Mikhail Treister

Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in Scythia

Introduction

I am analysing the finds from well-dated complexes

1 2
of three categories. 1) From intact burials (central and side
catacombs of Great Ryzhanovka barrow; warrior burial no. 1
3
of the barrow no. 9 near the village of Peski [fig. 1] ) or
closed parts of burials, such as domestic niches (in a
northern wall of the Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila
4
[figs. 2-3] ). – 2) From caches made in the walls of
catacombs to hide the most precious objects (central burial of
5
the Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila (figs. 4-5) ,
6
secondary catacomb of Chmyreva Mogila [figs. 6-7] ). – 3) A
set of fifteen bronze vessels (fig. 8), found during operations
to extract peat near the village of Peschanoe in the valley of
7
the river Supoi, which may be considered as a boat cargo .

Fig. 1 - Warrior burial no. 1 of the barrow no. 9 near the village of Peski: 1-
silver bowl on a stand ring; 2 – silver situlae (after GREBENNIKOV 1987, 155,
fig. 5, 1. 3); 3, 4 – silver round-bottomed vessels (photograph, M. Treister);
5 – view of the burial (after: O.G. Shaposhnikova, Report 1972, Institute of
Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, Archive, inv.
6241, fig. 67). 1, 2 – lost; 3-4 – Kiev, Museum of Historical Treasures.

1
SKORYI 1998, 119–37; SKORII ET AL. 1999, 94–105; CHOCHOROWSKI, SKORYJ 2000, 105–22.
2
OSSOWSKI 1888; BOBRINSKII 1894, 138–47, pls. 16–9; CHOCHOROWSKI ET AL. 1996, 239–49.
3
GREBENNIKOV 1987, 152–6. Dated after the amphoras of Mende to ca. 330-310 BC: MONAKHOV 2003, 94, note 46; 295, pl. 65, 4–5; cf.
MONAKHOV 1999, 406: not earlier than 320-s BC.
4
BIDZILYA 1971, 47–8, fig. 2; CHARRIÈRE 1974, fig. 348; IL’INSKAYA, TERENOZHKIN 1983, 145; ROLLE 1989, 111, fig. 83. – Detailed
analysis, see TREISTER forthcoming.
5
BIDZILYA 1971, 49–55, figs. 5, 7; CHARRIÈRE 1974, fig. 349; IL’INSKAYA, TERENOZHKIN 1983, 145–6; ROLLE 1979: 1, 129, 131, no. 3, pl.
21; ROLLE 1979: 2, 20; ROLLE 1989, 57, 115, fig. 86.
6
VESELOVSKII 1910, 307–9; PHARMAKOWSKY 1910, 219–26, figs. 18–25; SCHEFOLD 1938, 29–30; ROLLE 1979: 1, 131, no. 1; ROLLE
1979: 2, 39; IL’INSKAYA, TERENOZHKIN 1983, 148; ALEKSEEV 1985, 33. – On the dating of the barrow to ca. 350-320 BC, see ALEKSEEV
1985, 34. – The detailed analysis of complex, see TREISTER 2009, 414–460.
7
GANINA 1970; FUCHS 1978, 113–5; PARZINGER 2007, 34–5, fig. 5.

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 M. Treister – Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in Scythia

Fig. 3 - Bronze vessels from the northern wall of the

Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila. Kiev, State
Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs, M.
Treister, 2004.
Fig. 2 - Domestic niche in the north wall of the
Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila: 1 –
view of the niche (after BIDZILYA 1971, 47, fig.
2); 2 – amphoras from the niche (after
MONAKHOV 1999, pls. 172-173).

Fig. 4 - Vessels from the cache of the central burial Fig. 5 - Vessels from the cache of the central burial of
of the Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila: 1 – the Northern catacomb of Gaimanova Mogila Kiev,
Analysis
view of theofcache
Various
(after Categories of Imported
ROLLE 1989, 115, fig. 86); Metalware State Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs,
general view of the finds (after BIDZILYA 1971, 50, M. Treister, 2007.
fig. 5).
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 XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008
Session: Tracia e Dacia

Fig. 6 - Silver vessels from the cache of Chmyreva Mogila. State Fig. 7 - Silver vessels from the cache of Chmyreva Mogila. State
Hermitage till 1932; Kharkov Museum, 1932-1941. Lost during Hermitage till 1932; Kharkov Museum, 1932-1941. Lost during
the World War II. 1-2, 4-6 - after the negatives, kept in the the World War II. Photographs after the negatives, kept in the
photoarchive, Institute of Material Culture, St. Petersburg; 3 – photoarchive, Institute of Material Culture, St. Petersburg.
after ONAIKO 1970, pl. XIV, no. 398.

The main categories of the imported bronze and silver vessels in Scythia under discussion are
situlae, kraters, hemispherical bowls on stand-rings, basins, braziers and oinochoai.

Situlae

8
A bronze kalathos situla from Gaimanova Mogila (fig. 3, 1 right) belongs to the rare variant of
9
kalathos situlae with concave body , of which only 5 pieces (fig. 9) were known before: one from Thrace
10 11 12
(Orizovo ), and four – from Macedonian tombs A and B at Derveni).
It is worth noting, that the find from Gaimanova Mogila is the only kalathos situla in Scythia, whereas
13
related bronze bell or ovoid situlae (fig. 10), the type which also widespread primarily in Macedonia and
14 th
Thrace in the second half of the 4 century BC, is represented by the fragmentary finds from

8
TREISTER 2006, 144, fig. 6.
9
See ZAHLHAAS 1971, 74–87 (type B); PFROMMER 1983, 251–52, fig. 9; ARCHIBALD 1998, 189–90, 275–76; BARR-SHARRAR 2000, 280–
81; BARR-SHARRAR 2002, 70–2; PELLEGRIS 2004, 359–60.
10
TSONCHEV 1948, 19, No. 1; 20, fig. 4; VENEDIKOV 1977, 99, No. 11; 80, fig. 31; ARCHIBALD 1998, 275–76, note 46; 329; BARR-
SHARRAR 2000, 280–81.
11
THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 33–4, nos. A48–A50, pls. 3; 35–7.
12
BARR-SHARRAR 1982, 130–31, fig. 16; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 73, no. B28, pls. 18, 78; BARR-SHARRAR 2008, 23, fig. 18.
13
See, e.g., Derveni: THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, pls. 111, ∆4, 6; 134, Z15; BARR-SHARRAR 2000, 282; Nikisiani, tomb A-Γ:
LAZARIDIS ET AL. 1992, 42–3, A 2580, fig. 14, pl. 27.
14
Vratsa: PAUNOV, TORBOV 2000, 167, fig. 3.

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M. Treister – Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in Scythia

Fig. 8 - Bronze vessels from Peschanoe. Kiev, National Museum of History of the Ukraine. 1 – photograph, M. Treister, 2007; 2 – after
PARZINGER 2007, 34, fig. 5.

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 XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008
Session: Tracia e Dacia

Fig. 9 - Map. Distribution of bronze kalathos situlae. M. Fig. 10 - Map. Distribution of bronze ovoid situlae. M. Treister,
Treister, 2008. 2008.

15 16 17
Karagodeuashkh (fig. 11, 3) , Tishkovo (fig. 11, 4) and Chertomlyk (fig. 11, 2) and a complete piece from
18
Peschanoe (fig. 11, 1) .
Also popular in Scythia (fig. 12) were bronze stamnoid situlae, with the spout decorated with a lion
19 20 21
head (type С, after G. Zahlhaas ), the finds of which originate from the central and side catacombs of
22
Great Ryzhanovka barrow, аs well as from Peschanoe (fig. 13) . All these situlae have almost identical
spouts shaped as lion’ heads. Very similar parallels to these may be found on the situlae of the same shape
23 24 25 26
from Derveni tombs A , B , Vergina tomb II (in silver) , Nikesiani grave E , tomb of the Northern cemetery
27 28
of Pydna , tomb no. 3 at Methone . Not only the spouts but also details of the shape of the both situlae
from Ryzhanovka barrow correspond with the finds from Macedonia. The handle attachment in the form of
the bust of the helmeted Athena on the situla from Peschanoe (fig. 13, 4) finds parallels (fig. 14) only on few
15
LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG 1894, 45, fig. 13; ONAIKO 1970, 21.
16
ONAIKO 1970, 115, no. 764, pl. XVII; SHEFTON 1994, 584, 592, no. 2; SKORYI 1998, 126.
17
ONAIKO 1970, 21, no. 408; ROLLE, MURZIN, ALEKSEEV 1998, 1: 150; ROLLE, MURZIN, ALEKSEEV 1998, 2–3: 27, no. 157, pl. 44, 2.
18
GANINA 1970, 48–50, 89–90, figs. 18, 46; Cat. SAN ANTONIO 1999, no. 87.
19
ZAHLHAAS 1971, 96–107; BARR-SHARRAR 1982, 129–30; PFROMMER 1983, 250–62; CANDELA 1985, 25–42; ZIMMERMANN 1998, 47–54.
20
SKORYI 1998, 125–6; SKORYI ET AL. 1999, 99; CHOCHOROWSKI, SKORYJ 2000, 107; SKORYI 2000, 123.
20
SKORYI 1999, 99; CHOCHOROWSKI, SKORYJ 2000, 107; SKORYI 2000, 123.
21
BOBRINSKII 1894, 141, 145–6, pl. XIX, 5–7; ONAIKO 1970, 115, no. 765, pl. 33; ZAHLHAAS 1971, 90, no. C7; SKORYI 1998, 125–126;
SKORYI 2000, 123.
22
GANINA 1970, 68–71, 90, figs. 19-22, 30; ZAHLHAAS 1971, 92, no. C18; BOUCHER 1973, 94–5, figs. 18-20; GANINA 1974, fig. 20; Cat.
NEW YORK 1975, no. 179; CANDELA 1985, 31, no. 43; 34, figs. 25–6; 42–3; Cat. SCHLESWIG 1991, no. 103f; Cat. VIENNA 1993, no. 65;
Cat. SAN ANTONIO 1999, no. 85.
23
ZAHLHAAS 1971, 89, no. C4; Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 57, no. 158; CANDELA 1985, 27, no. 2, fig. 1; 34; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU
1997, 33, no. A 2, pls. 2, 34; Cat. HANOVER 1994, 225, no. 262.
24
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 64, no. 212; CANDELA 1985, 27, no. 3; 34; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 73, no. B 29, pl. 79; Cat. NEW
YORK 2004, 79, no. 6.
25
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 52, no. 112; ANDRONICOS 1984, 146–7, figs. 104–5; CANDELA 1985, 27, no. 1; 34.
26
BOUCHER 1973, 91, 93, fig. 16; Cat. W ASHINGTON 1980, 161, no. 122, col. pl. 18; BARR-SHARRAR 1982, 129–30, fig. 14; LAZARIDIS ET
AL. 1992, 27, A1403, pl. A; Cat. HANOVER 1994, 241, no. 305.
27
BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 83A.
28
BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 83B.

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M. Treister – Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in Scythia

Fig. 12 - Map. Distribution of bronze stamnoid situlae. M.

Treister, 2008.

29
examples from Western Macedonia (Tsotylion ),
30 31
Thrace (Slavjane and the vicinities of Kazanlyk )
Fig. 11 - Bronze ovoid situlae: 1 – Peschanoe; 2 – Chertomlyk; 3 32
– Karagodeuashkh; 4 – Tishkovo. 1- Kiev, National Museum of
and allegedly from Dodona .
History of the Ukraine; 2-4 – St. Petersburg, State Hermitage. 1 – On this background distinguishes a silver
after Cat. SAN ANTONIO 1999, no. 87; 2 – after ROLLE, MURZIN, situla of the same shape with a spout, which is
ALEKSEEV 1998, pl. 44, 2; 3 – after LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG
1894, 45, fig. 13; 4 – after ONAIKO 1970, pl. XVII, no. 764. fixed with a lower attachment in the form of a leaf
and a support in the form of a bent rod, with a
handle on the opposite side of the body, found in the burial no. 1 of the barrow no. 9 near the village of Peski
33 th
(fig. 1, 3) . Bronze situlae with similarly shaped spout and handles originate from the first half of the 4
34 th
century BC grave II in Kozani, Macedonia and from the mid-4 century BC burial no. 166 of the Vitsa
35 36
necropolis in Epirus . These situlae belong to the earliest group of type C .

Kraters

37
Two similar bronze kraters originate from the central catacomb of Great Ryzhanovka barrow and
38
from Peschanoe (fig. 15) . Close parallels were found only in Macedonia and Thrace (fig. 16): in the tombs

29
ZAHLHAAS 1971, 92, no. C16; BOUCHER 1973, 91–2, fig. 14; PFROMMER 1983, 253; CANDELA 1985, 27, no. 4, fig. 20; 41; ZIMMERMANN
1998, 165, STM 13.
30
VENEDIKOV, GERASSIMOV 1973, pl. 109; CANDELA 1985, 30, no. 37; 42–3, figs. 27, 30.
31
VENEDIKOV, GERASSIMOV 1973, pl. 110; CANDELA 1985, 30, no. 38; 42–3.
32
ZAHLHAAS 1971, 92, no. C17; CANDELA 1985, 28, no. 8; Cat. VIENNA 1986, 70–1, no. 67, figs. 132–3.
33
GREBENNIKOV 1987, 155, fig. 5, 3; 156, no. 20.
34
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 41, no. 36, pl. 8; BARR-SHARRAR 1982, 129–30, fig. 13; BARR-SHARRAR 1986, 81, fig. 3; ZIMMERMANN 1998,
165, STM 2.
35
VOKOTOPOULOU 1986, 186–7, no. 2; 289, pl. 297, fig. 82c; ZIMMERMANN 1998, 165, STM 3. On the inventoty of the tomb and its
dating, see VOKOTOPOULOU 1986, 185–8.
36
ZIMMERMANN 1998, 49–50; BARR-SHARRAR 2000, 280.
37
Kiev, Archaeological Museum National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, inv. АМ 2893/8319. Unpublished.
38
GANINA 1970, 80–1, 93, fig. 28.

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 XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008
Session: Tracia e Dacia

Fig. 14 - Map. Distribution of bronze stamnoid situlae with

attachments in the form of Athena heads. M. Treister, 2008.

Fig. 13 - Bronze stamnoid situla from Peschanoe. Kiev,

National Museum of History of the Ukraine. After Cat. SAN
ANTONIO 1999, no. 85.

Fig. 15 - Bronze krater from Peschanoe. Kiev, National Museum of Fig. 16 - Map. Distribution of bronze kraters. M. Treister, 2008.
History of the Ukraine. Photo, courtesy National Museum of History
of the Ukraine, Kiev.

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M. Treister – Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in Scythia

39 40 41 42
A , B and Z in Derveni, in the tomb II at Vergina
as well as in the Naip tumulus in the Propontic
43
Thrace . These kraters are usually associated with
ritual washing before the symposium.

Hemispherical bowls on stand-rings and movable

handles

Two bronze pieces originate from the

44 45
central and side catacombs of Great Ryzhanovka
barrow; a bronze bowl was found in the north burial
46
of the barrow no. 22 near Arkhangel’skaya sloboda ,
a silver one – in the barrow no. 9 near the village
47
Peski (fig. 1, 1) . Numerous parallels which coincide
also in the details of decoration of the rim and (or)
the shape of handles originate from Macedonian
th
burials of the second half of the 4 century BC (fig.
48 49
17), including those of Derveni tombs B and Z ,
50 51
tomb II at Vergina (in silver) , tomb E at Nikesiani ,
52 53
tomb 20 at Pydna , tomb at Methone , as well as
Fig. 17 - Map. Distribution of hemispherical bowls on stand- 54 55
rings and movable handles. M. Treister, 2008. from Votonosi and Vitsa in Epirus. A similar bowl
with the lost stand-ring and loop-handles originates
56
from Vyrbitsa in Thrace .

Basin with a movable handle

A bronze basin with a movable handle and an attachment decorated with an open-worked palmette
57
from the niche in Gaimanova Mogila (figs. 3, 2; 18) finds the closest parallel both in dimensions and in
th
details of decoration of the palmette attachment in the tomb No. 2 of the mid-4 century BC Thracian
58
Mogilanska Mogila .

39
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 59, no. 174; Cat. WASHINGTON 1980, 163, no. 126; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 31, no. A51, pl. 32;
BARR-SHARRAR 2008, 13, fig. 7.
40
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 65, no. 223; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 72–3, no. B40, pl. 77.
41
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 71, no. 265; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 122, no. Z18, pl. 132.
42
ANDRONICOS 1984, 160, fig. 127.
43
DELEMEN 2006, 262, 266, fig. 14.
44
Kiev, Archaeological Museum National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine. Unpublished.
45
BOBRINSKII 1894, 142, 146, pl. XVII, 8; ONAIKO 1970, 116, no. 772, pl. XXXIII.
46
LESKOV 1974, 79, fig. 118; 86.
47
GREBENNIKOV 1987, 155, fig. 5, 1; 156, No. 21.
48
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 63, no. 208; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 73, B25, pl. 77.
49
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 71, no. 263; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 122–3, Z16, pl. 136.
50
ANDRONICOS 1984, 149, fig. 111.
51
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, 97, no. 407, pl. 57; LAZARIDIS ET AL. 1992, 40, A1402, pl. 23.
52
BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 86∆; Cat. NEW YORK 2004, 84, no. 19.
53
BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 83B.
54
VOKOTOPOULOU 1975, 773, 775, no. 24, fig. 34.
55
VOKOTOPOULOU 1986, 288, no. 4, fig. 83a.
56
FILOW 1934, 176–7, no. 8, fig. 194.
57
Kiev, Museum of Historical Treasures, inv. АЗС-2787: TREISTER 2009, 435–9, 448–9, no. 6, figs, 2, 1; 7–10.
58
PAUNOV, TORBOV 2000, 171, fig. 5.

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 XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008
Session: Tracia e Dacia

Fig. 18 - Bronze basin from Gaimanova Mogila. Kiev, State Fig. 19 - Bronze brazier from Gaimanova Mogila.
Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs, M. Treister, Kiev, State Museum of Historical Treasures.
2007. Photographs, M. Treister, 2007.

Brazier

A bronze biconical brazier from Gaimanova Mogila (figs.

59
3, 4; 19) belongs to an extremely rare type, which is
not represented among the finds from the Scythian
tumuli, with only three parallels known to me, two of
60
them from Macedonia (fig. 20) , including a very similar
brazier found beneath the floor level of a house in
61
Olynthus , where it had probably been hidden by the
owner in attempt to save it from the looting Macedonian
soldiers in 348 BC. There is practically no doubt, that
the brazier from Gaimanova Mogila was manufactured
in the workshop on the Chalhidike or, in broad terms, in
62
Macedonia .

Fig. 20 - Map. Distribution of bronze braziers. M. Treister, 2008.

59
TREISTER 2006, 115–8, figs. 1–2.
60
The find from Pella, see OIKONOMOS 1914, 144–5, fig. 11; SIGANIDOU, LILIMPAKI-AKAMATI 1996, 37; TREISTER 2006, 116–7, fig. 4.
61
ROBINSON 1941, 181–2, no. 570a-c, pls. XXXVII–XXXVIII; CAHILL 2002, 49; TREISTER 2006, 115–6, fig. 3.
62
TREISTER 2006, 117.

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M. Treister – Bronze and Silver Greek, Macedonian and Etruscan Vessels in Scythia

Fig. 22 - Map. Distribution of bronze oinochoai with biconical

body. M. Treister, 2008.

Oinochoai

An oinochoe with biconical body from

63
Gaimanova Mogila (figs. 3, 1 top left; 21) have
Fig. 21 - Bronze oinochoe from Gaimanova Mogila. Kiev, State only four parallels in the North and East Pontic
Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs, M. Treister, 64
2007. area . This type of oinochoe goes back to Etruscan
th th
‘Schnabelkanne’, since the late 5 or early 4
65 th
century BC known in Macedonia . In Thraco-Macedonian area in the 4 century BC a specific variant of
them was locally developed and produced (fig. 22). Six silver and bronze vessels of this shape and one clay
th rd 66
imitation were found in the Macedonian burials of the second half of the 4 – early 3 century BC , including
67
two finds from Tomb A in Derveni . Six bronze oinochoai originate from the burials in Thrace, dated from the
th 68 th
second quarter to the middle of the 4 century BC , whereas one piece was found in the late 4 century BC
69
Naip tumulus . A similar bronze oinochoe was found in a burial of the Getic necropolis of Zimnicea, dated by
70
a stamped amphora of Heraklea Pontica to ca. 330-300 BC .

63
TREISTER 2006, 117, fig. 5.
64
Barrow No. 6 of Seven Brothers tumuli: BILIMOVICH 1971, 216, fig. on p. 217; PFROMMER 1983, 242–3; ARCHIBALD 1998, 279, note 95.
– Barrow at Zelenskaya Gora: BILIMOVICH 1971, 218; PFROMMER 1982, 148, note 126; ARCHIBALD 1998, 279; TREISTER 2002, 65, fig. 6;
TREISTER 2003, 64–6 with complete bibliography, fig. 13. – Barrow No. 9/1909 of the Elizavetovka necropolis: МILLER 1910, 112–3, fig.
118. – Burial no. 24/2004 in Vani, Colchis: KACHARAVA, KVIRKVELIA 2008, 196, pl. 49a.
65
See, e.g. Derveni, A3: Cat. HANOVER 1994, no. 261 and infra N. 67. On Etruscan bronze jugs of this type, see CASTOLDI 2000, 408–
12, figs. 7-8; 414, App. Id.
66
Detailed bibliography, see TREISTER 2003, 64–5.
67
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, no. 159, pl. 24; Cat. WASHINGTON 1980, no. 135; PFROMMER 1983, 243–45, fig. 3; Cat. HANOVER 1994, no.
261; THEMELIS, TOURATSOGLOU 1997, 35, no. A 3, pls. 4; 39, no. A 5, pl. 40; ARCHIBALD 1998, 279.
68
Detailed bibliography, see TREISTER 2003, 65–6.
69
DELEMEN 2006, 263–64, 266, fig. 16.
70
ALEXANDRESCU 1980, 49, 93, fig. 42, 2; 117, fig. 69, 3, 5.

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 XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008
Session: Tracia e Dacia

Characteristic feature of the oinochoe from

Gaimanova Mogila is its handle: such handles, with
a female head in the upper part and a lower
attachment in the form of Silenus head (fig. 21, 3-
4), are characteristic for another class of oinochoai,
71
the so-called oinochoai of Form 2 . Especially
similar both in shape and details of decoration is a
handle of such a bronze oinochoe used as a
container for the hoard of cyzicines, found near the
72
village of Orlovka . Z. Archibald mentions the finds
73
of eight similar bronze oinochoai in Thrace . It is
hardly probably that the handle of the oinochoe
from Gaimanova Mogila was executed specially for
that vessel; that is indirectly proved by the
comparison with the location of lower handle
attachments on the typical biconical oinochoai from
Macedonia and Thrace.

The Use of Imported Metalware by the

Scythians

Before the vessels were placed in the

graves, they were sometime in use. That is proved
by the missing elements of the brazier, as well as
74
signs of repair on it (fig. 19) , the oinochoe (fig.
75 76
21) and the cup (fig. 23) from the domestic
niche of Gaimanova Mogila. A situla from the side
Fig. 23 - Bronze cup from Gaimanova Mogila. Kiev, State catacomb of Great Ryzhanovka barrow has an iron
Museum of Historical Treasures. Photographs, M. Treister, 2004. 77
instead of a bronze handle . The signs of
breakage, repair, abrasion and dimples may be
78
seen on almost all of bronze vessels from Great Ryzhanovka barrow and on some vessels from
79 80
Peschanoe there are patches or replacements . A silver situla from the cache of Chmyreva Mogila was
81
refashioned in a goblet with a vertical handle (fig. 6, 4) . Nevertheless, such a treatment of imported ware in

71
W EBER 1983, 130–7.
72
KRAVCHENKO 1969, 274–77, fig. 1; SHTITEL’MAN 1977, figs. 59–60; Greek and Cypriote Antiquities ODESSA 2001, no. 107; Cat.
KRAKOW 2006, 204, no. 30.
73
ARCHIBALD 1998, 279, 333.
74
See supra N. 59.
75
See supra N. 63.
76
Cat. SCHLESWIG 1991, No. 120b. Its shape finds parallels in Attic black-glazed cup-skythoi of the “heavy wall” group, dated to 420–
380 BC (SPARKES, TALCOTT 1970, 111–2, nos. 612–23, pl. 27). Two bronze cups similar in shape, one with an engraved rosette in the
interior, originate from Votonosi (VOKOTOPOULOU 1975, 761–64, nos. 13–4, figs. 21–2: ca. 420 BC). To the same type belong two
bronze cups from the tomb near the village of Staroselska in Thrace, with the inventory dated to the last decades of the 4th – first quarter
of the 3rd century BC, one of them has a comparable engraved ornament on the interior: TACHEVA-CHITOVA 1971, 44, figs. 42a-b; 43,
nos. 8–9; ARCHIBALD 1998, 281, pl. 46.
77
See supra N. 21.
78
SKORYI 2000, 125.
79
E.g. stamnos: GANINA 1970, 88.
80
Cat. SAN ANTONIO 1999, 203–4, no. 88 (amphora).
81
PHARMAKOWSKY 1910, 223, no. 11; 226, fig. 25; MINNS 1913, 383; ROLLE 1979, 128, 130–1, 133, no. 8, pl. 22, 2; TREISTER 2003, 60.
Detailed analysis, see TREISTER 2009, 433–5, 448, no. 5, fig. 1, 4.

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Fig. 25 - Bronze and silver vessels from Karagodeuashkh barrow.

St. Petersburg, State Hermitage. 1-3 – after LAPPO-DANILEVSKII,
MALMBERG 1894, pl. VI, 2-4; 4 - LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG
1894, 151, pl. V, 2; medallion: ARTAMONOW 1970, fig. 155.

the Scythian milieu was absolutely universal and

applied not only to the imported metal vessels, but
Fig. 24 - Set of silver and bronze vessels from tomb III of the
barrow at Zelenskaya Mount. St. Petersburg, State Hermitage. also bronze Attic mirrors, which could have been
After the negatives, kept in the photoarchive, Institute of added with gold overlays in animal style, or their
Material Culture, St. Petersburg.
disks may have been additionally decorated with
incised images of animals; items of jewellery and
82
arms . However, these were cases of alteration of objects.
In some cases, in Scythian barrows we come across the finds of imported bronze vessels with
missing stand-rings or handles, whereas the objects have not been alternated. These losses may not be
explained by the low level of excavations or the later losses in the museums, as is shown by the finds from
the central catacomb of Great Ryzhanovka barrow, excavated recently. So, the krater was not only crumpled
in antiquity, but lost its stand-ring and one of the two handles; whereas the situla from lost the handle
attachment.

Parallels in Macedonia and Thrace

The set of silver and bronze vessels from the tomb III of the barrow on Zelenskaya Mount in the
83
Taman peninsula (fig. 24), which was originally created for symposion , demonstrates that the majority of
th
shapes was characteristic for the rich burials of Macedonia of the last quarter of the 4 century BC. The
vessels set from the domestic niche in Gaimanova Mogila (fig. 3) presents even more evident parallels,
84
allowing to suggest, that considerable part of these vessels could originate from Macedonia or in general
82
TREISTER 2007, 83–92.
83
TREISTER 2003, 66–7.
84
Most probably excluding the cup, see supra N. 76 (fig. 23), and the strainer (fig. 3, 1 below): Сat. SCHLESWIG 1991, no. 120a. Detailed
analysis of the strainer, see TREISTER forthcoming, no. 5. It belongs to a group of four pieces from the North and Northeastern Black

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 XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008
Session: Tracia e Dacia

from Thraco-Macedonian region. The convincing

archaeological dating of the complex, and the parallel
to the bronze brazier from Olynthus, allows to date
their acquisition not later than to the 340 – early 330s
85
BC .
The same also applies to the sets of bronze
vessels from both burials of Great Ryzhanovka
barrow and those from the barrow near village Peski
(fig. 1). These three burials yielded the sets of bronze
stamnoid situlae (fig. 1, 3) and hemispherical bowls
on stand-rings with movable handles (fig. 1, 1) – a
combination known otherwise only after the finds
th
from the tombs of the last third of the 4 century BC
86
in Macedonia ; besides, the central burial of Great
Ryzhanovka barrow yielded the bronze krater of the
type, known only after the finds from the Macedonian
and Thracian burials (fig. 16).
Also in Karagodeuakhsh barrow, probably
87
the tomb of the King of Phateii , there were found
silver and bronze vessels (fig. 25) and items of
jewellery, which may be attributed as Macedonian or
88
North Greek . These are not the only documented
evidences of Scytho-Macedonian contacts, which
reflected also, in the finds of gorytus scabbard
overlays (fig. 26), hammered in the same matrix, in
89
tomb II at Vergina , which is most recently
associated with the burial of Philip III Arrhidaios,
90
killed in 317 BC, rather than Philip II , and in
91
Karagodeaukhsh . It may be hardly found any other
plausible explanation of the finds of the same
Fig. 26 - Gold gorytus overlay from tomb II at Vergina
(background) (after Cat. HANOVER 1994, no. 259) and
overlays of gorytus scabbards in the royal tombs in
fragmentary gorytus overlay from Karagodeuakhsh Macedonia and in the Kuban area – as evidences of
(foreground) (after LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MAL’MBERG 1894, pl. diplomatic contacts on the highest level. It is not by
IX).
accident, that in Karagodeuashkh there was found
92
also a silver “Achaemenid” bowl of Macedonian type (fig. 25, 4), with a gold, probably, portrait medallion .

Sea area, originating from the burial contexts of the first half to the middle of the 5th century BC; they are considered to be Etruscan
products (BILIMOVICH 1979, 29–30, 33–4; KAKHIDZE 2002, 42–3, fig. 2, 2).
85
TREISTER 2006, 117.
86
Bronze, Methone: BESSIOS, PAPPA 1995, pl. 83 (below). – Silver, Vergina, tomb II (situla: ANDRONICOS 1984, 146–7, figs. 104–5; bowl:
ANDRONICOS 1984, 149, fig. 111.
87
MASLENNIKOV 1981, 46.
88
TREISTER 2003, 67–72.
89
Cat. THESSALONIKI 1978, no. 89; SCHILTZ 1979, 307–8, fig. 2; Cat. WASHINGTON 1980, no. 160; ANDRONICOS 1984, 180–6, figs. 146–9;
Cat. HANOVER 1994, no. 259; VOKOTOPOULOU 1996, 172–3, Βε 3; STÄHLER 1997, 85–114, figs. 34–5, 37; TREISTER 2001, 136, 139–40,
fig. 66.
90
GILL 2008, 354.
91
LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MAL’MBERG 1894, 56–7, fig. 34, 122–8, pl. IX; SCHILTZ 1979, 305–7, fig. 1; Cat. ST. PETERSBURG 2007, no. 67.
92
LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG 1894, 151–2, pl. V, 2; SCHEFOLD 1938, 27, fig. 16; PFROMMER 1987, 235, KaB M 12; ZIMMERMANN
1998, 36–40, 160, BM 2. – Medallion: LAPPO-DANILEVSKII, MALMBERG 1894, 157–8, pl. III, 12; MINNS 1913, 217, fig. 119, III 12;
ARTAMONOW 1970, fig. 155. On the bowl and medallion, see: TREISTER 2003, 67–9.

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Trade Objects? Gifts? War Booty? Stealing? The Case of Peschanoe Find

Probably, as gifts, or, perhaps, as war booty, should be discussed also the sets of vessels,
characteristic only for Macedonia, associated with washing, including situlae of characteristic shape and
hemispherical bowls with movable loops. The sets of such vessels found in rich Macedonian burials are
made in bronze, only in the royal and princely barrows in Vergina, there were found sets including silver
93
situlae and bowls . Thus, we can suppose the high status of the original owner of a similar set from a rather
modest Scythian warrior burial in the barrow near the village Peski.
In the connection with the problem of distribution of such sets of bronze vessels in Scythia the find
from Peschanoe (fig. 8) attracts a special attention, whether or not its owner may be designated as a trader
94
of old metalware, as suggested by W. Fuchs . The first publisher of the find, O.D. Ganina has dated it to
th 95
the 5 century BC . Indeed, a considerable part of the find, including three amphorae, five hydriai, three
th
luteria, one stamnos, two situlae and one krater, is represented by the 5 century BC vessels. At the same
time, this complex yielded the stamnoid situla with a lion-head spout and handle attachment in the form of
96 97
Athena bust (fig. 13) and the krater (fig. 15) – they belong to the types, characteristic both to the finds
th rd
from Macedonia, Thrace and Scythia found in the burials of the last third of the 4 – early 3 century BC
(figs. 14; 16). Whether this cargo was a war booty or stealing, or objects for gift exchange – the questions
are still open.

Historical Context

The analysis of imported bronze- and silverware from the Scythian barrows of the second half of the
th rd
4 – early 3 centuries BC confirms the already suggested hypothesis of Scytho-Macedonian contacts in the
first half of 330-s BC during the rule of Philip of Macedon and a Scythian king Ataias, including the
98
interrogations after the war conflict of 339 BC between two powers . Another known historical event, which
could give an explanation of the distribution of Macedonian bronze- and silverware in Scythia is a war
campaign of the Pontic general of Alexander the Great, Zopyrion, who invaded Scythia and besieged Olbia
99
in 331 or 330 BC (Just. XII. 2. 16; Macrob. Saturn. I. 11. 33; Oros. IV. 18.4). The embassies between
Alexander and the Scythians in 329/328 BC, most probably connected with the news of the death of
Zopyrion, were exchanged, when Alexander was in Bactria (Arr. Anab. IV. 1; 15). Finally, there was another
Scythian embassy to Alexander in 323 BC, sent to Babylon (Arr. Anab. VII. 15. 4).

The text was finished and supplied for the publication in November 2008. It was not updated for the on-line publication in
August 2011. In the meantime there was published its enlarged Russian version: TREISTER M., 2010. Importnaya
metallicheskaya posuda v Skifii. Atributsii i interpretatsiya istoricheskogo kontexta, Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury 1
(27). Magnitogorsk, 217–251.

Dr. habil. Mikhail Treister

Institute of Near Eastern Archaeology
Free-University Berlin
Weißenburgstr. 59
D-53175 Bonn

93
See supra N. 86.
94
FUCHS 1978, 115.
95
GANINA 1970, 81.
96
See supra N. 22.
97
See supra N. 38.
98
On the Macedonian – Bosporan – Scythian diplomatic contacts in the third quarter of the 4th century BC, see, e.g. STÄHLER 1997, 88;
ALEKSEEV 2003, 238–242 (with bibliography).
99
VINOGRADOV 1997, 323–35.

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 XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008
Session: Tracia e Dacia

Tel. +49(0) 228-2428767

Fax +49(0) 228-3692518
[Link]
E-mail: mikhailtreister@[Link]

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Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale C / C10 / 2 Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076
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