information System (BMS MIS) 1.2.2 Reporting and Data Entry 1.2.4 Screening and Technical Ranking of Bridges BRIDGE INSPECTION 1.3.1 Inventory Inspections 1.3.2 Detailed Inspections 1.3.3. Routine inspections 1.3.4. Special inspections BRIDGE INSPECTORS 1.4.1. Co-ordination of Bridge Inspections 1.4.2. Provincial Bridge Inspectors 1.4.3 Inspectors and Safety BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL NNooa seus wou1. GENERAL 1.1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are important parts of the road system because of the consequences if they fail or if their function is impaired. Because of their strategic location over rivers or other obstacles to vehicles, the failure of a bridge may limit or restrict traffic, with consequent inconvenience to the public and economic loss to the community. Itis therefore essential that particular attention is given to /nspection of bridges as part of the management of the road system. ‘The purpose of Bridge Inspection is to ensure the safety of the public and protection of the capital investment in bridges. Inspection is the process by which data on the physical and structural condition pf a bridge is collected. Data from Bridge Inspections is used to plan maintenance, rehabilitation, strengthening and replacement of bridges. Bridge Inspection is carried out under the Bridge Management System (BMS). The BMS in this Manual means the Interurban Bridge Management System (IBMS), which relates to bridges on National and Provincial Roads. 1.2 BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) The BMS has been developed by the Directorate General of Highways (DGH) to enable bridge activities to be planned, executed and monitored under an overall policy. The BMS includes all activities involved in management of bridges from inspections, planning, Programming and design through to construction and maintenance. The BMS enables these activities to be managed systematically, by providing the facility for regular inspection of bridges and by analysis of the inspection data by a computerised Management Information System (BMS MIS). With the assistance of the BMS MIS, the condition of bridges can be monitored and appropriate action determined to ensure their safety and serviceability, with optimum use of available funds for bridgeworks. The overall procedures in the BMS are described in the BMS General Procedures Manual. A flow-chart for the |BMS showing the relationship between inspection and other bridge management processes is shown in Figure 1.1. BMS2IM.IE - Bdge mepecvon Manual 23 Janvry 1989 141. GENERAL POLICY FRAMEWORK Inventory Inspection Detailed Inspection Routine Inspection LOAD RATING Special Inspection BINA MARGA PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING BRIDGE INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN BMS MIS. BRIDGE DATABASE BRIDGE. MATERIALS] CONSTRUCTION New Bridge Replacement Duplication MAINTENANCE REHABILITATION MONITORING Figure 1.1 - Flow Chart of BMS Activities 1-2 BNS2.M.1E «Bdge apncon Manual = 18 January 10031. GENERAL 1.2.1 BMS Management Information System (BMS MIS) The BMS MIS contains a database of bridges and a suite of computer programs which allow the following . entry and retrieval of inspection and other data . preparation of standard reports on bridges . interrogation of the data base and retrieval of any combination of information . scfeening and ranking of bridges and preparation of indicative treatment programs . preparation of Annual and Five Year Programs of Bridgeworks * case-by-case analysis of treatment strategies to determine the optimum treatment for each bridge The BMS MIS is linked to the Interurban Road Management System (IRMS) by Local Area Network (LAN) in DGH, and by exchange of floppy-disk in Provinces. The BMS MIS uses traffic data, vehicle operating costs, reference data, projected traffic growth rates and other data from the IRMS, to carry out its planning and programming functions. 1.2.2 Reporting and Data Entry The data from Bridge Inspections is reported on standard /nspection Reports. Copies of Inventory, Detailed and Routine Inspection Reports are shown in Appendix 1, with relevant BMS Reports whict are used as references during Inspections. IBMS Reports for use during Inspections must be produced by the BMS Supervisor as soon as possible after the Inspection program has been determined. Inspection reports are submitted to the BMS Supervisor in each Province. The BMS ‘Supervisor arranges for the data to be entered into the BMS Bridge Database. This should be carried out within two weeks of the inspection. Prior to entering the Gata into the computer, the reports are temporarily held in the Bridge Inspection Holding File in the BMS Office. After the data is entered into the computer, the reports are filed in the manual Data File for the particular bridge, The manual Data Files contain not only the inspection reports, but also design calculations, construction reports and photographs, and all other documentation which cannot be stored in the BMS Bridge Database Bridge Data Files and an overall Bridge Database are maintained by DGH for all Bridges on National and Provincial Roads in Indonesia. Each Province maintains Data Files and a computerised Database for its own bridges. A floppy-disk containing the latest Bridge Database is sent each month from Provinces to the Directorate of Planning (BIPRAN) in DGH so that the overall Database can be updated. EMS204.1 - Bdge mepaton Mas «21 Janay 1993 131.2.3. BMS Reports After inspection of bridges and entry of data has been completed, updated Reports should be produced by the BMS Supervisor and given to the Chief of the Planning Section for distribution to relevant staff. Some reports, eg. Bridge Data Reports, are of general interest to management as follows: IBMS-8D2 General Bridge Data (for all bridges) IBMS-8D3 Bridge Condition Summary (in tabular or graphical format) Other reports, eg. Bridge Action Reports, are of specific interest, and list bridges where action is required, as follows : IBMS - AR1 Emergency Action Report - lists bridges requiring emergency repairs or strengthening. IBMS - AR2 Special Inspection Report - lists bridges referred by the Inspectors for a Special inspection. IBMS - ARS Routine Maintenance Report - lists bridges where Routine Maintenance is required to correct minor defects. 1.2.4 Screening and Technical Ranking of Bridges One of the programs in the BMS MIS is the Screening and Technical Ranking module, which uses the data from inspections to recommend treatments for each bridge. The recommended treatments are proposals only and they must be checked before commitments are made to the work because the screening is extremely sensitive to data. For major work, the proposed treatment should be confirmed by a Special Inspection or another site inspection by the Planning Engineer, and for other minor work, the data should be audited to ensure its basic accuracy. The screening process identifies bridges which are in poor condition and those which have inadequate traffic capacity or load capacity, and technically ranks them in priority order, according to these criteria and the importance of the road in the road network. Those at the top of the ranking list are those which are in greatest need of treatment. After screening, the data can be further processed to produce economically-ranked programmes of bridge work. Thus the data from inspections is of great importance for planning and programming, and is used to assist planners to make appropriate decisions about the work required on each bridge1.3 BRIDG! Bridge inspection i link between the upgrading. The objective of bri safety and that ap) basis. Thus bridge inspec . t . cr st . u : t : t + to Inspection should c It is important that output of the BMS Inspections collect eee a ni . o : dir of . off Data is collected th} frequency and by vi ‘The main types of i ky cD = Re In addition, Special 1. GENERAL INSPECTION one of the most important components of the BMS. It is an essential jperation of existing bridges and planning for future maintenance or jge inspection is to assist to ensure that a bridge is able to function in ropriate action is taken to maintain and repair the bridge on a timely ion has the following specific objectives : check safety of the bridge under operating conditions prevent the need for closure of the bridge record the present condition of the bridge provide feedback to design, construction and maintenance personnel check the effects of vehicle loads and traffic volumes monitor the long term performance of the bridge provide information for load rating the bridge mmence when a bridge is new and continue throughout its service life. ithe data collected is up-to-date, accurate and complete so that the IS is reliable the following data for each bridge : lministrative details such as bridge name, Province, Cabang, bridge imber and year of construction. ferall dimensions such as total length and number of spans mensions, type of construction, and condition of the major components leach span and of individual bridge elements ier data ough various types of inspection which differ in scale or intensity, tue of the elements or details inspected \spection carried out under the BMS are as follows : rentory Inspections tailed Inspections lutine. Inspections Inspections are carried out under some circumstances. fru «18 Jenany 1993 151. GENERAL 1.3.1 Inventory Inspections Inventory Inspections are carried out at the start of the BMS in order to register each bridge in the BMS Database. Inventory Inspections are also carried out if bridges are found which have been overlooked when the BMS Database was first established. Following construction of a new bridge, the Inventory Inspection is carried out as part of a Detailed Inspection. Rail crossings, flood crossings, culverts and sites where ferries operate are also inspected and registered. Inventory Inspections gather basic administrative, geometric, material and other ancillary data on each bridge, including the bridge location, span length and type of construction for each span. An overall condition rating is given to the major components of the bridge superstructure and substructure. Inventory Inspections are carried out by trained inspectors from Dinas, Sub-Dinas or Cabang Dinas Bina Marga, or by experienced bridge engineers. 1.3.2 Detailed Inspections Detailed Inspections are carried out to assess the condition of the bridge and its elements in order to prepare treatment strategies for individual bridges and to rank bridges in terms of priority for treatment. Detailed Inspections are carried out at least once every five years or at shorter intervals depending on the condition of the bridge. Detailed Inspections are also carried out after rehabilitation or major work on a bridge, to record new data on the bridge, and after construction of a new bridge, to register it in the BMS and record other data in Detailed Inspection format. For the purpose of Detailed Inspections, the structure of a bridge is divided into a hierarchy of elements. The hierarchy contains 5 Levels of Elements. The highest level is Level 1, which contains only the bridge itself and the lowest level is Level 5 which refers to individual elements such as stream bank, pile and diaphragm etc. Detailed Inspections record all significant defects or damage to elements of the bridge, and assign a Condition Mark to individual elements, to groups of elements and to the major components of the bridge. A single Condition Mark for the bridge as a whole is derived from the Condition Marks for the elements of the bridge. Detailed Inspections are carried out by certified BMS Bridge Inspectors from Dinas or sub- Dinas Bina Marga, assisted by Cabang Staff if necessary. 1-6 ene.84. «igen1. GENERAL 1.3.3 Routine Inspections Routine inspections are cartied out annually to check the effectiveness of routine maintenance and whether emergency action or repairs are necessary to maintain the bridge in a safe and serviceable condition. They serve as intermediate checks between Detailed Inspections. Routine Inspections|are carried out by trained inspectors from Cabang Dinas Bina Marga 1.3.4 — Special Inspections Special Inspections pre requested by an inspector during a Detailed Inspection if he lacks the resources, training or experience to confidently assess the condition of a bridge. Special Inspections can also be initiated by the BMS MIS during the Screening process. Special Inspections] are carried out by qualified and experienced Bridge Engineers or technical staff qualified in relevant disciplines. 1.4 BRIDGE INSPECTORS To undertake bridge inspections, it is essential that properly trained and experienced inspectors are available. A planned and on-gbing training programme for bridge inspectors is necessary, so that inspectors can acquite, maintain and upgrade the necessary skills for bridge inspection, and so that @ high standerd of reporting can be maintained. Responsibility for appointment of inspectors and carrying out bridge inspections lies with Dinas Bina Marga and sub-Dinas Bina Marga in Provinces. 1.4.1 Co-ordination of Bridge Inspections The Sub-Directorate|of Bridge Design in the Directorate of Planning in DGH is responsible for the overall inspection programme, further development of inspection procedures, setting up training programmes for inspectors, and for testing and accreditation of bridge inspectors. BMS2ALIE - Bdge mapecton Mua 21 Jenny 1982 171. GENERAL 1.4.2 Provincial Bridge Inspectors Bridge Inspectors in Provinces are responsible to the Chief of the Planning Section in Dinas or sub-Dinas Bina Marga, through the BMS Supervisor. At least two certified Bridge Inspectors should be appointed in each Province. Bridge Inspectors can be graduate engineers but the minimum qualification necessary is a B.E. in Civil Engineering. Generally, at least 5 years experience in bridge related activities is considered essential. The duties of Bridge Inspectors are as follows + to assist in preparing the inspection program * to organise and carry out all types of bridge inspection + toenter or supervise entry of data into the BMS computer and BMS Data files * to liaise with Cabang Bina Marga in preparation of inspection programs and conduct of inspections + to train Cabang Bina Marga and Kabupaten Public Works (DPUK) Staff in inspection procedures * to maintain the BMS inspection vehicle and inspection equipment in good condition 1.4.3 _ Inspectors and Safety When carrying out bridge inspections, inspectors have two basic responsibilities in respect of safety : . the safety of the public, and . their own safety It is essential that adequate safety precautions are taken to minimise the danger and inconvenience to the public. This involves the use of adequate warning signs and barricades, or the presence of traffic controllers to direct traffic and pedestrians if necessary. Vehicles and bystanders, especially children, should be kept away. Inspection of bridges often exposes inspectors to hazardous conditions such as heavy taffic, difficult access, swift currents, and animals and reptiles. 1-8 UGE MLE GrdgeInpecton Manual «4 Febuary 1993,1. GENERAL e@ ‘These hazards can be alleviated to a great extent by simple precautions such as : . use of signs, barricades and traffic controllers, to slow the traffic and direct it safely around the activity on the bridge . wearing high visibility safety vests . use of safety hamesses, sturdy ladders, and special scaffolding when . agcess to high or difficult locations is required * use of boats, flotation vests and tether lines when working in swiftly- flowing streams * checking for snakes, spiders and animals before accessing confined spaces especially under the bridge * ensuring adequate assistance and the proper equipment is available at all e times 1.5 BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL The Bridge Inspection Manual describes procedures for carrying out the various inspections in the BMS. In addition, the Manual provides information about bridge elements and . defects, for the guidance and training of inspectors. The Manual is in two parts : * Part 1 describes the scope of bridge inspections, and describes the procedures for carrying out each type of inspection in the BMS. * Part 2 describes bridge elements and defects which are common in bridges ‘The Manual contains a number of Appendices and Figures which are reproduced in a Field e Handbook for Bridge Inspection for use in the field. Appendix 4 of the Manual contains photographs of bridge types, bridge components and typical defects, and/a series of photographs with condition ratings, to assist Inspectors with identification. Appendix 4 also includes photographs of situations where Emergency Action and Routine Maintenance is required. MSZ. -Bedpe Iapecton Mus! «4 Febuary 1985 1-9MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HIGHWAYS REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL bd SECTION 2 SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS e FEBRUARY 1993 DOCUMENT No. BMS2-M.E2. SCOPE OF INSP 24 2.2 2.3 24 2.5 2.6 27 Ge BA sul 2.7) 2.7) 2.7 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.71 TABLE OF CONTENTS CTIONS JERAL IC PROCEDURES. ENTORY AND ROUTINE INSPECTIONS ‘AILED INSPECTIONS IN GENERAL TERWAY/EMBANKMENT STRUCTURE 1 Foundations 2. Abutments and Piers ERSTRUCTURE Concrete Beams and Girders Steel Beams, Girders and Trusses Timber Members Masonry and Brick Arches Suspension Bridges Concrete Decks and Slabs Running Surfaces Joints Bearings 10 Railings and Furniture 11. Drainage CONVOaRON|e 2.1 GENERAL 2. SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS Bridge Inspections are conducted using standard procedures, so that the inspection is efficient and thorough, and so that the condition of bridges The procedures ensue tha assessed uniformly. administrative data is complete and accurate all fomponents and elements of the bridge including the approaches, waterway, superstructure and substructure are inspected and their condition assessed. all defects are observed and those which are significant or which require emergency action are recorded e@ All previously recorded defects should be reinspected to monitor the current state of the defects or to check that any previous treatment has been effective. 2.2 BASIC PROCEDURES Bridges consist of a large number of elements which interact with each other and the environment. Their behaviour is complex, but for the purpose of inspections, the elements can be grouped into # number of main components as follows inspections. Waferway/Embankment consisting of the stream itself, embankments and river training works (eg scour protection) ‘Sugerstructure consisting of the support structures, deck and running surface, joints, bearings, railings and furniture ‘Sulistructure consisting of the foundations, abutments and piers These main componpnts and major elements must be inspected during all types of BMS2.M.2€ - Bdge mapeton Maal 23 January 1983 242. SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS 2.3 INVENTORY AND ROUTINE INSPECTIONS. e During Inventory and Routine Inspections, elements are not inspected in detail. However, it is essential that the inspector observes all aspects of the bridge, so he can be confident that his recording of administrative, geometric and other data is correct, that his : assessment of condition of the main components of the bridge is correct, and that he has not overlooked any problems which render the bridge unsafe and which require emergency action : . observe the bridge under traffic, for excessive deflection and vibration * check for damaged, missing, deformed, corroded or decayed members, and assess significance * check bearings and seismic buffers * check underside of concrete deck for cracking, adequacy of cover to reinforcement, evidence of corrosion in reinforcement etc. e * check for missing, damaged or decayed timber deck members * check and observe riding quality of running surface, particularly at the : joint between the abutment headwall and the deck, in order to identify defects which contribute to excessive impact or which restrict the flow : of traffic * check drainage on the deck and approach roads, including vegetation and debris which may cause ponding of water 7 check expansion joints and deck seals . check for damaged, loose, missing or corroded railing . check for damaged end-blocks . check other bridge furniture such as signs, utilities and make notes if e@ required ° check for scouring around embankments, abutments and piers * check for subsidence, slippage or settlement of embankments . check condition of piles for corrosion, cracking decay or settlement cot check for previous movement or settlement of abutments. . check for cracking in concrete and masonry wingwalls, abutments and piers . check for corrosion or decay in columns 22 52.26 «badge Iepacton Maral - 18 Jarwary 18932. SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS e 2.4 DETAILED INSPECTIONS IN GENERAL The items listed for jinspection in Section 2.3 are also checked in Detailed Inspections. However, a more through level of inspection is required. The defects noted may be the result of significant underlying problems, which must be detected and identified. The following sections summarise what the inspector should look for as signs of defects or damage during a betailed inspection, for the three main components listed in Section 2.2. More detail about individual elements and defects is included in Part 2 of the Bridge Inspection Manual 2.5 WATERWAY/EMBANKMENT Many failures of bridges in Indonesia are caused by scour undermining foundations and e abutments. Usually *e scour is caused by excessive stream velocities which are result of insufficient waterway area (bridge length). Quarrying upstream and downstream of the bridge can also causp scour around bridge foundations, and is a major problem in many rivers. Deficiencies in foundation design and construction, including the use of the wrong type of : foundations (e.g. well foundations instead of piles), foundations constructed too high because of difficulties in excavation, and improperly located piers, can also result in scour It is essential that deficiencies of this type are detected early and corrective action taken immediately to avoid|a possible bridge collapse. * chebk for undermining and scour around piles, abutments, approach embankments and scour protection, and evidence of quarrying in the river bed. * cheek for abnormal settlement or slippage of approach embankments, e esppcially around the abutments. + chepk for excessive vegetation or remains of other structures blocking the jwaterway beneath the bridge . chek for evidence of flooding or excessive build-up of water (afflux) upsfream of the bridge which may indicate inadequate waterway area and| potential for further scouring : * chek for damaged scour protection: + chefk for erosion of embankments. ye nonctan Mo 28 January 1998 232. SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS 2.6 SUBSTRUCTURE ‘The substructure includes the foundations, abutments, wing walls, retaining walls, piers and columns. Certain inspection procedures apply to them all, such as examination for excessive or abnormal movements, the incidence of cracking and the occurrence of accidental damage in the form of distortion, buckling and removal of structural material. 2.6.1 Foundations Most foundation problems are the result of unforeseen movements. Most foundations undergo small movements, which if they remain small and uniform, cause no damage to the structure. Movements of large magnitude, especially if they are differential movements, cause damage to nearly all structures, unless specific provisions have been made during design. Such movements can result from settlement or failure of foundation material, development of cavities in rocks, scour, and changes in the water table. The start of foundation movement may be difficult to detect unless periodic instrumental surveys have been carried out. Usually, the first indication of trouble is a visual one, such as a variation from the proper geometry of the structure, excessive or unusual movements at bearings and expansion joints, and cracking of abutments, wing walls and the ends of beams. Another problem in foundations is deterioration of the structural material. It is necessary to examine timber piles for insect attack and fungal deterioration. Steel piles can suffer from corrosion and concrete piles from cracking and splitting. In all cases, the environment of the pile depends on its position with respect to soil, mud and water level. Particularly vulnerable areas are the tidal zone and the splash zone which fortunately are relatively easy to inspect. Inspection below the water level may require the use of diving techniques. Inspection below the soil level is extremely difficult unless instruments have been built into the pile before or during construction. Otherwise removal of soil and underpinning may be necessary. These will normally require Special Inspections. . The deterioration of foundations of all types can be considerably accelerated if the ground water is chemically aggressive. Sampling of the ground water may sometimes establish a serious level of risk, but a visual inspection may provide the only adequate degree of reassurance. 2.6.2 | Abutments and Piers + check for cracks between adjoining wing walls or in the abutment itself, and inadequate or abnormal clearance between the back wall of the abutment and the end beams or diaphragms of the superstructure. . determine whether drains and weep holes are clean and functioning Properly. . : check for deteriorating concrete in areas which are exposed to tidal influence and to roadway drainage. + check stone masonry for mortar cracks, vegetation, water seepage through the cracks, loose or missing stones, weathering and spalled or split blocks. 24 [MS2-M.2E-Brdge Inspection Manuel - 18 Jory 1993,2, SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS e vie SUPERSTRUCTURE Details which need {o be observed during inspection of superstructures are the existence of excessive or abnarmal deformation and vibration, adequacy of clearances, and signs of damage by impact from vehicles and vessels. These details are best described in terms of what to look for in particular components and materials. 2.7.1 Concrete Beams and Girders ‘* spalling concrete - special attention should be given to points of bearing where friction and high edge pressures can cause damage. * cracking - a map of cracking in main members should be produced, so that implications in terms of strength and durability can be carefully examined. Diagonal cracks, may indicate an incipient shear failure, whereas vertical cracks may indicate an excessive degree of stress in e flexure. The size and distribution of the cracks should be noted and soine attempt made to determine their depth if cracking is severe. The ashe of an Engineer may need to be sought to determine whether or 7 not the cracking is structurally significant. * coyer to reinforcement is usually checked by a cover meter but : sompetimes indications of inadequacy of cover appear as rust stains on the surface of the concrete caused by corrosion of the reinforcing steel. In @xtreme cases, reinforcing bars can become exposed. . Prestressed concrete bridges should be given special attention and the Possibility of the following defects should be investigated : a) / longitudinal cracks in the flanges may indicate insufficient transverse reinforcement, whilst transverse cracks in beams are an indication of either a serious loss of prestress or of wrong Positioning of the prestressing cables. @ b) | spalling or cracking of concrete may occur in soffits near curved cable ducts due to inadequate resistance to radial forces. ©) | _ unfortunately, the most important details relating to the condition of prestressed concrete beams cannot be assessed by visual inspection. These are the position and condition of the cable, the uniformity and density of grouting of the cable ducts, and the fracture of strands of the cable. Some of these factors could be checked by boring small holes into the concrete, but usually radiographic techniques have to be employed to obtain more reliable information (Special Inspection). : loose plastering particularly on soffits and edge beams. BMS2-M.2E «Bdge mepecton Maal - 18 January 1883, 282. SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS 2.7.2 Steel Beams, Girders and Trusses e * corrosion is probably the most important factor affecting the condition ofa steel structure. It is important to assess its magnitude, location and the form that it is taking. An attempt should be made to assess the loss : of effective structural section and to identify the cause of the corrosion. Junctions of steel work with masonry, concrete and other structural materials should be given particular attention. : * condition of the protective system - paint systems suffer various forms of deterioration and it is beneficial to detect the early stages because of the substantially reduced amount of maintenance that is involved in correcting defects. Coupled with inspection of the protective system should be a search for the accumulation of debris and an assessment of the general cleanliness of the structure. * fracture is apparent as breaks in members and elements and the ease of detection is directly related to the scale and size of the defect. It may e be due to a variety of causes such as overloading, brittle fracture, stress corrosion or fatigue. * cracking usually occurs in welds and adjacent metal and is caused by stress fluctuation and stress concentration. Members and connections subject to high stress fluctuations and stress reversals in service are : most susceptible. Poor quality welding and sudden changes in the cross section of the member are potential problem areas * excessive vibration and noise - these factors in themselves may not be structurally damaging, unless the vibrations are setting up resonance. They can be general indicators of the health of the structure, particularly if vibration and noise have increased since a previous inspection. * deformation and deflection - excessive deformation or deflection under load is one of the best indicators of the state of the structure. Small movements due to heavy traffic loading can usually be detected visually. * buckling, kinking, warping and waviness - these terms usually refer to a form of deformation associated with members in compression. If present to a significant degree, they can considerably reduce resistance to compressive forces. + loose bolts and rivets - these are defects which require close inspection to detect, unless there are some accompanying movements or noise. Occasionally tell-tale cracks appear in the paint films between coverplates and main members, particularly in the case of friction grip- bolted connections. * excessive wear can be present in members accommodating movement, such as pins in joints of trusses. 2-6 f6MS20M 26 Bidge epecton Manu «18 January 19932. SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS 2.7.3 Timber Members condition of protective treatment - deterioration due to weathering, chemical attack, fungus attack. Deterioration from these causes ranges from staining of the surface to extensive decay of the member, as a result of which the timber has become soft, spongy, fibrous or crumbly. Paiticular attention must be paid to connections, bolts holes, splices and ‘support points. vermin attack - a variety of termites, beetles, ants and borers can attack timber in various environments. Most of the damage is internal and to asgess its scale, core samples may have to be drilled. firg damage - the effects of fire damage are readily apparent. The inspection procedure should also aim to identify potential fire hazards. ac¢idental damage - severe collisions usually result in shattering or splitting of timber. exgessive vibration, deflection or deformation - sound timber will usually undergo substantial deflection or deformation under conditions of over- loading before failure takes place. The geometry of a member is therefore a useful guide to its reserve of strength. rusty or loose bolts and unplugged holes - these defects lead to gradual deterioration and should be identified for remedial treatment as soon as possible. 2.7.4 Masonry/and Brick Arches detprioration and crumbing of exposed surfaces - due to weathering leaqing to spalling and splitting of stones and bricks in more severe cases. opéning of joints and movement of supports will cause loss of bedding mottar between components of an arch and displacement of bricks and stone blocks. Many masonry and brick arch bridges have a reserve of strgngth that they have been able to carry modern traffic without collapsing. However, the vibration effects of modern traffic may cause @ gradual loosening of stones and displacement of mortar which will seriously undermine the strength of an arch if allowed to continue. drainage of fill materials between spandrel walls - fill materials have the potential to store a substantial volume of water, increasing the load on thelarch and spandrel walls accelerating deterioration of materials. acclmulation of soil in various parts of the structure, a large amount of vegetable material can be supported on the bridge. The root systems. can) cause damage. scat of debris and vegetation - because of the likehood of MS2.26 - Ege Iapacon Maj! «18 aruary 1893 272. SCOPE OF INSPECTIONS * overall alignment and geometry - undesirable changes of shape can sometimes be detected visually before the structure becomes unserviceable. 2.7.5 Suspension Bridges The inspection of cables and their connecting members such as strand shoes and sockets, anchorages, saddles, cable bands, hangar rods, suspender ropes and wrapping wires follows the general procedures for steel structures. In addition the following factors may require special attention : * displacement or slippage of strand shoes, strand sockets, saddles and cable bands may result in uneven distribution of loads between members and are an indication of some degree of failure of the connection between the cable and the particular element which is being displaced. * broken wires in large strands, which may be fully wrapped and protected ‘on the outside, will be difficult to detect until there is some visual evidence in the outer casing. However, in the anchorage zone the continuity of unwrapped wires between strand shoes and splay saddles can be tested and this will reveal the presence of broken wires for some distance past the splay saddle under the wrapping. * condition of protective systems should be checked to ensure that there are no loose wrapping wires or cracks where water can enter and cause corrosion of the main cables. Cable bands, saddles and splay casting need to be inspected for water seepage * relative tension of hangers or cables on suspension bridges - a check on the uniform distribution of load between adjacent hangers is possible by comparing the angular displacement of the cable at each cable band. However, to obtain a more precise indication, some form of load indicating instrument will be required (Special Inspection). 28 11520.2€ - Badge mapecton Man! - 18 January 1993