Kalinga Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP), 2011-2016

Chapter II: The Planning Environment

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. Brief historical background of the province

The name “Kalinga” is believed to be derived from the Ibanag and Gaddang dialects -
Kalinga means enemy, fighter or headhunter. In the past when tribal wars were prevalent,
the inhabitants of Cagayan and Isabela considered the Kalingas as enemies in their
headhunting attacks on the Ibanag and Gaddang territories. However, there is no geographic
or ethnic basis to this ascription on Kalinga. Yet the term has become the official ethnic
name accepted even by the natives themselves. (Billet and Lambrechet, 1970)

Kalinga and other Cordillera people are believed to have arrived in separate
migrations from the Southeastern or Eastern Asia. The Indonesian immigrants who came to
Luzon thousand years ago are said to be the ancestors of the present Kalingas and Apayaos.
The original migrants of Northern Luzon might have had a common culture; but due to
particular conditions of economy, water supply, population density, and ecology, cultural
differences began to manifest among the Northern Luzon mountain people, resulting into
various ethno linguistic tribes: Ibaloy, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Sagada.

In 1912 the Philippine Commission created the old Mountain Province composed of
seven sub-provinces divided along ethnic lines: Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc,
Ifugao, Kalinga and Lepanto. In the 1920s, Amburayan and large areas of Lepanto and
Benguet became part of La Union and Ilocos Sur, and other portions added to Bontoc. Thus,
such territorial change resulted to the five sub-provinces: Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga,
and Apayao (Scott 1975:1). The Mountain Province was administered by a Governor and
each sub-province by a Lieutenant Governor.

When the Americans took control over the Philippines, the Cordillera mountain lands
were organized into one political territory as the Lepanto-Bontoc Province under Act No.
1876 of the Philippine Commission on August 13, 1908. Twelve years later on February 4,
1920, Republic Act No. 2772 was promulgated reorganizing the Lepanto-Bontoc Province
into Mountain Province which was constituted by the five sub provinces of Benguet, Bontoc,
Kalinga and Apayao.

On June 16, 1966, Republic Act 4695 was enacted creating the old Mountain
Province which comprised the provinces of Benguet, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao.

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The provinces of Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao were then included under the territorial
coverage of Region II while the province of Benguet was placed under Region I.

During the term of President Corazon C. Aquino, she issued Executive Order No. 220
on July 15, 1987 creating the Cordillera Administrative Region and the provinces of Ifugao
and Kalinga-Apayao from Region II were included in the territorial coverage of the
Cordillera Administrative Region together with the provinces of Abra, Benguet, Mountain
Province and City of Baguio which were then under Region I.

On February 14, 1995, Republic Act 7878 amended Republic Act 4695 and converted
Kalinga-Apayao into two independent provinces namely; Kalinga and Apayao.

The province of Kalinga has a total population of 82,326 according to the 2007
census. It is composed of seven (7) municipalities and one (1) component city, the City of
Tabuk. The municipalities are Balbalan with 14 barangays, Lubuagan (9), Pasil (14),
Pinukpuk (23), Rizal (15), Tanudan (16) and Tinglayan (20). The City of Tabuk has the
most number of barangays with 42.

2. Bases of the PDPFP and its Context

The PDPFP indicates the province’s 2011-2016 physical and socio-economic
development directions. It aims to maintain a high level of environmental quality while
providing the land use requirements in socio-economic development. This promotes
interventions toward sustainable development as the common direction. It presents the
analytical basis for holistic understanding of the provincial planning environment as guide
in planning for the required interventions responsive of the physical and socio-economic
needs of the province.

2.1 Objectives of the PDPFP

Specifically, it aims to achieve the following considerations:

 clear understanding of existing conditions in the province (SWOT) indicating future

scenarios as an analytical basis for planning the interventions achieving desired
future situation
 a common direction of interventions toward sustainable development
 an integrated solutions and approaches responsive to the socio-economic and
physical needs of the province
 a harmonized policy guides for socio-economic and physical development ensuring
sustainable supply/use of natural resources

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 a mutually reinforcing development program packages that will serve as inputs to

and the term of reference for PDIP/ELA formulation and implementation toward a
holistic development approach for the province

 An integrated development framework for all local and sectoral development plans
strengthening the interface between the PLGU with the municipal LGUs, PLGU
and NGAs and the development complementation/enhancement between the
province and its neighboring PLGUs and POs/NGOs operating in the province.

2.2 Context of the PDPFP

2.2.1 Hierarchy of plans and linkages

The framework shown in Figure 1 illustrates the hierarchy of development plans,

investment programs and the linkages of the Local Planning & Expenditure Management
outputs in the context of Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2007-1.

Figure1
The Integrated Framework

MTPDP/
MTDIP
NFPP
RDP/RDFP RDIP

Investment
Programming and Budgeting and
Revenue Generation Expenditure Mgt
PDPFP PDIP/AIP Annual Budget
Mid-term Revision

Expenditure Plan
Proj Evaluation &
Development

Initial Screening and

Prioritization of PPAs Realignment Implementation
C/MDP C/MDIP

Monitoring
Impact
Impact and Assessment Project Provincial Development
Information
Outcomes Projects
Base

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The first column illustrates the hierarchy of development plans from national/regional
to provincial and city/municipal levels which demonstrates an iterative formulation process.
In the vertical integration process, it requires constant coordination between and among
planning agencies and offices to ensure consistency of plans, programs and priorities. It will
also provide an opportunity for pooling of resources for program and project
complementation.

The PDPFP promotes attainment of the goals and objectives provided for in the
national and regional plans and provides guidelines for the preparation or updating of
municipal plans so that these shall be consistent with and supportive of the development
goals and objectives of the province.

The feedback linkage between project outcomes and the PDIP and AIP emphasizes
that the outcomes of implemented PPAs must be taken into account in the preparation of the
AIP and in subsequent realignment and adjustment of the Investment Program. Such
outcomes are determined through “monitoring/tracking” of activities that will form part of
community-participated periodic project assessments/evaluation sessions
to bring about collegial development insights/experience on interventions to become the
basis for development guidelines in other/future undertakings.

The horizontal linkages among the processes at the provincial level, planning,
investment programming, budgeting and expenditure management are emphasized. This is to
ensure that the development plan will be operationalized by an efficient budgeting and
expenditure management.

Finally, the linkage between project impacts and the provincial plan is also
highlighted. Although impact assessment is not covered by the guidelines, project impacts
must constitute a major consideration in the preparation and subsequent medium-term
revision of the provincial plan.

2.2.2 Planning Process

Pursuant to the requirements of JMC No. 2007-1, an Executive Order No. 2010-12,
creating the Technical Working Group was issued to spearhead the formulation of the
PDPFP. The PPDO as the chair of the group initiated the conduct of planning workshops
mobilizing the Provincial Development Council and the various sectoral groups. Series of
consultations and planning workshops were conducted to generate the required inputs in
coming out with the plan.

The integration and finalization was done by the members of the Technical Working
Group (TWG) with technical assistance from NEDA-CAR.

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The plan was presented to the members of the PDC for final review and adoption and
eventually to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan for their review and approval.

The PDPFP preparation follows JMC No. 2007-1 guidelines promoting

harmonization and synchronization of local planning, investment programming, revenue
administration, budgeting and expenditure management.

Figure 2
The Integrated Framew ork

Inv estment
Planning PPAs Programming
Rev enue
Generation

Proj ect Ev aluation

Implementation, and Dev elopment
monitoring and
evaluation
PDIP/
Locally-funded
projects
AIP

Budgeting

Expenditure
Management

The planning process starts with the analysis of the planning environment,
identification of development challenges, goal and objective setting, and strategy
formulation. These will form part of the main content of the PDPFP, which will be the main
source of the strategic program packages.

The PDPFP program packages will be broken down into more specific projects and
activities with cost estimates which will serve as inputs to the investment programming
process. P/P/As are initially screened, ranked, and prioritized to come up with the Provincial
Development Investment Program (PDIP). The current year slice of the PDIP is the Annual
Investment Program (AIP) which serves as basis for budgetary allocation. The two-way
expenditure management and revenue generation relationship in this figure shows that the
investment requirements should be matched with the financing capacity of the province.

If available fund is insufficient to implement the P/P/As, the project list shall be
reviewed on the cost side and/or additional sources shall be considered on the revenue side.

2.2.3 Key Policies and Legislative Mandates of the plan

LGUs are both a political unit and a corporate body. LGUs planning function
embodies these two LGU personalities. As political unit, the LGUs are bestowed with

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powers and resources for it to manage and maintain ecological balance in its territorial
jurisdiction (PPFP/CLUP). As corporate bodies, LGUs likewise bestowed with powers and
resources to promote the general welfare of its inhabitants (CDP).

Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991), provides that the LGUs are
mandated to prepare two development plans, the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) for
municipalities or Provincial Physical Framework Plan (PPFP) for provinces and the
Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP).

Section 20 (c) - The local government units shall, in conformity with existing laws,
continue to prepare their respective comprehensive land use plans or physical framework
plans which shall be the primary and dominant bases for the future use of land resources.

Joint Memorandum Circular signed on 8 March 2007 harmonizes and synchronizes

efforts on local development planning, investment programming, budgeting and expenditure
management.

As an offshoot of the Circular, the National Economic & Development Authority

(NEDA) being mandated in the integration of provincial development plans came up with the
Provincial Local Planning & Expenditure Management (PLPEM) manual which will guide
the provinces in the preparation of the Provincial Development & Physical Framework Plan.

3. Coverage of the plan

3.1 Historical Coverage

The medium-term Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP)

covers the period 2011-2016. Its strategic development goals and policies/strategies follow
the province’s long-term development vision and physical development framework particular
to the planning period covered by the plan. This is intended to coincide with the full term of
the national leadership. However, a mid-term review of the plan may be required to:

 provide an avenue to harmonize the incumbent’s and incoming local leadership’s

development agenda
 accommodate emerging issues and concerns that need immediate
response
 mitigate bottlenecks or weaknesses in development P/P/As implementation

3.2 Geographical coverage

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The PDPFP covers the entire province’s development requirements comprising all the
geographic areas (seven component municipalities and a city) within its boundary in terms of
the land, water and air resources for the public, private and ancestral domains.

3.3 Sectoral Coverage

The plan covers the following major sectors identified under the five core elements.

Core Element Sector

Population Population and settlements
Economic Activity Agriculture, Fisheries, Production, Forestry,
Manufacturing, Trade, Industry, Services and
Tourism
Physical Environment, Natural Resources, Protection
Resources/Transport Forest, Transport and Communication
Income/Access Employment, Income and Poverty, Health,
to Services Education, Housing, Sanitation, Security, Social
Welfare, Public Works, Roads, Water Supply,
Solid Waste, Drainage, Power, Other Services and
Facilities
Land Use and Physical All Sectors Integration into Physical/Land use
Framework Framework

4. Outline of the plan

The Provincial Development & Physical Framework Plan outlines the development
framework of the province in the next six years (2011-1016). It consists of the usual plan
components organized as follows:

4.1 Introduction – contains the brief historical background of the province, basis of the
PDPFP and its context, coverage and outline of the plan

4.2 Planning environment – provides analytical bases in the identification of

problems/issues and subsequent courses of action (goals/objectives, strategies, programs and
projects)

4.3 Development Directions and Perspective – this section includes the development
vision statement, goals and strategies. Vision statement - visualizes the province’s desired
state in terms of its unique role in the regional and national development taking into
considerations the desired state in terms of its people, environment and the form of
governance
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4.4 Sectoral and Spatial development issues/goals and objectives – are sets of problems
and issues confronting the drivers of development (population, economy, physical resources,
income/access to services and land use) and the corresponding goals and objectives

4.5 Sectoral and Spatial Strategies, Plans, Programs and Activities – consist of specific
actions, programs, projects and activities that would respond to the identified problems/issues
and would accomplish the goals and objectives.

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CHAPTER II
THE PLANNING ENVIRONMENT

1. LOCATION, LAND AREA & POLITICAL SUBDIVISION

The province of Kalinga is located at the central part of the Cordillera Administrative
Region and lies at 121o17’ east longitude and 17o26’ north latitude. It is a landlocked
province bounded by the provinces of Apayao on the north, Cagayan and Isabela on the east,
Abra on the west and Mountain Province on the south.

Created under Republic Act 7878, the province has a total land area of 3,231.30
square kilometers covering 16.80% of the total CAR’s land area. It is smaller than the land
area of the provinces of Abra and Apayao but larger than Mountain Province, Benguet and
Ifugao. Abra has the highest land area in the region while Benguet has the least.

Table 1
Land Area and Number of Towns and Barangays by Province, CAR
Land % Share of Number of Number of
/1
Province Area Land Area Mun./ Cities Barangays/2
/2

(Sq. km.)
Abra 4,165.30 21.80 27 303
Apayao 4,413.40 21.50 7 131
Benguet 2,826.60 14.30 10 140
Ifugao 2,628.20 13.80 13 175
Kalinga 3,231.30 16.80 8 153
Mt. Province 2,157.40 11.50 11 144
Baguio City 48.90 0.30 129

CAR 19,422.00 5.70 76 1,301

PHILIPPINES 343,448.30 100.00 1,496 41,945
Sources: /1 Philippine Statistical Yearbook 2009, NSCB
/2 CAR Regional Social and Economic Trends 2009, NSCB

Kalinga is composed of seven (7) municipalities and one (1) component city, the City
of Tabuk, the capital town of the province. The city is comprised of 42 barangays which is
more than one-fourth of the total barangays of the province.

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Pinukpuk occupies the largest portion of the province’s land area covering almost
23% of the total land area of the province. It is also the second municipality of the province
with the most number of barangays next to Tabuk. On the other hand, with the smallest land
area and the least number of barangays is the municipality of Lubuagan covering mere five
percent of the total province’s land area and with only six percent of the total 153 barangays.

Table 2
Total Land Area and Number of Barangays
by Municipality, Kalinga
Municipalities Land area % Share Number of % share of
([Link]) Barangays Barangays
Balbalan 546.44 16.91 14 9.20
Lubuagan 155.83 4.82 9 5.90
Pasil 199.00 6.16 14 9.20
Pinukpuk 728.60 22.55 23 15.00
Rizal 242.16 7.49 15 9.80
Tabuk 674.90 20.89 42 27.50
Tanudan 386.41 11.96 16 10.50
Tinglayan 297.96 9.22 20 13.10
KALINGA 3,231.30 100.00 153 100.00
Note: The data are just GIS-generated using the Kalinga PENRO map which is intended for planning
purposes. This should not in any way affect the IRA allocation of the province and component
municipalities.

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M ap 1

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M ap 2

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2. POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS

2.1 Population: Regional and National Context

Based on the 2010 Population Census of the National Statistics Office, CAR remains the
least populated and least dense region nationwide. The region’s population size accounts to less
than two percent of the total population nationwide with estimated density of only 75 persons per
square kilometer. The region’s population growth rate slowed down from the 2000 census year;
however, its growth rate is still higher as compared to the national average and to other regions of
the country.

Excluding Baguio City, Benguet is the most populated province and the most crowded
province in the region. Its population is almost one-fourth of the total region’s population with a
density higher than the regional average. Its population density of 143 however is half way below
the national average of 260 persons per square kilometer. In terms of population growth rate,
Kalinga reflected the highest with 3.41% based on the 2007-2010 censuses even higher than the
regional and national average growth rates.

On the other hand, Apayao is the most sparsely populated province but it is next to
Kalinga in terms of average annual growth rate with 2.81% followed by Benguet 2.73% while
Abra reflected the lowest average annual rate of 0.54 only.

If the current population growth rate of Kalinga will continue over the coming years, its
population will double in 20 years and that will be in 2030. This would mean more target
population in terms of social services and additional areas for settlement and production
purposes.
Table 3
Population, Annual Population Growth Rate& Density
By Province, CAR 2000-2010
Pop 2010 Pop Share APGR APGR Pop Pop
Province Pop 2007 2010 (%) 2007-2010 2007-2010 Den 2007 Den 2010
ABRA 230,953 234,733 14.51 1.35 0.54 53 56
APAYAO 103,633 112,636 6.96 0.90 2.81 26 26
BAGUIO CITY 301,926 318,676 19.70 2.50 1.82 6,174 6,516
BENGUET 372,533 403,944 24.98 1.68 2.73 140 143
IFUGAO 180,711 191,078 11.82 1.55 1.88 72 72
KALINGA 182,326 201,613 12.46 0.64 3.41 59 65
MT. PROVINCE 148,661 154,187 9.54 0.79 1.22 71 71
CAR 1,520,743 1,616,867 100 1.50 2.06 85 83
PHILIPPINES 88,574,614 92,337,852 - 2.04 1.39 260 268
Source: CAR Regional Social and Economic Trends

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2.2. Provincial Population Size, Distribution

As of 2010 census, the province has a total population of 201,613 which accounts for
12.26% of the total regional population. The newly created city of Tabuk remains to be the
concentration of population in the province with 51.54% which is more than half of the total
population of the entire province. It has also the fastest growing population with a growth rate of
5.73% surpassing the provincial, regional and national average. The economic and social services
and opportunities that the city caters are the main reasons why population tends to move to the
city.

The municipality of Pinukpuk exhibits the second highest in population which accounted
for 14.68% of the total province’s population. The rest of the municipalities have less than ten
percent population share to the province such that when combined altogether, their population is
even lesser than Tabuk’s population. It is noted though that Tanudan has the least population
share with 4.23% of the province’s population (Figure 1).

Figure 3
Population Distribution, 2010
Kalinga Province

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Table 4
Total Population, Growth Rate & Density
By Municipality, 2000, 2007 & 2010
Popn APGR APGR Pop
Popn Popn PopDen
Municipality Share 2000- 2007- Den
2007 2010 2010
2010 (%) 2007 2010 2007
Balbalan 12,012 12,082 5.99 0.09 0.19 23 23
Lubuagan 10,183 9,389 4.66 0.42 -2.74 69 64
Pasil 10,084 9,626 4.77 1.02 -1.54 53 50
Pinukpuk 27,783 29,596 14.68 0.84 2.13 40 42
Rizal 14,612 15,942 7.91 0.93 2.94 64 69
Tabuk City 87,912 103,912 51.54 1.53 5.73 137 162
Tanudan 8,119 8,529 4.23 (3.16) 1.66 22 23
Tinglayan 11,619 12,557 6.23 (2.67) 2.62 41 44
KALINGA 182,324 201,613 0.64 3.41 59 65
Source: 2000 and 2010 Census on Population, NSO
Note : Land area is based on the NAMRIA map

2.2.1 Density and Urbanization

The province’s population density in the 2010 census year is 65 persons per square
kilometer. This is below the regional average of 85 persons per square kilometer as well as the
national average of 260 per square kilometer.

Tabuk City has the highest population density with 162 persons per square kilometer
which is higher than the province as well as the regional average population densities of 65 and
85 respectively. It is followed by Lubuagan and Rizal with more than 60 persons per square
kilometer population densities. Tanudan and Balbalan have the lowest population densities with
less than 23 persons per square kilometer. It is noted though that the increase in population
densities is consistent with the increase in pouplation growth rates.

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Figure 4
Population Density, 2000-2010

For the purpose of classifying urban settlement areas, the NSO has considered the
following criteria a) poblacion areas or barangays with a population density of 500 persons per
square kilometer, b) barangays with established street pattern and at least six establishments
such as town hall, church, hospital/clinc/health center, market building, public plaza, etc and
c) barangays with a population of 1000 which meet the aforestated conditions and where
occupation of the residents is predominantly non-farming/fishing.

Given these criteria, only 13 barangays of the 153 total barangays in the province are
considered as urban baragays and the people residing in these barangays which comprise about
24.48% of the province’s total population in 2010 is categorized as urban population. The bulk
of the population with 75.52% of the total population are residing in the farming barangays.

Tabuk City with the most number of urban barangays shared the highest urban population
with 80.71% of its total population and almost 51% of the total provincial urban population.
Consistently, Tabuk City also showed remarkable increase in urbanization rate due to its role as
the provincial capital, and the center for local administration, commerce, education, health
services and other social services. Similarly, the municipalities of Rizal and Pinukpuk also
showed an improving urbanization rate while there was a decrease in urban population in
Balbalan, Lubuagan and Tinglayan.

Pinukpuk and Rizal have the potential to be developed as secondary growth centers due to
thier proximity to the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela. Once the road network in this
municipalities are improved, economic activities such as business and commerce will surely
prosper hence will encourage population movement.
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Table 5
Population by Urban-Rural Classification
Kalinga: 2007-2010

Popn APGR
Population 2007 Population 2010
Municipalities Share (URBAN)
2010 2000- 2007-
Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban 2007 2010
Balbalan 1,258 10,754 12,012 1,195 10,887 12,082 2.42% 0.5 -1.66
Lubuagan 1,805 8,378 10,183 1,550 7,839 9,389 3.14% -1.18 -4.7
Pasil - 10,084 10,084 - 9,826 9,626 -
Pinukpuk 2,589 25,194 27,783 2,986 26,610 29,596 6.05% 3.04 5.11
Rizal 2,938 11,674 14,612 3,030 12,912 15,942 6.14% 1.91 1.04

Tabuk City 34,193 53,719 87,912 39,837 64,075 10,3912 80.71% 5.9 5.52

Tanudan - 8,119 8,119 - 8,529 8,529

Tinglayan 865 10,754 11,619 759 11,798 12,557 1.54% -2.3 -4.01

KALINGA 43,648 138,676 182,324 49,357 152,256 201,613 24.48% 4.35

Source: PPDO Computation based on NSO census data

2.2.2 Growth Rate

In terms of average annual growth rate, the province reflected a significant increase of
3.41% based on the 2007-2010 census as compared with the 0.64% growth rate in the 2000-
2007 census. Among the municipailites only Lubuagan and Pasil reflected negative growth rates
of 2.74 and 1.54% respectively while the other municipalities showed an increasing growth rates.

Tabuk City remains to have the highest population growth rate with 5. 75% which is
higher than the provincial growth rate. If this growth rate will remain constant for the coming
years, Tabuk’s current population is projected to double in just 12 years or in 2022. This
significant increase in population can be realized given the role of Tabuk as the major education
and commercial center of the province .

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Figure 5
Annual Population Growth Rate by Municipality
Kalinga: 2000-2007 and 2007-2010

Given the current population growth rates accross the municipalities, the estimated total
population of the province by 2016 will be 286,857. Correspondingly, the estimated polulation
density will also increase to 89 persons per square kilometer. In terms of magnitude, there will
be an additional of 85,244 people in 2016 and Tabuk with an estimated annual growth rate of 5.
73% and will remain to get the lion’s share of 78% of the total population increase.
Table 6
Estimated Population and Density
by Municipality, Kalinga: 2016

Estimated Add’l
Popn Popn Area Estimated
Municipality Density Popn
2007 2010 (Sq. km.) Popn 2016
2016 2016
Balbalan 12,012 12,082 546.44 13,792 25 1,710
City Tabuk 87,912 103,912 674.90 170,407 253 66,495
Lubuagan 10,183 9,389 155.83 10,175 65 785
Pasil 10,084 9,626 199.00 9,868 50 785
Pinukpuk 27,783 29,596 728.60 37,566 52 7,970
Rizal 14,614 15,942 242.16 19,211 79 3,269
Tanudan 8,119 8,529 386.41 10,302 27 1,773
Tinglayan 11,619 12,557 297.96 15,537 52 2,980
KALINGA 180,711 201,613 3,231.30 286,857 89 85,244
Source of data: PPDO computation

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Based on the population growth and density characteristics, the municipalities are
classified according to the following criteria, such as:

2 High density and fast-growing settlements: Tabuk City

The dominance of Tabuk City, the newly created component city of the province and the
second city of the Cordillera is striking considering that it is the largest centers with the highest
density and among the fastest growing settlements in the province

3 Low Density and fast growing settlements: Pinukpuk

Pinukpuk is adjacent to Tabuk City and a gate way to Cagayan and Conner, Apayao. It
has the largest land area and the second in terms of population. Its rapid growth is expected
considering the continued development of the area in terms of its agricultural potentials. Another
growing municipality is Pasil due to its richness in mineral and geothermal resources. Rizal is
also included under this catergory considering its proximity to Tuguegaro City and the presence
of wide potential areas for production and settlement expansion.

4 High density and slow-growing settlements: Lubuagan

Among the high density towns but showed a slowing down of growth rate is Lubuagan.
The slow growth of the area is expected due to out-migration and lack of economic opportunities
where most of the residents migrated to Tabuk City.

5 Low density and slow-growing settlement: Tanudan, Tinglayan and Balbalan

Low density and slow-growing municipalities are Tanudan, Tinglayan and Balbalan.
These municipalities are far from the capital town of Tabuk City and other commercial,
educational and health centers. The rugged terrain especially in Balbalan and Tingalayan is also
a limiting factor for the development of said municipalities .

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M ap 3

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M ap 4

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2.3 Settlement Pattern

2.3.1 Existing Settlement Pattern

The settlement pattern in Kalinga is influenced by two major factors. One is by the
traditional lifestyle wherein they prefer to live in villages of clustered houses in the mountain
sides and along river banks where they depend on marginal farming for survival. These
settlements still exist up to the present especially in the upper municipalities. The recent
pattern of settlement is being dictated by the developmental scenarios wherein population
converges in areas along national roads for socio-economic reasons.

Such dispersed settlement pattern result to difficult and expensive provision of basic
facilities and services like electricity, water pipelines, school buildings, barangay health
centers, barangay roads, etc.

It is observed however that as population increases, these dispersed settlement pattern

in will eventually change especially fast growing and high density settlement areas. At
present, it is noted that there are some settlements that are located in unsuitable or unsafe
areas. These include houses built along steep slopes, river banks and creeks which are prone
to landslides and flooding. Some residential houses are also built along road right of ways
which are prone to accidents.

In 2010, the province has a total built-up area of 17,442.96 hectares and these are
mostly concentrated in the urban centers especially in Tabuk, Rizal, Pinukpuk, & Balbalan.
These areas were classified and declared for residential, commercial and institutional
purposes.

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Table 7
Built-Up Areas by Municipality
Kalinga: 2010 (In hectares)

No. Of
Municipality Brgy. Tax Residential Commercial Institutional Total
Mapped

Balbalan 10 62.3638 0.5675 9,564.3086 9,627.2399

Lubuagan 2 30.6508 0.0736 25.5014 56.2258

Pasil 14 20.3245 147.4388 167.7633

Pinukpuk 23 173.8190 0.5464 3,657.4962 3,831.8616

Rizal 15 720.3149 70.6086 790.9235

Tabuk City 42 788.9341 29.6912 813.6427 1,632.2680

Tanudan 16 119.6979 1,120.5295 1,240.2274

Tinglayan 11 46.7770 0.3972 29.2834 76.4576

Total 133 1,962.8820 31.2759 15,428.8092 17,422.9671

Source: Provincial Assessor’s Office

2.3.1 Existing Hierarchy of Urban Centers

Following the criteria for the hierarchy of urban centers (Table 8), Tabuk City being
the capital town and major educational and commercial center in the province qualifies as a
medium town with an urban population of 39,387. On the other hand, Pinukpuk and Rizal are
categorized as small towns or secondary urban growth centers given their proximity to
Tuguegaro. Tinglayan, Lubuagan & Balbalan are classified as villages or tertiary urban
growth centers based on the population requirement although socio-economic activities in
these municipalities are still limited.

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Table 8
Criteria for Hierarchy of Urban Centers

Urban
Levels of Hierarchy Roles Indicator Functions
Pop.
1. Primary Metropolitan International International port, air port, industry & >1,000,000
Centre (Metropolitan A) production and commerce
distribution centre
a. Secondary Metropolitan International International port, airport, industry & >250,000
Centre (Metropolitan B) production and commerce
distribution centre
b. Small/ Medium City International International port, airport, industry & >100,000
(Primary Urban Center A) production and commerce
distribution center
5. Large Town (Primary Inter-regional Specialist medical facilities, office of >50,000
Urban Center B) centre NGA, tourism facilities

c. Medium Town (Secondary Provincial services Comprehensive shopping tertiary >25,000

Urban Center A) and administration health and education services
processing & marketing
d. 7. Small Town(Secondary Small agri- Entertainment, full range of >2,500
Urban Center B) processing and convenience shops, extension services
services
e. Village (Tertiary Urban Rural service Vehicle maintenance, primary health <2,500
Center) care, some convenience shops
Source: PPFP Manual

Gleaned from Table 8, Tabuk dominated over the other municipalities in terms of the
available functions and services which are located in the urban barangays followed by Rizal
and Pinukpuk. This simply implies that people tend to settle in areas with available
functions and services. Among the municipalities, only Pasil and Tanudan have no identified
urban barangays.

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Table 9
Existing Hierarchy of Urban Centers, Kalinga: 2010

Levels in Urban Service 2010 urban Remarks

Urban Center Population
Hierarchy
5 1. Medium Tabuk 39.837 Meets all indicative
Town Agbannawag 4,082 Criteria on population, facilities
(Secondary Bulanao 15,948 and non-farm livelihood activities
Bulanao Norte 6,359
Urban Center
Casigayan 2,806
A) Dagupan Centro 3,279
Dagupan Weste 3,985
Magsaysay 3,378

2. Small Town Rizal 3,030 Meets population criteria but

(Secondary Babalag West 1,851 limited
Urban Babalag East 1,179 socio-economic
Center B) Pinukpuk 2,986 activities
Pinukpuk Junction 2,986
6 Village Balbalan 1,195 Meets population criteria but very
(Tertiary Poblacion(Salegseg) 1,195 limited non-farm Economic
Urban Lubuagan 1,550 activities
Center) Poblacion 1,550
Tinglayan 759 Short in population criteria but
Poblacion 759 meets criteria on existing
facilities/services and limited on
non-farm activities

Source: NSO & PPFP Manual

2.3.2 Trend Hierarchy of Urban Centers

Given the existing settlement pattern and hierarchy of centers, this plan aims to adopt
a strategy of developing a dispersed urban service centers (USCs) meant to improve spatial
distribution of the provincial population. The strategy provides that Tabuk remains to be the
seat of governance, commerce, private institutions, center for banking and finance, health
services, vocational education and other socio-economic services and facilities. With the
conversion of Tabuk as a component city, it will definitely be elevated to a large town
(primary urban center B) given its high development potentials and cityhood status.
Pinukpuk & Rizal are to be developed as expansion areas for settlement and production
considering the wide undeerdeveloped potential areas. On the other hand, Balbalan,
Lubuagan, Tinglayan & Tanudan will remain as tertiary urban centers considering the need

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to preserve its fragile environment. These urban service centers (USCs) shall be integrated
thru a hierarchy of roles/preferred economic activities determined by the comparative
advantage of each urban service center (USC).

3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 Topography and Slope

The topography of the province is rugged and sloping with mountain peaks ranging
from 1,000 to 2,500 meters above sea level. The province’s geographic feature on the
western portion is characterized by sharp crested interlinking peaks of steep slopes, isolated
flatlands, plateaus and valleys. The eastern portion is generally rolling and gradually sloping
foothills.

Gleaned from the table below, the province is dominated by steep to very steep land
terrain (50% slope and above) covering almost 61.19 percent of the total land area. These
areas are located mostly in the municipalities of Tinglayan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Tanudan and
Balbalan while areas with gently rolling(0-18% slope) are mostly located in Pinukpuk, Rizal
and Tabuk.( refer to slope map).This slope classification is a constraint for the upper
municipalities considering that development is generally limited to areas with 18% slope
and below.

Table 10
Slope Classification, Kalinga

Area (sq.
Slope Class % Distribution
kms)
Level to nearly level (0-3%) 201.32 7.05
Gently Sloping to Undulating (3-8%) 84.74 2.97
Undulating to Rolling (8-18%) 271.21 9.50
Rolling to Moderately Steep (18-30%) 550.30 19.28
Steep (30-50%) 604.75 21.19
Very Steep (>50%) 1,141.74 40.00
TOTAL 2,854.10 100.00
Source: CAR RPFP 2004-2034, NEDA

3.2 Elevation

Given its mountainous and rugged terrain, most of the municipalities lies at an
elevation ranging from 500 to 2,000 meters above sea level although some portions of Rizal
& Tabuk are located in areas with lower elevations below 300 meters. The highest elevations

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of 2000 and above are located in the mountain peaks particularly in Tinglayan, Pasil and
Balbalan.

Table 11
Elevation Characteristics, Kalinga Province

Elevation (meters above sea level) Area (sq. km) % Distribution

Less than 100 340.00 11.91
100 to 300 487.80 17.09
300 to 500 243.20 8.52
500 to 1,000 710.00 24.88
1,000 to 2,000 1,010.00 35,39
More than 2,000 63.10 2.21
Total 2,854.10 100.00
Source: CAR RPFP 2004-2034

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3.3 Geologic and Soil Features

The province of Kalinga is part of the physiographic province known as the Luzon
Central Cordillera. As delineated by the Bureau of Mines and Geosciences, this
physiographic unit occupies the central portion of northern Luzon, from Benguet to Aparri
(BMGS, 1982).
The western highlands of Kalinga consist of Neocene, Paleogene and Early rocks
with Quarternary Volcanic as part of the Central Cordillera Plutonic Complex. Gold, copper
and silver prospects are associated with this complex. The southern highlands are dominated
by Early Rocks and Paleogene. On the eastern and northern parts are dominated by Pliocene
Pleistocene, Quarternary Volcanic and Upper Meocene Rocks.
The geologic formationwere generally affected by the diastrophism like faulting,
folding and other geological processes acting on the earth. Likewise, strong tectonic forces
during sedimentation overturned or folded the strategraphic series exposed the older
formation on higher elevation. The upliftment of the area specifically the exposure of the
older formation and plutonic rocks intrusion are generally affected diastrophism along the
major tracts of the Philippine Fault Zone ant its splays (BSWM-LREP 1987-1988)
The soil types in Kalinga are generally clay loam. It is composed mostly of mountain
soils which are partially differentiated and fully differentiated. The soil types per
municipality are specified in the following table.

Table 12
Soil Types by Municipality
Municipality Soil Classification
Balbalan Alimodian Clay Loam and Bolinao Clay Loam
Lubuagan Annam Clay Loam and alimodian Clay Loam
Pasil Annam Clay Loam and alimodian Clay Loam
Pinukpuk Almost 50% of the area is classified as Barangay Clay Loam and
some areas are classified as Alimodian Sandy Loam, Alimodian Clay
and Guingua Clay Loam
Rizal Almost 50% of its area areclassified a alimodian sandy and the other
half is classified as San Juan Clay & Isabela Clay
Tabuk City Classification ranges from Alimodian Sandy Clay, Annam Clay
Loam, Quingua Claloam, Umingan Sandy loam, San Manuel Loam
and Barcelona Clay
Tanudan Alimodian Clay Loam and Annam Sandy Loam
Tinglayan Annam Clay Loam and Sandy Clay Loam
Source: BSWM

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3.4 Climate

Based on the Updated Climate Map of the

Philippines (Modified Coronas Classifications) the
climate of Kalinga falls under the Type I and Type III
classification. Type I which affects the western part of
the province is characterized by two pronounced
seasons dry from November to April and wet for the
rest of the year and Type III which affects the eastern
part is characterized by not very pronounced
relatively dry November to April and wet for the rest
of the year

The dry season extends from November to April. The rest of the year is considered
rainy. The heaviest rains usually occur in the months of July to October.

3.4.1 Historical and Projected Temperature

Based on PAGASA data from 1971-2000, the average historical temperature of the
Cordillera Region ranges from 22.9 to 26.2 degrees Celsius. As compared with the other
provinces of CAR, Kalinga’s coldest months are December, January and February at 23.8
degrees Celsius which is the 4th coldest in CAR. Benguet has the coldest temperature
among the provinces in CAR with an annual average of 21.12 degrees Celsius. Meanwhile,
the hottest months in Kalinga are June, July and August at 27.7 degrees Celsius second to
Apayao province which recorded the hottest temperature of 28.4 degrees during the same
period.

Within the province, warm temperatures is observed in low lying areas like Rizal,
Tabuk and some barangays of Pinukpuk that are adjacent to Cagayan province. On the other
hand, colder temperature is noted in the mountainous municipalities of Balbalan, Tinglayan,
Pasil, Lubuagan and Tanudan.

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Table 13
Historical Temperature Record
By Province, CAR
Provinces Quarterly Average (1971-2000)
DJF MAM JJA SON
CAR 22.9 26.1 26.2 25
Abra 24.5 27.4 27.2 26.4
Apayao 24.8 28 28.4 27.1
Benguet 19.4 21.9 22 21.2
Ifugao 22.2 25.6 25.8 24.5
Kalinga 23.8 27.5 27.7 26.1
Mt. Province 22.7 26 26.1 24.9
Source: PAGASA
Based on these observed data, PAGASA has calculated that in 2020, the projected
average temperature on a high range emission scenario is 26.97 degrees Celsius while on a
medium range emission scenario is 27.12 degrees Celsius. This means an average increase of
0.77 degrees based on the observed data. With this, it is projected that hot temperature will
continue to become more frequent in the future. As a result, the projected temperature in
Kalinga by 2050 will range from 29.4 to 29.7 during the months of June to August with an
average increase of 2 degrees based on the projected data in 2020 under a high emission
scenario and 1.13 degrees on a medium range scenario. Hottest temperature is still observed
from March to August and coldest months start from September to February.
Figure 6
Projected Temperature in 2020 and 2050

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3.4.2 Historical and Projected Rainfall

Based on the observed data from 1971-2000 by PAGASA, it is noted that there was
an increasing intensity of rainfall starting May to August then gradually decreases until
November. It is also during these months that the province is visited by typhoons. On the
average, the highest monthly rainfall is recorded during the month of August with 381.25
milimeters and the lowest average is recorded during the month of February with only 7.18
milimeters. It is also noted that the municipalities located in higher elevation to include
Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Tinglayan and Tanudan accounted for the higher intensity of
rainfall than Tabuk, Rizal & Pinukpuk which are located in relatively lower elevation.

Figure 7
Observed Rainfall by Municipality (1971-2000)

The projected changes in rainfall which was estimated by PAGASA shows that there
will be moderate changes in 2020 and more drastic changes in 2050. In 2020, the decrease
in rainfall is noted during the months of February to April then gradually increases from May
to June. The highest increase in rainfall volume is noted during the month of November with
20.5 mm and there will be decrease in rainfall from March to May which ranges from 5 to
14 mm.
In 2050, the highest increase in rainfall is recorded in January (30.6 mm) and
October (25.32mm). Meanwhile, the highest decrease which ranges from 22 to 29 mm is
during the months of March to May. On the annual average, it is estimated that the total

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rainfall volume will increase by 42.489 mm in 2020 but it will decreased by 9.555 mm. in
2050.
In terms of rainfall frequency, the number of days with rainfall greater than 300mm
in the province during the 2006-2035 period in 2020 is 4 (PAGASA).
Figure 8
Projected Change in Rainfall (mm) 2020 & 2050

4. NATURAL RESOURCES
4.1 Water Resources
The province is drained mainly by the Chico River with headwater originating from
the Mt. Province and empties into the Cagayan River. The Chico River has several
tributaries: the Tinglayan River in the south, the Tanudan River in the east, the Pasil River at
the middle and the Mabaca and Saltan Rivers in the north. Small lakes can also be found in
the province particularly the Padcharao Lake in Pasil & Bonnong & Asibanglan Lakes in
Pinukpuk and san Vicente Lake in Rizal. These water resources are being tapped for power
generation (micro-hydro), fishing, and irrigation and for domestic use.
Based on the vulnerability assessment, the availability of water supply is highly
sensitive to the extreme increase in temperatures which usually results to reduction in
rainfall volume. Being a watershed area, shortage of water supply in the province is not much
of a problem except during incidence of prolonged drought or El Nino Phenomenon.
Fortunately, the province was spared from such phenomenon during the last five years hence
the level of exposure was rated low.

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Map 8

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In terms of adaptive capacity, there are existing programs to preserve the

watershed areas such as reforestation activities. Likewise, various projects were also
considered to access available water sources for irrigation and domestic water purposes.
Considering all these factors, the overall results water supply is generally moderate
vulnerable to climate change impacts given the present level of exposure and interventions
undertaken at the community level.

Given these existing scenarios, the assessment result shows that the level of
vulnerability of the forestry sector is generally moderate. While the level of sentivity of the
sector to hazards such as landslide, erosion and drought may be high, the exposure level
is very low since the province has not been severely affected by such disasters during the
last three years (2011-2013). In terms of adaptive capacity, there are existing programs
on community-based forest management by the government and private sectors. These
favorable scenario in totality resulted to the overall vulnerability index of moderate.
Although there is need to sustain and expand the implementation of these interventions in
order to restore balance ecology.

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Table 14
Water Supply Vulnerability

Adaptive Vul
Sensitivity Exposure Capacity Index Haz Code
Municipalities WSSH_SWR WSEX_SWR WSAC_SWR Value
Balbalan 0.42125 0.49000 0.72500 0.56337 Moderate
City Of Tabuk 0.37625 0.67500 0.72500 0.60537 Moderate
Lubuagan 0.44125 0.58500 0.72500 0.59787 Moderate
Pasil 0.45125 0.47000 0.75500 0.57838 Moderate
Pinukpuk 0.44125 0.63500 0.69500 0.60087 Moderate
Rizal (Liwan) 0.31125 0.68000 0.69500 0.57538 Moderate
Tanudan 0.41625 0.49500 0.75500 0.57538 Moderate
Tinglayan 0.42125 0.51000 0.75500 0.58137 Moderate
Low Low Moderate

4.2 Forest Resources

In terms of forest resources, record shows that Kalinga has a total forest area of
246,868 hectares. By type of forest cover, brush lands cover about 41.12 percent of the total
forest area. In 1994, the DENR has estimated a total standing timber of 12,019,850 cubic
meters and 264,539,933 linear meters of non-timber resources. With the span of time and
with growing demand for production and settlement purposes, it is uncertain whether these
resources still exist in the forest.
At present, kaingin farming is noted along the mountain slopes in almost all
municipalities. Although, there is no exact data on the extent of denudation, these kaingin
activities has ultimately resulted to the reduction of the forest cover in the province. Given
these scenarios, the forest areas is prone to erosion and land slide especially during heavy
rainfall.
Records from the DENR-CAR would reveal that during the year 2006-2009 a total of
203.6 hectares of forest areas has been destroyed due to forest fires and illegal logging. It is
also observed that there are patches of kaingin areas especially in the upland municipalities
although there is no available data on the extent of these activities in the province. These
activities if left unchecked will result to the deterioration of the forest resources.

In response to this concern, it is worth to note that the governemnt has not been
remissed in its program to restore implementation of reforestation program in partnership
with the private sector. Likewise, some non-government organizations also took initiative

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to engage in reforestation projects in the various communities. The table below would show
the total area reforested from 2003 to 2007 per records from DENR-CAR.
Table 15
Total Area Reforested, 2003-2007 Kalinga Province

Year Government NGO/Private Total

2003 15.0 15.0
2004 25.0 27.8 52.8
2005 52.0 9.0 61.0
2006 81.5 1.9 83.4
2007 15.0 78.9 93.9
TOTAL 188.5 117.6 306.1
Source: NSCB -RSET

Given these existing scenarios, the assessment result shows that the level of
vulnerability of the forestry sector is generally moderate. While the level of sentivity of the
sector to hazards such as landslide, erosion and drought may be high, the exposure level
is very low since the province has not been severely affected by such disasters during the
last three years (2011-2013). In terms of adaptive capacity, there are existing programs
on community-based forest management by the government and private sectors. These
favorable scenario in totality resulted to the overall vulnerability index of moderate.
Although there is need to sustain and expand the implementation of these interventions in
order to restore balance ecology.

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4.3 Mineral Resources

Kalinga has vast potentials of mineral deposits still untapped. It has been extensively
prospected for gold, copper, and other important metallic and non-metallic minerals based
from survey conducted by private and government geologists and mining engineers. There
were even eleven (11) prospects identified in the province exclusive of the Batong Buhay
Gold Mines, Inc. (BBGMI) which went into operation in the 1980s.
Table 16
List of Mineral Prospects: Kalinga: 1994
Name of Project Location Ore Mineral/ Grade Analysis
Tapao Pyrite Prospect Balbalasang, Balbalan Pyrite
Balatoc Sulfur Prospect Balatoc, Pasil Sulfur
Maatop Copper Prospect Balbalasang, Balbalan Chalcopyrite-06%cu
Butilao Copper Prospect Colayo, Pasil Chalcopyrite/molydenite/malachite-azunite
Balbalasang Gold Copper Balbalasang, Balbalan Pyrite/chalcopyrite associated w/gold
Mountain Mines Inc. Balatoc, Pasil Chalcopyrite w/occasional bornite
Sesec-an Pyrite Prospect Pantikian, Balbalan Pyrite-08% cu & 100gm Au/MT
Guina-ang Copper Prospect Gui-naang, Pasil 25 % Cu
Mapyao Prospect Balbalasang, Balbalan Sulfides w/gold
Copper Prospect Balbalasang, Balbalan Copper zinc & molybdenum-0 1-04 % Cu
Tabia Gold Prospect Tabia, Pasil Gold associated in pyrite w/native gold
Source: Mines & Geo-Science –CAR

The Batong Buhay Gold Mines, Inc. (BBGMI) was the only big scale underground
metallic mining company that operated in the province located at Balatoc, Pasil. Copper and
gold are the primary and secondary products respectively. This mining company consists of
sixty two (62) patentable claims. Of the 62 claims, fifty (50) are covered by mining contract
covering 443.722 hectares which has already expired in July 9, 2006. It is a pre-war mining
company that operated and went into full production but it ceased operation in 1985 as a
result of the destruction of the NPC transmission tower. The estimated ore reserves at the
time of the stoppage in 1985 stood at 84, 549,460 metric tons at 0.57 percent copper (Cu),
0.25 grms Au/MT and 2.706 grms Ag/MT.
Aside from metallic reserves, quarry materials are also abundant along the three
major river bodies in Kalinga. Vast deposits of these quarry resources are found along the
low gradient and fairly wide flood plains of the lower Chico River channel. With the rate of
extraction and yearly replenishment during rainy season, the materials could support major
infrastructures in the province. The regulation and management of the quarry extraction in
the province is spearheaded by the Provincial Mining Regulatory Board.

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4.4 Eco-Tourism Resources

The province is also endowed with numerous potential tourist attractions although
most of these are not yet fully developed. At present, the most visited ecotourism attractions
in the province are the cultural festivals in the various municipalities and the white water
rafting adventures along the Chico River from Tinglayan down to Tabuk.

The following matrix presents an inventory of existing and potential natural and
man- made attractions or destinations that were documented but still need to be enhanced
and promoted and protected from destruction.

Table 17
Inventory of Tourist Attractions
Potential and Existing Cod
Type Category Description
Attraction e
TABUK CITY
1. Capitol Tourism Plaza A refreshing park located in front of
the Provincial Capitol Building,
Barangay Bulanao, where you can
see the landscaped view of the valley
Others 902 Park of Tabuk.

2. Chico River It is where the renowned white water

rafting is experience with its world
class rapids, complete with
breathtaking scenery along the way.

River &
Nature 104 Landscape

[Link]- Banga, Matambong These are three series of falls located

& Panpanay Falls at the mountains of Barangay Amlao
Nature Falls passing through Balawag. If you’re
looking for a nature trip and
adventure then you must go to these

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places. The cool water of the falls

will surely refresh and soothe your
102 body. The waterfalls are also known
for its healing wonders.

4. Saint Joseph Catholic This is one of the oldest churches in

Church the cordilleras and it houses the
oldest piano in the province. It is
located at Barangay Naneng which is
202 the only heritage village in Kalinga.
History & Cathedral &
The church is known for its unique
Culture Church
architectural design. A very quiet
and peaceful place to stay, one can
also view the rice terraces along the
road during the trip going here. The
trip itself will be an adventure.
5. Mt. Sinai Camping Site The site is located at Barangay
Bantay, a perfect place for camping,
where visitors can be one with
Sports & nature.
Recreation 406 Camping
al Ground
Facilities

6. Dalimuno Tourism Park Located at Barangay Bantay, just a

few minutes from the capital town.
Sports & Other Sports Ideal for picnics, sightseeing, river
Recreation & swimming and wedding pictorials
al 414 Recreational venue. This is where the Matagoan
Facilities Activities run Chico river White Water rafting
culminates.

7. Omao Ranch Mount Originally a private ranch located at

Talama Nature Mountains Bulanao, this spot offers a rugged
picturesque setting along the hill’s

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upper reaches and is the best

panoramic view of the western
portion of Tabuk & is probably the
highest peak in Tabuk City. With its
scenic view and windy atmosphere,
101 this area offers site for overnight
camping, picnics, bikings,
sightseeing, wedding pictorials
venue and horseback riding and is
also a potential target for golf sports,
ATV adventures and Para Gliding
activities, all at no charge to the
visitors.
8. Talaca Rice Terraces A showcase of indigenous ingenuity
Agri- farming. They are mountains of
Industrial 302 Farm different shades of green terraces
Tourism that look like stairways to the sky.
Located at Agbannawag, Tabuk.
9. Tabuk Agro-food Center Located at Barangay Balong, the
place is a showcase of modern
agricultural technology. Modern
Industrial 301 Agro- agricultural innovations were being
Tourism forestry practiced here in support of the
agricultural development of the
community. The center is being
operated and maintained by the City
Government of Tabuk.

11. Ryan’s Farm A farm that advocates organic

Industrial 303 Fishery farming and organic fish farming
Tourism particularly tilapia and fresh water
prawns. It also maintains the only
bugnay plantation in the locality.
This is located at Mapaoay, Ipil.

[Link] Canyon Falls Nature 102 Falls Falls with a natural pool with some
water sculpted rocks and stones,
located at Bagumbayan, it is ideal
for picnics, trekking and a side trip
for white water rafters.
16. Malalao Hills Nature 108 Unique A greener version of Bohol
Land Chocolate hills, excellent for
formation sightseeing, biking, day hiking and
picnic.
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a. Resemblance of
3 breasts
b. Migratory birds

19. Chico River White Water Sports & Other sports The adrenaline-pumping white water
Rafting Recreation rafting quest is for those seeking
untamed white water thrills offering
potentially terrifying drops, ledges,
rapids and the most exciting
sightseeing trip. The Chico river
quest offers open schedules for trips
throughout the year and is ideal from
June through early January, with
other dates possible dependent on
water level. With this, Tabuk City is
dubbed as the white water rafting
capital of Northern Philippines

20. Matagoan Festival Customs Festival A Festival that is being celebrated

& during the foundation day of the City
Traditions that showcases the rich cultural
heritage of the community.

25. Villa Rosalina Farm Recreation Mini-Zoo / c. With mini zoo

Resort al & Farm & with some
Industrial Resort species of wild
complex life, farm and
resort

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26. Chico River Diversion . It is the source of life of the

Dam Tabukenos as it supplies the main
irrigation needs of the city and its
nearby municipalities through the
famous Chico River Diversion Dam
at Barangay Bado Dangwa

LUBUAGAN
a. Awichon Plateau History Structures A plateau situated at Barangay
and Dangoy, 2 kms. From the town
Culture proper and between Pasil and
Lubuagan, is an archaeological site
where bones of a prehistoric elephant
were found. It was also the landing
site of American forces during
World War II and is now the Kalinga
Center for Culture and arts just like
Tam-awan Village in Baguio City.

3. Mabilong Weavers Village Industrial Arts & Located along the road, is the center
Tourism Crafts of the ethnic weaving industry in the
province. It showcases colorful
ethnic back strap weaving. Here,
one can see how the intricate ethnic
designs are made and how the colors
are mixed. Souvenirs can be bought
directly from the weavers which is
cheaper than the prices in the capital
City of Tabuk. It is a two-hour
jeepney ride from Tabuk City.

10. Laga Festival Customs Festivals Festival of the Municipality of

& Lubuagan usually celebrated every
Traditions March 5-7. A Display of the
innovative design and artistic woven
products of this municipality takes
center stage every Laga (weave)

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Festival.

TINGLAYAN
1.. Mating-oy (Sleeping Nature Unique The 1,906 meters high mountain,
Beauty) Land east of Poblacion, Tinglayan,
Formation separates the town with Tanudan. It
& is called “Sleeping Beauty” by the
Landscape locals because its silhouette
resembles the sleeping Dinayao,
supinely lying on its back and facing
the sky. According to the legend
immortalized in the native ballad
Ullalim, Dinayao was a renowned
beauty from Tanudan who was
supposed to meet with her lover,
Binsay, a dashing lad from
Tinglayan. Binsay, alas, was killed
in a tribal skirmish and Dinayao
waited in vain. Her tears turned into
streams and rivulet that now flow the
mountainside. The mountain is a
half-day hike from Ambato.
2. Palang-ah Falls Nature Falls The 50 meters high falls is located at
Barangay Tulgao West, Tinglayan,
has a natural pool where, during a
sunny day, one practically swims at
the end of a rainbow. Its name is
derived from the native word
“Pinalpallang-ah” which means
chair. The Waterfall is a one hour
hike from Sungang Viewpoint.

3. Aatungan Hot Springs Nature Hot Springs This is a Hot Spring located near the
Palang-ah Falls.

Pure and clear water, no acidic

element

4. Tinglayan Rice Terraces Industrial Farm From the Sungang View Point, the
Tourism Dananao and Tulgao Rice Terraces

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can be viewed. These rice terraces

are like an amphitheater along the
whole mountain slopes.

5. Sungang View Point Nature Mountain A 45-min. jeepney ride from the
town to the summit, has a panoramic
and majestic view of the valley
villages and mountains of Tinglayan,
Tanudan, Tabuk and Lubuagan. A
very good view of the Tulgao and
Dananao Rice Terraces can be seen
at the viewpoint.
6. Unoy Festival Customs Festivals Festival of the Municipality of
& Tinglayan usually celebrated every
Traditions month of March 22-24
commemorating the abundant
harvest of red rice (unoy) and
agricultural products of Tinglayan,
Kalinga. The word “unoy” denotes a
perspective of excellence in the local
lingua. It is used to classify certain
products or crops with excellent
quality such as the “unoy” rice,
which is now getting known for its
superiority and health benefits.
Featured during the festivities are the
local products that were showcased
during the “Unoy Trade Fair” and
the Agro-Ethnic Parade participated
by the 20 barangays of the
municipality.
BALBALAN
1. Ugid Maling Subterranean Nature River & Located four kilometers away from
River Landscape Poblacion, Balbalan and a good three
and half hours ride from Tabuk City,
is a maze of cavernous boulders and
rocks atop each other forming a
cavern. Its cool gurgling waters

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emerge one km. away and go

underground again till it meets the
Saltan River. It abounds in eels and
bats and nearby are refreshing
springs.

2. Balbalasang National Park History & Historic This is a monument of the opposition
Culture Monuments of the Kalingas against the logging
companies. This 17, 838 ha.
National park was proposed as an
initial component of NIPAS under
the category of Natural Biotic Area.
The park is an undeveloped, almost
unexplored reservation, it is
composed of two high mountain
ranges with steep slopes, rugged,
rocky terrain and numerous creeks, it
is noted for its cool climate, sweet
and succulent oranges, numerous
picturesque waterfalls, mineral
springs, gorges and luxuriant pine,
montane and mossy forests.
3. Buaya Caves Nature Caves Consists of three unexplored and
uncharted interconnected caves.
(Magangab Cave, Naanos Cave and
Tawang Cave) which cover the
whole mountain slope of Mount
Makikilang. Ideal for spelunking,
they all have underground rivers and
can be reached from Pinukpuk and
Salegseg, Balbalan. The legend said
that the stalactites and stalagmites of
the caves were formed when the
Kalinga god “Kabunian” threw up
after drinking wine with the mortals
in Balbalan.
4. Saltan River Nature River & This river has very clear waters with
Landscape unique rock formations in it.

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5. Manchatchatong Festival Customs Festivals A cultural Festival that gathers all

& the sub-tribes of Balbalan, Kalinga
Traditions featuring street dancing, cultural
games and rituals.
PINUKPUK
1. Aguinaldo Hill Nature & Mountain & it is located at Barangay Asibanglan-
History & Historic Pinukpuk Road at Allaguia junction.
Culture Monument Gen. Aguinaldo used this hill as a
common post during the Philippine-
American war. This is the hill where
the Katipuneros made their last stand
in Kalinga from the pursuing
Americans from Abra. It has a
panoramic view of several barangays
in Pinukpuk.
2. Aciga Tree Nature ? This is perhaps the biggest acacia
tree in Kalinga within a village, with
a trunk size of 10.5 meters. It is
found inside the school ground of
Aciga Elementary School and it is
rumored to be a landmark of the lost
treasures of Yamashita.

PASIL
1. Padcharao Lakes Nature Lakes The hectare lake located 1,800 m.
above sea level on Mount Bannong,
teems with Japanese eels. It was
named after the “charao” plants that
abound in the lake. The lake can be
reached after a 4-hour hike along the
Tabia river. The jungle along the
way has wild orchids and other wild
flowers.

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2. Guinaang Village History & Historic This village has its historical
Culture Monuments importance to Kalinga as the retreat
haven of President Aguinaldo. This
is where the headquarters were
located and the campsite.
a. Bummag
Rice Terraces

TANUDAN
1. Mount Binaratan Nature Mountain The 1,800 meters high fabled
mountain, in Dacalan (Southeast of
Tanudan), near the Tanudan River, is
a legendary hunting ground of the
Kalinga god Kabunian who was said
to have not heard the barking of his
hunting dogs due to the deafening
songs of the birds, because of this
the god cast a spell that not a single
chirping bird will be heard again
inside the mysterious mountain. This
mountain was also the entry point of
General Emilio Aguinaldo during his
retreat to Kalinga.
2. Tiga aran aran Kabunian Nature Unique This area is located above Barangay
Land Lubo at the source of Gaburao
Formation Creek. It has a cave at its side where
and the villagers believed the Kalinga
Landscape god “Kabunian” stayed while sawing
logs for his house. A pile of log-like
stone slabs are found in the area.
[Link] & Mangali Rice Nature Mountain Occupy a whole mountain range and
Terraces surround the old village of Lubo and
Tanudan river. Both are best viewed
from Alli Viewpoint during the
planting and harvesting season.

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KALINGA PROVINCE
1. Ullalim Festival Customs Festivals Kalinga Province way of celebrating
& their anniversary as a separate
Traditions province every February 14
(Valentine’s day) featuring Kalinga’s
rich cultural heritage like songs,
music, chants and arts, cultural
shows, ari-torism exhibits and trade
fairs & crafts.

2. Mountain Trekking Sports & Nature trail Trekking at the mountains of

Recreation & path Tanudan, Lubuagan, Balbalan and
Pinukpuk

3. Chico River White Water Sports & Water Rafting starting from
Rafting Recreation Tinglayan, passing to Lubuagan &
Pasil & finally Tabuk.

5. LAND USE POTENTIALS AND CONSTRAINTS

5.1 Land Classification

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PD No. 705 known as the “Revised Forestry Reform Code of the Philippines,”
classifies lands 18% in slope and over as under the forestland category and those below 18%
as alienable and disposable lands (A&D). Based on this land classification, Kalinga has a
total of 44,096 hectares of alienable and disposable lands or 14.35% of the total land area and
263,004 hectares or 58.65% of forestlands as of 2007. It should be noted, however, that PD
705 should be reconciled with RA 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA)
because the IPRA recognizes the rights of the Indigenous Peoples over their lands as
ancestral domain or ancestral lands even beyond the 18% in slope. As such, production and
settlement areas are situated in areas above 18% which are classified as public forest under
PD 705.
Gleaned from the Table below and from the Land Classification map, Tabuk gets the
biggest share of the total A&D lands in the province with 22,793 hectares or 51.68 percent.
On the other hand, Pinukpuk gets the biggest share in terms of forestlands with 57,136 or
21.72% of the total forestlands. . At the regional level, Kalinga shares 16.1% of the total A &
D lands and almost 17 percent of the total forestlands in CAR.

Table 18
Land Classification Percentage Share to the Province
Kalinga: 2007 (In hectares)

CERTIFIED A&D FORESTLAND

MUNICIPALITY Area % Share Area % Share TOTAL
Balbalan 80 0,18 51,820 19.70 51,900
Lubuagan 1568 3.55 13,252 5.03 14,820
Pasil 600 1.36 18,300 6.95 18,900
Pinukpuk 12,064 27.35 57,136 21.72 69,200
Rizal 4,701 10.66 18,399 6.99 23,100
Tabuk 22,793 51.68 41,407 15.74 64,200
Tanudan 1,990 4.51 34,710 13.19 36,700
Tinglayan 300 0.68 29,300 11.14 29,600
TOTAL 44,096 100.00 263,004 100.00 307,100
Source: DENR, 2007

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5.2 Land Suitability

By definition, land suitability is a classification of land into categories based on the
degree to which the characteristics of the land can satisfy the environmental requirements of
specific crops without deterioration. Based on this definition and as projected in the GIS
generated map, the land suitability is directly influenced by the slope classification. As
projected on the Land Suitability Map, all the lower portions with slopes of 0-8 percent
within Tabuk, Pinukpuk and whole of Rizal to include isolated valleys along rivers and
streams are suitable for irrigated rice and cultivated annual crops. Meanwhile, lands suitable
for perennial tree crops, forestry plantations, production forest and pasture is noted in all the
municipalities in areas above 18 percent slope. These areas are located in upper
municipalities like Tinglayan, Tanudan, Pasil Balbalan, and Pasil & Lubuagan.
5.3 Protection Areas
The protection areas in the province include the NIPAS, non-NIPAS, severely eroded
areas (SEA and the Network of Protected Areas for Agricultural Development (NPAAD).
These areas should be restricted for conversion to other uses. While there are already
existing activities that are inconflict such as crop cultivation within NPAS areas, these
should be regulated.
Lilkewise, the Network of Protected Agricultural Development (NPAAD) areas are
also highly restricted to be protected against any form of irreversible conversion such as
urban uses. The purpose of such protection is to keep and preserve the highly suitable
agricultural lands for long term food security of the province. Most of the NPAAD areas are
located within the Tabuk and Rizal and some portions are located within forestlands
particularly in the upland municipalities. These are terraces or terraced areas carved out at the
sides of the high mountains. Although located in high elevations these agricultural lands are
irrigated.
On the basis of vegetation, mossy forest and old growth dipterocarp are automatically
considered as protection forest regardless of slope and elevation. Similarly, all areas within
national parks and forest reservations regardless of slope and elevation are classified within
protection areas by virtue of presidential proclamation.
5.4 Existing Land Use and Trends
Based on available data from the DENR, the existing land use in Kalinga is
dominated by forest use which includes the mossy, pine, old growth and residual forests.
Which comprise almost 35 percent of the total land area. These forms of land use are
predominant in Tanudan, Tinglayan, Pasil, Lubuagan and Balbalan. On the other hand,
agricultural and other land uses are mostly located in Tabuk Rizal and Pinukpuk. The built-
up areas are mostly concentrated within alienable and disposable lands but these are also

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present in areas that are classified as forestlands by virtue of PD 705 especially in the upland
municipalities.. On the other hand, agricultural land uses are predominant in the Tabuk City,
Rizal & Pinukpuk but these are also present within the forestlands especially in the upper
municipalities. These are the rice terraces that were carved along mountain sides and isolated
kaingin farms.
The grasslands are mostly located in Tabuk & Tanudan while the brush lands are
predominant in Tabuk and Balbalan. These areas are presently being utilized as pasturelands.

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Table 19
Existing Land Use, Kalinga 2007
EXISTING LAND USES AREA ([Link]) %DISTRIBUTION
Agricultural Area 505.87 16.48
Built-up 274.58 8.90
Brush lands 538.80 17.55
Grass lands 495.79 116.15
Mossy Forest 116.39 3.79
Old Growth Forest 6.42 0.20
Pine Forest 181.45 5.91
Residual Forest 771.02 25.12
Other Land Uses 675.07 21.99
River Beds & Water Body 42.73 1.39
TOTAL LAND AREA 3069.00 100.00
Source: DENR & Provincial Assessor’s Office Updated area situation and uses

As discussed in the previous section, land suitability classification was basically

established to determine the area intended for irrigated rice, cultivated annual crops,
perennial tree crops, pastures and production forest. Likewise, PD No. 705 known as the
“Revised Forestry Reform Code of the Philippines,” classifies lands 18% in slope and over as
under the forestland category and those below 18% as alienable and disposable lands (A&D).
Comparing the existing land use with the land suitability, it is observed that there are
some conflicts particularly the presence of cultivated annual crops within areas suited for
tree plantations and pastures. Crop production is also present in watershed areas which
resulted to the decline of water discharge for irrigation and domestic use.
It is also noted that as population increases, agricultural areas tends to encroach into
protection forests. This scenario has resulted to the denudation of forest areas especially in
the upper municipalities. On the other hand, there is rampant conversion of prime agricultural
lands particularly in Tabuk and Rizal due to increasing demand for built-up purposes.

6. HAZARD CHARACTERIZATION
The geographical features of the province, makes it vulnerable to hazards like
typhoon, flooding, and landslides which are mostly caused by continuous heavy rains to
include triggering factors like deforestation, denudation, earthquake and illegal human
activities such as quarrying, small-scale mining and shifting cultivation or commonly known
as “Kaingin System”. The effects on the community include delayed economic activities; and
damages on infrastructure facilities, farmlands, and dwelling units.

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In addition to these hazards are epidemics and fire/forest fires, which are mostly
caused by people’s negligence. Effects also include drying up of watershed areas, casualties
and homeless families.
These hazards are usually related to hydrometeorogical characteristics and geologic
features based on data/informattion that was generated by concerned agencies to include
PAGASA, PHILVOCS & DOST.

6.1 Hydrometeorological Hazards

6.1.1 Tyhoons
Based on historical records from PAGASA in 1948-2009, there were 106 tropical
cyclones that crossed the province of Kalinga within 50 kilometers from its boundaries.
These includes 16 tropical depressions with a maximum sustained winds of 45 to 63 kph,
38- tropical storms with a maximum winds from 64 to 118 kph and 52- typhoons with a
maximum sustained winds greater than 118 kph.

Fortunately, records of the Office on Civil Defense in Kalinga shows that there
were only 5 typhoons that actually affected the province from 2007 to 2011. These
includes typhoons Mina and Pepeng which has caused total estimated damages of
P445.190 Million with a death toll of 27 persons. On October 18, 2010, super typhoon Juan
also hit Kalinga and has affected 37,057 families, killed one person with a total damages
of P513.733 Million worth of government infrastructures, agricultural crops and private
properties. In 2011, typhoons Pedring (International Name: Nesat) and Quiel (International
Name: Nalgae) have brought great damages not only to the province of Kalinga but the entire
Cordillera Region in both socioeconomic and physical terms. The biggest damages brought
by these typhoons were on the agriculture and infrasture sectors.
Table 20
Disaster Incidence in Kalinga, 2007- 2011
No. of Total Amount of
No. Families
Dead Injured Barangays Damages
Affected
Affected (in million Pesos)
Typhoon Mina(2007) 23 13 7,967 86 382
Super Typhoon Pepeng(2009) 4 5 30,808 149 63,190
Super Typhoon Juan(2010) 1 10 37,057 153 513,733
Typhoon Pedring(2011) 4,099 94
1,042.37
Typhoon Quiel(2011) 749 17
Monsoon Rains 2 1
Total 30 29 80,680 499 573,347.37
Source: Office of the Civil Defense, Bulanao, Tabuk, Kalinga

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6.1.2 Rain Induced Landslide(RIL)

Based on records of the MGB, Kalinga is affected only by rain-induced landslide which
usally occurs during heavy rainfall due to moonson rains and typhoons. The following map
from DENR-MGB indicates that the western section of Kalinga, covering approximately 50
percent of the province’ land area, is highly vulnerable to rain-induced landslides. This is due
to the combined effect of steep slopes, rapid state of deforestation, intense material
weathering, presence of open land fractures and high intensity rainfall. Under threat from this
hazard are five of eight municipalities in the province with Balbalan registering a highly
susceptible area of 72.89 percent, Pasil-97.96 percent, Lubuagan-85.72 percent, Tinglayan-
79.73 percent and Tanudan-72.86 percent. Meanwhile, low to moderate RIL susceptibility is
indicated in the municipalities of Pinukpuk, Rizal and the City of Tabuk since these areas lie
on relatively stable ground combined with flat to rolling terrain.

Impact of Rain-Induced Landslide (RIL) on population.

While almost 73% of the total land area of the province is highly susceptible to
landslide, only 30 percent of the provincial population is highly susceptible. These are the
residents of slopes in Tinglayan, Balbalan, Lubuagan and Pasil which may endanger
residents from the threat of erosion with continuous high intensity rainfall. On the other
hand, the residents of Tabuk and Tanudan is relatively safe from landslide because of its
generally flat terrain and much more in the case of Rizal and Pinukpuk which are not affected
at all.

In terms of affected population, it is generally moderate to low since only about one
third (33.96%) of the total population especially those living along mountain sides with
steep slopes are highly exposed to risk , 32,35% are moderately affected and 33.69% are
not affected at all .
Table 21
Total Population and area affected by landslide

TotaL
Total Area
Percentage Population Percentage
Affected
Affected
Low 61,019.90 9.02% 67,786.36 33.69%
Moderate 116,495.41 17.22% 65,087.42 32.35%
High 499,060.52 73.76% 68,339.05 33.96%
TOTAL 676,575.84 201,212.83
Source: GIS generated based on MGD landslide and Population data

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Impact of Rain Induced Landslide (RIL) on Built-up Areas

Most built-up and settlement areas especially those located in Tabuk, Rizal and
Pinukpuk where there are large concentration of built-up areas along flat lands are generally
not susceptible to landslide. In terms of the magnitude of affected areas, more than 50
percent of the built-up areas have low susceptibility, 10.77 is moderately susceptible and
only 12. 58 is highly susceptible. Highly susceptible areas are mostly located in Balbalan,
Pasil, Lubuagan and Tinglayan

Rain induced landslide in the province usually happens along major national
road to include the Kalinga-Mt. Province road and Kalinga –Abra road which traverse
mountains with steep slopes. As indicated on the following map and its attribute table, the
effect of rain induced landslide on built-up areas is very high in the municipalities of
Balbalan, Pasil, Tinglayan & Lubuagan On the other hand , the effect is considered high to
moderate in Tanudan and Pinukpuk while it is moderate to low in upper Tabuk and
lower portions of Pinnkpuk given the relatively rolling terrain in the area.. In the case of
Rizal and lower parts of Tabuk, almost all residents are safe from landslide because of its
generally flat terrain.

Table 22
Built_up Areas Affected by Landslide
By Municipality, Kalinga
Exposure
Exposure Exposure
Exposed Built_Up Exposed Built_Up Percentage
Exposed Built_Up Percentage Percentage
Areas Within Areas Within Within
MUNICIPALITY Area_Has Areas Within High Within High Within Low
Moderate Low Susceptible Moderate
Susceptible Areas Susceptible Susceptible
Susceptible Areas Areas Susceptible
Areas Areas
Areas
Balbalan 363.32529584000 184.89194400000 101.47409900000 76.47648200000 0.50888817 0.27929269 0.21049039
Balbalan 363.32529584000 184.89194400000 101.47409900000 76.47648200000 0.50888817 0.27929269 0.21049039
Lubuagan 72.69828828370 14.57315800000 42.84469800000 15.28043500000 0.20046081 0.58934947 0.21018975
Pasil 105.82454777400 77.56296400000 19.79228500000 8.46929800000 0.73293924 0.18702924 0.08003151
Pinukpuk 587.28023401100 24.15389800000 80.31586600000 267.46189000000 0.04112840 0.13675901 0.45542464
Rizal 509.49247673200 0.00000000000 8.74767900000 306.05366600000 0.00000000 0.01716940 0.60070301
Tabuk City 1232.61416025000 13.29465000000 12.27434500000 1010.90662500000 0.01078574 0.00995798 0.82013225

Source: GIS generated

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6.1.3 Flooding

As a consequence of the improper waste disposal at the upper stream and

encroachment of the river channel which constricts the flow of the flood waters, it is very
obvious that the existing river channels are now silted. The continuous deposition of eroded
sand, gravel and boulders from the highlands of Mt. Province and Kalinga has been causing
the river channels to become shallow thus diverting the flow to the low lying and loose fertile
soil along the banks of the rivers

As shown in the MGB Map, flooding is experienced in the low lying areas of the
province particularly in the City of Tabuk and the municipality of Pinukpuk. However, by
simulations of 0-8% slope combined with major rivers, it shows that the areas susceptible to
flooding include the low lying areas of the municipality of Rizal, Tabuk & Pinukpuk
especially along major rivers such as the Chico River , Saltan river and Andarayan creek.

During heavy rainfall, the farmlands along the Chico River banks in Tabuk City are
continuously scoured from floods wherein about half of 10,700 hectares of irrigated
ricelands at the floor of the valley are susceptible to flooding. Some farmlands in Rizal
along the Andarayan creek also experience moderate flooding when there is heavy rainfall.

6.1.4 Erosion

Owing to the topographic features of the province, erosion is present in almost all
the municipalities especially along mountainsides with steep to very steep slopes. Severe
erosion occurs mostly in rolling cultivated croplands , hilly and mountainous areas with no
vegetation and along streams and riverbanks. This is aggravated by increasing agricultural
activities and settlement expansion towards forestlands.

Gleaned on the following table, Kalinga is more inclined to slight erosion with a
total affected area of 85,234.80 hectares which is 2.73% of the total provincial area and
severe to moderae soil erosion covers a total area of 97,000 hectares or 3.11% . The
magnitude of erosion is greatly influenced by the slope structure thus it is noted that severe
to moderate soil erosion is prevalent in the muicipalities of Balbalan, Pasil, Tinglayan
Pinukpuk and upper Tabuk. Other factors includes road construction, improper land use
and poor soil and farm management practices. The occurence of soil erosion is pronouced
during high rainfall intensities. These contribute much to the depletion of soil nutrients of
upland farms and river siltation.

This condition would justify an agressive watershed rehabilitation through soil

erosion control measures with the combination of structural and vegetative measures.
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Improved upland farming practices such as land terracing and sloping agricultural
land technology are highly recommended on erosion prone production areas. There is also a
need to continuously conduct reforestation activities in open and denuded areas in order to
restore forest cover .

Table 23
Soil Erosion Category, By Municipality (Has)

Severe Moderate Slight No Aparrent

Municipality Erosion Erosion Erosion Erosion Unclassified
Balbalan 9,790.28 11.44 41,549.32 583.54
Lubuagan 4,127.94 1,640.82 7,037.65 1,758.81
Pasil 11,106.78 541.32 11,014.43
Pinukpuk 7,635.02 13,176.12 6,982.82 11,783.04 1,701.10
Rizal 20.14 1,572.00 19.26 154.58
Tabuk 11,017.52 22,276.87 7,602.30 11,887.59 2,457.83
Tanudan 1,171.07 101.93 1,483.15 17,112.82 68.40
Tinglayan 12,639.07 252.46 9,545.87 5,201.54 719.89
KALINGA 57,507.82 39,572.96 85,234.80 48,481.92 4,947.22
Source: Chico River Watershed Master Plan

6.2 Geologic Hazards

6.2.1 Faultlines
Northern Luzon including Kalinga is traversed by numerous faults. The most
dominant of these are the splays of the Philippine Fault Zone that includes Digdig Fault on
the southern portion and a complementary set of north lineaments of Bangui Fault. The Abra
River Fault splays strike traversing the western side of northern Luzon where Kalinga is
located. These Faultlines traverse almost all the municipalities except Rizal longitudinally
towards Apayao where it joins Bangui Fault, another suspected strike-slip fault. Large
earthquakes (e.g. from 1923 to 1990) are associated with these faults although Kalinga was
fortunate that it was spared from destruction that devastated other provinces in the country.
Based on the data generated using the Rapid Earthquake Damage assessment
System (REDAS) through scenario simulations, there are 25 epicenters identified within the
territorial jurisdiction of Kalinga. An epicenter is a point of the earth surface that is directly
above the hypocenter or focus where an earthquake or underground eruption originates. In
case of earthquake, the epicenter is directly above the point where the fault begins to rupture

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and in most cases, it is the area of greates damage. The identification of these epicenters
was based on the different seismic historical events and fault lines that traverse the province
which was generated by DOST and PHILVOCS. The presence of these epicenters and fault
lines within the province may reactivate and amplify ground shaking, earthquake induced
landslide and liquefaction.

6.2.2 Liquefaction

This is a phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially

loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress usually earthquake shaking or
other sudden changes in stress condition, causing it to behave like a liquid. The phenomenon
is most observed in saturated, loose or uncompacted sandy soils. Based on experiences in
other countries, liquefaction was a major factor of destruction and damages in residential
properties. Due to these experiences, the building codes in many developed countries require
engineers to consider the effects of soil liquefaction in the design of new buildings and
infrastructures such as bridges, embankment dams and retaining structures.

In Kalinga, this phenomenon is noted only in Tabuk City, Rizal & Pinukpuk along the
areas traversed by fault lines especially near existing rivers. Although the magnitude of
affected area and population (14%) is considered minimal as indicated in the following
Table and Map, this condition should be fully understand by the affected community and
concerned agencies involved in construction activities .
Table 24
Population & Area Exposed to Liquefaction
By Municipality

Percentage
Population Prone Population
MUNICIPALITY Population Area (Ha) of Exposed
Density Areas Exposed
Population
Balbalan 12082 52528.66 0.23001 0 0 0.00%
City Of Tabuk 103912 74811.753 1.38898 16000 22220 21.38%
Lubuagan 9369 25892.361 0.36184 0 0 0.00%
Pasil 9626 22247.034 0.43269 0 0 0.00%
Pinukpuk 29596 47711.256 0.62031 5020 3114 10.52%
Rizal (Liwan) 15942 18790.236 0.84842 2986 2533 15.89%
Tanudan 8529 31112.826 0.27413 0 0 0.00%
Tinglayan 12557 16687.84 0.75246 0 0 0.00%
TOTAL 201613 289781.966 24006 27867 14%
Soucre: GIS generated based on MGB map

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7. ECONOMY

7.1 Economic Structure

The structure of the regional and national economy is basically comprised of the
three major sectors namely: the agriculture, fishery and forestry sector, the industry sector,
and the services sector. The gross regional domestic product (GRDP) is the indicator used to
measure the economic performance of every region.

For CAR, the major source of economic growth is the industry sector. Consistently
from 2006 to 2008, the official estimate by the National Statistical Coordination Board
reveals that the industry sector contributes an average annual share of more than 60% to the
region’s gross domestic output. However, these basically come from the PEZA
manufacturing industries in Baguio City which accounts to an annual average of more than
60% of the gross value added (GVA) of the industry sector. On the other hand, the
agriculture, forestry and forestry (AFF) sector contributes the least annual average share of
14% to the regional economy.

The provincial economy of Kalinga is basically agriculture-dominated. This is in

support to the provincial development vision to become an agro-industrialized center of the
region. The bulk of employment is found in agriculture in the sector. However, in terms of
the level of family income, majority of the Kalinga families source their income from
services sector both from private and government services. The services sector is also
developing with the increasing number of micro-, small and medium enterprises particularly
in the provincial center where it is the most conducive place for doing business. The industry
sector is that developed, however it has the potential to develop its industry sector.

In 2000, the total family income of the province is higher than Apayao and Mountain
Province, but lower than the rest of the CAR provinces.

Undoubtedly, Benguet (Baguio City included) has the highest family income among
CAR provinces.

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Table 25
Total Family Income by Main Source of Income by Province (P1000)
Cordillera Administrative Region, 2000

KIND OF BUSINESS INDUSTRY

Service- Transpo/ Other

Agri/Fish Mining/ Manufactu Wholesale
Province related Construc Storage/ source of TOTAL
/ Forest Quarry ring Retail
Industries tion Comm income

ABRA 1,159,982 - 141,306 804,053 41,468 201,148 127,153 5,837,800 8,312,910

APAYAO 942,510 - 65,030 167,134 20,673 104,842 21,456 615,137 1,936,782

BENGUET 2,145,736 1,805,450 534,794 5,427,726 1,173,931 2,336,431 1,744,972 38,988,000 54,157,040

IFUGAO 1,090,558 1,053 217,883 537,820 163,895 124,262 57,686 16,720,000 18,913,107

KALINGA 1,685,601 42,925 68,016 346,909 81,359 187,402 275,778 5,286,500 7,974,490

MT PROV 1,134,165 - 36,807 525,347 85,934 264,212 84,530 33,000 2,465,995

CAR 8,158,552 1,849,428 1,063,786 7,808,989 1,567,260 3,218,297 2,311,575 67,782,437 93,760,324

Source: 2009 FIES, CAR

7.2 Industry Concentration and Specialization

Similar with the region, the bulk of employment was seen under the agriculture
sector, however, in terms of gross value-added to the regional output, it’s industry that
contribute the most accounting to more than 60% of the GRDP. This is due to the reason that
the PEZA industries are largely capital intensive utilizing less of human labor.

Agriculture is the most dominant sector which provides employment to majority of

the populace in the province. However, the nature of employment is basically seasonal and
most of them are working for household consumptions. This explains why families largely
source their income from the services sector as summarized in the table.

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Table 26
Total Family Income by Main Source of Income (000)
Province of Kalinga: 2000

Family Income %
Sectors
(000) Distribution
Agriculture, Fishery, Forestry 1,685,601 21.13
Industry 192,300 2.41
Mining and Quarrying 42,925
Manufacturing 68,016
Construction 81,359
Services 6,096,589 76.45
Service Related Industries 346,909
Wholesale/Retail 187,402
Transportation, Storage, Communication 275,778
Other Sources of Income 5,286,500
TOTAL 7,974,490 100.00
Source: 2000 CAR Family Income and Expenditure, NSO

7.3 Potentials for Contributing to Local Economic Growth

7.3.1 Economic Based Industries

Agriculture plays a significant role in the province in the attainment of its vision to
become a rice granary in the region. Agricultural activities are located in all municipalities
of the province but largely located in the provincial capital where their agricultural activities
are largely for commercial production

The province also has the capability for mining operation however responsible mining
should be applied so that it would not become destructive to the environment.

Geothermal energy production is another potential economic activity for the province
and there is also is being tapped as source of local energy.

7.3.2 Local Factors/Competitiveness

Following the concentration and specialization pattern, the province of Kalinga has
potentials in the agriculture and mining sectors. Specifically, in the agriculture sector, it has
a comparative advantage over other provinces in terms of palay and coffee production and
corn (see Tables 17)

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The province is the primary producer of palay and coffee contributing 35 percent
and 65 percent to the 2009 CAR’s production of palay and coffee respectively. It stands
second to Ifugao in terms of corn production.
Table 27
Palay Production (in Metric Tons)
Cordillera Administrative Region, 2004-2009
Provinces 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Abra 48,339 50,605 52,989 73,001 75,528 76,302
Apayao 86,027 86,119 95,017 104,701 101,632 100,379
Benguet 13,859 14,664 15,767 16,802 17,142 16,221
Ifugao 48,240 49,921 54,653 61,047 63,546 64,036
Kalinga 138,724 132,303 156,945 159,115 168,117 156,187
Mt. Province 20,688 20,817 21,967 21,645 19,191 18,531
Total 355,877 354,429 397,338 436,311 445,156 431,656

Table No 28
Corn Production (in metric tons)
Cordillera Administrative Region, 2004-2009
Provinces 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Abra 7,449 8,667 10,399 10,444 9,238 11,737
Apayao 24,418 27,999 30,758 27,767 17,162 17,845
Benguet 48 51 51 50 38 38
Ifugao 35,159 35,956 44,086 70,661 88,938 83,511
Kalinga 18,517 38,199 52,600 45,828 55,207 65,193
Mt. Province 16,691 19,592 22,215 20,832 25,838 23,449
CAR 102,282 130,464 160,109 175,582 196,421 201,773

Table 29
Coffee Production (in metric tons)
Cordillera Administrative Region, 2004-2009
Provinces 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Abra 50 59 57 56 55 54
Apayao 126 22 19 14 16 16
Benguet 295 467 457 468 478 485
Ifugao 1,125 1,119 1,120 1,114 1,103 1,091
Kalinga 3,506 3,765 4,065 4,022 3,977 3,852
Mt. Province 436 578 628 579 321 202
CAR 5,537 6,010 6,346 6,253 5,950 5,700

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7.4 Agricultural Areas Succeptibility to Rain Induced Landslide

In the province, the agricultural sector is mostly affected during typhoons and
drought. As shown in the Map below, most of the agricultural areas in the municipalities
of Balbalan, Tinglayan & Pasil are highly susceptible to landslide especially when there
is continuous heavy rainfall. Mostly affected areas are those located along mountain sides
with steep slopes planted with annual crops which are prone to erosion. Meanwhile , the
effect of landslide in the crop areas in Pinukpuk, Tabuk & Rizal ranges from moderate to
low due to the relatively flat to rolling topography.
In terms of magnitude of affected agricultural areas, it is noted that only 4.14% of
the total Area is highly susceptible to landslide and these areas ar most located in Pasil
(36.51%), Balbalan (22.89%), Tanudan (18-82%), Lubuagan (15.57% ) & Tinglayan
(14.48%).
Table 30
Agricultural Area Susceptible to Landslide
By Municipality. Kalinga

Exposed
Agricultural Exposure
Agricultural Areas within Percentage Within
Municipal Name
Areas_Ha High High Susceptible
Susceptible Areas
Areas
Balbalan 10302 2358 22.89
City Of Tabuk 121590 72.9 0.06
Lubuagan 6015 924.8 15.37
Pasil 7162 2615 36.51
Pinukpuk 40050 32.3 0.08
Rizal (Liwan) 22332 0 0
Tanudan 3123 587.6 18.82
Tinglayan 19796 2965 14.98
Total Areas 230370 9555.6039 4.1449
Source: GIS Generated based on MGB Hazard map & Land use map

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7.5 Vulnerability of Crop Production to Climate Change Impacts

Results of the vulnerabilty assessment for crop production would reveal that while
the level of sensitivity of crops to the effects of the overall , it was noted that which assesss
the level of sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity.
7.5.1 Agriculture Sector
The assessment was primarily focussed on crop production which is highly
sensitive to hazards like typhoons and climate change impacts such as drought and
incidence of pest and diseases which will result to crop damages and lossess on the part of
the farmers. It was noted though that exposure to these hazards is considered low since
there were no recorded incidence of these calamities during the last three years. Although,
the exposure is considered low, there are existing mitigation programs being implemented
by concerned agencies and the municipal government to lessen the effects of hazards .
These includes integrated pest and diseases management and sloping agricultural land
technology and crop protection program. The coverage of the crop protection program
however is limited to rice and for interested and capable farmers. Given this situation, the
province crop sector in Kalinga is generally moderately vulnerable to hazards and climate
change impacts.
Table 31
Crop Production Vulnerability Index

Adaptive
Sensitivity Exposure Vul Index
Municipalities Capacity Haz Code
Value
Sense_SWR AgEx_SWR CPAC_SWR
Balbalan 0.36600 0.20000 0.96350 0.55520 Moderate
Balbalan 0.36600 0.20000 0.96350 0.55520 Moderate
City Of Tabuk 0.33250 0.20250 0.74050 0.45670 Moderate
Lubuagan 0.37100 0.20000 0.97350 0.56070 Moderate
Pasil 0.36450 0.20000 0.97350 0.55875 Moderate
Pinukpuk 0.32350 0.20500 0.81850 0.48595 Moderate
Rizal (Liwan) 0.32000 0.20250 0.80450 0.47855 Moderate
Tanudan 0.36550 0.20000 0.85750 0.51265 Moderate
Low Very Low Low

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8 TRANSPORTATION, ACCESS AND CIRCULATION

The province has a total road network of 1,202.22 kilometers. As to classification,
barangay roads accounted the biggest share with 47.87% followed by national roads with
32.92% while provincial and municipal roads accounted 11.81% and 7.40% respectively.
Among the municipalities, Tabuk being the capital town of the province accounted
the highest percentage share of 40.14% followed by Pinukpuk with 19.94%. On the other
hand, Lubuagan had the least kilometerage of road with only 3.18%.
Of the total road network in the province, only 182.322 kilometers were concreted,
the bulk of which are national roads with 41.79% (76,199 kms.). Earth roads totaled to
349.157 kilometers. This means that transportation vehicles could hardly traversed these
roads especially during rainy seasons, thus hindering the transport of produce to market
outlets and delivery of basic services resulting further to costly prime commodities.
Across the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Kalinga is next to Benguet in
terms of national road length accounting 21.31 per cent or 395.797 kilometers.

The provincial road density of 0.385 kilometer per square kilometer is very much
below the standard ratio of 1.5 [Link]. per square kilometer of arable land. This is attributed
to the rugged geographical terrain of the province that causes difficulty in the construction of
road coupled with the road right of way problems where private lands are affected on
proposed site of roads.

8.1 External Linkages

Kalinga is linked with the province of Cagayan by the Kalinga – Cagayan- Abbut
Road, connected to Isabela and Mt. Province by Mt. Province Boundary-Calanan-Abbut
Road, joined to Abra by Kalinga- Abra Road. These routes are used in transporting the
agricultural crops and other products to nearby provinces and medical referrals to Isabela,
Baguio, Manila and Tuguegarao, Cagayan. Highways linking to Cagayan and Isabela should
be given the priority in terms of road improvement and maintenance for these are the busiest
routes as these are the main roads of traders, travelers/tourist and students in coming in and
out of the province.

Equally important is the improvement of the Mt. Province Boundary-Calanan-Abbut

Road to reduce travel time of commuters and further boosts the province’s economy.

The Manila to Kalinga route is served by four main transport groups, the Victory
Liner, Auto Bus, Florida and Dangwa Liner while route to Baguio is served by Dangwa

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Liner and GL Bus companies while the internal circulation routes are serviced by public
utility jeepneys, mini-buses, multi-cabs and tricycles.
Tuguegarao Airport of Cagayan Valley serves as the nearest access for air
transportation in the province. There is also an existing airport in Cauyan, Isabela which is
about two hours drive from Tabuk City.
8.2 Internal Circulation
The province has a total of 38 provincial roads with a total kilometerage of 142.057,
most of which link to the national highways. The municipal and barangay road networks play
vital role in the socio-economic activities in the province as these provide access to transport
agricultural products and other commercial crops likewise access to basic services to their
public markets and to Tabuk being the center of trade, commerce and education.
Table 32
Road Kilometerage by Classification, By Municipality, Kalinga 2008

Total % of Road
Mun. Nat’l Prov’l. Mun. Brgy. Land
Road Distri- Density
Roads Road Road Road Roads Area
Length bution Km/[Link]
Balbalan 64.462 9.959 2.370 30.480 107.271 8.92 550.00 0.195
Lubuagan 28.926 1.688 1.700 6.000 38.314 3.18 329.50 0.116
Pasil 23.910 5.350 18.000 7.800 55.060 4.57 188.00 0.292
Pinukpuk 54.880 27.133 49.660 108.12 239.793 19.94 694.10 0.345
Rizal 43.207 3.000 5.970 96.246 148.423 12.35 177.50 0.836
Tabuk 123.345 60.421 5.285 293.536 482.587 40.14 641.70 0.752
Tanudan 27.883 28.720 5.500 12.000 74.103 6.16 349.10 0.212
Tinglayan 29.184 5.785 .300 21.400 56.669 4.72 189.50 0.299
Kalinga 395.797 142.056 88.785 575.582 1,202.22 100.00 3119.40 0.385
Source: PEO, DPWH, MDP, PPDO
Table 33
Road Kilometerage by type of Surface, Kalinga 2008
Type of Surface
Road Classification
Concrete Gravel Earth Total % Dist.
National 76.199 317.380 - 393.579,* 32.83
Provincial 20.543 79.408 42.015 142.056 11.847
Municipal 2.680 26.455 59.650 88.785 7.40
Barangay 82.90 244.190 247.492 574.582 47.92
Total 182.322 667.433 349.157 1,199.002 100.00
% Distribution 15.19 55.62 29.10 100.00
Source: DPWH, PEO & Municipalities
* - Total road length does not include bridges

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Kalinga being a landlocked province has no ports; however, there are some barangays
along the Chico River that use banca to cross the river particularly in Gawidan, Malin-awa,
Amlao and Suyang within Tabuk City. Likewise, some barangays in Pinukpuk like
Cattabogan also uses banca to cross the Chico River towards Pinococ while barangays
Magaogao and Sucbot across the Aliog river..

Among the 153 barangays of the province, forty eight (48) are still inaccessible by
transport vehicles especially during wet seasons thus routes to these barangays should be
given top priority.

Table 34
Road Accessibility of Barangays, Kalinga Province by Municipality, 2008
No.
Municipality of Accessible Inaccessible
Barangays
Balbalan 14 9 5
Lubuagan 9 7 2
Pasil 14 6 8
Pinukpuk 23 17 6
Rizal 15 15 0
Tabuk 43 38 5
Tanudan 16 5 11
Tinglayan 20 9 11
Kalinga 153 106 48

Table 35
Inventory of National Roads in CAR, June 2008

Total Road Length Percentage

CAR
(kms) Distribution
ABRA 158 8.50
APAYAO 231.4 12.46
BENGUET 542 29.18
IFUGAO 233.2 12.55
KALINGA 395.797 21.31
MOUNTAIN
297.1 16.00
PROVINCE
TOTAL 1,857.497 100.00
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As of 2008, the province has a total length of 2,215.34 linear meters of bridges which
are mostly located along national roads. In terms of structure, 47.31 percent are made of
concrete, 36.45 percent steel and only 17.86 percent are partially made of wooden slabs and
steel truss or considered as Bailey [Link] is noted however that there are numerous existing
foot bridges in the different municipalities and barangays which are not included in this
report.
8.3 Land Transport System
Traversing the province’s road network is a total of 2,829 transport vehicles as
registered by the Land Transportation Office. Of the total number of registered vehicles,
1,974 or 69.77 percent are private vehicles, 766 or 27.07 percent are for hire and only 89 or
3.14 percent are government-owned vehicles. Bulk of the registered vehicles is in Tabuk
sharing 97% while Tanudan has only one vehicle.
Equating the total number of utility vehicles with the total population, the ratio is
computed at 1:75. This implies that the existing number of passenger vehicles could hardly
accommodate the commuting public. It has also been observed that during summer vacation
and yuletide seasons, public utility vehicles are inadequate to accommodate the volume of
passengers.
8.4 Susceptibility of Road Network to Landslide

As indicated on the following Map and Table, a total of 160 kilometers or 36% of
the total road kilometrage are highly susceptible to landslides especially during heavy
rainfall which are mostly national roads leading to the adjacent provinces of Mountain
Province and Abra . Meanwhile, only 14% of the provincial roads are highly susceptible,
25% moderate and majority with 46% have low susceptibility. Gleaned from the Map ,
roads located along flat lands in Pinukpuk , Tabuk & Rizal are actually not affected with
landslides.
Table 36
Road Network affected by Landslide
Exposed Exposure Exposure
Exposed Exposed Exposure
Road Percentage of Percentage
Road Length Road Percentage of
Length Road Length of Road
Road Within Length Road Length
ROAD_CLASS Within Within Length
Length_KM Highly Within Low Within Highly
Moderately Moderately Within Low
Susceptible Susceptible Susceptible
Susceptible Susceptible Susceptible
Areas Areas Areas
Areas Areas Areas
National Road 360.9715138 147.2988734 51.0577535 133.699968 41% 14% 37%
Provincial Road 89.60626861 12.7910976 22.4754408 41.0989866 14% 25% 46%
TOTAL 450.5777824 160.089971 73.5331944 174.798955 36% 16% 39%

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9 Income, Employment, Service Access and Poverty

Employment/Unemployment
Figure 9
Employed persons consist of persons in the
Figure 6.1.2 Employment Rate by Province, CAR: CY 2003
labor force that is reported either at work or with a (Source: NSO)
job or business although not at work. The labor
force or the economically active population refers to 97.5

population 15 years old and over who are either 94.74 94.44
93.75
employed or unemployed. Persons at work are 92.4 92.47

those who did some work, even for an hour during 89.8
the reference period.

Unemployed persons on the other hand

consist of all persons 15 years old and over who did CAR Abra Apayao Benguet Ifugao Kalinga Mt.
Province
not work or had no job or business during the
reference period and are reportedly looking for
work. Also included are persons who are not looking for work because of the belief that no
work is available or because of temporary illness, bad weather or other reasons.

Figure 10
In 2003 Kalinga’s employment rate Figure 6.6.3 Share of Provinces to Total Number of Persons in
of 94.44% is the 3rd highest in CAR. This the Labor Force, CAR: 2003 (Source: NSO)
does not mean however that there is a
greater employment opportunity here in the 13.2 15.35 Abra
province but implies that we have a lower Apayao
number of entrants to the labor force which 11.88
6.6
Benguet
was just a little higher that the available Ifugao
12.54
jobs, thus the high employment rate. Kalinga
40.43 Mt. Province
In terms of labor force (population
15-65 years old), Kalinga shared 15.35% of
the total labor force in CAR and ranks 3 rd place. The province of Benguet got the highest
share with 40.43% while the province of Apayao got the least share with 6.6 percent.

9.1 Family Income

Based on the 2000 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, the average annual
family income in Kalinga was P111,790 second to Benguet being the highest with
P139,918.00 although it is lower than the regional average of P139,613. During the same

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year, the average family expenditure was P85,489 and the average family savings was
P25,859.00
Table 37
Average Annual Family Income, Expenditure and Savings CAR Provinces, 2000
Ave. Family [Link]
Provinces Ave. Family Income
Expenditure Savings
CAR 139,613 110,338 29,275
Abra 111,185 89,183 22,002
Apayao 92,907 67,343 25,564
Benguet 139,918 117,254 22,564
Ifugao 82,245 66,284 18,961
Kalinga 111,790 85,931 25,859
Mountain Province 98,369 74,369 24,077

Using mean per capita income as released by NSCB, Kalinga posted considerable
increases of income from CY 2000 to CY 2006. In 2006, Kalinga ranked 3rd highest among
the other provinces in CAR with a mean per capita income of P28,000 although it is lower
as compared with the regional and national level p39,989 ad P35,788 respectively. It is noted
however that these increases in income did not necessarily reduce the poverty incidence in
the province.
Table 38
Mean Per Capita Income of CAR Provinces: CY 2000, 2003, 2006
Province Mean Per Capita Mean Per Capita Mean Per Capita
Income 2000 Income 2003 Income 2006
Philippines 30,767 35,788
CAR 31,260 39,989
Abra 22,311 24,444 23,775
Apayao 18,873 20,425 21,982
Benguet 36,045 43,381 57,503
Ifugao 15,648 24,979 27,714
Kalinga 18,822 19,416 28,000
Mt. Province 20,521 19,666 29,232
Source: NSCB

9.2 Social Services

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9.2.1 Health Facilities and Manpower

At present, the province has thirteen hospitals, 11, rural health units and 103 barangay
health stations catering to the health needs of the province’s populace. Of the 10 hospitals six
of which are government while four are private hospitals which are all located at the capital
center of Tabuk City.
Of the six (6) government hospitals, five are considered under the primary level
(level1) and are found in Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pinukpuk, Rizal and the unfinished hospital in
Tanudan. The Kalinga Provincial Hospital, a secondary level (level2) is the core referral
hospital in the province. The municipalities of Pasil and Tinglayan avail hospital services at
Kalinga District Hospital of Lubuagan and Bontoc, Mt. Province respectively.
The total beds of the six government hospitals totaled to 235 and 85 for the seven
private operated hospitals and clinics. With an estimated population of 188,292 in 2009 the
hospital bed to population ratio is reflected at 1:801 or one bed for every 801 population
which means that the province is still within the standard ratio of one bed for every 1,000
population but this does not mean however that hospital facilities are already enough to cater
to all the areas, In fact, Pasil and Tinglayan still avail hospital services outside or nearby
hospital facilities.
On the other hand, field health services or public health is being provided by the
eleven (11) rural health units of which 7 are accredited as Sentrong Sigla and barangay health
stations. Field health providers consists of 11 physicians, 22 nurses, 6 medical technologists,
6 dentists with 2 dental aides, 15 sanitarians, 103 midwives and 920 barangay health
workers.
Table No. 39
Number of Health Facilities, Kalinga by Municipality, 2009

Hospitals/ Medical Barangay Rural Health Centers

Province/Municipality Clinics Health Health accredited as
Public Private Total Stations Units Sentrong Sigla
Kalinga 6 7 13 103 11 7
Balbalan 1 - 1 13 1 -
Lubuagan 1 - 1 4 1 1
Pasil - - - 9 1 -
Pinukpuk 1 - 1 22 2 1
Rizal 1 - 1 8 1 1
Tabuk 1 7 8 24 3 2
Tanudan 1 - 1 9 1 -
Tinglayan - - - 14 1 1
Source: Annual Reports of the Office on Health Services

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Based on planning standard requirements on public health manpower, the province

has adequate public health workers except for barangay health workers (BHWs) which
showed a shortage of 867 using the ratio of one BHW for every 20 households. However, the
geographical terrain of the province that is generally mountainous caused the scattered
location of houses coupled with the poor roads condition make health services still
inadequate in these areas as public workers have wide area of coverage.

Table 40
Manpower in Rural Health Units, Kalinga by Municipality, 2009

Selected Health Manpower

Technologists

Bargy Health
Dental Aides

Birth Atten-
Physicians

Mid-wives

Inspectors

Workers
Sanitary

Trained
Medical

Dentists
Province/
Nurses

dant
Total
Municipality

KALINGA 1,100 11 22 103 6 15 6 2 920 15

Balbalan 67 1 2 15 1 1 0 47
Lubuagan 76 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 69
Pasil 93 1 2 10 0 1 1 1 67
Pinukpuk 227 2 6 23 2 3 0 0 191
Rizal 115 1 1 8 0 1 0 0 104
Tabuk 305 3 7 22 2 7 3 1 245 15
Tanudan 66 1 1 8 0 1 0 0 55
Tinglayan 131 1 2 14 1 1 0 0 112
Source: Office on Health Services, Bulanao, Tabuk, Kalinga

9.2.2 Crude Birth and Crude Death Rates

The province had a total 4,349 registered births in 2009 or a crude birth rate (CBR) of
19.31. This increased by 6% compared to 2007 CBR of 18.22. Across municipalities, Tabuk
having the largest population accounted the highest in CBR with 22.23 per 1,000 population.
Next to it is Pasil and Pinukpuk with rates 14.36 and 16.21 respectively. Tanudan on the
other hand had the least CBR with 11.17. Contributory factor to the increasing CBR is the
decrease in contraceptive prevalence rate as adverse effect of the total phase out of foreign
donated family planning supplies and the non-compliance of some local government units on
the Contraceptive Reliance Strategy.

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Map 24

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Figure 11

On the other hand deaths in all ages totaled to 733 or a crude death rate (CDR) of
3.13 per 1,000 populations in 2009. This showed an increase of 7% compared to 2007 data of
2.19. Among the municipalities, Tanudan reflected the highest death rate of 5.36 while Pasil
had the least with CDR of 2.3.

Figure 12

9.2.3 Percent of infants with low birth weight

As of 2009, 66 infants were born below the minimum weight of 2500 grams or 1.51
per cent of the 4,349 total births during the same year, a decrease of 29% compared to
2007(2.13). Among the municipalities, only Lubuagan has no infant with low birth weight at
all. Though Tabuk registered the highest number of infants with low birth weight with 38,
Pasil had the highest rate of 2.46 followed by Rizal with 2.45 while Balbalan and Tinglayan
had one each.

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The employment of health services focused on mothers and children of the Early
Childhood Care and Development Program and the Integrated Maternal and Child Illnesses
(IMCI) programs contributed to the betterment of child and mother conditions.

9.2.4 Morbidity and Mortality

Upper respiratory infection with a rate of 49.77 had been consistently occupying the
first seat on diseases among all ages. Cases almost tripled from 2007 data of 4,232 to 11,659
in 2009 or an increase of 153%. The increase could have been brought by the improved
diagnosis by field health service providers due to related trainings on respiratory
management.

Table 41
Percentage of Infants with Low Birth Weight, Kalinga
by Municipality, 2007-2009
Birth Weight Less than 2,500 Weight
Total Live births
grams Not Known
Mun. 2007 2008 2009 2009
2007 2008 2009
No. % No. % No. % No. %
KALINGA 4,078 4621 4349 87 2.13 54 1.16 66 1.51 26 0.59
Balbalan 209 222 170 6 2.87 3 1.35 1 0.58 0 0
Lubuagan 149 190 138 2 1.34 5 2.63 0 0 1 0.72
Pasil 143 195 162 6 4.19 9 4.61 4 2.46 23 14.19
Pinukpuk 601 689 543 8 1.33 6 0.85 12 2.20 0 0
Rizal 379 358 285 4 1.05 6 1.67 7 2.45 0 0
Tabuk 2147 2488 2678 55 2.56 14 0.56 38 1.41 0 0
Tanudan 140 160 140 4 2.85 7 4.37 3 2.14 0 0
Tinglayan 310 319 233 2 0.64 4 1.25 1 0.42 2 0.85
Source: Annual Reports of the Office on Health Services, Tabuk, Kalinga

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Table 42
Maternal and Infant Mortality Rate (rate per 1,000 live births),
Kalinga by Municipality, 2007-2009

Province/ Maternal Deaths Infant Deaths

Municipal Births 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
ity
2007 2008 2009 No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate
Kalinga 4078 4621 4349 31 7.60 6 0.87 8 1.77 50 12.26 34 7.36 27 6.20
Balbalan 209 222 170 3 14.34 1 4.5 1 5.8 0 0 1 4.5 0 0
Lubuagan 149 190 138 2 13.42 1 5.26 0 0 2 13.42 3 15.79 3 21.73
Pasil 143 195 162 3 20.98 0 0 1 6.17 4 27.97 3 15.38 3 18.51
Pinukpuk 601 689 543 3 4.91 0 0 2 3.68 12 19.96 3 8.7 1 1.84
Rizal 379 358 285 1 2.63 0 0 0 0 9 23.74 1 2.79 3 10.52
Tabuk 2147 2488 2678 7 3.26 1 0.8 2 0.74 8 3.72 14 5.63 14 5.22
Tanudan 140 160 140 2 14.28 2 12.5 0 0 2 14.28 1 6.25 0 0
Tinglayan 310 319 233 10 32.26 1 3.13 2 6.57 13 41.93 7 21.9 3 12.87
Source: Annual Reports of the Office on Health Services, Bulanao, Tabuk, Kalinga

Pneumonia which is infectious and preventable persists to be among the top five
causes on ailments. Aside diarrhea and gastroenteritis that are poor environmental sanitation
and water borne diseases; and lifestyle and or degenerative diseases are consistently among
the leading causes of illnesses in the last three years.

Nevertheless, maternal and child situation improved as evidenced by the remarkable

decrease in maternal and infant deaths. Maternal deaths recorded only eight (8) in 2009 or a
rate of 1.7 compared to 31(7.60) in 2007, a decrease of 77 %. Then again, infant mortality
rate of 7.36 decreased by 39% compared to 2007 (12.26).

Records showed that upper respiratory tract infection is constantly on top among
sicknesses on infants affecting 2,169 with a rate of 234.4 per 1,000 populations.

Of the 733 recorded deaths in the province, 37 died with ages ranging from 0-4 or a
rate of 18.8. Pneumonia again topped the causes on deaths of therefore stated age group.

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Table 43
Leading Causes of Deaths, Kalinga, 2006- 2009

2006 2007 2008 2009

CAUSES No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate
CVD, CVA, RHD,NPN, CHF 170 78.97 135 56.02 185 79.51 131 55.93
Pneumonia 109 50.64 126 54.15 113 48.56 102 43.55
Cancer(all forms) 85 39.46 62 26.65 78 33.52 74 31.59
Renal Failures/kidney disorders 22 10.22 19 8.17 38 16.33 38 16.22
Old Age 17 7.89 21 9.03 8 3.42 34 14.52
Transport Accidents 21 9.75 30 12.89 38 16.33 27 11.53
Peptic Ulcer 30 13.93 31 13.32 39 16.76 24 10.25
Assault(gunshot,stab,hack wounds) 28 13.93 36 15.47 23 9.88 21 8.97
Myocardial Infraction 7 3.25 16 6.88 13 5.59 17 7.26
Asthma, Bronchial 13 6.04 10 4.27 11 4.73 17 7.26
Diabetes Mellitus 7 3.25 1 0.43 7 0.43 11 4.69
AGE/Diarrhea 12 5.57 9 3.87 10 4.29 11 4.69
Respiratory TB 17 6.97 18 7.74 13 5.59 10 4.27
Premature 1 0.46 11 4.30 4 1.72 9 3.84
COPD 10 4.65 18 7.74 17 7.31 8 3.42
Suicide 3 1.39 6 2.58 1 0.43 8 3.42
Drowning(water & mud) 7 3.25 35 15.04 11 4.73 7 2.99
Liver Disease 3 1.39 7 3.01 5 2.15 3 1.28
Pancreatitis, Acute 16 7.43 4 1.72 2 0.88 3 1.28
Congenital anomaly 2 0.93 1 0.43 2 0.86 3 1.28
Anemia 2 0.93 1 0.43 6 2.58 2 0.85
Source: Office on Health Services, Bulanao, Tabuk, Kalinga

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Table 44
Leading Causes of Deaths by Sex, Kalinga, 2009

MALE FEMALE BOTH SEXES

CAUSES
NO. RATE NO. RATE NO. RATE
CVD, CVA, RHD,NPN, CHF 73 31.16 58 24.76 131 55.93
Pneumonia 57 24.33 45 19.21 102 43.55
Cancer(all forms) 40 17.08 34 14.52 74 31.59
Renal Failures/kidney disorders 24 10.25 14 5.98 38 16.22
Old Age 18 7.68 16 6.83 34 14.52
Transport Accidents 23 9.82 4 1.71 27 11.53
Peptic Ulcer 13 5.55 11 4.70 24 10.25
Assault(gunshot,stab,hack wounds) 19 8.11 2 0.85 21 8.97
Myocardial Infraction 10 4.27 7 2.99 17 7.26
Asthma, Bronchial 13 5.55 4 1.71 17 7.26
Diabetes Mellitus 9 3.84 2 0.85 11 4.69
AGE/Diarrhea 5 2.13 6 2.56 11 4.69
Respiratory TB 5 2.13 5 2.13 10 4.27
Premature 4 1.71 5 2.13 9 3.84
COPD 3 1.28 5 2.13 8 3.42
Suicide 3 1.28 5 2.13 8 3.42
Drowning(water & mud) 6 2.56 1 0.43 7 2.99
Liver Disease 1 0.43 2 0.85 3 1.28
Pancreatitis, Acute 2 0.85 1 0.43 3 1.28
Congenital anomaly 2 0.85 1 0.43 3 1.28
Anemia 2 0.85 0 0.00 2 0.85
Source: Office on Health Services, Bulanao, Tabuk, Kalinga

9.2.5 Proportion of children 0-6 years old who are moderately and severely
underweight

Based on the 2008 National Nutrition Survey conducted by the Food and Nutrition
Research Institute and the Department of Science and Technology, Kalinga ranked second in
underweight children with ages ranging from 0-10 years old, thin children (0-5 years old) and
under height adolescents (11-19 years old), third in under height (0-5 years old) and chronic
energy deficient among adults, and fourth in overweight and obese adults (20 years old) in
the Cordillera provinces.

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The 2009 Operation Timbang results manifested a decrease of 12.15% from 9.54 of
2008 to 8.38 on combined very low and low below normal weight preschool children. The
improvement was brought by the rationing of rice to day care children in all day care centers
in the province. Tinglayan maintained the last seat in terms of ranking. Lubuagan, Rizal and
Pinukpuk occupied the top 3 occupying first, second and third in that order on malnourished
preschoolers.
Table 45
Comparative Nutritional Situation, Cordillera Administrative Region, 2008

Rate/ Mt.
Particulars Philippines CAR Abra Apayao Benguet Ifugao Kalinga
Rank Prov.
Underweight Rate 26.2 19.9 40.1 23.7 8.2 20.4 27.9 12.9
0-5 Yrs. Old Rank 1 3 6 4 2 5
Under Rate 27.9 29.5 40.0 31.3 16.6 30.3 39.5 40.2
height
Rank 2 4 6 5 3 1
0-5 Yrs. Old
Thin Rate 8.1 5.2 11.1 3.4 3.6 3.0 7.0 2.3
Children
Rank 1 4 3 5 2 6
0-5 Yrs. Old
Underweight Rate 25.6 13.5 30.3 7.0 6.5 7.3 23.0 18.6
Children 6-
Rank 1 5 6 4 2 3
10Yrs. Old
Under Rate 33.1 29.4 41.4 30.6 19.8 18.2 41.7 38.6
height
Children 6 - Rank 2 4 5 6 1 3
10 Yrs. Old
Under Rate 17.9 8.8 19.5 14.2 5.1 4.6 15.1 0.7
height
adolescents
Rank 1 3 4 5 2 6
11-19 Yrs
Old
Chronic Rate 11.6 8.0 15.1 17.5 4.3 6.1 10.2 3.0
Energy
Deficiency
Rank 2 1 5 4 3 6
among
Adults
Overweight Rate 26.6 29.9 19.0 10.2 42.5 24.2 23.2 28.2
& Obese
adults, 20 Rank 5 6 1 3 4 2
Yrs. Old
Source: 7th National Nutrition Survey, 2008 of the Food and Nutrition Research Survey

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On the other hand, nutritional status among school children improved from 10.95%
compared the 16.07% in 2006 to 10.95% in 2008 is found to be below normal weight.
Pinukpuk District remained as the number one in terms of malnourished school
children with a rate of 22.64 or 1,171 individuals. The improvement is due the school feeding
program for all Grades I pupils.

Table 46
Nutritional Status among Preschool Children, Kalinga by Municipality, 2009
Below Below Normal
Total Pre-school

Below
No. of Children

Normal (Combined
Normal Above
Municipality

Weighed

(Very Very Low & Normal

Province/

(Low) Normal
Child

Low) Low)

Rank
Rate

Rate

Rate

Rate

Rate
No.

No.

No.
No

No
Kalinga 28813 28300 211 0.75 2159 7.63 2232 8.38 25789 91.12 141 0.50
Balbalan 1577 1580 0 0 77 4.87 77 4.87 7 1501 95.00 2 0.13
Lubuagan 1088 1086 9 0.83 129 11.88 138 1.71 1 947 87.20 1 0.09
Pasil 1074 1025 4 0.39 74 7.22 78 7.61 5 947 92.39 0 0
Pinukpuk 4377 4404 35 0.80 396 8.99 431 9.79 3 3968 90.10 5 0.11
Rizal 2232 2232 11 0.49 259 11.60 270 12.09 2 1948 87.28 14 0.63
Tabuk 14842 14840 141 0.95 1053 7.10 1194 8.05 4 13529 91.16 117 0.79
Tanudan 1353 1353 10 0.74 87 6.43 97 7.17 6 1254 92.68 2 0.15
Tinglayan 1770 1780 1 0.06 84 4.72 100 4.78 8 1695 95.22 0 0
Source: Division Office, DepEd Kalinga & PSWD-Kalinga

9.2.6 Health Sector

For this sector, the assessment was focussed on the susceptibility of water and vector
borne diseases to climate change impact and environmental conditions in the communities.
Thus, the level of vulnerabilty index differ in every municipality depending on the level of
sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity of the communities to these climate change
related diseases. As such, it was noted that areas with high percentage of households
without access to potable water and sanitation facilities are highly susceptible to water-
borne diseases such as cholera, acute gastroentiritis, typhoid and diarrhea.

Based on the records of the Office on Health Services , 84.78% of the households in
the province have no access to safe water especially in Balbalan, Lubuagan , Pinukpuk
and Tanudan. Meanwhile 37.05% of the total households have no access to sanitation
facilities mostly from Tanudan (42%), Lubuagan (46%) and Pinukpuk41%). Although
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there were incidence of water and vector borne diseases in the various municipalities, these
are considered minimal and as per available records, water and vector borne diseases are not
included among the ten leading causes of morbidity and mortality. This can be attributed to
the continuous advocacy and interventions implemented by the health services sector.

Gleaned from the GIS generated map and table, the municiality of Lubuagan,
Tinglayan, Tanudan & Tabuk City are highly vulnenrable to water and vector borne
diseases . On the other hand, Pasil, Balbalan, Pinukpuk & Rizal are moderately vulnerable.

Table 47
Health Sector Vulnerability Assesment (water and vector borne diseases)

Adaptive
Sensitivity Exposure Vul Index
Municipalities Capacity Haz Code
Value
HSSH_SWR HSEH_SWR HSAC_WR
Balbalan 0.37800 0.74400 0.60000 0.57660 Moderate
City Of Tabuk 0.58200 0.79300 0.54800 0.63170 High
Lubuagan 0.43900 0.77500 0.63600 0.61860 High
Pasil 0.44400 0.68000 0.63300 0.59040 Modrate
Pinukpuk 0.45000 0.66800 0.61300 0.58060 Moderate
Rizal (Liwan) 0.45600 0.55300 0.59600 0.54110 Moderate
Tanudan 0.42900 0.64400 0.74900 0.62150 High
Tinglayan 0.44400 0.79100 0.70800 0.65370 High
Low Low Moderate

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M ap 25

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9.2.7 Education

Preschool services is being catered by 315 institutions, of which, 238 are day care
centers, 77 schools of which are either established through the Social Reform Agenda,
Parents-Teachers Association, Service Contracting Scheme and Local Government Units and
14 are privately operated ones
Two hundred sixty five (265) schools cater formal education in the province, 235
elementary, 47 high schools and six colleges. Tertiary education is only provided in the
municipality of Rizal (1) and Tabuk (5).

Table 48
Number of Pre-Schools by Sector, Kalinga by Municipality, SY 2007-2008

Province/ Public
Municipality SRA/PTCA SCS LGU DCC Private Total
KALINGA 20 35 8 238 14 315
Balbalan 0 3 1 26 0 30
Lubuagan 1 1 0 17 0 19
Pasil 0 6 0 18 0 24
Pinukpuk 3 6 0 37 0 46
Rizal 4 4 0 17 1 26
Tabuk 10 3 0 76 13 102
Tanudan 0 3 0 25 0 28
Tinglayan 2 9 7 22 0 40
Legend: SRA/PTCA – Social Reform Agenda (DepEd) & Parents Teachers Association
SCS – Service Contracting Scheme (Region)
LGU - Local Government Unit
DCC – Day Care CenterikHY NHB G X11

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Table 49
Number of Schools by Level of Education by Sector
by Municipality, SY 2007-2008
Secondary
Total Elementary Vocatio Tertiary
Province/ General Total
nal
Municipality
Tot.

Tot.

Tot.
Pub

Pub

Pub

Pub

Pub

Pub

Tot
Pri

Pri

Pri

Pri

Pri

Pri
Kalinga 265 24 289 228 8 235 31 11 5 0 36 11 47 1 5 6
Balbalan 30 2 32 28 0 28 1 2 1 0 2 2 4 0 0 0
Lubuagan 12 3 15 11 1 12 1 2 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0
Pasil 22 0 22 19 0 19 3 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0
Pinukpuk 41 1 42 35 0 35 4 1 2 0 6 1 7 0 0 0
Rizal 21 2 23 18 0 18 3 1 0 0 3 1 4 0 1 1
Tabuk 90 15 105 75 7 75 13 4 1 0 14 4 18 1 4 5
Tanudan 25 0 25 21 0 21 3 0 1 0 4 0 4 0 0 0
Tinglayan 24 1 25 21 0 21 3 1 0 0 3 1 4 0 0 0
Source: Division Office, DepEd, Bulanao, Tabuk, Kalinga
[Link] Literacy Rates
The 2000 census defines simple literacy as the ability to read and write a simple
message in any language or dialect. Given this definition, the province has recorded a
literacy rate of 87.69 percent out of the total household population of 172,187 with ages 10
years old and over. This is lower than the national and CAR figures of 93.4 and 90.51
respectively. This rate was higher by 1.39 as compared to the 1990 data which is 86.3
percent. Among provinces and city in the cordillera region, the province ranks fourth in
terms of literacy rates among 10 years old and over.
The proportion of literates was higher for males (88.41) than for females (86.92
percent). By age group, the highest proportion of literate was recorded at the age group 15-
19 years with 95.15 percent and the lowest rate was noted at the age group 70 and over with
58.29 percent.
Table 50
Simple Literacy Rate of Population 10 Years Old and Over, Kalinga
By Sex, 1980, 1990 & 2000
Sex 1980 1990 2000
Both Sexes 74.6 86.2 87.69
Male 77.3 88.3 88.41
Female 71.7 84.1 86.92
Source: National Statistics Office

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Table 51
Comparative Literacy Rate of Population 10 Years Old and Over, CAR
by Province, 2000
Area Total Literate Illiterate Literacy Rate Rank
Philippines 93.4
CAR 1,020,455 923,623 96,832 90.51
Abra 161,337 150,872 10,465 93.51 2
Apayao 71,491 62,656 8,835 87.64 5
Baguio 193,005 189,663 3,242 98.26 1
Benguet 246,411 224,594 21,817 91.14 3
Ifugao 117,528 94,970 22,558 80.80 7
Kalinga 126,160 110,624 15,536 87.69 4
Mt. Province 104,523 90,244 14,279 86.34 6
Source: National Statistics Office

Table 52
Literacy Rate of Household Population 10 years Old and Above
By Age Group and By Sex, Kalinga, 2000
HH Population Literacy Rate
Age Group 10 Years Old Male Female Both Sexes
And Over
10 – 14 23,396 88.63 89.22 88.92
15 – 19 18,946 93.05 97.33 95.15
20 – 24 15,743 92.91 94.48 93.68
25 – 29 13,043 92.31 93.21 92.75
30 – 34 11,410 90.35 90.59 90.46
35 -39 10,024 88.89 88.71 88.81
40 – 44 8,610 88.66 85.32 86.99
45 – 49 6,496 85.05 80.18 82.75
50 – 54 5,292 84.04 75.28 79.71
55 – 59 4,213 80.95 64.76 73.01
60 – 64 3,681 77.98 59.91 68.92
65 – 69 2,605 76.72 58.76 67.79
70 & Over 3,728 60.61 56.05 58.29
Kalinga 127,187 88.41 86.92 87.69
Source: NSO- 2000

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Among the municipalities, the highest literacy rate was recorded in Rizal with 92.76
percent, followed by Tabuk with 90.80 percent and the lowest rate was recorded in Tinglayan
with 72.26 percent. It is observed that the absence of schools especially in remote areas and
poverty are some contributory factors to the low literacy rate in the upper municipalities.
Table 53
Literacy Rate of Household Population 10 Years Old and Over
By Municipality, By Sex, Kalinga, 2000

HH Population 10 yrs Old

Province/ Number of Literate Literacy Rate (%)
& Over
Both Both Both
Municipality Male Female Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes Sexes
Kalinga 126,160 64,539 61,621 110,624 57,061 53,563 87.69 88.41 86.92
Balbalan 8,943 4,710 4,233 8,072 4,203 3,869 90.26 89.23 91.40
Lubuagan 7,229 3,787 3,442 5,663 3,068 2,595 78.33 81.01 75.39
Pasil 7,011 3,577 3,434 6,281 3,215 3,066 89.58 89.87 89.28
Pinukpuk 18,800 9,713 9,087 16,156 8,278 7,878 85.93 85.22 86.69
Rizal 10,134 5,223 4,911 9,401 4,864 4,537 92.76 93.12 92.38
Tabuk 56,483 28,667 27,816 51,289 26,152 25,137 90.80 91.22 90.36
Tanudan 7,403 3,786 3,617 6,117 3,252 2,865 82.62 85.89 79.20
Tinglayan 10,157 5,076 5,081 7,645 4,029 3,616 72.26 79.37 71.16
NSO-2000

[Link] Education Performance Indicators

As of SY 2007-2008, Kalinga has a higher elementary participation rate with 74.96

compared to the regional data of 71.20 and second to Apayao having the highest with
80.06%. However in secondary level only more than 2/5(40.36%) of the school going age
population enrolled and is next to Baguio with 52.78% but higher than the regional data of
38.38%.
In terms of cohort survival rates (CSR), Kalinga is fourth with 75.95 with Abra as the
highest in CAR in the elementary level. It is sad to note that Kalinga is second to the last seat
in CAR on secondary survival rate with only 68.13 and even lower in the regional average of
68.53.

Though dropout rate is low in the elementary level at 0.32, the data in high schools is
high at 5.5, next to Apayao with 6.16 but higher than the regional figure of 5.05.

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Table 54
Performance Indicators in Government Elementary and Secondary Schools,
CAR, by Province/City, SY 2007-2008

Province
Benguet

Kalinga
Apayao

Baguio

Ifugao
Indicators

Abra
CAR

Mt.
ELEMENTARY
Participation Rate 71.20 74.41 80.06 67.93 66.43 71.48 74.96 71.70
Retention Rate 92.98 85.46 93.04 96.97 93.76 89.25 90.59 91.09
Cohort Survival
Rate 77.19 88.85 82.57 70.67 76.58 71.55 75.95 77.07
Completion Rate 62.23 80.05 67.52 56.48 62.19 53.57 59.24 62.05
Drop-out Rate 0.52 0.13 0.62 1.20 0.14 1.38 0.35 0.06
Transition Rate 96.28 96.31 99.52 99.49 97.66 90.45 95.37 95.59
SECONDARY
Participation Rate 38.38 36.45 33.40 52.78 31.92 31.99 40.36 41.62
Retention Rate 86.37 91.36 89.70 84.42 87.14 82.51 87.56 84.19
Cohort Survival
Rate 68.53 81.82 71.81 61.68 69.68 70.16 68.13 63.13
Completion Rate 54.07 72.54 60.55 46.99 54.41 52.25 54.05 48.7
Drop-out Rate 5.05 4.72 6.16 5.21 4.70 5.14 5.51 4.49
Transition Rate 117.8
84.48 70.47 86.90 2 75.92 72.83 85.68 89.28
Source: 2009 Regional Social & Economic Trends, CAR

[Link] Classroom-pupil ratio and teacher-pupil/student Ratio

Generally, basing on the national standard ratio of one teacher and class for every
forty pupils in elementary, Kalinga is low at 1:29 and 1:35 consecutively. Contributory factor
to the low rates is the opening of schools even in areas with few enrollees as houses are
widely scattered due to geographical terrain of the area that is generally mountainous in order
to provide basic education in these areas.

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Table 55
Cohort Survival Rate, In Elementary and Secondary,
SY 2004-2005 to SY 2008-2009
Elementary Secondary
SY 04-05

SY 05-06

SY 06-07

SY 07-08

SY 08-09

SY 04-05

SY 05-06

SY 06-07

SY 07-08

SY 08-09
Municipality
/District

Balbalan 46 54 58 56 55 74 65.8 100 76 51.5

Lubuagan 37 37 41 37 36 82 80 80.7 84 81
Pasil 49 65 56 51 57.6 60 56 65.78 89 69
Pinukpuk 52 54 54 54 54.6 66 64 63.48 82 38
Rizal 59 69 69 77 75.7 64 88 74 85 47
Tabuk 62 62 70 66 66 73 72 66 48 59
Tanudan 61 42 41 41 40.5 83 83 73 80 69
Tinglayan 78 47 62 58 70 62 91.5 100 96 58
Kalinga 58 56.7 61 59 60.8 71 74.9 71 59 56
Source: Division Office, DepEd, Kalinga

Records also show that teacher to student ratio of 1:31 in secondary is lower than the
standard ratio. However, some public secondary schools like the Tabuk National High
School have big classes.
Table 56
Teacher-Pupil and Classroom Ratio in Public Elementary and Secondary by
Municipality, SY 2007-2008
Elementary Secondary
Pupil Ratio
Enrolment

Enrolment
Classroom

Province/
C/SRatio
Teachers

Teachers
Teacher-

Teacher-
Student

Municipality
No. of

No. of

No. of

Ratio

Kalinga 31,756 1,088 1:29 902 1:35 12,319 399 1:31

Balbalan 2,247 105 1:21 95 1:23 572 22 1:26
Lubuagan 1,311 56 1:20 52 1:25 220 0 0
Pasil 1,823 57 1:31 51 1:35 520 17 1:30
Pinukpuk 5,065 146 1:34 106 1:47 1,526 58 1:26
Rizal 2,227 86 1:25 62 1:35 1,008 33 1:30
Tabuk 14,527 472 1:30 399 1:36 6,912 220 1:32
Tanudan 1,721 75 1:22 45 1:38 853 35 1:24
Tinglayan 2,835 91 1:31 92 1:30 708 14 1:50
Source: Division Office, DepEd, Kalinga

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Map 26

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9.2.8 Housing
[Link] Percentage distribution of households by type of housing unit occupied

Based on the 2009, Regional Socio-Economic Trends, the province has a total
occupied housing of 30,106 in 2000. This marked an increase of 34% or an additional of
8,435 in 1980. During the same year having a total 30,450 households and household
population of 173,638 reflects a household to occupied housing units ratio of 1:10 or a ratio
of 5.7 persons per housing unit and is higher than the CAR ratio of 5.3 and also the highest
among the provinces of CAR. The foretasted ratio on household to occupied housing unit
means that there are more than one household in every dwelling unit or a backlog of 344 to
meet the ideal ratio of one household for every dwelling unit.

As to type of building, majority of the housing units are classified as single house
with a total share of 94.32% 28,396) that were occupied mostly (98.95%) by one household.
This is followed by duplex with 3.28%. Multi-unit residential and
commercial/individual/agricultural type of building comprised 0.57 percent and 0.59 percent
respectively. The remaining 1.81 percent consisted of institutional living quarters and other
types of housing units.

Table 57
Occupied Housing Units, by Municipality, 1980, 1990 and 2000

Province/Municipality 1980 1990 2000

KALINGA 21,671 24,325 30,106
Balbalan 1,540 1,629 1,921
Lubuagan 1,613 1,704 1,758
Pasil 1,460 1,339 1,571
Pinukpuk 3,123 3,596 4,564
Rizal 2,308 1,947 2,565
Tabuk 8,014 10,138 13,849
Tanudan 1,179 1,468 1,472
Tinglayan 2,434 2,504 2,406
Source: 2009 Regional Social and Economic Trends, CAR

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Table 58
Distribution of Households by Type of Housing Unit Occupied,
Kalinga, 2000

Ratio
HHs to
Occupied HH Pop’n. to
Type of Building HHs Occupied
Housing Occupied
HHs Pop. Housing
Units Housing Units
Units
KALINGA 30,106 30,450 173,638 1.01 5.77
Single House 28,396 28,719 163,426 1.01 5.76
Duplex 988(3.28) 1,000 6,026 1.01 6.10
Multi-Unit
Residential 172(0.57) 180 972 1.00 5.65
Commercial/
Ind’l./Agric’l. 178(0.59) 178 956 1.00 5.37
Institutional
Living Quarters 13 13 61 1.00 4.69
Other Housing Units 2 2 8 1.00 4.00
Not Reported 257 358 2,189 1.00 6.13
Source: NSO, 2000 Census of Population and Housing

Table 59
Occupied Housing Units by Type of Building, Number of Households
in Each Housing Unit, Kalinga, 2000
Type of Building
Total Occupied
Housing Units

Res. (3 units

/ Industrial/
Agricultural

Institutional
Commercial
Multi-Unit

No. of HHs in Each

Reported
Quarters
or more)

Housing

Housing Unit
Duplex

Living
House
Single

Other

Units

Not

Total 30,106 28,396 988 172 178 13 2 357

One Household 29,792 28,099 976 168 178 13 2 356
Two Household 290 275 12 2 - - - 1
Three Household 18 18 - - - - - -
Four Household 6 4 - 2 - - - -
Five Household - - - - - - - -
Six Household or
- - - - - - - -
more
Average No. of
Households 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Source: 2000 Census of Housing & Population

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[Link] Distribution of occupied housing units by construction materials and conditions

of the buildings

On the other hand, almost ¾(74.82%) of the occupied housing units were made of
strong materials, a little bit lower than the CAR data of 75.73%. As to the construction
materials, 14.84% had roofs made of cogon/nip/anahaw and walls made of
bamboo/sawali/cogon or nipa while 4.32% used galvanized iron and or aluminum for both
walls and roofs.

About 18.61% of the total occupied housing units need major repair aside from the
one hundred sixty six or 0.55 percent that are no longer safe to be occupied as these are either
dilapidated and or condemned.

If the annual average growth of 0.635 continues in the years to come, the province
will need additional housing units of 10,730 in 2016.

9.2.9 Public Order and Safety

[Link] Peace and Order

Crime Rate by Type

During the last four years (2005-2008), it was noted that there was a significant
decrease in the volume of index crimes especially between 2007 & 2008 which reflected a
decrease of 65 percent. Likewise, during the same period, the crime solution rates were also
considered high which ranges from 87 to 89 percent for the index crimes and much more
higher for the non-index crimes which ranges from 90 to 93 percent.

It should be noted however that this data on crime statistics does not include those
crimes that were recorded and resolved at the barangay level through the Lupong
Tagapamayapa.

The good performances can be attributed to the increasing support and cooperation of
the community and the concerted efforts of all concerned authorities including the local
government units in the implementation of peace and order programs.

Compared to the other provinces in the region, Kalinga ranked third on the incidence
of crime with a rate of 41.5 nevertheless, it is lower than the regional data of 67.5 per
100,000 populations.

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Table 60
Crime Statistics, Kalinga 2005 – 2008

Crimes Committed CY 2005 CY 2006 CY 2007 CY 2008

Index Crime 65 63 62 39
Murder 14 21 15 13
Homicide 8 3 11 3
Physical Injury 21 11 8 3
Rape 2 16 11 4
Robbery 17 9 15 13
Theft 3 3 2 3
Index Crimes Solution Efficiency Rate (%) 89% 87.30% 88.71% 89.74%
Non-Index Crimes (Viol of Special Laws) 38 33 34 38
Illegal Possession of Firearms 17 9 7 17
Anti-Jueting Law 4 2 1 4
illegal Drugs 9 2 6 9
Violence Against Children 1 1
Violence Against Women 1 11 5 1
Anti-Cattle Rustling Law 2 2 2
Illegal Logging 1 1 1
Acts of Lasciviousness 1 4 4 1
Grave Threat 1 1 1
Alarm and Scandal 1
Alarm Recruitment 1
Car napping 1 1 1
Attempted Robbery 1 2
Assault to Authority 1
Trespassing 1 1
Extortion 1 1
Non-Index Crime Solution Efficiency Rate
93.20% 90.60% 92.70% 93.20%
(%)
Source: PNP, Kalinga Provincial Office

Police force

As of 2008, the province has a total police force of 357. This police force is deployed
in the various municipalities, provincial head quarter and provincial mobile group. With the
standard police to population ratio of 1:1,000, the existing ratio of 1:518 implies that the
current police force is just enough to serve the total populace.

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Among the 8 municipalities Tabuk being the capital town with 42 barangays shared
the most number of police with 85 policemen with a ratio of 1:1,056 while Tinglayan had the
lowest ratio of 1:[Link] should be noted however that rugged terrain and inaccessibility of
some barangays coupled with the inadequacy of mobility and communication facilities
hinders the immediate response of the police if ever there services is needed.

Table 61
Number of Police Force by Municipality
Province of Kalinga, 2008

No. of 2008 Police to

Municipality %Distribution
Policemen Population Population
KALINGA 357 100 185,198 1:518
Balbalan 18 5.04 12,023 1:667
Lubuagan 17 4.76 10,272 1:604
Pasil 15 4.20 10,196 1:679
Pinukpuk 31 8.68 28,159 1:908
Rizal 30 8.40 14,836 1:494
Tabuk 85 23.81 89,788 1:1056
Tanudan 17 4.76 8,189 1:481
Tinglayan 28 7.84 11,735 1:419
Provincial
116 32.49
Office
Source: PNP, Kalinga Provincial Office

Police Facilities

Of the eight municipalities of the province, Pasil, Pinukpuk and Tanudan do not have
separate police station as these are temporarily based at the municipal halls of said towns.
The police force are backed up with fifty seven(57) communication equipment and twenty
six (26) motor vehicles distributed to all police stations, provincial headquarter and the
Provincial Mobile Group.

Jail Services

There are only three (3) jails in the province namely the Bureau of Jail Management
and Penology (BJMP), the provincial jail at Bulanao and the municipal jail at Tabuk. These
are all located at Tabuk.

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Table 62
Number and Type of Existing Facilities and Equipment, 2008

Type of Facilities & Equipment Location Number

Bungalow type Bldg Camp Juan M. Duyan, Provincial
 PD’s quarter Headquarter Bulanao, Tabuk,
 Officer’s quarter Kalinga
 Motor pool
 Multipurpose Hall 7
 Pre-Fab
 Conference Hall &
 Coop

Communication Equipment All Police Station/PHQ/PMG 57

Distributed to all Police
Motor Vehicles 26
Stations/PHQ/PMG
Camp Juan M. Duyan, Bulanao,
KPPO Building 1
Tabuk
Camp Juan M. Duyan
1
KPPMG Building Bulanao, Tabuk
Camp Juan M. Duyan
Support Unit 1
Bulanao, Tabuk
Balbalan Police Station Balbalan 1
Lubuagan Police Station Lubuagan 1
Rizal Police Statioin Rizal 1
Tabuk Police Station Tabuk 1
Tinglayan Police Station Tinglayan 1
Source: PNP, Kalinga

[Link] Public Safety

Fire Protection Services

As of CY 2007, there are only 6 fire trucks and 29 firefighters province wide. This
resulted to a ratio of 1 fire truck per 30,119 populations and 1 firefighter per 6,231
population, both higher than the national standards of 1 fire truck for every 28,000 population
and 1 firefighter for every 2,000 population respectively.

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Table 63
Number of Fire Protection Personnel & Existing Equipment, Kalinga, 2008

Fireman to Firetruck to
Size of Fire
Location Population Population Population
Force Trucks
Ratio Ratio
KALINGA 40 5 185,198 1:4629 1:37,039
Balbalan 1 12,023 1:12,023
Pinukpuk 6 28,159 1:4,693
Rizal 7 1 14,836 1:2,119 1:14,836
Tabuk City 15 2 89,788 1:5,985 1:44,894
Tinglayan 1 11,735 1:11735
Provincial Office 12
Source: Bureau of Fire Protection, Bulanao, Tabuk, Kalinga

9.3 Utility / Infrastructure Services

9.3.1 Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management

As gleaned in the table 51, 95.57% of the 35,741 households have access to safe
water, an increase of 8.60% in 2008 data of 88%. The increase had been brought by the
construction and rehabilitation of water facilities and the presence of the Tabuk urban water
facility. Pinukpuk and Tanudan had the lowest with 86.23% and 86.47% respectively.

In like manner, sanitation situation is improving as being manifested by the

increasing number of sanitary toilet users from 62.21% in 2008 to 64.46% in 2009.
Ironically, Tinglayan having a perfect percentage on accessibility of households to safe water
exhibits the lowest with only 29.19% in terms of accessibility to sanitary toilets next to
Lubuagan with only 45.37%.

The province has no facility for its proper solid waste management. The common
practices include dumping, open pit, burning, composting and burying.

Tabuk is the only town that collects household garbage but limited to its two urban
barangays namely Bulanao and Dagupan.

Generally, households with complete basic sanitary facilities (safe water, sanitary
toilets and basic sanitary garbage disposal) were recorded at 53.42%, Rizal having the
highest at 98.68%. It is however disgusting to note that the municipalities of Pasil,

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Tinglayan and Tanudan registered below 10% with 2.30%, 7.33% and 9.35%
respectively.
Table 64
Proportion of Households with Sanitary Toilets and with Access to Safe Water, Kalinga
by Municipality, 2007-2009
Households with Access to Safe Water Households with Sanitary Toilets
Province/ No. of Households
Municipa 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
lity
2007 2008 2009 No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
KALINGA 34321 35455 35741 18413 53.65 19571 55,19 34159 95.57 19235 59.76 22056 62.21 23040 64.46
Balbalan 2058 2079 2099 1879 91.66 1910 91.87 2068 98.52 1816 88.74 1709 82.20 1849 88.08
Lubuagan 1694 1708 2034 1130 66.7 1140 66.74 1978 97.24 663 36.85 675 39.52 923 45.37
Pasil 1633 1840 1732 1194 73.12 1633 88.75 1732 100.00 689 37.59 782 42.5 900 51.96
Pinukpuk 4158 5175 5811 2695 64.81 3160 61.06 5010 86.23 2773 66.69 4784 92,44 3301 56.80
Rizal 3010 3029 3268 686 22.7 693 22.88 3263 99.84 2502 81.76 2533 83.63 2732 83.59
Tabuk 17784 17850 16970 7250 40.76 7409 41.51 16485 97.14 10073 65.06 10176 57.01 11641 68.59
Tanudan 1423 1453 1508 1338 94.03 1305 89.81 1304 86.47 249 17.79 781 53.75 1017 67.44
Tinglayan
2311 2321 2319 2241 86.97 2321 100 2319 100.00 470 20.33 616 26.54 677 29.19
Source: Office on Health Services, Bulanao, Tabuk, Kalinga

Table 65
Proportion of Households with Access to Potable Water Supply, Sanitary Toilets,
Sanitary Garbage Disposal & with Complete Basic Sanitary Facilities, 2009

Households Households w/
Households w/
Households w/ w/Sanitary Complete Basic
Province/ Number of Access to Potable
Sanitary Toilets Garbage Sanitary
Municipality Households Water Supply
Disposal Facilities
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Kalinga 35741 34159 95.57 23040 64.46 24198 67.70 19093 53.42
Balbalan 2099 2068 98.52 1849 88.08 1343 63.98 1343 63.98
Lubuagan 2034 1978 97.24 923 45.37 863 42.42 316 15.53
Pasil 1732 1732 100.00 900 51.96 40 2.30 40 2.30
Pinukpuk 5811 5010 86.23 3301 56.80 5224 89.89 3172 54.68
Rizal 3268 3263 99.84 2732 83.59 2732 83.59 3223 98.62
Tabuk 16970 16485 97.14 11641 68.59 13379 78.83 11241 66.24
Tanudan 1508 1304 86.47 1017 67.44 600 39.78 141 9.35
Tinglayan 2319 2319 100.00 677 29.19 17 7.33 17 7.33
Source: Office on Health Services, Bulanao, Tabuk, Kalinga

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9.3.2 Domestic Water Utilities

As of 2009, there are 5,758 various existing water supply facilities (level I II & III) in
the province serving the total of 35,741 households in Kalinga. This means that 95.52 percent
of the total households in the province have access to potable water supply and the remaining
4.48 percent still draw their water supply from doubtful sources.

Table 66
Status of Domestic Water Supply, Kalinga, 2009

Level 1 Level 11 Level 111 Total

Municipality

2009 HHS
Province/

Served

Served

Served

Served
#Fts

#Fts

#Fts

#Fts
HH

HH

HH

HH
%

%
KALINGA 35741 4622 12836 35.91 1148 15578 43.589 420 5725 16.02 5758 34139 95.52
Balbalan 2099 95 164 7.81 65 1357 64.65 2 527 25.11 162 2048 97.57
Lubuagan 2034 48 845 41.54 27 953 46.85 20 180 8.85 95 1978 97.24
Pasil 1732 1 0 0 7 1216 70.21 3 516 29.79 11 1732 100
Pinukpuk 5811 421 1296 22.30 27 3467 59.66 10 247 4.25 458 5010 86.21
Rizal 3268 464 2402 73.50 17 708 21.66 28 153 4.68 509 3263 99.84
Tabuk 16970 3118 8031 47.32 930 4947 29.15 282 3507 20.67 4330 16485 97.14
Tanudan 1508 42 74 4.90 27 1143 75.80 27 87 5.77 96 1304 86.47
Tinglayan 2319 1 24 1.03 48 1787 77.06 48 508 21.91 97 2319 100
Source : 2009 OHS annual Report
Note: Level I – Dug wells, shallow wells, deep wells, point source development & rain collector
Level II – Spring Development with Communal faucet, Deep well/shallow well & point
source with electric water pump & elevated tank w/ communal faucet
Level III – Any source with household connection or individual faucets

With the operation of the Tabuk Water, most of the households of Bulanao and
Dagupan of Tabuk that were formerly served by level II and level I facilities were already
connected with the level III water supply. As of October, 2008, some 2,366 households are
served by the Tabuk water.

9.3.3 Drainage and Flood Control

The province is inadequate on drainage and flood control facilities. At present, only
Bulanao of Tabuk has big drainage canal without cover. Flooding is being experienced along
the low lying areas of Tabuk, Rizal and Pinukpuk. Few flood controls are also found along
the stretch of Chico River specifically in San Juan and Cabaruan of Tabuk.

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This call for the studies of the drainage and sewerage system shall be concurrent with
the land use plan; normally associated with the road networks. Flood prone areas should also
be taken into consideration.

9.3.4 Status of Rural Electrification

Of the 153 barangays in Kalinga, 138 or 90.19 percent is energized with a total of
23,754 household connections which is only 66.99 percent of the total number of households
as of CY 2008. By source of power, the National Transmission Corporation (NTC) through
the Kalinga Electric Cooperatives has the widest service coverage with 21,238 household
connections particularly in Tabuk, Rizal, Pinukpuk, Tanudan, Lubuagan and one barangay of
Balbalan. Besides, most households of Tanudan, Lubuagan, Balbalan and Pasil are connected
with solar energy and existing micro-hydro projects.
In the case of Tinglayan, 983 households are energized through the Mountain
Province Electric Cooperative, 83 through solar electrification and 477 households are
powered through the existing micro-hydro projects in the municipality.
The province is however endowed with water resources that are potential for micro-
hydro. These are potential mini-hydro resources that could generate needed power supply for
the province
Table 67
Status of Electrification, by Municipality, Kalinga Province 2008
Total
Electrificatio
Conventiona

Micro hydro
Estimated # of HHs 2008

Solar

Conne
House
Electrification
Brgys

ction
No. of Barangays

n
Municipalities

l
# of Brgys

# of Brgys

# of Brgys
Connected

Connected

Connected
Energized

Energized

Energized
# of HHs

# of HHs

# of HHs

Served

Served
%

Balbalan 14 2079 2 39 1 112 8 795 11 78 947 45.55

Lubuagan 9 1708 6 436 2 42 - 462 8 88 940 55.03
Pasil 14 1840 1 25 10 94 1 200 12 85 319 17.33
Pinukpuk 23 5175 17 2,011 4 60 - - 21 91 2071 40.01
Rizal 15 3029 14 2,035 - - - - 14 100 2035 67.18
Tabuk 42 17850 42 15,438 - - - 6 42 100 15,444 86.52
Tanudan 16 1453 4 271 2 - 1 98 7 43 369 25.39
Tinglayan 20 2321 19 983 1 169 3 477 23 100 1,629 70.18
Kalinga 153 35455 105 21,238 20 477 13 1971 138 90.19 23,754 66.99
Source: KAELCO, KASC-ANEC

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9.4 Communication

9.4.1 Broadcast and Print Media

There are three (3) cable television networks operating in Kalinga, the Northern Star
and Cordillera which are mainly operating in Tabuk and the Dream cable that is serving
some parts of Tabuk, Pinukpuk and Balbalan. The two radio stations (Radyo ng Bayan &
Radyo Natin) are also located in Tabuk, although, all the municipalities can be reached by
Radyo ng Bayan while Radyo Natin can only serve Tabuk and nearby barangays of the
adjacent municipalities.

For print media, there are two existing local papers in the province. The Kalinga
Advocate produced by the provincial government and the GURU Press, which is a private
newspaper.

9.4.2 Information-Technology Facilities

Since 2002, the province particularly Tabuk is connected with the internet. At
present, almost all government offices have access to the internet and there are now
numerous internet shops in the commercial areas in Bulanao and Dagupan areas. Most
households have also opted to be connected for their private use. Nonetheless
there is still a public demand for the establishment of landline telephone system especially
from the business sector.
Table 68
Existing Communication System, Kalinga Province 2008
Communication Facilities Location
A. Telephone System Tabuk, Pinukpuk, Lubugan, Balbalan, Tanudan, Pasil
 Smart Tabuk, Balbalan
 Globe Tabuk, Pinukpuk
 Sun Cellular
 PLDT wireless phone Tabuk
B. Cable Network (Television) Tabuk
 Northern Star Tabuk, Pinukpuk, Balbalan
 Cordillera Dream Satellite Tabuk
C. Radio Stations Tabuk
 Radyo Natin Tabuk
 Radyo ng Bayan Tabuk
D. Post Office
E. Internet Shops & Cafes All Municipalities
Source: 2008 Kalinga Provincial Socio-economic Profile

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M ap 27

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9.5 Other Services and Facilities

9.5.1 Social Welfare Services

Social welfare services is being served by the Social Welfare and development
OfficesMSWDOs) of the municipalities and the Provincial Social Welfare and Development
Office (PSWDO). The province has one building for the Senior Citizens , and Child and
Women Friendly Room. On the other hand there 238 day care centers serving the day care
services in the province.

Poverty Situationer
Based on Republic Act 8425 otherwise known as the Social Reform and Poverty
Alleviation Act of 1997, the “poor” refers to individuals or families whose income falls
below the poverty threshold. Poverty threshold refers to the annual per capita required or the
amount to be spent to satisfy basic food requirements and other non-food basic needs.
With an estimated annual per capita poverty threshold of P11, 662 in 2000 and P15,
031 in 2006, the poverty incidence in Kalinga has worsened from 39.30 in 2000 to 45.80 in
2006. It ranked 3rd among the other provinces in the region and higher as compared with
the regional & national figure in 2006. It is noted however that the province’s poverty status
is much better than Apayao and Abra.
Table 69
Annual Per Capita threshold and Poverty Incidence,
CAR: 2000, 2003 & 2006

Annual per Capita Poverty Threshold Poverty Incidence among Families

Province
2000 2003 2006 2000 2003 2006
Abra 13,426 14,654 17,900 47.60 41.00 50.10
Apayao 11,368 12,256 17,837 26.50 16.80 57.50
Benguet 14,014 14,447 17,483 13.90 11.00 8.20
Ifugao 11,809 13,148 15,556 55.70 28.10 30.90
Kalinga 11,652 13,284 15,031 39.30 46.10 45.80
Mt. Province 15,122 14,855 16,785 48.40 46.70 45.00
CAR 13,071 14,033 16,810 30.80 25.80 28.80
PHILIPPINES 11,458 12,309 15,077 27.50 24.40 26.90
Source: NSCB

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Related to the high poverty incidence in Kalinga, the province was also considered
among food poor provinces based on the results of the 2003 Food & Income expenditure
Survey (FIES). Food poor means that the level of family income is not sufficient to buy
basic food needs which is 100% of calorie requirements and 80% of other nutrients required
for the day. As a result, it is included among the target provinces for the Accelerated Hunger
Mitigation Program.

In terms of magnitude, the 16,113 families considered poor in CY 2006 translates to a

total of 94,995 poor populations which comprise 19 percent of the total poor populations in
CAR and 0.34 percent in the country.

Table 70
Magnitude of Poor Families and Poor Population, CAR: 2000, 2003 & 2006
Province Magnitude of Poor Families Magnitude of Poor Population
2000 2003 2006 2000 2003 2006
Abra 18,798 17,339 22,484 113,326 100,013 128,614
Apayao 4,543 3,313 12,128 28,770 22,815 67,907
Benguet 17,620 13,472 10,990 122,178 89,132 71,190
Ifugao 18,140 9,069 11,082 113,719 60,226 69,605
Kalinga 12,140 15,151 16,113 83,844 93,693 94,995
Mt. Province 13,476 13,740 14,254 76,137 79,157 74,512
CAR 84,717 72,084 87,050 537,975 445,036 506,823
PHILIPPINES 4,146,663 4,022,695 4,677,305 2,5472,782 2,3836,104 27,616,888
Source: NSCB
Figure 13

Figure 8 presents the magnitude of poor Figure 6.6.2 Magnitude of Poor Population, CAR: CY 2006

population in CAR in CY 2006 and the provinces’

share in the number of poor population. It can be
glimpsed that Kalinga has a higher number of poor Mt. Province Abra
population than Apayao, Ifugao, Benguet, and 74,512
15%
128,614
25%
Mountain Province, although it is much lower than
Kalinga
Abra. 94,995
19%
Apayao
The Annual Per Capita poverty Threshold in 67,907
13%
Ifugao
the province which is 15,031 is the lowest among 69,605
Benguet
71,190
the CAR provinces and also lower than the regional 14% 14%

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average of P16,810 and the country’s average of 15,077 in 2006. This implies that the cost of
living in the province is considered a little bit cheaper than the cost of living in other
provinces in CAR.

In 2003, small area poverty estimates conducted by NSCB reveals that Tanudan has
the highest poverty incidence with 88.06% in Kalinga , followed by Tinglayan(82.14% )
and Pasil (70.01)while Tabuk has lowest with 26.11% . At the national level, Tanudan was
ranked second, Tinglayan was number twelve and Pasil was number seventy six among the
poorest municipalities in the country. This poverty situation can be attributed to the limited
economic activities and inadequacy of support programs ad services especially in the remote
barangays of said municipalities.

Table 71
Municipal Small Area Poverty Estimates, 2003

Province/

e of Poor
of

of Poverty
error (SE)

Magnitud

Populatio
Standard

variation

Municipality
(Poorest

Severity
Poverty

Poverty
Coeffi-
dence

Rank
(CV)
cient
Inci-

Gap
=1)

SE

SE
n
BALBALAN 49.54 5.24 10.6 416 5,599 16.76 2.44 7.59 1.38
LUBUAGAN 50.37 6.09 12.1 393 5,072 16.46 2.80 7.21 1.59
PASIL 70.01 5.84 8.3 76 6,950 27.37 4.30 13.52 2.88
PINUKPUK 52.16 4.56 8.7 356 13,675 18.34 2.42 8.51 1.43
RIZAL 34.91 4.53 13.0 902 4,934 10.41 1.77 4.31 0.90
TABUK 28.11 3.77 13.4 1105 22,668 8.08 1.34 3.28 0.66
TANUDAN 88.06 4.23 4.8 2 6,407 43.87 5.06 25.54 4.09
TINGLAYAN 82.14 5.77 7.0 12 9,465 37.89 5.32 20.96 4.04
Source: RSET, NSCB-CAR

10 LAND USE AND PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK

This section integrates the various components of land uses (settlements, production,
protection, transport/and other infrastructure) and provides an analytical basis for future
physical developments to include the proper location of programs and projects.

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10.1 Settlement Component

Based on the analysis of the existing settlement pattern, the functional hierarchy of
urban centers in the province shall be transformed such that Tabuk will be elevated to large
town given all opportunities as a component city and being the major education and
commercial center in Kalinga. Tabuk will also be developed as a major service center for
eco-tourism. Rizal and Pinukpuk shall likewise be promoted as medium town considering
their strategic location and accessibility to Tuguegarao City. These municipalities will be
also developed as expansion areas for settlement and production purposes. Lubuagan will be
transformed into a small town to be developed as a secondary service center for eco-tourism
given its strategic location towards potential tourist destinations in Tinglayan, Balbalan &
Pasil. The municipalities of Balbalan, and Tinglayan, will remain as village particularly in
their poblacion centers due to the limited area for urban expansion.

Besides, there is a need to preserve the pristine and fragile environment of these
areas for ecological reasons. Meanwhile, Tanudan and Pasil will be promoted as production
areas for high value crops like coffee and organic [Link] table below shows the proposed
hierarchy of urban centers

Table 72
Proposed Hierarchy of Urban Centers
Levels in Urban Hierarchy Urban Centers Hierarchy Urban Centers in Hierarchy
in 2007
Large Town Tabuk City
Medium Town Tabuk City Pinukpuk
Rizal
Small Town Rizal Lubuagan
Pinukpuk
Village Tinglayan Tinglayan
Lubuagan Balbalan
Balbalan

The expected higher level of urbanization in all municipalities will be made possible
with the promotion and development/establishment of preferred economic
activities/industries based on their comparative advantages, through the provision of higher
levels of urban services and facilities. Table 59 shows the specific roles and preferred
economic activities of each of the municipalities which is expected to be pursued towards the
attainment of the vision.

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Table 73
Proposed Urban Service Center, designated roles and preferred economic activities
USCs Roles & Preferred Economic Activities
Primary Urban Service Center
Primary Service center for eco-tourism(hotels & restaurant, recreation)
Eco-tourism attractions & activities( Matambong Falls, white water rafting,
TABUK Matagoan Festival)
CITY Seat of Governance, Commerce, Private Institutions and Health Services
Tertiary, vocational education & recreation services
Primary Agri-Industrial center (rice, corn, coffee & fruit production and
processing)
Secondary Urban Service Centers
RIZAL & Gateway to Tuguegrao City
Expansion areas for settlement and production purposes
PINUKPUK
Agro Industrial Center (Rice/corn production, Fruits, vegetables and Tilapia
production and feed processing
 Secondary Service Center for Eco-tourism(Hotel, Restaurant, souvenier shop)
 Heritage Site and eco- Tourism Destination/Attractions (Lumina-Awa Festival)
LUBUAGAN  Tertiary Urban Service Center
 Agro-Industrial activities (Tiger grass production and handicraft)
Eco-tourism destination/Attractions ( Buaya & Tawang Caves, Uguid subterenean
river, Manchatchatog Festival)
Source of electricity (Mini-hydro dam)
BALBALAN White water rafting along Saltan River
Kalinga Orange(Gayunan) and coffee production
Tiger grass production and handicraft industry
Community-based small scale mining
Tertiary urban center (village level)
Eco-tourism destination/Attractions (Steeping Beauty Mountain, Palan-ah falls and
hot spring, White water rafting and kayaking, mountain trekking, Unoy Festival)
TINGLAYAN Hotels and restaurants
Coffee production
Tiger grass production and handicraft
Tertiary urban center (village level)
 Eco-Tourism Destination/Attractions ( Kabunian Bridge & spring, Padcharao
PASIL Lake, rice terraces, mountain trekking, Salip Festival)
High Value crops production(vegetables, Coffee, Gayunan, Tiger Grass}
Small scale mining activities

While the present employment structure is basically agriculture-led, it is envisioned

that there will be a gradual shift of employment to the industry and services sectors
especially in the identified urban growth centers/areas. .The development of the industry and

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services sectors will significantly improve the province’s economic status by providing
alterative employment for those employed in the agriculture sector thus improving their labor
productivity. On the ot her hand, the agriculture sector should make strong efforts to improve
its productivity by embarking in capital-intensive production technologies in order to sustain
raw materials for the processing industry. This will also allow the transfer of surplus labor
from the agriculture sector to the industry and/or services sectors.

With the establishment of above stated preferred economic activities in every

municipality, it is expected that population growth will be fairly distributed across the
municipalities. Although, faster urban growth is encouraged in the urban centers of Tabuk,
Rizal & Pinukpuk in as much as they have adequate land area suitable for urban expansion.
Urbanization in the other municipalities however would be regulated due to limited
expansion areas for settlement.
As projected in the map, the province has a total of 554.31 [Link] proposed for
settlement areas representing 18.06 percent of the total land area. These are located within
the alienable and disposable lands (areas within slopes of 0-18%). Map 15 shows that the
settlement areas are concentrated in Tabuk, Pinukpuk and Rizal. As envisioned in this plan,
these municipalities will be the target for settlement expansion.

Table 74
Additional Land Required for Settlement
2007-2016 2007-2016
Municipality Additional Population Additional Land Required for
Settlement(In Sq. Km.)
Balbalan 906 39.90
Lubuagan 682 10.17
Pasil 1174 82.15
Pinukpuk 3709 92.72
Rizal 2195 34.29
Tabuk 20581 150.22
Tanudan 768 34.90
Tiglayan 1059 25.82
KALINGA 30074 509.72
Source: PPDO Computation

Towards the end of the plan period, a total of 509.72 sq. kms. of additional lands will
be required for settlement purposes for the growing population. These areas will be located
within alienable and disposable lands that are not presently developed. Gleaned from the
Table 74, it is noted that Tabuk will consistently get the biggest share in population growth
and additional lands required for settlement.

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10.2 Protection Component

This component of the PDPFP seeks to ensure protection and conservation of
identified protected areas in Kalinga which covers a total area of 1,368.95 sq. kms. or
44.60% of the provincial land area. These areas include all identified portions of land and
water set aside by reason of their unique physical and biological significance which should
be managed to enhance biological diversity and protected against destructive human
exploitation. Specifically, the areas to be protected shall include the following categories as
shown on the Map.
1. National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS). This refers to the
classification and administration of all designated protected areas to maintain
essential ecological proesses and life support systems, to preserve genetic
diversity, to ensure sustainable use of natural resources and to maintain their
natural condition to the greatest extent possible. The NIPAS areas in Kalinga are
the old growth forests in Tanudan,, lubuagan & upper Tabuk and the mossy
forest in Tinglayan and Pasil and the Balbalasang National Park in Balbalan.
2. Non-NIPAS areas include all areas with elevation greater than 1,000 meters above
sea level (ASL), areas located above 50% slope. These areas also cover the
second growth forests that are present considered as the primary watershed
including the existing flora and fauna.
3. Buffer strips along rivers -buffer strips located in the forestlands and A&D lands
are measured at a width of 40 meters and 20 meters respectively on both sides of
the riverbed. These areas need to be protected to avoid siltation in the major
rivers and to preserve freshwater resources.
4. Severely Eroded Areas (SEA) - these areas covers portion of the province land
area where soil formation was severely disturbed which can cause destruction to
life and properties. Based on the erosion map, severely eroded areas covers an
estimated 44,826 hectares and most of these are found in Pinukpuk, Tabuk, Pasil
& Balbalan.
Based on the existing land use, there are some portions where their actual use is in
conflict with the functional value of such protection areas. These include the agricultural and
settlement areas within the Balbalasang National Park. Some portions of the non-NIPAS
areas are traditionally devoted to irrigated rice and cultivated annual crops. Likewise, it is
also observed that some portions of the supposed buffer strips along the major rivers are
presently being utilized for crop production and settlement purposes.

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Map 29

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Considering that this situation already existed since time in memorial and the
increasing population continuous to cause pressure to these areas, there is a need to properly
manage population movement to discourage further encroachment towards protected areas.
This will be done by strengthening the involvement of the indigenous peoples and adoption
of the Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP) in forest management.

10.3 Production Component

As projected on Map 17, the production area in the province covers a total area of
608.88 sq. kms. or 19% of the total land area. This area was generated by assessing the
existing land cover, slope, and erosion and protection areas. Being an agricultural-base
province, the production lands in Kalinga include all areas under the Network of Protected
Agricultural Areas/Network of Areas for Agricultural Development (NPAA/NPAAD). These
are the areas of good quality agricultural land that are traditional sources of food and cash
crops that are restricted from conversion to non-agricultural forms of use. It also includes
all irrigated and rain-fed rice lands, efficient diversified croplands and all areas located on
level alluvial plains and gently sloping lands and highlands which are presently planted to or
have the potential for the production of high value and semi-temperate crops. The NPAA
areas in the province cover a significant portion of the total production areas with 418.16 sq.
kms. or 68.67 percent and these are mostly located in Tabuk City, Pinukpuk and lower
Tanudan. .Existing production areas within slopes of 50 percent shall be maintained as
production areas provided there will be no further expansion.
As population increases, the intensity of land use also increases so most likely some
portions of these production lands will be converted for residential and commercial purposes.
This scenario is already happening especially in the urban centers of Tabuk City, Rizal &
Pinukpuk although there is no actual data on the rate of land conversion.
To optimize the production and productivity level of the identified production areas
efforts shall be focused for the provision of adequate and efficient agri - support services and
facilities.
On the other hand, there is also a need to rationalize conversion of prime agricultural
lands to sustain the food requirements and supply of raw materials for economic industries.

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Map 30

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10.4 Transport/Infrastructure Component

Development in the province is ultimately tied to the provision of an integrated and

efficient transportation network. The province remains poor and undeveloped because of its
general inaccessibility. Construction, rehabilitation and improvement of its road networks,
therefore, need to be immediately addressed to promote provincial integration for economic
growth.

Such transportation network has to be carefully planned and properly implemented as

it has a great impact on land use, population movement, and the environment. When
improperly planned and implemented, the road system destroys the fragile environment,
causes incessant landslides and eventually siltation of the province’s farmlands, distorts land
use plans, and causes encroachment into critical watersheds and forest lands. Incorporation of
road auxiliary facilities (e.g. drainage, slope protection) is an important concern to be
considered in every road construction and maintenance projects. Sacrificing these facilities
will certainly result to faster deterioration of such roads due to landslides

The provisions of other infra support facilities and utilities such as communication,
power, water etc. is also necessary to boost social and economic development. Map 18
reflects the existing major infrastructure facilities needed to propel socio-economic
development in the province.

Transport planning in the province has to be consciously tied with land use and
environmental planning. Such necessitates the use of alternative transport schemes (e.g. cable
tramlines) and appropriate planning standards.

The provisions of other infra support facilities and utilities such as communication,
power, water etc. is also necessary to boost social and economic development. The map
reflects the existing major infrastructure facilities needed to propel socio-economic
development in the province.

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Map 31

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16.5 Overall Physical Framework

The overall physical framework or structure plan indicates the, production

protection areas and major growth centers that are expected to be developed during the plan
period. It also indicates the major road networks that are in place and proposed for
improvement and order to facilitate the development of the identified growth centers and
potential production areas in Tabuk City, Rizal, Pinukpuk and Tanudan. At the same time,
efforts will be focused for the protection and conservation of the remaining forest cover and
restoration of degraded identified protection areas that are mostly located in the
municipalities of Lubuagan, Tinglayan, Pasil & Balbalan.

It is therefore envisioned in this plan that an integrated approach will be

considered in the development and management of the province’s physical resources in
order to generate maximum benefits and at the same time ensure the preservation of
identified protection areas with critical environmental values.

11 LOCAL GOVERNANCE

11.1 Local Government Income and Expenditures

The main source of the provincial government income comes from the province’s
share from the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA). For the last five years (2005-2009) the
Internal Revenue Allotment of the province has consistently accounted for 94-95 percent of
the total income which means that income from local sources barely accounts for about 5
percent only.

The State of Local Government Report for 2009, the province runs almost parallel
with the other 3rd income class provinces in terms of dependency on the Internal Revenue
Allotment.

Based on Figure 9, the total income indicated a growth rate of 11.88. Tax Revenue
shared significant growth rate of 26.13 percent. Although the province consistently relied
from its Internal Revenue

Allotment the growth rate is minimal at 11.84 percent for the last 5 Fiscal Years.
On the other hand, expenditures made by the provincial government for the last 5 Fiscal
Years posted a growth rate of 7.58 percent which is lower than the province’s income growth
rate of 11.88 percent. This has resulted to surpluses which reflected a growth rate of 30.46.

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Figure 14
This implies that the minimal
income of the province has been
utilized for its development programs
in which surplus for the same period
were treated as continuing allotment
for ongoing projects at the end of every
calendar year, still the locally
generated revenue is low.

During the same period, the

total income of the various municipal
governments reflected an average
annual growth rate of 23.79. Across municipalities, Tabuk has consistently shared the
highest income and also the highest average annual growth rate of 31.05 percent which is
higher than the 23.79 percent average annual growth rate of all municipalities.

Pasil as a 5th class municipality placed second in income annual average growth rate
of 17.33 percent followed by Pinukpuk at 14.83 percent then Balbalan, Lubuagan and Rizal
with Average Annual Growth Rate of 13.76, 13.57 and 13.12 percent respectively with
Tanudan and Tinglayan having the least at 5.62 and 3.74 percent respectively.

Table 75
Municipal Government Income
by Municipality, CY 2005 -2009

Municipality 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Ave. AGR

KALINGA 310,923,506.76 355,869,203.99 403,180,580.85 730,178,666.61 730,178,666.61 23.79
Balbalan 38,369,363.31 43,160,134.63 47,999,972.63 54,689,658.59 64,269,163.00 13.76
Lubuagan 24,055,811.00 29,538,070.60 46,491,327.70 34,814,049.13 40,026,369.16 13.57
Pasil 22,000,000.00 27,604,148.28 27,411,906.03 42,229,962.52 41,688,936.00 17.33
Pinukpuk 51,595,586.37 64,214,891.60 67,014,362.73 89,270,668.33 89,733,693.00 14.83
Rizal 27,510,374.17 27,996,777.08 34,529,467.62 39,597,972.85 45,052,646.85 13.12
Tabuk 94,042,767.24 105,228,635.05 126,507,432.05 399,200,934.06 277,414,290.00 31.05
Tanudan 25,288, 350.67 25,271,570.98 23,682,471.00 32,894,492.42 31,467,169.00 5.62
Tinglayan 28,061,254.00 32,854,975.77 29,543,641.09 37,480,928.71 32,495,563.00 5.74

Expenditure made by the municipal government of the province for the period (CY
2005-2009) showed a fluctuating trend, Tabuk shared an average annual growth rate of 21.82

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percent followed by Pinukpuk with 15.30, Pasil 12.60, Rizal 6.95, Lubuagan 4.10, and
Balbalan with 1.88 percent. On the other hand, Tanudan and Tinglayan made a negative
expenditure of (-10.43) and (-1.35) percent respectively.

Table 76
Municipal Government Expenditure
by Municipality, CY 2005-2009

Ave. Annual
Municipality 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Growth Rate
KALINGA 281,439,667.97 321,385,659.94 402,409,558.22 669,060,864.26 669,060,864.26 24.17
Balbalan 29,461,950.45 34,292,026.02 40,219,022.68 48,436,285.00 31,747,207.00 1.88
Lubuagan 24,976,769.28 26,372,253.51 42,271,907.44 33,327,648.78 29,333,576.69 4.10
Pasil 21,400,000.00 20,957,288.99 27,335,426.34 34,542,830.47 34,406,536.00 12.60
Pinukpuk 40,868,162.74 57,808,127.81 61,476,702.66 68,766,734.93 72,250,129.00 15.30
Rizal 25,868,087.20 26,474,718.12 34,046,997.82 39,141,633.99 33,852,657.28 6.95
Tabuk 92,366,488.78 99,868,429.67 130,794,908.00 374,449,035.03 203,442,709.00 21.82
Tanudan 24,051,381.00 23,962,291.00 32,217,595.14 32,156,101.10 15,476,228.00 (10.43)
Tinglayan 22,446,828.52 31,650,524.82 34,046,998.14 38,240,594.96 21,235,601.00 (1.37)

11.2 Development Administration

Along the area of development management and administration, the efforts will be
directed to enhance LGU capability, improve program implementation, strengthen
coordination among service providers, improve information mechanism and enhance private
sector and community participation in the development effort.

Over the past years, LGU staff has participated in various trainings in development
planning, financial management, manpower development, computer literacy, supervisory
skills, internal auditing and other technical skills enhancement. The organization
development program has been revived in the provincial government starting with customer
skills enhancement. Investments were also made in terms of procurement of equipments and
mobility support to further improve capability of LGUs in service delivery.

Along development planning, the issuance of JMC1 by NEDA, DILG, DBM and
DOF emphasized the importance of synchronization and harmonization of development
efforts to ensure consistency of plans and priorities. This has paved the way for the start of
the preparation of the Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP) and

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the Provincial Development Investment Program (PDIP) which gave emphasis to budget and
planning linkage.

Relevant policy supports are also in placed as manifested by the enactment of the
following: Revenue Code, Children’s Code, and Environment Code etc.

Information mechanisms are needed to effect better interaction among stakeholders.

The proliferation of cellular phone signals and internet hook-ups paved the way for faster,
easier and more effective communication. Local newspapers like the Kalinga Advocate and
Guru Press remains in circulation. Various information education campaigns have been
conducted also by the different agencies. A need to have a centralized management
information system is seen.

12 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR DRR AND CCA

12.1 Organization and Structure

In compliance to RA 10121, the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Council (PDRRMC) in Kalinga reorganized. It is composed of the Provincial Governor as
Chairman, the Provincial Director of the PNP as Vice-Chairman, 12 organic provincial
officials, 14 national officials working at the provincial level and 5 NGOs as members.

The Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office was also created to
serve as the main agency for coordinating DRRM activities under the supervision of the
Provincial Governor and is composed of a Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Officer
(DRRMO). At present, the DRRMO is still by designation in the person of Mrs. Rose
Maritez Oyawon, Social Welfare Officer III of the PSWDO. This office is in charge of
Administration and Training, Operations and Warning, Planning and Research. The
Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office is the Action Office and
Secretariat of the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council.

The Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center

(PDRRMOC) is a physical facility where the PDRRMO holds office. This serves as the
nerve center for alert and monitoring, multi-agency and multi-level operational coordination,
response and resource mobilization and information management. It also serves as command
post during disaster operations, venue of meetings for action groups and headquarters of the
PDRRMC secretariat.

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Each member agency has also specific assigned roles consistent with their mandate
and specialization. The presence of the Philippine National Red Cross Chapter in the
province is viewed as a very important milestone in disaster management in the province.

12.2 Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (PDRRMF)

Republic Act No. 10121, Rule 18, Section 1 or the Utilization of the Local Disaster
Risk Reduction Fund (LDRRMF) states that “the present Local Calamity Fund shall
henceforth be known as the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund
(PDRRMF) and that not less than five percent (5%) of the estimated revenue from regular
sources shall be set aside as the PDRRMF to support disaster risk management activities such
as, but not limited to, pre-disaster preparedness programs including training, purchasing life-
saving rescue equipment, supplies and medicines, for post-disaster activities, for the payment
of premiums on calamity insurance and construction of evacuation centers. The PDRRMC
shall monitor and evaluate the use and disbursement of the PDRRMF based on the DRRMP
as incorporated in the local development plans and annual work and financial plan.”

Of the amount appropriated for PDRRMF, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as
Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in order that
situation and living conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters,
calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.

Funds not utilized after five (5) years shall be reverted to the General Fund which can
be used for other social services to be identified by the Sanggunian Panlalawigan. However,
since most projects in the regular and 20% development fund are geared towards poverty
reduction and the provision of livelihood for households, such can be treated as available
funds to increase resiliency of population and decrease their vulnerability to disasters and
climate change.

12.3 Resources Available

The province was able to procure some support equipments such as dump trucks,
pay loader, bulldozers for clearing landslides and rescue facilities to include rubberized boats
and gadgets.

On policies, the province has enacted the Provincial Environment Code as a major
policy for environmental management. Its implementation at the municipal and Barangay
level has yet to be cascaded. There is also available trained manpower in the province on
rescue and quick response as a result of the various training conducted by PDRRMC.

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12.4 DRR/CCA Local Policies

There is a need to fastrack the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate
change adaptation strategies, programs and zoning ordinances in the updating of
Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs) of the seven municipalities and one city in
development in moderate to high risk areas. While a Provincial Environment Code has been
passed in 2011, its implementation has yet to be cascaded in the municipal and barangay
level.

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CHAPTER III

PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS & PERSPECTIVES

1. DEVELOPMENT VISION

“Kalinga as an agri industrialized and eco-tourism destination with empowered, self-

reliant and resilient communities proud of their cultural heritage living in a safe
environment.”

The vision statement serves as the driving force that moves the entire province and
stakeholders towards the achievement of the Kalinga’s shared development direction.
Presented is the province’s role in regional and national development as agro-industrialized
province and eco-tourism destination in CAR and the entire country as well. Agriculture and
eco-tourism potentials to be fully harnessed providing for a dynamic and vibrant provincial
economy.

2. MISSION STATEMENT:

To improve the quality of life of the Kalingas and make them resilient to
climate change and natural disasters by institutionalizing DRRM and CCA measures at
all levels.

3. DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES

3.2 Summary of Trends and Scenarios

The relationship among population, land use, and environment builds on the
perspective that social, cultural, and institutional factors play mediating roles. Population
growth and changes in lifestyle, consumption, institutions, and industrialization all contribute
to land use and climate change.

Human population growth influences long-term patterns of land use which is a major
force behind environmental changes. Since the household is a basic socio-economic unit and
each household occupies a specific land area, consumes natural resources, and produces
wastes, it is therefore essential to understand the effects of household dynamics on the
environment.

Household numbers have been increasing same as population size increases. This
implies that for every increase in the number of households it would mean additional space

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requirement for settlement and spaces for making a living. The demand for basic services
requires additional space for the needed facilities and utilities.

Settlement pattern in the province of Kalinga is influenced by two major factors: the
traditional lifestyle wherein people especially in the upland areas prefer to live in villages in
the mountainsides and along river banks, and the trend pattern which is being dictated by the
developmental scenario wherein population converge in areas along roads and intersections
and in areas where economic opportunities are abundant.

In urban areas like Tabuk, it is apparently observed that urban growth starts leading to
problems, such as, clustered settlements, conversion, traffic and environmental degradation.
In rural areas especially in the uplands where there is limited suitable space for living and
making a living, it is also noted that some settlements are located in unsuitable or risk areas
and are performing economic activities which may lead to the depletion of the natural
resources thereby causing the degradation of the environmental quality.

The province’s economy is basically resource-based, however, production is still very

low considering the total potentials of available resources. The low level of production is
due to the under-utilization of available resources and the low productiveness of the
resources that were put to productive use coupled with the inadequacy of investment
opportunities for industrialization.

Due to the unavailability of employment opportunities in the province, family income

is still insufficient to satisfy the basic needs of the family especially that Kalinga families are
composed of an average of eight individuals. Based on the latest Family Income &
Expenditure Surveys (FIES), poverty incidence in the province has worsened from 39.30 in
2000 to 45.80 in 2006 which placed the province of Kalinga 3 rd poorest province among the
other provinces in the region.

This situation gave a domino-effect to the social status or condition of the populace as
manifested in the vital social development indices such as health, nutrition, education and
social welfare.

Along with the problems on economic and social development is the problem on
internal and external linkages. The flow of economic and social services is very much
affected by the inadequacy and inefficiency of transport and communication system to
include other infra support facilities.

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Another challenge that affects the daily dynamics of economic and social activities of
the people is the issue on peace and order as we know that economic growth flourish in a
peaceful and conducive environment.

Peace and order condition in the province is affected by the culture-related conflict,
insurgency, squatting and incidence of common crimes.

Another challenge that has to be responded in this plan is the inefficiency and
ineffectiveness of the government system. Generally, it is observed that there is
incompetency somewhere in the development processes and approaches of government in all
levels. Policy decisions and development interventions are observed to be disjointed and
uncoordinated because of conflict of priorities between and among decision and policy
makers, program implementers and the community people who are regarded as both the
subject and object of development.

Old-fashioned style of governance is still observed. The top down approach in

planning and program implementation does not promote the objective on people’s
empowerment. There are programs and projects that were downloaded to the communities
that are not responsive to the actual needs of the beneficiaries the reason why these programs
did not show a significant impact on the quality of life the people.

Some institutions and functionaries are incapable to implement plans and programs
due to limited funds. The province is very much dependent from the national government
thru the IRA in financing its development programs, which made plan implementation slow
and difficult. This problem is aggravated by the lack of dedication and willpower of some
functionaries to adhere to the development plan as basis project implementation, resource
generation and allocation.

4. DEVELOPMENT GOALS

4.1 Enhanced Economic and Social Development

The goal of every development is the human being or an empowered people having
met their minimum basic needs (MBN) in terms of security, survival and enabling.

The basic sectors and disadvantaged groups shall be provided with greater access to
social services to uplift their economic lives. On the macro level is the reduction of the
poverty incidence in the province.

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The province’s economy is characterized by competitive and highly marketable

agricultural production and growth in rural industries supported by an effective marketing
system and infrastructure facilities. Investments in high value crops production and tourism
shall be pursued to boost employment.

4.2 Environmental Quality & Sustainable Use of Resources

To restore/regain ecological balance, the province will pursue sustainable utilization

of natural resources and protect watershed/ protection areas. This also pertains to proper
location, size and intensity of the built environment to maintain the carrying capacity and
ecological functions of the natural environment and to manage development interventions
leaving an undiminished if not enhanced stock of natural resources for future generations.

4.3 Reduced adverse impacts and damages due to climate change and natural calamities

This will be realized through the creation of community awareness on climate change
and for the local government to institutionalize disaster risk reduction & management and
climate change adaptation measures at the community level.

4.4 Physical Integration

To ensure efficient internal and external circulation and flow of goods and services in
terms of transport and communication system, all municipalities shall be connected and
linked to the capital town and all barangays shall be reachable by all-weather road and
communication facilities.

4.5 Stable Peace and Order Situation

To provide a conducive environment for socio-economic activities, contain the

prevalence of tribal related conflicts among bodong-practicing villages; aggressively address
the occurrences of common crimes including drug-related problems and suppress insurgency
in the province. Overall, for the pillars of justice to be efficiently and effectively working
together.

4.6 Functional and Efficient Institutional Structures

The central goal is good local governance. This aims to enhance efficiency and
effectiveness in development administration and management at all levels by establishing a
constant communication and coordination system for the harmonization and synchronization
of plans and priorities.

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It also aims to enhance revenue generation in order to implement unfunded programs

and projects in the Development Investment Plan. Facilities and other services of the
provincial government shall be operationalized as economic enterprises for additional income
and better management.

5. DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES AND STRATEGIES

The province shall adopt the following development approaches that are mutually
reinforcing with each other in order to realize the above stated development goals.

5.1 Socio-Economic Development Strategies

5.1.1 Social preparation - Building a strong and vibrant Kalinga society is the ultimate
direction. There is need to empower the people culturally, socially and economically.
Effective and efficient governance at all levels, free economic enterprises taking place, the
civil society actively involved in the democratic processes of governance. The five pillars of
justice working effectively and efficiently. There is the need for mobilizing the people to
rally behind the development agenda of the province. Parallel to this approach is the
preservation and enhancement of the indigenous knowledge, systems and practices of the
people. The creation community awareness on disaster risk reduction and climate change
adaptation will also be considered under this concern.

5.1.2 Resource development/wealth creation - The development process of the province

requires that the wealth of its natural resources be harnessed for economic activities.
However, this should be done in the context of preserving and sustaining the environment for
the future generations of Kalinga. Development opportunities and potentials of the province
in tourism, agriculture, forestry, minerals shall be harnessed and developed and its uses are
maximized. Necessary physical facilities and integrated support services shall be provided
for the development of these resources.

5.1.3 Income and revenue generation - The people shall be afforded with: a. Employment
and livelihood opportunities. b. Conducive climate for business to flourish. c. Improvement
in production in terms of quantity and quality in all crops. d. Promotion and Marketing of
products. At the same time, the provincial government and component LGUs shall
vigorously undertake local revenue generation and not only dependent on the IRA share in
the implementation of its development programs. Fund sourcing from local and foreign
financial institutions shall be pursued. Cadastral surveys and tax mapping shall be undertaken
to update taxable lands.

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5.2 Spatial Development Strategies

In the development process, we pursue the concept of inclusive development

following the best alternative use on the province’s natural resources. This will be
operationalized under a provincial zonification approach wherein three development zones
are identified based on their specialized roles and functions and siting of infrastructure and
settlements away from disaster and climate change risk areas.

5.2.1 Primary Urban Growth Areas – The main growth service center is the city of Tabuk
being the provincial capital and concentration of population. This area shall be the center of
government services, commercial and trading activities, learning institutions, tertiary health
services, processing, product promotion and marketing and recreational services. The
municipalities of Rizal and Pinukpuk are categorized as secondary growth service centers
considering their proximity to Tuguegarao City and lower Cagayan province. These areas are
also identified for settlement expansion. Lubuagan shall be the tertiary growth center and will
also serve as tourism service center for Tinglayan, Pasil & Balbalan considering its strategic
location.

5.2.2 Production Areas - These are areas delineated to provide sustainable supply of
resources for the industry sector. Major agricultural crops like rice and corn will still be at
Tabuk and Rizal. Coffee, banana, legumes, unoy rice, rattan, timber, bamboo, citrus, root
crops, sugar cane and other high value crops will be produced in all the municipalities
including Tabuk City. Pasil and Balbalan are specifically identified for mineral resource
production and geothermal exploration. Mini/micro hydro plants for power and energy
development shall take place at identified areas of Balbalan, Pasil, Tinglayan, Tanudan,
Lubuagan, Pinukpuk and Tabuk.

5.2.3 Protection and/or Resource Areas -These are areas identified and delineated for
watersheds that must be protected and preserved. 87% of the total Chico River Watershed is
in Kalinga and the province is hosts to seven big tributary rivers to the Chico River. This puts
Kalinga a significant role in the CAR’s function as watershed cradle of the north. Included
here are NIPAs, hazardous areas, and other protected areas such as the Balbalasang National
Park, the Maling Sub-terranean River, Sleeping Beauty Mountain, Silent Mountain of
Binaratan, and fault line areas at Tinglayan, Pasil, Tabuk and Balbalan. In addition are Non-
NIPAs which are the second growth forests. Within these protected areas, however, are spots
of production areas especially for forest products, minerals and high value crops. Very
significant in this approach is the concern of the indigenous peoples for the recognition of
their rights to their ancestral lands and domains. These people are living within these
protected areas and it is important to empower them in the proper and best utilization of the
resources found therein.

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CHAPTER IV

DEVELOPMENT ISSUES, GOALS, OBJECTIVES & TARGETS

1. DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

1.1 Deteriorating quality and diminishing quantity of physical resources

Only 35.39 percent of the total land area of Kalinga is forested or 24.64 percent
below the recommended land balance ratio of 60 percent forest and 40 percent other uses.
This problem signifies stress on the environment. These are due to forest destruction,
indiscriminate cutting of trees or timber pouching, kaingin or the slash and burn method of
agriculture, excessive fuel wood gathering and encroachment of settlements to protected
areas.

Degradation of water resources is another factor. The Chico River which is the main
source of irrigation is polluted due to improper waste disposal at the upper stream. River
siltation is prevalent along the Chico River as a consequence to the boom in the construction
industry and soil erosions due to poor forest protection and management programs.
Unregulated extraction of sand and gravel and quarrying are rampant. Another contributory
factor is the non-implementation of the Solid Waste Management Act by the municipal
governments. Most people dispose their garbage along river banks or elsewhere that
contaminates waterways and causes water and air pollution. There are also the effects of
piggery and poultry operations as well as excessive use of pesticides in agricultural farms.

There are also unregulated extraction of mineral resources in the municipalities of

Pasil and Balbalan wherein the people are engaged in small scale mining. These people cut
trees for their mining activities which cause depletion of the forest cover. Likewise, the
improper disposal of waste from their mining activities affects not only fresh water resources
but also the health of the people.

Pollution of water resources are evident especially the Chico River and other
tributaries due to irresponsible dumping of waste and illegal fishing. There is also the
potential problem on air pollution due to smoke belching, burning of wastes and the
operation of rice mills within urban areas.

1.2 Slow paced economic growth

The province manifested a marginal increase in the agricultural crop production,

however, it is still considered low in terms of yield per hectare as compared to its

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neighboring provinces. Thus, its comparative advantage specifically of being a quality rice
and coffee producer and exporter was not at its optimum.

Contributing to the low yield of production are the absence of aggressive promotion
and the linkage between technology and the beneficiaries and to some extent the inefficiency
of some agricultural technicians. There is inadequate know-how skills as well as poor access
to technical support coupled with the low acceptance and indifference of farmers to adopt the
technologies which may be due to customs and traditions and financial capability. There is
also that inadequacy of well-equipped demonstration centers for effective technology.

Low agricultural production can be also attributed to the impact of abrupt changes in
temperature and rainfall pattern which directly impact on the growth of plants and animals.
These impacts of climate change include incidence or outbreak of diseases and
shortage/excess of water supply in the production areas. It is also noted that most farmers are
at lost due to crop damages during incidence of typhoons. This situation is aggravated by the
destruction of irrigation facilities and farm to market roads as reported during the past years
of which some were not yet rehabilitated due to lack of funds.

Except for vegetable, there are surpluses in rice, corn, fruits, legumes, root crops and
coffee. These crops can compete in the market in terms of quality. But despite the gross
surpluses, the amount of surplus is not enough to make the province an exporter because the
production could not yet meet the quota required in terms of production and packaging in
order to qualify the product in the competitive market.

While there are available potential inland bodies of water for fish production, the
fishery sector was not given priority attention in terms of financial support. The lack of skills
on proper fishpond management also contributed to the under development of fishery
resources in the province.

On livestock and poultry, the prevalence of pest and disease is due to inadequate
animal quarantine checkpoints that would prevent the entry of infected animals and by
products in the province.

The absence of agro-processing industries, inadequate technology on product

packaging and lack of appropriate post-harvest facilities makes the agricultural products/raw
materials being transported outside the province and further resulting to low level of
processing especially on corn and coffee. Investment opportunities in the province are
limited due to the high cost of doing business coupled with the negative perception on peace
and order situation.

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Also, there is an inadequate interventions to enhance entrepreneurial skills to

encourage the farmers to compete in the market leaving them being manipulated by the
middlemen where they could not command a good price for their agricultural produce.
Agri-infrastructure support like farm to market access, irrigation and market facilities
are still inadequate. These facilities if adequately available will surely boost the agricultural
development in the province.

The province is also endowed with mineral and tourism potentials which up to now
still remained untapped and undeveloped.

1.3 Inadequate and inefficient circulation and access

Along with the problems on economic and social development is the problem on
internal and external linkages. The flow of economic and social services is very much
affected by the inadequacy and inefficiency of transport and communication system to
include other infra-support facilities.

Road linkages is still very much inadequate as shown by the road density of .36
kms./sq. km. of the land area which means that the ratio of .36 road kilometerage to surface
area of 1 sq. km. is still behind in providing the road network requirement of the province
based on the standard rural road requirement of 1.5 kms./sq. km. of arable land.

Added to this inadequacy is the vulnerability of most major trunk lines to landslide
which makes them inaccessible during incidence of heavy rainfall. Based on the hazard map
from the MGB, it was noted that 160 kilometers or 36% of the total national and provincial
roads are prone to landslide particularly those located in Balbalan, Tinglayan, Pasil and
Tinglayan. Likewise, data from the PHILVOCS would reveal that most of the major roads
are also traversed by fault lines which mean that these roads will be affected in case there is
earthquake.

External transport linkages to other provinces like Abra, Apayao and Mt. Province are
still in bad condition. Internal road linkages within the province are still much to be desired.

There are no other communication networks within the province except for areas
reached by the globe and smart signals.

1.4 Low levels of social development

Social development in the province is still considered low as manifested by the major
social indices like health & nutrition, education and social welfare. This could be attributed

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to the high incidence of poverty which stood at 45.80 in 2006. The high poverty incidence
stemmed from the limited economic activities and inadequacy of support programs and
services especially in the remote barangays.

1.4.1 Health and Nutrition

Health services is still considered poor as manifested by the vital health indices.
Crude birth rate and crude death rates are increasing and still considered high at 19.31 and
3.13 respectively. Though maternal and child situation improved, magnitude is still high at 8
and 27 registered maternal and infant deaths. Aside, malnutrition among preschoolers still
remains a health concern with a high rate at 8.38 or a total 2, 232 preschoolers that are
combined very low and low below normal weight.
On the other hand, pneumonia which is preventable persists to be among the top five
causes on infant, under five deaths and leading causes of diseases with rates of 63.45, 16.19
1nd 43.55 in that order. Likewise water-borne and sanitation related disease and lifestyle and
or degenerated diseases are also in the list of the leading causes of illnesses in the province.
Sanitation situation is still considered poor as almost ½ (47%) or 6,648 households
have no basic sanitary facilities (sanitary toilet and garbage disposal). Despite the high
proportion of households with access to safe water, still 4.43% or 1,602 households draw
their water supply from doubtful sources like rivers and streams.
While it was noted that the overall vulnerability of the health sector in relation to the
impact of climate change is generally low in all the municipalities in the province, there is
a need to sustain the present interventions that is being implemented by concerned agencies
most especially on the preventive measures to include environmental sanitation and
community awareness on proper health care.
1.4.2 Education Services
The province exhibits a high literacy rate of 87.69, however education performance
show that education quality is still considered low. Cohort survival rate was recorded at 59
and 56 in elementary and secondary respectively. This denotes that only 56 for every 100
who entered First Year have completed the secondary [Link]-out in secondary is
also high at 5percent. Based on education planning service standard, Kalinga is adequate on
teacher and clasroom requirements but some public schools in urban areas like Tabuk have
big classes accommodating as high as 70 students in a class. In addition, many schools still
lack support facilities like libraries and information technology equipment.
1.4.3 Housing
In terms of housing, the province has a housing backlog of 344 in 2000 based on the
standard ratio of one dwelling unit for every household. Also, 18.61% or 5,603 occupied
housing units need major repair aside form the 166 (0.55%) dilapidated and condemned ones.

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1.4.4 Peace and Security

Kalinga is at better state in terms of peace and security compared to other provinces
of the Cordillera Administrative Region. This is demonstrated on index and non index crime
rates of 21 and 20.5 consecutively. Only there is difficulty in access to peace and security
services in
flung barangays which is mainly due to topography coupled with the inadequacy and /or
poor road conditions.

1.4.5 Gender and Development Concerns

Organization-Focused
R.A. No. 7192 and Executive Order (E.O.) No. 273 mandate agencies, including
LGUs to institutionalize GAD in government by incorporating the GAD concerns in their
planning, programming and budgeting process but despite this mandate there are still gender
issues and concerns that seemed have not yet been addressed.. This is because of the
difficulty to generate and establish a sex disaggregated data base as basis in coming out with
a comprehensive analysis on Gender and Development.
The absence of this information is actually the main reason which caused the failure
of some LGUs/stakeholders to mainstream and institutionalize gad concerns, problems/issues
into their respective plans and budgets.
Aside, some stakeholders/service providers are not yet gender sensitive. More so,
some offices/workplaces are not yet gender-friendly in terms of facilities as revealed by the
non-observance of a separate comfort and/ or dressing rooms for men and women, no
breastfeeding room for nursing employees, child minding center, conjugal private room for
prisoners, absence of fully equipped crises center for women and children, separate
investigation room for women and children.
It has also been observed that there is limited representation of women in existing
special bodies to include peace advocates/mediators and student councils.
Client-focused
As of April 2009 data, unemployment rate among females at 12.5 is higher than that
of male which is 6.3. This is attributed to the limited skills among women to engage in
income generating projects coupled with the stringent requirements of lending institutions.
Multiple roles among women still prevail in the locality despite the continuing efforts
on the promotion of gender equality especially the concept of shared responsibility in
household management and in the entire development process.

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In Kalinga most women are still confined to household chores and other extension
jobs like farming that in most cases are reasons on the low participation/representation of
women in decision making and community development resulting further to low self-esteem.
The 2009 state of the local government report of Kalinga revealed that various forms
of violence against women exist in the province which includes two (2) children engaged in
prostitution, one maltreated and one rape victim.

Health statistics in 2009 reveal that there were more deaths among men than women
which recorded 435 and 298 respectively. Most of the recorded causes of deaths among men
are related to lifestyle diseases such as cardio vascular diseases, cancer, hypertension, renal
failure and /or kidney diseases. Death due to gunshot wounds is one of the top leading causes
of death. However, of the total deaths on women, eight were related to child births.
Contributory factor to this is the low compliance to either prenatal (AP) or post natal (PP)
care. Only 50.2% of the pregnant mothers visited the health facilities for at least twice during
their pregnancy while 68% post-partum women had only one visit after giving birth. For the
succeeding visits, they rather use their time for any labor to augment the family’s daily
needs.
The proportion of literates was higher among males (88.41) than for females (86.92
percent). This could be attributed by the Kalinga culture that men are the bread winner of the
family thus men are given priority to pursue education.
1.5 Disaster and climate change threat and impact on spatial development:

1.5.1 Settlement/Built-up areas

1. Heavy rains in many areas will create flooding affecting economic activities,
damages to physical assets and even fatalities, injuries and illnesses.
2. Decrease in rainfall will result to water shortage for domestic purposes especially
in urban areas
3. Drainage problem during heavy rains especially in lower parts of Tabuk City and
Rizal
4. Settlements constructed within slide, flood prone and along road right of ways are
prone to accidents
1.5.2 Production Areas
1. Incidence of pest and diseases due to changes in temperature and rainfall
2. Reduction in rainfall during the summer season will result in water
shortage/scarcity of irrigation water
3. Changes in temperature and rainfall intensity, frequency and distribution will
affect the growth and yield of climate sensitive crops and fruit trees.
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4. Floods and strong winds brought by typhoons will damage crops and affect
their production
5. Drought will seriously affect crop production while heat stress will increase
mortality of poultry and livestock.
6. Changes in temperature and rainfall will trigger the spread of pests and
diseases of both plants and animals.

1.6 Need to improve development administration and management

This concern covers the following specific issues:

1.6.1 Poor Revenue Generation

The province has a very limited revenue base and is very much dependent on its IRA
share to implement its development programs. Record shows that for the past four years, 95
percent of the total income comes from IRA and only five percent is generated from local
source. The tax code is adopted and is operationalized but not strictly enforced. Comparing
the potential source of income versus the actual collections, it is generally low. Real property
taxes are low compared to the volume of real property assessment. Sand and gravel and other
quarry resources are not strictly monitored and taxed. Businesses are not properly
documented and monitored for taxation purposes. There are untapped tourism potentials as
sources of income. Fund sourcing is another area that the province must pursue specially to
fund projects requiring big budgets.

There is lack and weak enforcement of necessary laws, policies and ordinances to
enable and backed-up collections of all sources. The Provincial Revenue Code has been
adopted but not yet fully operationalized and enforced to effect proper charges/fees and
collection programs. The Provincial Environment Code has yet to be adopted as bases in the
collection of fees and charges in the extraction and utilization of quarry and other natural
resources. The Provincial Tourism Code is still on the process of amendment. This is
supposed to be for the management and administration of tourism potentials not only for tax
purposes but for the promotion of industry. The Administrative Code is yet to be prepared to
govern accountable officers and improve the performance of collecting officers. There are
established standard systems and procedures however, they are not properly implemented
and enforced.

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1.6.2 Non-Adherence to Approved Local Development Investments Plans and Budgets.

Planning and budgeting have been institutionalized in the province. They follow very
long rigorous and tedious process of prioritization by the different sectors. The present
practice however, deviate priorities from approved investment plans that at the end of the
planning period, assessment shows a very minimal accomplishments. Projects or programs of
greater economic impacts are sacrificed through re-alignments for reasons of lack of funds
and for political priorities. Walk-in resolutions are still prevalent and are being
accommodated due to political indebtedness. Supplemental budgeting does not follow the
normal planning process.

1.6.3 The Need to Enhance Efficiency and Effectiveness in Public Institutions.

There are structural flaws in the existing organization set up that affect the
performance of employees; hence great need to effect organizational re-structuring and re-
engineering of the province. Some offices are over-staffed while others are undermanned.
There are also structural flaws in the existing organization set up that affect the performance
of employees coupled with inadequate training, improper placement and attitudinal
differences.

There is also the existence of cultures and traditions which have an effect in the
kalinga way of life that has to be integrated to the formal system.

Information technology development is another area of concern. There were

initiatives in the past to install and establish the e-LGU to improve data banking in real

property assessment and tax collection; the e-Community Center to provide information
access for the public within and outside the province, the same did not prosper because the
education and training needed were not sustained.

Vertical and horizontal networking in all levels of government must be vigorously

pursued for convergence of programs and resources.

The province has a very limited revenue base and is very much dependent on its IRA
share to implement its development programs. Record shows that for the past four years, 95
percent of the total income comes from IRA and only five percent is generated from local
source. The tax code is adopted and is operationalized but not strictly enforced. Comparing
the potential source of income versus the actual collections, it is generally low. Real property
taxes are low compared to the volume of real property assessment. Sand and gravel and other

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quarry resources are not strictly monitored and taxed. Businesses are not properly
documented and monitored for taxation purposes. There are untapped tourism potentials as
sources of income. Fund sourcing is another area that the province must pursue specially to
fund projects requiring big budgets.

1.7 Slow Recognition of Ancestral Domains/Lands of Indigenous Peoples of Kalinga.

Ninety five (95) percent of the entire population of the province are Indigenous
peoples and occupy the majority portion of the entire land area of the province. Up to this
time these IPs are squatters in the land they are occupying. They are only given a declaration
paper for the use of land but no document of ownership of their lands.

Another challenge that affects the daily dynamics of economic and social activities of
the people is the issue on peace and order as we know that economic growth flourish in a
peaceful and conducive environment.

Peace and order condition in the province is affected by the culture-related conflict,
insurgency, squatting and incidence of common crimes.

1.8 Need to strengthen Institutional Capacity on Climate Change Adaption and

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

While the province has already organized its Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (PDRRMC) and was able to procure some support equipments and
rescue facilities, there is a need to strengthen coordination and collaboration among the
various stakeholders in order to maximize efforts and facilitate implementation of
interventions related disaater preparedness, mitigation and rehabilitation measures.

On support policies, the province has enacted the Provincial Environment Code as a
major policy for environmental management however; its implementation at the municipal
and Barangay level has yet to be cascaded. The formulation of the Provincial Tourism Code
is also considered under this strategy inoder protect and safeguard the development of
potential tourism resources in the province.

There is also a need to fastrack the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate
change adaptation strategies, programs and zoning ordinances in the updating of
Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs) of 8 municipalities. As such, these zoning
ordinances should be strictly considered in the implementation of development projects in
moderate to high risk areas.

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2 DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS

2.1 Sustainable and proper use of land and resources

Specific Objectives:
1. To protect existing settlements from hazards
2. To restrict population movements to unsuitable areas
3. To address the concerns of local communities/IPs over tenure and access
to resources.

2.2 Improved environmental quality & sustainable supply of natural physical

resources.

Specific Objectives:
1. To restore the provincial land balance ratio to standard level (60-forest, 40
other land uses.)
2. To restore quality of water bodies to standard level
3. To maintain air quality

2.3 Reduced adverse impacts damages due to climate change and natural calamities

Specific Objectives:
1. To establish communities resilient to calamities and climate change
2. To institutionalize policies and measures for the implementation of
disaster risk reduction and preparedness

2.4 Accelerated economic growth with diversified sources

Specific Objectives:
1. To increase productivity levels in all productive sectors
2. To increase market share of local products & services
3. To improve agricultural-infra support and services facilities
4. To create a conducive environment for investment promotion
5. To develop and improve eco-tourism potentials/programs
6. To develop & mobilize idle lands for production
7. To increase viability of cooperatives

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2.5 Efficient internal & external linkages/access

Specific Objectives:
1. To improve internal and external transportation linkage
2. To provide and develop internal and external communication system

2.6 Improved levels of social development

Specific Objectives:
1. To improve health and nutritional status of populace
2. To improve education performance in all levels
3. To increase access to social services
4. To provide equal opportunities to men and women in all aspects of life
5. To increase family income
6. Stable peace and order and
7. Improved disaster risk and management system

2.7 Good Governance

Specific Objectives:
1. To harmonize planning, investment programming, budgeting and
expenditure management
2. To improve efficiency & effectiveness of all functionaries & strengthen
their inter relationships
3. Increase local revenues

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CHAPTER V

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, PROGRAMS, PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES

1. SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

2.1 Intensification, diversification and integration of agricultural production

The low levels of agricultural productivity shall be addressed by increasing the

production yields per hectare through the promotion of sustainable technologies on farming
practices such as multi-cropping, contour farming, multi-layer cropping or establishment
of hedge rows of close growing crops, and composting of warm waste and residues. The
adaption of these sustainable farming practices will not only increase production but will also
help arrest soil degradation and erosion especially for sloping areas.

This strategy also involves the expansion of production areas with the provision of
resource multipliers such as irrigation, farm to market roads and other infra support facilities.
Where it is applicable, Small Water Impounding Project (SWIP) and Small Farm Reservoirs
(SFR) will be established to provide irrigation water for agricultural production especially in
times of drought.

The province shall also aggressively promote the diversification of its agricultural
products into high value crops with potentials for processing. Likewise, efforts towards the
establishment of more agri-processing activities shall be pursued for value addition and to
generate employment opportunities.

1.3 Institutionalization of crop insurance system as an important risk sharing

mechanism and to implement weather based insurance system

This is the ability to respond to the crop losses due to extreme weather events
attributed either to drought/lack of rain or excess of moisture/rainfall which are common
phenomenon in agriculture.

Crop insurance system shall be institutionalized and financed as public-private

partnership between the government, farmers and insurance industry. Government to provide
legal framework defining agricultural insurance as part of local agricultural policy,
co-financing the risk premium and administrative costs, risk carrier for catastrophic losses.
Farmers: financing part of the risk (insurance premium), retaining part of the risk in form of a
deductible or as a basis risk and applying site-specific and sustainable production methods

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and techniques in order to minimize production risks and for the Insurance industry as
risk carrier, marketing and administration of insurance policies, portfolio and product
development, loss adjustment.

1.4 Development, Protection and Conservation of the Environment and Resources

A critical factor in the development of the province is water and its availability is
determined by the presence of trees in the forests. This strategy shall address the need to
preserve the existing forest cover and provide for an aggressive reforestation of denuded
areas.

This strategy also aims to establish new plantations of productive species on all
suitable forestry sites in the province. In view of the increasing frequency of extreme
phenomena, the shallow-rooted species shall be replaced by fast-growing, more resilient,
deeply rooted genotypes.

There is also a need to build linkages with peoples’ organizations similarly concerned
with environmental management, protection and development. Establishing alliances and
linkages with them will fortify the position of the people against the wanton destruction of
their natural resources base.

Critical to the strategy is the level of awareness of the vulnerable sectors on their role
on environmental protection and conservation. Educating them on their responsibility in
preserving the environment becomes important, it being an integral part of their way of life.
This can be pursued by using indigenous know-how alongside modern methods.

Responsible and judicious exploration and development of mineral, quarry and

renewable energy resources must be given a great deal. The IPRA provision of Free, Prior
and Informed Consent (FPIC) should always be followed in all development initiatives
relative to minerals, quarry and energy resources. Consultations in all government levels
should also be done and mitigation measures relative negative effects of mining should be in
place.

Provision of policies restricting settlement migration to watershed, protected and

hazardous areas must be strictly enforced.

1.5 Development of the identified urban growth centers

Aside from the City of Tabuk as the primary growth center, the municipalities of
Rizal and Pinukpuk should also be developed as secondary growth centers. This will promote
dispersal of settlements and economic activities that are at present concentrated in Tabuk
City.

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1.6 Expand, intensify and strengthen the delivery of basic social services
The province shall broaden the scope of the delivery of social services especially to
the marginalized sectors of the province and to the underserved or poorly served areas. This
shall include the provision and upgrading of the required social support services and
facilities. These can be materialized by the following initiatives:
1. Advocacy and social mobilization. Public information is the best tool in letting the
authorities listen to people and let people listen to other people. Through this
approach, commitment and support from leaders could be generated as well as
motivates people involvement in community development.
2. Collaboration of efforts between and among all stakeholders to include government
entities, community based organizations, the community people, funding institutions
from planning, programming to monitoring and evaluation;
3. Optimum utilization of resources both financial and manpower through convergence
policy approach;
4. Provision of livelihood opportunities and creating job networks;
5. Gender mainstreaming and institutionalization;
6. Strengthening of the LGU capabilities on disaster management; and
7. Integrate disaster risk reduction into the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and
land use planning in all levels of local government units
1.7 Development and Promotion of Eco-Tourism Destination
This strategy will take off with the identification and packaging of potential tourism
products or destinations in coordination with the concerned community and local government
unit and with technical guidance from the DOT. In order to ensure regulations for the
development and promotion of tourism products, the province will also consider the
formulation and implementation of a tourism code. Likewise, IEC and advocacy activities
will be undertaken to create community awareness.
1.8 Enhancement of people’s capability for local governance and development.
This strategy includes a capacity building for LGUs and promotion of people’s
participation in development planning and management. It also involves the improvements
on local revenue generation. Likewise, emphasis must be given to the mandatory preparation
and implementation of Municipal/City DRR/CCA enhanced CLUP/ZO in order to realize the
policies and strategies indicated in this document.
1.9 Preservation of the Indigenous Cultural heritage
The traditional culture of the kalingas shall be preserved and enhanced not only
through the process of mainstreaming this culture in all aspect of local governance and
development, but also through its codification.
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2. SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

2.1 Provision and improvement of Infrastructure Facilities and Utilities

To hasten the socio-economic growth of the province will continue to give priority
attention and invest massively on the expansion and improvement of high impact physical
infrastructures like roads and bridges, energization and communication development
projects.

Physical integration of all the barangays into the major road network, interconnection
of all the municipalities within the province and the province with its neighboring provinces
in CAR and other regions shall be one of the major concerns.

Stabilize road banks through engineering and vegetative methods and improve
drainage facilities

3. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS/PROJECTS

The overarching development program under the plan is “Project Pumiyaan”- a

poverty reduction program that aims to lead the province to graduate from the club of 20
poorest provinces in the country. It is a convergence approach in the delivery of services and
resources at the same time an approach in the prioritization of investment programming and
budgeting.

3.1 Agricultural Productivity Development

This program aims to enhance production and productivity level of resource-based

products of the province. It involves enhancement of agricultural extension services,
marketing system and provision of adequate and efficient agri-infra support facilities.
Specific programs include the following:
1. Crop Production
2. Livestock Production
3. Fishery Production
4. Cooperative Development

5. Agri-infra Support Facilities

6. Crop Insurance coverage

3.2 Environment Protection and Natural Resources Development

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This program involves community-based forest management, watershed protection,

flood control, water management, and natural resource management.
1. Reforestation
2. Forest management
3. Watershed development
4. Mineral Resources Development
5. Waste Management

3.3 Human Resource Development

These are programs that cater to the delivery of the following services: health and
nutrition, education, social welfare services, water and sanitation and public employment
services. It includes the provision of adequate social infra facilities and gender and
development.

1. Health and Nutrition

2. Education
3. Social welfare
4. Gender and Development

3.4 Eco-Tourism and Cultural Development

This involves development of potential physical tourist attractions, promotion and

marketing, and provision of infra support facilities/services. The rich cultural heritage of the
province shall be harnessed for development purposes. Existing tourism activities like the
white water rafting, kayaking and trekking shall be strengthened.

1. Development of Tourist Attractions and Facilities

2. Cultural Enhancement
3. Promotion and Marketing

3.5 Resource-based Industry Development

Strengthening the One-Town-One-Product (OTOP) program and development of
rural industries like SMEs shall take place simultaneously with product development,
promotion and marketing
.
1. Product Development
2. Promotion and Marketing
3. Technology and Livelihood Development Program
4.

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3.6 Public Order and Safety

These are programs to provide a conducive environment for economic activities,

social services and other endeavors to take place. It includes the prevention and management
of common crimes, tribal related conflicts, juvenile delinquency, insurgency, drugs, squatting
and disasters and calamities. The five pillars of justice are working effectively and
efficiently.

1. Crime Prevention
2. Anti-Insurgency
3. Bodong Enhancement Program
4. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

3.7 Infrastructure Development

Physical integration is the primarily aim of this program to ensure efficient internal
and external transportation and communication linkages.

1. Roads and Bridges

2. Communication development

3.8 Institutional Development

This program includes revenue generation and fiscal management, capability building
in development administration, data and information management and monitoring a\nd
evaluation, organizational development and institutional infrastructures support.

1. Oganizational Development
2. Revenue Generation and Fiscal Management
3. Planning and Budgeting
4. Data Information Management System
5. Local Economic Enterprise
6. Networking and Linkaging

3.9 Power and Energy Development

The development of non-conventional sources of energy shall be pursued. Expansion
of power lines to un-energized areas and upgrading of existing distribution lines to respond to
the increasing demand for energy. In the long term is the establishment of a local power
corporation.

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1. Mini and Micro hydro Development

2. Rural Electrification
3. Non-Conventional Energy Development

3.10 Livelihood and Technology Development Program.

The center of information for livelihood and technology programs shall be the
KTLDC. It will cater for livelihood assistance in terms of trainings and financial assistance;
product development and promotion, and marketing. This will include networking and
linkaging with national line agencies and offices involved in livelihood programs.

3.11 Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Management Programs

This aims to strengthen institutional capacities of local disaster management systems
in the province and reduce the vulnerability of at risk communities and minimize the loss of
life, injury, human suffering and damage to property caused by natural disasters.
Proposed interventions will include the following activities on Prevention and
Mitigation, Preparedness, Relief and Response and Rehabilitation and Recovery
3.11.1 Prevention and Mitigation
1. Conduct of risk assessment, vulnerability analysis, and other science-based
technology and methodology to enhance MLGU ecological profile, sectoral studies
and mainstream Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Activities/Climate
Change Adaptation in Comprehensive Land Use Program (CLUP) and
Comprehensive Development Program (CDP) of 11 municipalities;
2. Consolidation, evaluation and integration of CBMS results (CCA part) into the
hazard maps and DRRM/CCA monitoring & evaluation system of the MLGUs;
3. Capability building (train, equip, organize, provide funding, sustain) on
mainstreaming DRRM/CCA in development planning, investment
programming/financing, and project evaluation and development;
4. Review and integrate DRRM/CCA into various environmental policies/local
ordinances, sectoral plans, programs and projects;
5. Conduct of vulnerability analysis and risk assessment for critical facilities and
infrastructure at the municipality and barangay levels; and
6. Construction of mini-dams or embankments that will reduce/mitigate flood risks;
7. Encourage LGU to consider preparation of Local Shelter Plan to address housing
needs due to population growth displaced household due to hazards and calamities.

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3.11.2 Preparedness

1. Conduct trainings on disaster preparedness and response, search, rescue and

retrieval operations;
2. Conduct simulation exercises at various levels to test plans and skills;
3. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign and information
sharing between LGUs/communities and the national government;
4. Development of standard operations manual for provincial and municipal disaster
operation centers;
5. Development and implementation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for
deployment, evacuation and coordination with rapid assessment teams;
6. Development and institutionalization of Early Warning System (EWS);
7. Development and conduct of regular review of contingency plans; and
8. Stockpiling and pre-positioning of basic emergency supplies.

3.11.3 Relief and Response

1. Provision of alternative livelihood relief or assistance to victims of disasters;

2. Provision of tents and other temporary shelter facilities;
3. Provision of food subsistence or relief goods to disaster victims; and
4. Emergency operations and Damage and Needs Assessment (DANA).

3.11.4 Rehabilitation and Recovery

1. Formulation of designs for the reconstruction of disaster-resilient houses and

facilities;
2. Construction/rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure and facilities and
construction and equipping of evacuation centers;
3. Conduct of trainings for social preparation of host communities and those that will
be relocated; and
4. Conduct of post conflict analysis and psycho-social rehabilitation to disaster
victims.

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Chapter I: Introduction

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