Contents

Preface xi
About the Editors and Contributors xv

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS

An Introduction to Exercise Science 1

1 WHAT IS EXERCISE SCIENCE? 2
WHAT DO EXERCISE SCIENTISTS STUDY? 2
BOX 1.1 Issues in health-related aspects of physical activity 3
BOX 1.2 Issues in sports performance research 4
EXERCISE SCIENCE: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 5
Evolution of Exercise Science 5
Impetus for the Emergence of Modern Exercise Science 7
ACADEMIC PROGRAMS IN EXERCISE SCIENCE 9
Emergence of Academic Programs 9
Growth of Academic Programs 9
The Curriculum 13
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS FOR EXERCISE SCIENCE PROGRAMS 14
Foundational Core 15
Exercise Prescription for Normal and Special Populations 15
Health Promotion 15
Administrative Tasks 15
Human Relations 16
Copyright © 2016. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Professional Development 16
Practical Experience 16
SUMMARY 16
Study Questions 17
Learning Activities 17
Suggested Readings 17
References 18

Reading and Interpreting the Literature

2 in Exercise Science 19
INTRODUCTION 20
LITERATURE SOURCES 20

iii
Introduction to Exercise Science, edited by Terry J. Housh, et al., Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wsudt/detail.action?docID=4787825.
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 iv CONTENTS

Scientific Literature Sources 21

Nonscientific Literature Sources 23
READING PRIMARY REFERENCES 24
Abstract 24
Introduction 24
Methods 26
Results 27
Discussion 27
Conclusions 28
References 28
READING SECONDARY REFERENCES 29
Textbooks 29
Professional Books 30
Reviews 30
LOCATING REFERENCES IN EXERCISE SCIENCE 30
Tips for Conducting Online Searches 32
Accessing the Full-Text Article 33
USING SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE TO LOCATE GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN EXERCISE
SCIENCE 34
SUMMARY 34
Study Questions 35
Learning Activities 35
Suggested Readings 35
References 36

Measurement in Exercise Science 37

3 DEFINITIONS IN MEASUREMENT 38
Measurement Versus Evaluation 38
Measurement Accuracy 38
Measurement Levels 42
Domains of Human Experience 43
MEASUREMENT ACTIVITIES 45
Cognitive Domain 45
Copyright © 2016. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Psychomotor Domain 46
Affective Domain 48
MEASUREMENT USAGE 50
For Classification 50
For Motivation 50
For Achievement Assessment 50
For Forecasting Potential and Prediction 51
For Diagnosis 51
For Program Evaluation 51
For Research 51
HISTORY OF MEASUREMENT 51
TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 54
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 55
BOX 3.1 An abstract of a research study in the area of measurement 56

Introduction to Exercise Science, edited by Terry J. Housh, et al., Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wsudt/detail.action?docID=4787825.
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 CONTENTS v

PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 56

FUTURE DIRECTIONS 58
SUMMARY 58
Study Questions 58
Learning Activities 59
Suggested Readings 59
References 59

FIELDS OF STUDY CHAPTERS

Anatomy in Exercise Science 61

4 INTRODUCTION 62
DEFINITIONS IN ANATOMY 62
HISTORY OF ANATOMY 63
Prescientific Period 63
Scientific Period 64
The Middle Ages 70
The Renaissance 72
Seventeenth Through Nineteenth Centuries 73
Twentieth Century to Present Day 76
TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 76
Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope 76
Imaging 77
BOX 4.1 Abstract of an exercise science research study using magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) 79
EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 79
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 80
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 81
BOX 4.2 Abstract of a body composition research study 82
PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 82
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 83
SUMMARY 83
Copyright © 2016. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Study Questions 83
Learning Activities 84
Suggested Readings 84
References 84

Exercise Physiology 85
5 DEFINITIONS IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 86
PROFESSIONAL DUTIES OF AN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGIST 86
HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 86
PARENT DISCIPLINES OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 87
AREAS OF STUDY IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 87
Areas of Basic Study 87

Introduction to Exercise Science, edited by Terry J. Housh, et al., Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wsudt/detail.action?docID=4787825.
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 vi CONTENTS

BOX 5.1 Abstract of a research study that examined muscle metabolism at differing
intensities of exercise 93
Areas of Applied Study 94
BOX 5.2 Abstract of a research study that examined the effect of exercise in subjects
with paraplegia 96
TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 104
Treadmills and Ergometers 104
Metabolic Measurements 106
Body Composition Assessment 107
Muscle Biopsy 107
Electromyography 108
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy 108
EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 109
Undergraduate 109
Graduate 110
Exercise Physiology as Part of a Preprofessional School Degree 111
CERTIFICATIONS 112
American College of Sports Medicine 112
National Strength and Conditioning Association 112
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 112
Clinics 112
Health and Fitness Venues 113
Sports Conditioning Venues 114
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 114
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) 114
American Physiological Society (APS) 114
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
(AAHPERD) 114
National Strength Conditioning Association (NSCA) 115
American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
(AACVPR) 115
PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 115
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 116
SUMMARY 117
Copyright © 2016. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Study Questions 117

Learning Activities 118
Suggested Readings 118
References 118

Exercise Epidemiology 123

6 DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 124
ACTIVITIES OF EXERCISE EPIDEMIOLOGISTS 124
HISTORY OF EXERCISE EPIDEMIOLOGY 124
AREAS OF STUDY IN EXERCISE EPIDEMIOLOGY 125
Cardiovascular Disease 125
Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke 125
Hypertension 126

Introduction to Exercise Science, edited by Terry J. Housh, et al., Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wsudt/detail.action?docID=4787825.
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 CONTENTS vii

Diabetes 126
Osteoporosis 127
BOX 6.1 Abstract of a research study that examined the relationships among physical
activity, sedentary behavior, and the metabolic syndrome 127
Cancer 128
Mental Health 128
BOX 6.2 Abstract of a research study that examined the effects of resistance training in
lung cancer patients 129
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES 130
Incidence Rates 130
Cross-Sectional Surveys 130
Case–Control Studies 130
Prospective Cohort Studies 131
Randomized Controlled Trial 131
TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 132
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 133
CERTIFICATION 133
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 133
The International Epidemiological Association (IEA) 133
American Heart Association (AHA) 134
American Diabetes Association (ADA) 134
American Cancer Society (ACS) 134
PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 134
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 135
SUMMARY 136
Study Questions 136
Learning Activities 137
Suggested Readings 137
References 138

Athletic Training 139

7 DEFINITION OF AN ATHLETIC TRAINER 140
PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ATHLETIC TRAINER 140
Copyright © 2016. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

HISTORY OF ATHLETIC TRAINING 140

TECHNOLOGY AND TOOLS 142
EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 142
Accreditation of Programs 143
Entry-Level Education 143
Clinical Education 145
Graduate Education 145
BOC CERTIFICATION 145
History of the BOC Examination 146
BOC Examination Eligibility Today 146
BOC Examination Format 147
BOC Recertification Requirements 147
STATE REGULATION OF ATHLETIC TRAINERS 148
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 149

Introduction to Exercise Science, edited by Terry J. Housh, et al., Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wsudt/detail.action?docID=4787825.
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 viii CONTENTS

Clinical 149
Industrial, Commercial, and Fitness Clubs 150
Secondary Schools 150
Colleges and Universities 150
Professional Sport 151
Performing Arts 151
Military and Law Enforcement 151
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 152
National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA) 152
Regional and State Associations 152
PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 153
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 153
BOX 7.1 Abstract of a research study that measured the effect of fatigue on
electromechanical efficiency 154
SUMMARY 154
Study Questions 155
Learning Activities 155
Suggested Readings 155
References 156

Exercise and Sport Nutrition 157

8 DEFINITIONS IN NUTRITION 158
HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF NUTRITION 159
PARENT AND RELATED DISCIPLINES 161
BOX 8.1 Abstract of a research study on the effect of fat-free milk on body composition
and strength 162
AREAS OF STUDY IN NUTRITION 162
Sport-Related Aspects 162
Health-Related Aspects 167
BOX 8.2 Abstract of a health-related research study regarding vitamin D deficiency 168
TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 169
Muscle Biopsy Technique 169
Blood and Urine Analyses 169
Copyright © 2016. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Calorimetry 170
Metabolic Measurements 170
Dietary Recall and Analysis 171
Body Composition Assessment 172
EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 173
Dietetics 173
Exercise and Sport Nutrition 176
CERTIFICATION 177
Dietetics 177
Sport Nutrition Certifications 178
LICENSURE 178
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 179
Dietetics 179
Exercise and Sport Nutrition 180

Introduction to Exercise Science, edited by Terry J. Housh, et al., Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wsudt/detail.action?docID=4787825.
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 CONTENTS ix

PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 184

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 184
Sports, Cardiovascular, and Wellness Nutritionists (SCAN) 184
International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) 184
Other Related Organizations 184
PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 185
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 186
SUMMARY 187
Study Questions 187
Learning Activities 188
Suggested Readings 188
References 188

Biomechanics 191
9 DEFINITIONS IN BIOMECHANICS 192
HISTORY OF BIOMECHANICS 193
AREAS OF STUDY IN BIOMECHANICS 196
Developmental Biomechanics 196
Biomechanics of Exercise and Sport 196
Rehabilitative Biomechanics 198
Occupational Biomechanics 199
Forensic Biomechanics 200
TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 200
EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 208
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 209
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 209
PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 209
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 210
BOX 9.1 An abstract presented at the American Society of Biomechanics 211
BOX 9.2 An abstract presented at the American Society of Biomechanics 213
SUMMARY 216
Study Questions 217
Copyright © 2016. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

Learning Activities 217

Suggested Readings 217
References 218

Motor Control and Motor Learning 219

10 DEFINITIONS IN MOTOR LEARNING AND MOTOR CONTROL 220
MOTOR LEARNING AND MOTOR CONTROL ACTIVITIES 220
BOX 10.1 Issues in motor learning and motor control across the learning process 221
HISTORY OF MOTOR CONTROL AND MOTOR LEARNING 221
Animal Spirits or Bioelectricity? 221
Cerebal Localization 222
Theoretical Developments in Motor Learning 223
THEORETICAL APPROACHES 225

Introduction to Exercise Science, edited by Terry J. Housh, et al., Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wsudt/detail.action?docID=4787825.
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 x CONTENTS

Theories of Motor Control 225

BOX 10.2 Abstract of a research study in motor control 231
Theories of Motor Learning 232
BOX 10.3 Abstract of a research study in motor learning 233
TECHNOLOGY AND MOTOR CONTROL 234
EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 235
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 235
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 235
PROMINENT JOURNALS 236
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 236
BOX 10.4 Abstract of a research study in motor learning 237
SUMMARY 237
Study Questions 238
Learning Activities 238
Suggested Readings 238
References 239

Exercise and Sport Psychology 241

11 DEFINITIONS IN EXERCISE AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 242
PROFESSIONAL DUTIES OF EXERCISE AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGISTS 242
HISTORY OF EXERCISE AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 243
PARENT DISCIPLINES OF EXERCISE AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 246
AREAS OF STUDY 246
Exercise Psychology 246
Sport Psychology 249
THEORETICAL APPROACHES 250
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES 251
BOX 11.1 Abstract of a research study that used quantitative methodologies 251
BOX 11.2 Abstract of a research study that used qualitative methodologies 252
TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 252
Electronic Devices 252
Software 253
Copyright © 2016. Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved.

EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 253

CERTIFICATIONS 255
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 255
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 256
PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 257
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 258
SUMMARY 258
Study Questions 258
Learning Activities 259
Suggested Readings 259
References 260

Glossary 263
Index 271

Introduction to Exercise Science, edited by Terry J. Housh, et al., Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wsudt/detail.action?docID=4787825.
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