Final Revision 4

Technical Information
Conversion

Table of Contents
Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.1
Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.3
Reaction Forces and Valve Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.5
Rupture Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.6
Seat Tightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.7
Piping Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.10
Temperature Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.13
Flange Finishes and Natural Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.14
Valve Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.15
API RP 520, Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.16
O-Ring Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TI.22

Equivalents and Conversion Factors

Pressure (psi = pounds per square inch) Weights

kPa x 0.145 = psi Pound x 0.4536 = kilogram
bar x 14.504 = psi Kilograms x 35.27 = ounces
Atmosphere x 14.7 = psi Pounds x 0.0005 = short tons (2000 lbs)
Inches of mercury x 0.4912 = psi Pounds x 0.000454 = metric tons
Kilograms per square centimeter x 14.22 = psi Pounds x 16 = ounces
Atmosphere x 1.033 = kilograms per square centimeter Tons (metric) x 1.102 = short tons (2000 lbs)
Inches of mercury x 0.0345 = kilograms per square centimeter Short tons x 907.2 = kilograms

Dimensions Temperature
Centimeters x 0.3937 = inches
Centimeters x 0.01 = meters
Cubic inches x 16.39 = cubic centimeters
Feet x 0.3048 = meters
Inches x 25.4 = millimeters
Feet x 12 = inches
Meters x 100 = centimeters
Meters x 39.37 = inches
Yards x 0.9144 = meters
Square inches x 6.4516 = square centimeters
Square inches x 645.16 = square millimeters

TI.1
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Conversion

Flowrate (All gallons are U.S. unless otherwise noted) Other

Pounds per hour x 0.4536 = kilogram per hour Foot pounds x 0.001286 = BTU
Kilograms per minute x 132.3 = pounds per hour Gallons of water x 8.345 = pounds (70˚F)
Barrels per day x 0.0292 = gallons per minute Horsepower (boiler) x 34.5 = pounds water per hour evaporation
Cubic feet per second x 448.833 = gallons per minute Specific Gravity (gas or vapor) x 28.97 = molecular weight
Cubic meters per hour x 4.4 = gallons per minute
Use of SI Units
Gallons of liquid per minute x 500 x specific gravity = pounds per hour
of liquid (70˚F) The ASME Code has adopted the following practice for the use of
“English” and Metric Units. A reprint of that statement is given below:
Liters per hour x 0.0044 = gallons per minute
Pounds per hour x 6.32 / molecular weight = cubic feet per minute It is the policy of ASME Council that SI units of measurement be
included in all papers, publications, and revisions of ASME Codes and
Pounds per hour liquid x 0.002 / specific gravity = gallons per minute of Standards. In accordance with this policy, each ASME Policy Board,
liquid (70˚F) Technical Division, or Committee has the option of giving preference to
U.S. customary or SI Units.
Tons (metric) per day x 91.8 = pounds per hour
Gallons per minute x 0.06309 = liters per second When U.S. customary units are given preference, the SI equivalent
Gallons per minute x 3.7854 = liters per minute shall be given in parentheses or in a supplementary table. When
Gallons per minute x 0.2271 = cubic meters per hour preference is given to SI units, the U.S. customary units may be
Gallons per minute x 500 = pounds per hour omitted or given in parentheses. Each Transactions Journal has specific
instructions as to which of these options to use. This manual illustrates
SCFM (Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute) x 1.608 = normal cubic meter use of the second option: SI (U.S. customary).
per hour (760 mmHG and 0˚C)
For complete details regarding SI usage, consult ASME Guide SI-1,
SCFM x 0.02679 = normal cubic meter per minute (760 mmHG and 0˚C) “ASME Orientation and Guide for Use of SI (Metric) Units”, available
from the ASME Order Department.
SCFM x 1.699 = cubic meters per hour (101 kPa and 16˚C)

SCFM x 1.725 = cubic meters per hour (1 ATM and 20˚C)

Volumes (All gallons are U.S. unless otherwise noted)

Cubic centimeters x 0.06102 = cubic inches
Cubic feet x 7.48055 = gallons
Cubic meters x 264.17 = gallons
Gallons x 231 = cubic inches
Gallons (Imperial) x 277.4 = cubic inches
Gallons x 3785 = cubic centimeters
Gallons x 0.833 = gallons (Imperial)
Gallons x 3.785 = liters
Liters x 1000 = cubic centimeters
Liters x 0.2642 = gallons
Barrels (petroleum) x 42 = gallons

TI.2
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Terminology

Terminology For Safety Relief Valves

Accumulation
Accumulation is the pressure increase over the maximum allowable working pressure of the vessel during discharge through the pressure relief valve,
expressed as a percentage of that pressure, or actual pressure units.

Back Pressure
Back pressure is the pressure on the discharge side of a safety relief valve. (Also see “Built-Up Back Pressure” and “Superimposed Back Pressure”, below).

Blowdown
Blowdown is the difference between set pressure and reseating pressure of a pressure relief valve, expressed as a percentage of the set pressure, or actual
pressure units.

Built-Up Back Pressure

Built-up back pressure is pressure which develops at the valve outlet as a result of flow, after the safety relief valve has been opened.

Chatter
Chatter is the abnormal, rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts of a valve in which the disc contacts the seat.

Closing Pressure
Closing pressure is the point at which the valve re-closes. Closing pressure on a test stand may differ from the blowdown, which is the closing pressure
under actual service conditions.

Cold Differential Test Pressure (CDTP)

Cold differential test pressure is the set pressure at which the valve is adjusted to open on the test stand. This pressure includes the corrections for back
pressure and/or temperature service conditions. (CDPT replaces former term CDS. For Consolidated series 1900 setting instructions, refer to maintenance
manual CON-2).

Differential Between Operating and Set Pressures

Valves in process service will generally give best results if the operating pressure does not exceed 90% of the set pressure. However, on pump and
compressor discharge lines, the differential required between the operating and set pressures may be greater because of pressure pulsations coming from
a reciprocating piston. It is recommended that the valve be set as high above the operating pressure as possible.

Flutter
Flutter is the abnormal, rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts of a valve in which the disc does not contact the seat.

Lift
Lift is the actual travel of the disc away from the closed position when a valve is relieving.

Maximum Allowable Working Pressure

Maximum allowable working pressure is the maximum gauge pressure permissible in a vessel at a designated temperature. A vessel may not be operated
above this pressure, or its equivalent, at any metal temperature other than that used in its design. Consequently, for that metal temperature, it is the
highest pressure at which the primary safety relief valve is set to open.

Operating Pressure
The operating pressure is the gauge pressure to which the vessel is normally subjected in service.

TI.3
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Terminology

Overpressure
Overpressure is a pressure increase over the set pressure of the primary relieving device. Overpressure is similar to accumulation when the relieving device
is set at the maximum allowable working pressure of the vessel. Normally, overpressure is expressed as a percentage of set pressure.

Rated Capacity
Rated capacity is the percentage of measured flow at an authorized percent overpressure permitted by the applicable code. Rated capacity is generally
expressed in pounds per hour (lb/hr), kilograms per hour (kg/hr) for vapors; standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM), normal cubic meters per minute
(LNCM/min) or m3/min for gasses; and in gallons per minute (GPM), or liters per minute (L/min) for liquids.

Relief Valve
A relief valve is an automatic pressure-relieving device, actuated by static pressure upstream from the valve. This type of valve is used primarily for
liquid service.

Safety Relief Valve

A safety relief valve is an automatic pressure-relieving device which may be used as either a safety or relief valve, depending upon application.

Safety Valve
A safety valve is an automatic pressure-relieving device actuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve, and characterized by rapid opening or pop
action. This type of valve is used for steam, gas or vapor service.

Seat Tightness Pressure

Seat tightness pressure is the specified inlet static pressure at which a quantitative seat leakage test is performed in accordance with a standard procedure.

Set Pressure
Set pressure is the gauge pressure at the valve inlet, for which the safety relief valve has been adjusted to open under service conditions. In liquid service,
set pressure is determined by the inlet pressure at which the valve starts to discharge. In gas or vapor service, the set pressure is determined by the inlet
pressure at which the valve pops.

Simmer
Simmer is characterized by the audible passage of a gas or vapor across the seating surfaces just prior to “pop”. The difference between this “start to
open pressure” and the set pressure is simmer, and is generally expressed as a percentage of set pressure.

Superimposed Back Pressure

Superimposed back pressure is the pressure in the discharge header before the safety relief valve opens. This can be further defined as follows:

Constant Superimposed
This type of back pressure remains essentially at a fixed value (constant) and exists (superimposed) continuously prior to and during opening of the
valve. (e.g., 20 psig/1.38 bar).

Variable Superimposed
This type of back pressure varies or changes over a range from a minimum to a maximum, or vice versa. (e.g., 0 to 20 psig/1.38 bar). The actual
back pressure at any specific time depends on conditions in the piping system to which the outlet of the valve is connected.

Valve Trim
Valve trim includes the nozzle and disc.

TI.4
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Reaction Forces and Valve Lift

Reaction Forces Due to Valve Discharge

( Gases & Vapors )
A thrust is exerted on a pressure relief valve when it is discharging. This CONSOLIDATED ’s sizing program SRVS provides valve specific calculation of
thrust is equal to the mass flow rate times exit velocity, plus outlet flange reaction forces.
area, times the difference between exit pressure and atmospheric Determination of outlet reaction forces is the resposnsibility of the
pressure. This thrust, acting opposite to the direction of flow, may be designer of vessel and/or piping.
significant, particularly when relieving gases or vapors. Although
CONSOLIDATED safety relief valves are designed to withstand this thrust, Reaction force information obtained from SRVS is for technical advice and
stresses developed in piping or equipment should be investigated. It is assistance only. No obligation or liability for this advice and assistance is
especially important when the valve is discharging to atmosphere through assumed. Use of the valve specific information is at the buyer’s risk.
an unsupported stack.

Lift and Closing Curves

for Safety Relief Valves

For various reasons, information is needed concerning the response of the valve lift with respect to pressure beneath the valve. The following information
supplies general data.

Chart 6, below, applies to 1900, 1982, 1990, 19000 and 820000 series valves on compressible fluids. These valves achieve approximately 65% of
their total rated lift at opening pressure and achieve full rated lift at 10% overpressure.

SRV Compressible Fluid Lift Curve

P = Set Pressure
100

90

80

70
65%
Rate of increase or decrease
% Lift or Capacity

60 depends on the rate of

pressure increase or decrease.

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.93P 0.98P P 1.1P Pressure

Blowdown Overpressure

TI.5
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Rupture Disks

Valves Used in Combination with Rupture

Disks Valves for Closed Water Heaters
Pressure Relief Valves Used in Combination with (f) Name of the organization responsible for this marking
Rupture Disks (this could be the valve Manufacturer, rupture disk
Manufacturer, vessel user, or vessel Manufacturer).
In all pressurized systems, the overpressure relief can be handled with a
(2) The space between the rupture disk and pressure relief valve
variety of mechanisms which include pressure relief valves, rupture disks
shall be provided with a pressure gauge, a try cock, free vent or
or combinations of the two devices.
suitable telltale indicator. This arrangement permits detection of
The following guidelines apply when pressure relief valves are used in disk rupture or leakage.
combination with rupture disks.
Safety Relief Valves for Closed Water Heaters
ASME B & PVC, Section VIII Rules:
Heat exchangers, which utilize tubes as a method of transferring heat,
Paragraph UG -132 of the ASME Code does permit the use of rupture present unique sizing problems. The tube side (flow through the tubes)
disks. The use of rupture disks at the valve inlet, in combination with is generally not a problem area, but the shell side sizing can be
pressure relief valves, will fall into one of the two following categories: complicated by the fact that tube ruptures can occur.
(1) The rupture disk is not capacity certified in combination with The following techniques apply to valve sizing on shell sides of heat
the pressure relief valve. exchangers:
(a) In that case, the ASME stamped rated capacity of the (1) When pressure, temperature and flow conditions are specified,
pressure relief valve must be multiplied by 0.9 (reducing the valves will be sized in accordance with ASME B & PVC, Section VIII
valve’s rated capacity). Therefore, only 90% of the valve rules. For flashing water, valves will be sized on the basis of
capacity can be used as credit in determining available estimating back pressure due to flashing. That back pressure will be
relieving capacity for the system. used in calculations for required orifice area calculations.
(2) The rupture disk is capacity certified in combination with the (2) When it is stated that valves are to be sized in accordance
pressure relief valve. with the Heat Exchanger Institute Standard for Closed Feedwater
Heaters, Section 6, specifications must supply all appropriate
(a) It is permitted to use a combination capacity factor information to allow verification of sizing. If valve sizing under HEI
determined by tests conducted under ASME rules. The ASME guidelines results in valves smaller than that stated in (1), the
stamped rated capacity of the pressure relief valve must be sizing must be resolved before an ASME Code stamp is allowed on
multiplied by this factor when determining allowable relieving the valve nameplate.
capacity of the valve/rupture disk combination. The capacity
calculated using the combination capacity factor is to be used (3) The following information is necessary to ensure proper sizing:
in valve sizing requirements.
(a) Set pressure or shell design pressure
(b) Each rupture disk design must be tested in combination
(b) Normal operating temperature
with each pressure relief valve design so that a combination
capacity factor can be determined. Factors are valid for only (c) Relieving temperature at the valve inlet in event of
the materials tested. tube rupture
Other ASME B & PVC, Section VIII Guidelines: (d) Shell design temperature
(1) Pressure relief valves used in combination with rupture disks (e) Relieving capacity required at relieving temperature (GPM
are to be marked with the capacity established under 2(a) above. or lb/hr)
The markings may be placed on the valve or the rupture disk
device. The markings shall include the following: (f) Back pressure condition
- at normal conditions
(a) Name of the valve Manufacturer - at relieving conditions
(b) Design or type number of the valve (g) Specify percentage of flashing occurring
(c) Name of the rupture disk Manufacturer (h) Specify the valves to have “UV” symbols stamped on the
nameplate and the capacity indicated in “GPM” at 70˚F
(d) Design or type number of the rupture disk
(i) Liquid trim components to be installed in the valve
(e) Capacity or combination capacity factor

TI.6
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Seat Tightness

Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves

( Reprint of API RP 527 )

Section 1 - Scope 50 pounds per square inch gauge (345 kilopascals gauge) or less,
the test pressure shall be held at 5 pounds per square inch (34.5
This standard describes methods of determining the seat tightness of kilopascals) less than the set pressure.
metal and soft seated pressure relief valves, including those of 2.2.4 Leakage Test
conventional, bellows, and pilot operating designs. Before the leakage test, the set pressure shall be demonstrated,
and all valve body joints and fittings should be checked with a
The maximum acceptable leakage rates are defined for pressure relief suitable solution to ensure that all joints are tight.
valves with set pressures from 15 pounds per square inch gauge (103
kilopascals gauge) to 6,000 pounds per square inch gauge (41,379 Before the bubble count, the test pressure shall be applied for at
kilopascals gauge). If greater seat tightness is required, the purchaser least one minute for a valve whose nominal pipe size is two inches
shall specify it in the purchase order. (50 millimeters) or smaller; two minutes for a valve whose
nominal pipe size is 2 , 3 or 4 inches (65, 80, or 100
The test medium for determining the seat tightness - air, steam, or water millimeters); and five minutes for a valve whose nominal pipe size
shall be the same as that used for determining the set pressure of the valve. is six inches (150 millimeters) or larger. The valve shall then be
observed for leakage for at least one minute.
For dual service valves, the test medium - air, steam, or water - shall be
the same as the primary relieving medium.
2.3 Acceptance Criteria
To ensure safety, the procedures outlined in this standard shall be For a valve with a metal seat, the leakage rate in bubbles per minute
performed by persons experienced in the use and functions of pressure shall not exceed the appropriate value in Table 1. For a soft seated valve,
relief valves. there shall be no leakage for one minute (zero bubbles per minute).

Section 2 - Testing with Air

2.1 Test Apparatus
Fig. 1 - Apparatus to Test Seat Tightness with Air
A test arrangement for determining seat tightness with air is shown in
Figure 1. Leakage shall be measured using a tube with an outside Flanged or threaded outlet adapter
diameter inch (7.9 millimeters) and a wall thickness of 0.035 inch for pressure relief valve
(0.89 millimeter). The tube end shall be cut square and smooth. The
tube opening shall be inch (12.7 millimeters) below the surface of the
water. The tube shall be perpendicular to the surface of the water.
Tube with outside diameter of 5/16 inch (7.9 mm)
Arrangement shall be made to safely relieve or contain body pressure in and wall thickness of 0.035 inch (0.89 mm)
case the valve accidentally pops (see Figure 2).
2.2 Procedure
2.2.1 Test Medium
The test medium shall be air (or nitrogen) near ambient temperature. 1/2 inch
2.2.2 Test Configuration (12.7 mm)
The valve shall be vertically mounted on the test stand, and the test
apparatus shall be attached to the valve outlet, as shown in Figure 1. Water
All openings - including but not limited to caps, drain holes, vents,
and outlets shall be closed. NOTE: See Figure 2 for an example of a device to relieve body pressure in case the
valve accidentally pops.
2.2.3 Test Pressure
For a valve whose set pressure is greater than 50 pounds per
square inch gauge (345 kilopascals gauge), the leakage rate in
bubbles per minute shall be determined with the test pressure at
the valve inlet held at 90% of the set pressure. For a valve set at

TI.7
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Seat Tightness

Table 1 - Air Test - Maximum Seat Leakage Rates for Metal-Seated Pressure Relief Valves

Effective Orifice Sizes Effective Orifice Sizes

0.307 Inch and Smaller Larger than 0.307 Inch
Set Pressure
at 60˚F (15.6˚C) Approximate Leakage Approximate Leakage
per 24 Hours per 24 Hours
Pounds per Leakage Rate Standard Standard Leakage Rate Standard Standard
Megapascals
Square Inch Gauge (bubbles per minute) Cubic Feet Cubic Meters (bubbles per minute) Cubic Feet Cubic Meters

15 - 1000 0.103 - 6.896 40 0.60 0.017 20 0.30 0.0085

1500 10.3 60 0.90 0.026 30 0.45 0.013
2000 13.0 80 1.20 0.034 40 0.60 0.017
2500 17.2 100 1.50 0.043 50 0.75 0.021
3000 20.7 100 1.50 0.043 60 0.90 0.026
4000 27.6 100 1.50 0.043 80 1.20 0.034
5000 38.5 100 1.50 0.043 100 1.50 0.043
6000 41.4 100 1.50 0.043 100 1.50 0.043

Fig. 2 - Air Test - Device to Relieve Body Pressure Caused by Accidental Popping of the Valve

Soft Rubber Gasket - attach to face

of detector to prevent leakage
Safety Valve
Outlet Tube - cut end
smooth and square

Water Level Control Hole - maintain

1/2 inch (12.7 mm) from bottom
of tube to bottom of hole

1/2 inch
(12.7 mm)

Cup - weld to detector

Membrane - seals during test and

bursts if valve accidentally opens
C Clamp

Air Pressure

TI.8
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Seat Tightness

Section 3 - Testing with Steam 4.2 Acceptance Criteria

3.1 Procedure For a metal seated valve whose inlet has a nominal pipe size of one inch
or larger, the leakage rate shall not exceed 10 cubic centimeters per hour
3.1.1 Test Medium per inch of nominal inlet size. For a metal seated valve whose inlet has
The test medium shall be saturated steam. a nominal pipe size of less than one inch, the leakage rate shall not
3.1.2 Test Configuration exceed 10 cubic centimeters per hour. For soft seated valves, there shall
The valve shall be vertically mounted on the steam test stand. be no leakage for one minute.
3.1.3 Test Pressure Section 5 - Testing with Air - Another Method
For a valve whose set pressure is greater than 50 pounds per square
inch gauge (345 kilopascals gauge), the seat tightness shall be 5.1 Type of Valve to be Tested
determined with the test pressure at the valve inlet held at 90 Valves with open bonnets - bonnets that cannot be readily sealed, as
percent of the set pressure. For a valve set at 50 pounds per square specified in 2.2.2 - may be tested in accordance with this section instead
inch gauge (345 kilopascals gauge) or less, the test pressure shall of Section 2.
be held at five pounds per square inch (34.5 kilopascals) less than This alternative method shall not be used to test valves in which air
set pressure. bubbles can travel to the open bonnet through any passageway inside the
3.1.4 Leakage Test valve guide without being observed at the valve outlet.
Before starting the seat tightness test, the set pressure shall be 5.2 Procedure
demonstrated, and the set pressure shall be held for at least three
5.2.1 Test Medium
minutes. Any condensate in the body bowl shall be removed before the
The test medium shall be air (or nitrogen)near ambient temperature.
seat tightness test. Air (or nitrogen) may be used to dry condensate.
5.2.2 Test Configuration
After any condensate has been removed, the inlet pressure shall be
The valve shall be vertically mounted on the air test stand. The
increased to the test pressure. Tightness shall then be checked
valve outlet shall be partially sealed with water to about inch
visually using a black background. The valve shall then be observed
(12.7 millimeters) above the nozzle’s seating surface.
for leakage for at least one minute.
5.2.3 Test Pressure
3.2 Acceptance Criteria
For a valve whose set pressure is greater than 50 pounds per square
For both metal and soft seated valves, there shall be no audible or visible inch gauge (345 kilopascals gauge), the leakage rate in bubbles
leakage for one minute. per minute shall be determined with the test pressure at the valve
Section 4 - Testing with Water inlet held at 90 percent of the set pressure. For a valve set at 50
pounds per square inch gauge (345 kilopascals gauge) or less, the
4.1 Procedure test pressure shall be held at five pounds per square inch (34.5
4.1.1 Test Medium kilopascals) less than the set pressure.
The test medium shall be water near ambient temperature. 5.2.4 Leakage Test
4.1.2 Test Configuration Before starting the seat tightness test, the set pressure shall be
The valve shall be vertically mounted on the water test stand. demonstrated, and the outlet body bowl shall be filled with water
to the level of the partial seal. The inlet pressure shall then be
4.1.3 Test Pressure increased to the test pressure and held at this pressure for one
For a valve whose set pressure is greater than 50 pounds per square minute before the bubble count. The valve shall then be observed
inch gauge (345 kilopascals gauge), the seat tightness shall be for leakage for at least one minute.
determined with the test pressure at the valve inlet held at 90
percent of the set pressure. For a valve set at 50 pounds per square Caution: When looking for leakage, the observer shall use a mirror
inch gauge (345 kilopascals gauge) or less, the test pressure shall or some other indirect means of observation so that the observer’s
be held at 5 pounds per square inch (34.5 kilopascals) less than face is not in line with the outlet of the valve, in case the valve
the set pressure. accidentally pops.
4.1.4 Leakage Test 5.3 Acceptance Criteria
Before starting the seat tightness test, the set pressure shall be For a valve with a metal seat, the leakage rate in bubbles per minute shall
demonstrated, and the outlet body bowl shall be filled with water, not exceed 50% of the appropriate value in Table 1. For a soft-seated
which shall be allowed to stabilize with no visible flow from the valve valve, there shall be no leakage for one minute (zero bubbles per minute).
outlet. The inlet pressure shall then be increased to the test pressure.
The valve shall then be observed for one minute at the test pressure.

TI.9
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Piping Loads

Allowable Piping Loads for

1900 Flanged Safety Relief Valves

Exhaust piping loads on the valve outlet should be minimized and Fig. 3 - Vertical Force Fv
preferably be a value of zero.
Since most installations will include exhaust piping, we have tabulated
allowable piping loads on our 1900 flanged safety relief valves in Table 2
(page TI.11). It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that inlet piping to
the valve and the attachment to a pressure vessel can adequately support
the load (Fv) plus other effects of pressure and temperature.
The allowable load (Fv )is the vertical force shown in Figure 3. It is
assumed that (Fv ) acts through the centerline of the valve outlet and
body. The limiting value of (Fv ) is not based on the maximum allowable
stresses of material in the valve body. (Fv ) is based on the structural
Fv
rigidity of the body which could cause the valve to leak if a given amount
of strain is exceeded. C O N S O L I D AT E D

The allowable load (Fv ) applies up to the limit of set pressure for each
valve type.
The allowable load (Fv ) is based on the valve maintaining API-527
tightness, i.e., leakage point is 90% of set pressure. If the leak tightness
pressure required is higher than 90%, then allowable piping loads must be
derated in accordance with the following:

Leak Tightness Pressure Derating Factor for

as a % of Set Pressure Value Given in Table 2
90% 1.0
Fig. 4 - Temperature Derating Factor
91% 0.9
92% 0.8
93% 0.7
94% 0.6
95%
1.00
0.5

In addition to the above, the valve allowable load (Fv ) must also be .90
derated as a result of high temperature effects. The allowable piping loads
must be derated in accordance with Figure 4.
Derating Factor

.80
The effects of required valve tightness and temperature are additive and
must be included. Example:
.70
(1)1905K, set pressure 200 psig, 92% seat tightness, relieving
temperature 500˚F.
.60
(2) Allowable load (Fv ) = 500
Derating for tightness = 500 (0.8) = 400 lb.
Derating for temperature = 400 (.98) = 392 lb.
.50
(3) That valve should not be subject to a force exceeding 392 lb. when 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
installed under the stated conditions. Temperature (˚F)

TI.10
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Piping Loads

Allowable Piping Loads for:

1900 Flanged Safety Relief Valves
Table 2
Orifice
D E F G H J K L
Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb)
Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load

1905 85 1905 85 1905 150 1905 150 1905 150 1905 250 1905 500 1905 500
1906 85 1906 85 1906 150 1906 150 1906 150 1906 250 1906 500 1906 500
1910 85 1910 85 1910 150 1910 150 1910 260 1910 500 1910 600 1910 800
1912 85 1912 85 1912 150 1912 150 1912 260 1912 500 1912 600 1912 800
1914 158 1914 158 1914 158 1914 158 1914 330 1914 800 1914 800 1914 1000
1916 158 1916 158 1916 158 1916 158 1916 330 1916 800 1916 800
1918 230 1918 230 1918 230 1918 230

Orifice
M N P Q R T V W
Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb)
Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load

1905 1000 1905 1000 1905 1000 1905 1200 1905 1200 1905 2400 1905 3300 1905 5300
1906 1000 1906 1000 1906 1000 1906 1200 1906 1200 1906 2400 1906 3300 1906 5300
1910 1200 1910 1200 1910 1200 1910 1500 1910 1500 1910 2400 1910 3300 1910 5300
1912 1500 1912 1500 1912 1500 1912 2000 1912 2000

Allowable Piping Loads for:

19000 and 820000 Threaded Safety Relief Valves
Valves with threaded base-to-bonnet joints should not have discharge The maximum allowable vetical piping loads that can be applied at the
piping installed that would induce a torsional load when the valve relieves. outlet face and not adversely affect the performance of the 19000 and
All discharge piping should be parallel to the vertical axis of the valve. 820000 series valves are as follows:

Valve Type Maximum Load (lb)

19096L, M
19126L, M 411
19110L, M
19226L, M 427
19096H - 19110H 427
19126H - 19226H 4232
19357L, M 1072
19567L, M 1072
1/2" or 3/4" 820121 261
3/4" or 1" or 820216 405
1" or 1-1/4" 8203332 440
1-1/2" or 2" 820857 782

TI.11
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Piping Loads

Allowable Piping Loads for:

Pilot Operated 3900 Flanged Safety Relief Valves

Exhaust piping loads on the valve outlet should be minimized, and The allowable load (Fv) is the vertical force at the valve outlet. It is
preferably be a value of zero. This will be the total allowed load on the assumed that Fv acts through the centerline of the valve outlet and
single outlet valves and the total allowable differential load between the body. The limiting value of Fv is not based on the maximum allowable
two outlets on the dual outlet valves. stresses of material in the valve body. Fv is based on the structural
rigidity of the body.
Since most installations will include exhaust piping, allowable piping
loads are tabulated for the 3900 flanged safety relief valves in Table 3 The allowable load (Fv ) applies up to the limit of set pressure for each
and Table 4. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that inlet piping to valve type.
the valve and the attachment to a pressure vessel can adequately support
the load Fv

Table 3 - Standard Bore Piping Loads

Orifice
D E F G H J K
Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb)
Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load

3905 150 3905 150 3905 150 3905 150 3905 150 3905 250 3905 250
3910 150 3910 150 3910 150 3910 260 3910 260 3910 500 3910 500
3912 150 3912 150 3912 150 3912 260 3912 260 3912 500 3912 500
3914 158 3914 158 3914 158 3914 330 3914 330 3914 800 3914 800
3916 158 3916 158 3916 158 3916 330 3916 330 3916 800 3916 800

Orifice
L M N P Q R T
Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb)
Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load

3905 500 3905 1000 3905 150 3905 150 3905 1200 3905 1200 3905 2400
3910 800 3910 1200 3910 150 3910 260 3910 1500 3910 1500 3910 2400
3912 800 3912 1500 3912 150 3912 260 3912 2000 3912 2000 3912 3000
3914 1100 3914 1800 3914 158 3914 330
3916 1100 3916 1800 3916 158 3916 330

Table 4 - Full Bore Piping Loads

Orifice
3x4 4x6 6x8x8 8 x 10 x 10 10 x 10 x 10
Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb) Valve Fv (lb)
Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load Type Max. Load

3905 500 3905 1000 3905 2400 3905 2400 3905 3600
3910 800 3910 1200 3910 2400 3910 2400 3910 3600
3912 800 3912 1500 3912 3000 3912 3000

TI.12
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Temperature Selections

Temperatures Used in
Selecting Pressure Relief Valves

In all safety relief valve protected pressurized systems, the possibility In determining proper valve selection, temperature is one of the variables
exists to have elevated temperatures present. Generally, temperatures in used both for structural considerations and valve sizing. The following
such situations can be categorized as stated below: guidelines are provided for use in temperature considerations and
determining a valve selection.
(1) Operating Temperature
(A) Capacities should be based upon the relieving temperature
This is the temperature normally found in the system and exists by and flowing pressures.
virtue of the processes in the system. It is normally fairly constant
when averaged over a period of time. If the relieving temperature is not given, the maximum of the
temperatures given should be used.
(2) Relieving Temperature
This is the temperature that exists in the system at the time that (B) The CDTP (cold differential test pressure) should be based
the pressure relief valve opens in response to a system pressure upon the operating temperature.
increase. It generally results from some type of system upset If the operating temperature is not given, the CDTP should be based
condition. This temperature is usually higher than operating on the lower of the temperatures given.
temperature, but may be higher or lower than design temperature.
The nameplate should be stamped with the temperature used to
(3) Design Temperature calculate the CDTP.
This is the specified temperature for which the structural
components of the system must be designed. The value of this (C) For the selection of springs, bellows and O-Ring materials,
temperature level is based on several factors including the length of the most critical of the operating or relieving temperature is used,
time at which various temperature levels are expected to occur. It except in the case of fire-sizing. If only the design temperature is
may be higher or lower than relieving temperature. given, it should be used.
For fire-sizing, the operating temperature is used to select the
materials for the bellows, springs and O- Rings. If the operating
temperature is not given, the minimum of the temperatures given
should be used.
This is the temperature which is used to select the “t” or “c”
design valve.
(D) The flange rating should be based upon the design
temperature (reference ASME Section VIII, UG-20, UG-21). If the
design temperature is not given, the most critical of the
temperatures given should be used.
When conditions are not clear about which temperatures are to be used,
additional guidance should be requested.

TI.13
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Flange Finishes / Natural Frequency

Flange Finishes and Natural Frequency

Flange Finishes Natural Frequency of Pressure Relief Valves

Standard Raised Face Flange Finish All piping and mechanical systems exhibit a characteristic known as a
(a) CONSOLIDATED’s standard flange face finish is 125 to 250 natural frequency. This natural frequency is determined in many ways,
micro inch roughness (Ra). A spiral finish having 24 to 40 grooves but actually subjecting the valve to a test on a vibrating table is the
per inch is machined using a cutting tool with a minimum radius of most reliable.
.062". The resultant finish is 125 to 250 Ra with a minimum of In general, valves with lower natural frequencies indicate a relatively
torn surface when compared with the visual comparison standard. flexible product in its structural design. Valves which have a high natural
(b) Acceptance of finish is based on use (visual and tactile) of the frequency are indicative of valves with a stiff structural design.
Rubert 119 comparator. In accordance with ASME/ANSI B16.5, It is not advisable to install a valve on a system header where the valve
the finish of contact faces of valves will be judged by visual and the piping system both have the same natural frequency. This would
comparison with Ra standards (see ANSI B46.1) and not by eventually lead to major vibration problems causing the valve to open at
instruments having stylus tracers and electronic amplification. a very low set pressure and leak continuously. Usually, valve natural
frequencies are much higher than the natural frequency of the piping
NOTE: Ra, AARH, AA and CLA are the same. system on which they are installed, so problems related to natural
Nonstandard Designations frequency of the valve are not common.
(a) When a finish other than CONSOLIDATED’s standard is desired,
the customer should supply the following information:
(1) Finish: serrated or smooth
(2) Serrations: spiral or concentric
(3) For smooth finish specify roughness, e.g., 63 Ra
(4) Acceptance standard, e.g., Rubert 119 comparator
References
(a) ASME/ANSI B16.5 - 1996, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
(b) ASME/ANSI B16.34 - 1996, Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and
Buttwelding End
(c) ASME/ANSI B46.1 - 1985, Surface Texture

TI.14
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
Valve Installation

Valve Installation

General
Valve Connections Outlet Piping
1900 flanged valves are equipped with ANSI B16.5 flanges and comply Alignment of the internal parts of a safety relief valve is important to
with ANSI/API STD 526. For other standards, contact CONSOLIDATED for ensure proper operation. Although the valve body will withstand a
your needs. considerable mechanical load, unsupported discharge piping should not
The facing on raised flanges is a spiral finish, 125 to 250 micro inch involve loads any higher than that stated in the Piping Loads section of
roughness (Ra). this catalog. They should also avoid loads consisting of more than a
companion flange, long radius elbow and a short vertical pipe. Care
All flange drillings straddle the centerlines of the valve. should be taken to ensure thermal expansion of piping and support does
19000 valves are supplied with threaded, socket weld or flanged not produce strains in a valve. Spring supports are recommended where
connections. 820000 valves are supplied with threaded or flanged this may be the case. The discharge piping should be designed to allow
connections. Centerline to face dimensions are consistent with good for vessel expansion as well as expansion of the discharge pipe itself.
installation practices. These flanges also comply with B16.5 This is particularly important on long discharge lines.
Handling and Storage Consideration should be given to discharge pipe movement resulting from
wind loads. A continual oscillation of the discharge piping introduces
The internal parts of safety relief valves are precision machined and fitted
stress distortion in the valve body. The resultant movement of the
together to maintain perfect alignment. Rough handling may damage the
internal parts may cause leakage.
seats or cause misalignment sufficient to incur leakage or erratic
operation. Safety relief valves should be handled carefully. Safety relief Where possible, drains should be piped away to prevent the collection of
valves are shipped with a protective covering over the inlet and the outlet water or corrosive liquid in the valve body. Attention should be given to
to prevent damage to the flanged surfaces and to prevent entry of foreign the support of the drainage piping.
material into the valve. If the valves are to be stored before installation, When two or more valves are piped to discharge into a common header,
the protective covering should be left intact until installation. the built-up back pressure resulting from the opening of one (or more)
Furthermore, clean, dry covered storage is recommended. If this is not valve(s) may cause a superimposed back pressure in the remaining
practical, valves should at least be protected with a suitable covering to valves connected to the header. This back pressure will increase the set
prevent entry of foreign material. pressure of the remaining valves by the amount of the back pressure,
unless the bonnet is vented. Under these conditions, use of bellows
Inlet Piping
valves is recommended. Bellows valves may also permit use of a smaller
The safety relief valve should be installed in a vertical upright position. size manifold.
The inlet piping to the valve should be short and direct from the vessel or
It is recommended that the smaller orifice valve be set at the lower set
equipment being protected. The connection to the vessel should be
pressure and that it be installed upstream of other valves.
provided with a radius to permit smooth flow to the valve. Sharp corners
should be avoided. Should this not be practical, then the inlet should be
wedged out at least one additional pipe diameter.
In any event, the pressure drop from the vessel to the valve should not
exceed 3% when the valve is flowing full capacity. In no event should the
inlet piping be smaller in diameter than the inlet connection of the valve.

TI.15
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
API RP 520, Part II

API Recommended Practice flow induced pressure drop in the inlet piping. Excessive
pressure losses in the piping system between the protected
for the Design and Installation of vessel and the pressure relief valve will adversely affect the
Pressure Relieving Systems in Refineries valve performance. In addition, the effect of stresses derived
(Excerpts from API RP 520 Part II) from both valve operation and externally applied loads must
be considered. For more complete piping design guidelines,
1. General see ASME B31.1 or B31.3.
2.1.2 Vibration Considerations
1.1 Scope Vibrations in inlet piping systems may cause leakage in the
This recommended practice is intended to cover methods of seats of pressure relief valves or fatigue failure of the piping;
installation for pressure relieving devices. Pressure relief valves or under certain conditions, both results may occur.
rupture disks may be used independently or in combination with Most vibrations that occur in inlet piping systems are random
each other to provide the required protection against excessive and complex. These vibrations may cause the seat on the
overpressure. As used in this recommended practice, the term valve disk to slide back and forth across the seat on the valve
pressure relief valve includes safety relief valves used in nozzle, resulting in damage to the seating surfaces; they may
compressible fluid service and relief valves used in liquid service. cause actual separation of the seating surfaces; or they may
This recommended practice covers gas, vapor, and liquid service; cause premature fatigue failure of certain valve parts.
it does not cover special applications that require unusual
installation considerations. Regardless of the amplitude, high-frequency vibrations are
more detrimental to the tightness of the pressure relief valve
than are low-frequency movements. This effect can be
2. Inlet Piping minimized by providing greater pressure differentials between
2.1 General Requirements the operating pressure and the set pressure, particularly under
high-frequency conditions.
For general requirements of inlet piping, see Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
2.2 Pressure Drop Limitations and Piping Configurations
2.1.1 Flow and Stress Considerations
The valve inlet piping should be designed to provide for proper For pressure drop limitations and piping configurations, see
valve performance. This requires design consideration of the Figures 5 - 8.

Fig.5 - Typical Pressure Relief Valve Without a Stop Valve Fig. 6 - Typical Pressure Relief Valve With a Stop Valve

Weather cap
Support to resist weight (may be required)
and reaction forces If pressure relief valve is Pressure relief valve Purge or vent valve may
connected to a closed system, be required at stop valve
Long-radius elbow or in spool piece
care should be taken to keep
piping strains away from the
valve under all conditions of
Pressure drop See note
Pressure relief valve process operation.
not more than 3%
of set pressure
Body drain
Support to resist weight and reaction forces
Pressure drop not
more than 3% of Optional low-point drain Vessel
set pressure
Vessel Nominal pipe
diameter no less than
valve inlet size
NOTE: The stop valve must have a full port area greater than or equal to the inlet
size of the pressure relief valve. The stop valve should be used only as
permitted by the applicable codes.

TI.16
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
API RP 520, Part II

2.2.1 Pressure Loss at the Valve Inlet should be avoided. Foreign matter may accumulate, or liquid
Excessive pressure loss due to friction at the inlet of a pressure may be trapped, creating interference with the valve’s
relief valve will cause rapid opening and closing of the valve, operation or requiring more frequent valve maintenance.
or chattering. Chattering may result in lowered capacity and 2.3 Inlet Stresses that Originate from Discharge Piping
damage to the seating surfaces. Pressure loss is caused by
friction within, or entering into, the inlet piping of the pressure Improper design or construction of the discharge piping from a
relief valve. pressure relief valve can set up stresses that will be transferred to
the valve and its inlet piping. These stresses may cause the valve
2.2.2 Size and Length of Inlet Piping to leak or malfunction. The valve Manufacturer should be
The inlet piping between the protected equipment and the consulted about permissible loads and moments.
inlet flange of the pressure relief valve should be designed so
that the total pressure loss does not exceed 3% of the set 2.3.1 Thermal Stresses
pressure of the valve. The pressure loss should be calculated Fluid flowing from the discharge of a pressure relieving device
using the maximum rated capacity of the pressure relief may cause a change in the temperature of the discharge
valve. Pressure losses can be reduced materially by rounding piping. A change in temperature may also be caused by
the entrance to the inlet piping or by using larger inlet piping. prolonged exposure to the sun or to heat radiated from
nearby equipment. Any change in the temperature of the
The nominal size of the inlet piping must be the same as or discharge piping will cause a change in the length of the
larger than the nominal size of the valve inlet flange. piping and may cause stresses that will be transmitted to the
When a rupture disk device is used in combination with a pressure relieving device and its inlet piping. The pressure
pressure relief valve, the pressure drop calculation must relieving device should be isolated from piping stresses
include the additional pressure drop developed by the disk. through proper support, anchoring, or flexibility of the
Pilot operated valves can tolerate higher inlet pipe pressure losses discharge piping. Fixed supports should not be used because
when the pilot senses the system’s pressure at a point that is not they may cause stresses in the pressure relief valve as a result
affected by the inlet pipe pressure drop (see Figure 9). The of thermal changes.
reduced capacity of the main valve, caused by the increased 2.3.2 Mechanical Stresses
pressure drop, should not be reduced below the capacity Discharge piping should be independently supported and
required to protect the equipment or system. carefully aligned. Discharge piping that is supported by only
the pressure relief valve will induce stresses in the pressure
2.2.3 Configuration of Inlet Piping relief valve and the inlet piping. Forced alignment of the
The installation of a pressure relief valve at the end of a long discharge piping will also induce such stresses.
horizontal inlet pipe through which there is normally no flow

Fig. 7 - Typical Pressure Relief Valve Mounted on a Process Line Fig. 8 - Typical Pressure Relief Valve Mounted on a Long Inlet Pipe

Pressure relief valve

See 2.2.2 for
pressure-loss limitation Discharge Piping

Inlet piping sized

so that pressure
drop from vessel
Vessel to pressure relief
Pressure relief valve
valve inlet flange
does not exceed
3% of valve set
pressure

Vessel

TI.17
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
API RP 520, Part II

2.6 Rupture Disks entrance where the lateral outlet nozzle joins the main run should
A rupture disk device may be used as the sole pressure relieving have a well rounded, smooth corner that minimizes turbulence
device, or it may be installed between the pressure relief valve and resistance to flow.
and the vessel or on the outlet side of the valve. For ASME Code
applications, the capacity of a pressure relief valve used in
3. Discharge Piping
combination with a rupture disk mounted as shown in Figure 10
must be derated by 20% unless that particular combination has a 3.1 General Requirements
capacity factor derived from testing and certified by ASME. The discharge piping installation must provide for proper valve
When a rupture disk device is used downstream from the valve or performance and adequate drainage, with consideration given to
between the pressure relief valve and the protected vessel, a pressure the effect of back pressure on the particular design of the valve.
gauge, try cock, free vent, or suitable telltale indicator should be provided Consideration should be given to the type of discharge system
to permit detection of disk rupture or leakage. Unless this requirement used, the design of the pressure relief valve, and the set pressure
is complied with, the user is cautioned that any pressure buildup between relationship of the valves in the system.
the rupture disk and the pressure relief valve will increase the opening Auto-refrigeration during discharge can severely cool the outlet of
pressure of the device (see Figure 10). the valve and the discharge piping. Materials must be selected to
Only rupture disks that have a non-fragmenting design may be used avoid sensitivity to brittle fracture.
beneath a pressure relief valve. 3.2 Safe Disposal of Relieving Fluids
When reverse buckling disks are used in liquid service, some For a comprehensive source of information about the safe
Manufacturers recommend a vapor space that is required to provide the disposal of various relieving fluids, see API RP 521.
dynamic energy necessary to ensure complete rupture and full opening of
the disk. 3.3 Back Pressure Limitations and Sizing of Pipe
2.7 Process Laterals When discharging piping is designed, the combined effect of
superimposed and built-up back pressure on the operating
Process laterals should generally not be connected to the inlet characteristics of the valves should be considered. The
piping of pressure relief valves. Exceptions should be analyzed discharge piping system should be designed so that the amount
carefully to ensure that the allowable pressure drop at the inlet of the of back pressure does not exceed the value established by the
pressure relief valve is not exceeded under simultaneous conditions pressure relief valve that has the lowest back pressure
of rated flow through the pressure relief valve and maximum limitation in the system.
possible flow through the process lateral (see Figure 11).
2.8 Pressure Relief Valve Inlets
Inlets of pressure relief valves should not be located where
excessive turbulence is present (see Figure 12). The branch

Fig. 10 - Typical Rupture Disk Assembly Installed in

Fig.9 - Typical Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valve Installation
Combination with a Pressure Relief Valve

Main valve
Pilot valve

Integral pressure
pickup

Optional remote
pressure pick-up

Pressure gauge
Vessel
Excess flow valve
(optional)
Bleed valve
(may be car-sealed open)

TI.18
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
API RP 520, Part II

In every case, the nominal discharge pipe should be as large as 4.3 Balanced Piston Valves
or larger than the nominal size of the pressure relief valve outlet The bonnets of balanced piston seal valves should always be
flange; in the case of long discharge piping, the pipe size must vented because of the flow past the piston. Under conditions of
sometimes be much larger. normally low back pressure, the flow is small and may possibly
Sizing of discharge piping for vapor or gas service is covered in be safely discharged to the atmosphere; however, when the valve
API RP 521. is operating, the flow will increase as a result of the higher body
3.4 Stresses that Originate from Discharge Piping pressure. This factor must be considered in the design of the
bonnet venting.
The effects of stresses that originate from discharge piping are
discussed in 2.3.1 and 2.3.2. 4.4 Pilot Operated Valves
The pilot is normally vented to the atmosphere under operating
conditions, since the discharge during operation is slight. When
4. Bonnet or Pilot Vent Piping
vent discharge to the atmosphere is not permissible, the pilot
4.1 Conventional Valves should be vented through a supplementary piping system to a
Following are two types of conventional valves: safe location. When vent piping is designed, precautions should
be taken to avoid the possibility of back pressure on the pilot
a) Closed Bonnet. The normal closed bonnet valve requires unless the pilot is of the balanced design.
no special precautions except that it should be properly
chosen for the particular conditions of installation.
6. Valve Location and Position
b) Vented Bonnet. The location of the valve and the design
of the discharge piping system are the main considerations in 6.1 Inspection and Maintenance
venting the valve bonnets into the atmosphere. For optimum performance, pressure relief valves must be serviced
Considerations must be given to the qualities of the fluids that are and maintained regularly. Details for the care and servicing of
discharged to the atmosphere through the bonnet vents, since specific valves are provided in the Manufacturer’s maintenance
some fluids may have hazardous properties. bulletins and in Chapter XVI of the API Guide for Inspection of
4.2 Balanced Bellows Valves Refinery Equipment.
The bonnets of bellows seal valves should always be vented to Pressure relief valves should be located for easy access and
ensure proper functioning of the valve and to provide a telltale in removal so that servicing can be properly handled. Sufficient
the event of a bellows failure. The vent must be designed to working space should be provided around the valve.
avoid plugging caused by ice, insects, or other obstructions.
When the fluid is flammable, toxic, or corrosive, the bonnet vent
should be piped to a safe location.

Fig. 11 - Recommended Typical Installation to Avoid Process Fig. 12 - Typical Installation Avoiding Excessive
Laterals Connected to Pressure Relief Valve Inlet Piping Turbulence at Pressure Relief Valve Inlet

Process laterals generally

should not be connected to Pressure relief valve
pressure relief valve inlet
piping - consult text
Inlet Flanges

Branch
Connection Inlet Pipe

Vessel Run Pipe

Not less than 10 pipe diameters

from any device that causes turbulence
TI.19
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
API RP 520, Part II

6.2 Proximity to Pressure Source 7. Bolting and Gasketing

The Pressure relieving device should normally be placed close to 7.1 Care in Installation
the protected equipment so that the valve will be “fed” properly
under flowing conditions. For example, where protection of a Before a pressure relief valve is installed, the flanges on the
pressure vessel is involved, mounting the pressure relieving valve and the mounting nozzle should be thoroughly cleaned to
device directly on a nozzle on top of the vessel is strongly remove any foreign material that may cause leakage. Where
recommended; however, on installations that have pressure valves are too heavy for ready lifting by hand, the use of proper
fluctuations at the pressure source (as with valves on the handling devices will avoid damage to the flange gasket facing.
compressor discharge) that peak close to the set pressure of the Ring joint and tongue and groove facing should be handled with
valve, the pressure relief valve should be located farther from the extreme care so that the mating sections are not damaged.
source and in a more stable pressure region. 7.2 Proper Gasketing and Bolting for Service Requirements
6.3 Proximity to Other Valve Equipment The gasket used must be dimensionally correct for the specific
The valves should be mounted downstream from any of the flange, and must fully clear the valve’s inlet and outlet openings.
devices in 6.3.1 through 6.3.3 at a distance sufficient to avoid Gaskets, flange facings, and bolting should meet the service
turbulence (see Figure 12). requirements for the pressure and temperature involved. This
6.3.1 Reducing Stations information can be obtained by referring to other national
Pressure relief valves are often used to protect piping standards and to Manufacturers’ technical catalogs.
downstream from pressure reducing valves, where turbulence When a rupture disk device is installed in the pressure relieving
usually occurs. Other valves and appurtenances in the system system, the flange gasket material and bolting loads may be
may also be effective in disturbing the flow. This condition critical. The disk Manufacturer’s instructions should be followed
cannot be evaluated readily, but turbulence at valve inlets for proper performance.
tends to generate instability.
6.3.2 Orifice Plate and Flow Nozzle 8. Multiple Pressure Relief Valves
Proximity to orifice plates and flow nozzles may cause with Staggered Settings
adverse operation of the pressure relief valves.
8.1 Advantages of Multiple Valves
6.3.3 Other Valves and Fitting
The use of other fittings, such as elbows, may create turbulent In many instances, valves are sized to handle the total quantity
areas that could result in adverse performance of pressure of fluid that results from a maximum emergency condition;
relief valves. however, during mild system upsets, only a fraction of that
amount is discharged through the valve. If the fluid volume
6.4 Mounting Position under the valve is insufficient to sustain the flow, the valve
Pressure relief valves should be mounted in a vertical upright operation will be cyclic and will result in poor performance. The
position. Installing a pressure relief valve in other than a vertical valve’s ability to reseat tightly may be affected. This type of
upright position will adversely affect its operation. The valve service condition can exist in a pressure reducing station where
Manufacturer should be consulted about any other mounting the requirement for a pressure relief valve is based on the wide
position, since mounting a pressure relief valve in other positions open failure of a reducing valve, but under conditions of lesser
may cause a shift in the set pressure and a reduction in the flow, the pressure relief valve works only at partial capacity.
degree of seat tightness. When capacity variations of the foregoing types are frequently
6.5 Test or Lifting Levers encountered in normal operation, the use of multiple smaller
Test or lifting levers should be provided on pressure relief valves as pressure relief devices with staggered settings is recommended.
required by the applicable code. Where simple levers are provided, With this arrangement, the pressure relief valve with the lowest
they should hang down, and the lifting fork must not contact the setting will be capable of handling minor upsets, and additional
lifting nuts on the valve spindle (see Figure 13, Panel A). Uploads valves will be put in operation as the capacity requirement increases.
caused by the lifting mechanism bearing on the spindle will cause
the valve to open below the set pressure.

TI.20
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
API RP 520, Part II

8.2 Code Requirements for Staggered Settings 9.3 Inspection of Rupture Disk Devices
For ASME Code applications, one pressure relief device must be All rupture disk devices should be thoroughly inspected before
set at or below the maximum allowable working pressure of the installation. The Manufacturer’s instruction manuals should be
protected vessel. Additional devices may be set to open at followed with respect to the specific disk. The seating surfaces of
higher pressures, but in no case except under fire conditions the rupture disk holder must be clean, smooth, and undamaged.
should the setting be more than 105% of the maximum Rupture disks should be checked for physical damage to the
allowable working pressure. seating surfaces or the prebulged disk area. Damaged or
When a pressure vessel is exposed to fire or another unexpected dented disks should not be used. The safety heads of bolted
source of external heat, any supplemental pressure relieving construction should be checked for proper torque as
devices may be set to open at a pressure not more than 110% of recommended by the Manufacturer.
the maximum allowable working pressure of that vessel. On reverse buckling disks that have knife blade assemblies, the
knife blades should be checked for physical damage and sharpness.
9. Preinstallation, Handling, and Inspection Nicked or dull blades must not be refurbished or replaced.
9.4 Inspection and Cleaning of Systems Before Installation
9.1 Storage and Handling of Pressure Relief Valves
Because foreign materials that pass into and through pressure
Because cleanliness is essential to the satisfactory operation and
relief valves are damaging, the systems on which the valves are
tightness of a pressure relief valve, precautions should be taken to
tested and finally installed must also be inspected and cleaned.
keep out all foreign materials. Valves should be closed off properly
New systems in particular are prone to contain welding beads,
at both inlet and outlet flanges. Particular care should be taken to
pipe scale, and other foreign objects that inadvertently get
keep the valve inlet absolutely clean. Valves should preferably be
trapped during construction and will destroy the seating surface
stored indoors or in a location where dirt and other forms of
when the valve opens. Wherever possible, the system should be
contamination are at a minimum. Valves should not be thrown on
thoroughly purged before the valve is installed.
a pile or placed on the bare ground while they await installation.
The valve should be isolated during pressure testing of the
Valves should be handled carefully and should not be subjected to
system, either by blanking or closing a stop valve.
shocks. If attention is not paid to this point, considerable internal
damage or misalignment can result, and seat tightness may be
adversely affected. Fig. 13 - Typical Positions for Pressure Relief Valve Lifting Lever
9.2 Inspection and Testing of Pressure Relief Valves
The conditions of all pressure relief valves should be visually
inspected before installation. The Manufacturer’s instruction
manuals should be consulted for details relating to the specific
valve. Caution should be taken to ensure that all protective
material on the valve flanges and any extraneous materials inside
the valve body and nozzle are completely removed. Bonnet
shipping plugs must be removed from balanced pressure relief
valves. The inlet surface must be cleaned, since foreign materials
clinging to the inside of the nozzle will be blown across the seats
when the valve is operated. Some of these materials may damage
the seats or get trapped between the seats in such a way that they
cause leakage. Valves should be tested before installation to Panel A: Remote operation not required
confirm their opening pressure setting.

Panel B: Counterbalanced for remote operation

TI.21
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection
O-Ring Selection Tables - Media
Ethylene
Fluid Nitrile Propylene Fluorocarbon Neoprene Silicone Teflon
Acetaldehyde X X X
Acetamide X X X X X X
Acetic acid X X
Acetic anhydride X X X X
Acetone X X
Acetophenone X X
Acetyl acetone X X
Acetyl chloride X X
Acetylene X X X X X X
Acetylene tetrabromide X X X X
Air X X X X X X
Alkazene X X
Amines-mixed X X X
Ammonia, gas X X X X X
Ammonia, liquid (anhydrous) X X X X X
Ammonium hydroxide X X X X X
Amyl alcohol X X X X X
Amyl borate X X X X
Amyl chloride X X
Amyl chloronaphthalene X X
Amyl naphthalene X X
Anhydrous ammonia X X X X X
Anhydrous hydrazine X X X
Anilene X X
Argon X X X X X X
Asphalt X X X X
ASTM oil X X X
Automatic transmission fluid X X X X

Beer X X X X X X
Beet sugar liquors X X X X X X
Benzaldehyde X X X
Benzene X X
Benzochloride X X X
Benzoic acid X X X
Benzophenone X X X
Benzyl alcohol X X X X X
Benzyl benzoate X X
Benzyl chloride X X
Bleach liquor X X X X X
Boric acid X X X X X X
Brake fluid (non-petroleum) X X X
Bromine X X
Bromobenzene X X
Bromochloro trifluoroethane X X X
Bunker oil X X X X
Butadiene (monomer) X X
Butane X X X X
Butane, 2, 2-dimethyl X X X X
Butane, 2, 3-dimethyl X X X X
Butanol (butyl alcohol) X X X X X X
1-Butene, 2-ethyl X X X
N-butyl acetate X X
Butyl alcohol X X X X X X

TI.22
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection
O-Ring Selection Tables - Media
Ethylene
Fluid Nitrile Propylene Fluorocarbon Neoprene Silicone Teflon
Butyl amine or N-butyl amine X X
N-butyl benzoate X X X
N-butyl butyrate X X X
Butylene X X X
Butyraldehyde X X
Butyric acid X X X

Calcium acetate X X X X
Calcium bisulfite X X X X X
Calcium carbonate X X X X X X
Calcium chloride X X X X X X
Calcium cyanide X X X X X
Calcium hydroxide X X X X X X
Calcium hypochlorite X X X X X X
Calcium nitrate X X X X X X
Calcium phosphate X X X X X X
Cane sugar liquors X X X X X X
Carbolic acid phenol X X X
Carbon bisulfide X X X
Carbon dioxide X X X X X X
Carbon disulfide X X
Carbon monoxide X X X X X X
Carbon tetrachloride X X X
Carbonic acid X X X X X X
Castor oil X X X X X X
Cetane (hexadecane) X X X X
Chloracetic acid X X
Chlorinated salt brine X X
Chlorine, dry X X X
Chlorine dioxide X X
Chloroacetone X X
Chlorobenzene X X
Chlorobromo methane X X X
Chlorobutadiene X X
Chlorododecane X X
Chloroform X X
O-chloronaphthalene X X
Chlorotoluene X X
Chlorox™ X X X X X
O-chlorphenol X X
Chrome plating solutions X X X X
Citric acid X X X X X X
Corn oil X X X X
Cottonseed oil X X X X X X
Crude oil X X X
Cyclohexane X X X
Cyclohexanol X X X X
Cyclohexanone X X

Decalin X X
Decane X X X X
Denatured alcohol X X X X X X
Detergent, water solution X X X X X X
Dexron™ X X X X

TI.23
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection
O-Ring Selection Tables - Media
Ethylene
Fluid Nitrile Propylene Fluorocarbon Neoprene Silicone Teflon
Diacetone X X X
Diacetone alcohol X X X
Dibenzyl ether X X
Dibenzyl sebacate X X X
Dibromoethyl benzene X X
Dibutyl phthalate X X X
Dibutyl sebacate X X X X
O-dichlorobenzene X X
P-dichlorobenzene X X
Dichloro-butane X X X
Diesel oil X X X
Di-ester synthetic lubricants X X X
Diethylamine X X X X
Diethyl sebacate X X X X X
Diethylene glycol X X X X X X
Diisobutylene X X X
Diisopropyl ketone X X X X
Dimethyl formamide (DMF) X X X
Dimethyl phthalate X X X
Dioctyl phthalate X X X
Dioctyl sebacate X X X
Dioxane X X
Dioxolane X X
Dipentene X X X
Diphenyl X X X X X X
Diphenyl oxides X X X X X X
Dowtherm, A X X
Dowtherm, E X X

Epichlorohydrin X X
Ethane X X X X
Ethanol X X X X
Ethanol amine X X X X X
Ethyl acetate-organic ester X X X
Ethyl acetoacetate X X X
Ethyl acrylate X X X
Ethyl alcohol X X X X X
Ethyl benzene X X
Ethyl benzoate X X
Ethyl bromide X X X
Ethyl cellosolve X X
Ethyl cellulose X X X X X
Ethyl chloride X X X
Ethyl chlorocarbonate X X X
Ethyl chloroform, ATE X X
Ethycyclopentane X X X
Ethylene chloride X X
Ethylene chlorohydrin X X X X
Ethylene diamine X X X X X
Ethylene dibromide X X
Ethylene dichloride X X
Ethyl formate X X X X
Ethylene glycol X X X X X X

TI.24
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection
O-Ring Selection Tables - Media
Ethylene
Fluid Nitrile Propylene Fluorocarbon Neoprene Silicone Teflon
Ethylene trichloride X X
Ethyl hexanol X X X X X X
Ethyl mercaptan X X
Ethyl oxalate X X X
Ethyl pentachlorobenzene X X
Ethyl silicate X X X X X

Fatty acids X X X X
Ferric chloride X X X X X X
Ferric nitrate X X X X X X
Formaldehyde X X X
Freon, 11™ X X X
Freon, 12™ X X X X
Freon, 13™ X X X X X
Freon, 13B1™ X X X X X
Freon, 14™ X X X X X
Freon, 22™ X X X X
Freon, 31™ X X
Freon, 32™ X X
Freon, 112™ X X X X
Freon, 113™ X X X X
Freon, 114™ X X X X X
Fuel oil X X X X
Fuel oil, acidic X X X X X
Fuel oil, #6 X X X X
Fumaric acid X X X X X X
Furfural X X
Furfuraldehyde X X
Furfurl alcohol X X
Furyl carbinol X X

Gallic acid X X X X X
Gasoline X X X X
Gelatin X X X X X X
Glucose X X X X X X
Glycerine-glycerol X X X X X X
Glycols X X X X X

Halothane X X
Halowax oil X X
Helium X X X X X X
N-Heptane X X X X
N-Hexaldehyde X X X X
N-Hexane X X X X
N-Hexane-1 X X X X
Hexyl alcohol X X X X
Hydraulic oil, petroleum base X X X X X
Hydrazine X X X X X
Hydrobromic acid X X X
Hydrocarbons X X X X
Hydrochloric acid to 158˚F X X X X X
Hydrocyanic acid X X X X X
Hydrofluosilicic acid X X X X X
Hydrogen gas X X X X X

TI.25
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection
O-Ring Selection Tables - Media
Ethylene
Fluid Nitrile Propylene Fluorocarbon Neoprene Silicone Teflon
Hydrogen peroxide (1) X X
Hydrogen sulfide X X X
Hydyne X X X X
Hypochlorous acid X X X X

Iodine X X X X X
Isobutyl alcohol X X X X X X
Iso-butyl N-butyrate X X X
Isododecane X X X X
Isooctane X X X X
Isophorone (ketone) X X
Isopropanol X X X X X X
Isopropyl acetate X X
Isopropyl alcohol X X X X X X
Isopropyl chloride X X
Isopropyl ether X X

JP-3 to JP-10 X X

Kerosene X X X X

Lactic acid X X
Lactones X X
Linoleic acid X X X X X
Linseed oil X X X X
Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) X X X X
Lubricating oils X X X
Lye solutions X X X X X X

Magnesium hydroxide X X X X X
Malathion™ X X X
Maleic acid X X
Maleic anhydride X X
Malic acid X X X X X X
Mesityl oxide (ketone) X X
Methane X X X X
Methanol X X X X
Methyl acetate X X X
Methyl acetoacetate X X X
Methyl acrylate X X X
Methylacrylic acid X X X
Methyl alcohol X X X X X
Methyl benzoate X X
Methyl bromide X X X
Methyl butyl ketone X X
Methyl carbonate X X
Methyl chloride X X
Methyl chloroformate X X
Methylcyclopentane X X
Methylene chloride X X
Methyl ether X X X X
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) X X
Methyl formate X X X
Methyl isopropyl ketone X X

TI.26
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection
O-Ring Selection Tables - Media
Ethylene
Fluid Nitrile Propylene Fluorocarbon Neoprene Silicone Teflon
Methyl mercaptan X X
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone X X
Methyl oleate X X
Methyl salicylate X X
Milk X X X X X X
Mineral oils X X X X X
Mono bromobenzene X X X
Monochlorobenzene X X
Mono ethanolamine X X X
Monomethylaniline X X X X
Monomethyl hydrazine X X X X
Monovinyl acetylene X X X X X X

Naptha X X X
Napthalene X X
Napthenic acid X X X
Natural gas X X X X
Neon X X X X X X
Nickel acetate X X X X
Nickel chloride X X X X X X
Nickel salts X X X X X X
Nickel sulfate X X X X X X
Nitrobenzene X X X
Nitroethane X X X
Nitrogen X X X X X X
Nitromethane X X
Nitropropane X X
Nitrous oxide X X

Octadecane X X X X
N-octane X X X
Octyl alcohol X X X X X
Oleic acid X X
Olive oil X X X X X
Orthochloro ethylbenzene X X
Ortho-dichlorobenzene X X
Oxalic acid X X X X X X
Oxygen X X X X X X

Palmitic acid X X X X X
Para-dichlorobenzene X X
Peanut oil X X X X X X
Pentane X X X X
N-pentane X X X X
Perchloroethylene X X X
Petrolatum X X X X
Petroleum oil X X X
Phenol X X
Phenylbenzene X X
Phenylhydrazine X X X
Phosphoric acid to 158˚F X X X
Phosphorous trichloride X X X
Pinene X X X
Pine oil X X X

TI.27
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection Tables - Media

Ethylene
Fluid Nitrile Propylene Fluorocarbon Neoprene Silicone Teflon
Plating solutions X X X
Potassium acetate X X X X
Potassuim chloride X X X X X X
Potassium cupro cyanide X X X X X X
Potassium cyanide X X X X X X
Potassium dichromate X X X X X X
Potassium nitrate X X X X X X
Potassium salts X X X X X X
Potassium sulphate X X X X X X
Potassium sulphite X X X X X X
Propane X X X X
Propane propionitrile X X X X
Propyl acetate X X X
N-propyl acetone X X
Propyl alcohol X X X X X X
Propylene X X
Propylene oxide X X
Propyl nitrate X X X

Rapeseed oil X X X X X

Salicylic acid X X X X X X
Sea (salt) water X X X X X X
Silicone oils X X X X X
Silver nitrate X X X X X X
Soap solutions X X X X X X
Sodium acetate X X X X
Sodium bicarbonate X X X X X X
Sodium borate X X X X X X
Sodium carbonate X X X X X X
Sodium bisulfate or bisulfite X X X X X X
Sodium chloride X X X X X X
Sodium cyanide X X X X X
Sodium hydroxide, 3 molar X X X X X X
Sodium hypochlorite X X X X X X
Sodium metaphosphate X X X X X
Sodium nitrate X X X X
Sodium perborate X X X X X X
Sodium peroxide X X X X X
Sodium phosphate X X X X X
Sodium silicate X X X X X
Sodium sulphate X X X X X X
Sodium sulphide and sulfite X X X X X X
Sodium thiosulfate X X X X X X
Soybean oil X X X X X X
Stannic chloride X X X X X
Steam X X
Stearic acid X X X X X
Stoddard solvent X X X X
Styrene X X
Sucrose solutions X X X X X X

TI.28
Consolidated Safety Relief Valves Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)
 Technical Information
O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection

O-Ring Selection Tables - Media

Ethylene
Fluid Nitrile Propylene Fluorocarbon Neoprene Silicone Teflon
Sulfur X X X
Sulfur chloride X X
Sulfur dioxide X X X
Sulfuric acid to 158˚F X X X X X X
Sulfurous acid X X X X X
Sulfur trioxide, dry X X X X X

Tar, bituminous X X X X X X
Tartaric acid X X X X X X
Terpineol X X X
Tertiary butyl alcohol X X X X X X
P-tertiary butyl catechol X X X X
Tertiary butyl mercaptan X X
Tetrabromoethane X X
Tetrabutyl titaniate X X X X X
Tetrachoroethane X X
Tetrachloroethylene X X
Tetrahydrofuran X X
Tetralin X X
Therminol VP-1, 44, 55, 60, 66 X X
Toluene X X
Toluene diisocyanate X X
Triacetin X X X X
Triaryl phosphate X X X
Tributoxyethyl phosphate X X X
Tributyl mercaptan X X
Tributyl phosphate X X
Trichloroacetic acid X X X
Trichloroethane X X
Trichloroethylene X X
Tricresyl phosphate X X X
Triethanol amine X X X
Trifluoroethane X X
Trioctyl phosphate X X X
Tripoly phosphate X X X
Tung oil, china wood oil X X X X
Turpentine X X X

Varnish X X X
Vegetable oil X X X
Vinegar X X X X

Water X X X X X X
Whiskey and wines X X X X X X

Xylene X X
Xylol X X
Xenon X X X X X X
Zinc acetate X X X X
Zinc chloride X X X X X
Zinc salts X X X X X X
Zinc sulfate X X X X X X

TI.29
Technical Information (SRV-1/Q2.02)