Calculus
Applications of Integration
By
Norazaliza Mohd Jamil & Norhafizah Md Sarif
Faculty of Industrial Science & Technology
[email protected],
[email protected] Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
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Description
Aims
This chapter is aimed to :
1. Consider various application of integration
2. evaluate the definite and indefinite integral
3. explain the basic properties of integral
Expected Outcomes
1. Students should be able to use definite integral to find area between two curves
2. Students should be able to sketch graph to find area between curve and surface area
3. Students should be able to determine the length of a plane curve
References
1. Abdul Wahid Md Raji, Hamisan Rahmat, Ismail Kamis, Mohd Nor Mohamad, Ong Chee
Tiong. The First Course of Calculus for Science & Engineering Students, Second
Edition, UTM 2016.
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Content
1
Area Under a Curve
2 Area Between a Curves
3 Arc Length and Surface Area
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Area Under the Curve
Definition – Area: If f ( x) continuous on a, b then the
area of region between the curve y f ( x) and the x-axis
from x a to x b is given by
b
A f ( x)dx
a
. Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
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Above x axis Below x axis
d
b
Area, A f ( x) dx Area, A
c
g ( x) dx
a
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6
Example
Find the area bounded by the curve y x 2 and x-axis between x 0 to x 3 .
The required region is the shaded
y x2
region as shown in Figure 1. The area
of this region is
3
3 x 3
x dx
2
0
3 0
27
3
9
x3
Figure 1
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Example
Find the area bounded by the lines y 2 x, x 3, x 4 and x-axis .
The required region is the shaded
region as shown in Figure 2. The 3
shaded region is below the x - 2
1
axis, therefore the area of this
0
region is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
4 -2
x2
2 x dx 2 x
4
3
2 3
-3
-4
3 -5
2
1
1 unit 2 FigureMd
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Example
2
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve x , y 2, y 4 and y -axis
y
.
The required region is the shaded
2
region as shown in Figure 3. The area x
y
of this region is
2
dy 2 ln y 2
4
4
2 y
2
2 ln 4 ln 2
1.386 unit 2
FigureMd
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Example
Determine the area of the region bounded by the curve y x
3
and x -axis for
.1 x 1.
For 1 x 0 , region is located below the x -axis
whereas for 0 x 1 the region is located above Area below Area above
x-axis x-axis
the x -axis. Area is partly above and below the x -
axis 1 0 1
x = -1 1.5 x=1
1
x 3 dx 1
x 3 dx x 3 dx
0
1
0 1
x4 x4
0.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
4 1 4 0
-0.5
1
-1
unit 2
2
-1.5
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Example
Find the total area bounded by the curve y x( x 1)( x 3) and x -axis for
0 x 3.
For 0 x 1, region is located above the x -axis
whereas for 1 x 3 the region is located
below the x -axis.
3
0
x( x 1)( x 3)dx
1 3
x( x 1)( x 3)dx x( x 1)( x 3)dx
0 1
y x( x 1)( x 3)
x
1 3
x 4 x 3x dx
3 2 3
4 x 3x dx
2
0 1
37 Figure 5
unit 2
12
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Example
Find the area between x-axis and the graph f ( x) x 1 from x 0 to x 2
2
x – intercept :
Figure 6
x2 1 0
x 1, 1
y- intercept: y 1
1 2
A 0 ( x 2 1)dx ( x 2 1) 0dx
0 1
1 2
x x3 3 Remarks: A common mistake is to work
x x
3 0
3 1
this problem by evaluating the integral
2
2 4 3
2
A x 2 1 dx
x
x
2
3 3 0 3 3
2
0
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Area Between Curves
In some practical problems, we need to compute the area between
any two curves.
Let f ( x) and g ( x) are functions such that f ( x) g ( x) on the interval
a, b .
To find the area of the region between the two curves from x a to
x b , we subtract the area between the lower curve g ( x) and the
x-axis from the area between the upper curve and the x-axis.
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Area Between Two Curves
Area, A f ( x) g ( x)dx
b
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Example
Find the area of the shaded region
Upper function
y
y = 2x + 1
y = x2 – 3x + 5
Lower function
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Solution:
We need to find the upper and lower limits of the integrals by searching
for the intersection points of the curve. This can be done by solving the
simultaneous equations.
x 2 3x 5 2 x 1
x2 5x 4 0
( x 4)( x 1) 0
The lower limit is a 1 and the upper limit is b 4 . Therefore, the area
of the shaded region is
2 x 1 x 3 x 5 dx
4
2
Area =
1
4
5x2 x3
4x
2 3 1
9
2 Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
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Example
Find the area of the shaded region by the curve y x 2 and the lines
2
y x, x 0 and x .1
y
The upper and lower functions y x2 2
are given by y x 2 2 and
y x respectively. The area of
the shaded area is
y x
x
x 2 x dx
1
2
Area =
0
1
x 2 2 x dx
0
1
x3 x 2 17 x=0 x=1
2x Figure 7
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Example
Find the area of the region that is enclosed between the curve y x
2
and
the lines y x 6 .
10
By solving simultaneous equations,
y x2 8 the lower limit is a 2 and the upper
6 limit is b 3. The shaded region is in
4 interval [-2,3] and has lower function
y x6 2 y x 2 and the upper function y x 6.
0
dx
3
2 2
Area = x 6 x
20.8333 unit 2
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Example
Find the area of the shaded region by the curve y x3 and the lines y x.
y y
We obtain the intersection points of
y x3
y x3 and y x by solving the equation. yx
x3 x
x3 x 0
x
x( x 1) 0
2
1 1
Thus x 0 and x 1 .
Calculus by Norhafizah Md Sarif
Figure 9
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For 1 x 0 , the upper function y x3 and the lower function y x .
Whereas for 0 x 1, the upper function y x and the lower function
y x3 .
Hence the area of the shaded region is
Area = A1 A2
x x dx + x x 3 dx
0 1
= 3
1 0
0 1
x4 x2 x2 x4
4 2 1 2 4 0
1 1
4 4
1
unit 2
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Example
Find the area of the region that bounded by the curve y 2 x and the
line y x 3 in the first quadrant .
The required region is shown in shaded
region in Figure 10. Notice that the
shaded region can be obtained by
subtracting the whole area with the
triangle. The area is
1
9 3 6
9
Area =
0
2 x dx Area =
2
9
4 23
x 18
3 0
36
Area 36 18 18unit 2 Calculus by NorhafizahFigure 10
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Arc Length
Definition – Arc Length: If the function y f ( x) is a smooth
curve on the interval a, b then the arc length L of this curve
over a, b is defined as
2
dy
1 dx 1 f ( x) dx
b b
L
2
a
dx a
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Example
3
Find the arc length (rounded to 4 decimal places) of the curve y x on 2
the interval 1,3 .
3
3 12
Let f ( x) x . Therefore f ( x) x
2
2
2
3
3 12
L 1 x dx
1 2
3
9
1 xdx
1
4
9 du 9
By applying substitution technique, let u 1 x . Thus
4 dx 4
31
4 12 4
u du
9 13
4
4.6566
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Surface Area
When the arc of a curve is revolved about a line, it generates
a surface.
A surface of revolution is a surface generated by rotating a
two-dimensional curve about the x -axis and y -axis. The
resulting surface always has azimuthal symmetry. Examples
of surface revolution include cone and cylinder.
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Example
The curve y f ( x) in the interval a, b is revolved about the x -axis.
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a b
s
y
s
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Geometry
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Surface Area
Definition – Revolving about x-axis: If the function y f ( x) has
a continuous first derivative throughout the interval a x b,
then the area of the surface generated by revolving the
curve about the x -axis is
S 2 f ( x) 1 f '( x) dx
b 2
a
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Surface Area
Definition – Revolving about y -axis: If the function x g ( y ) has
a continuous first derivative throughout the interval c y d ,
then the area of the surface generated by revolving the
curve about the y -axis is
S 2 g ( y ) 1 g '( y ) dy
d 2
c
.
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Example
Find the surface area that is generated by revolving the portion of the
curve y x between 0 x 2, about x -axis.
3
By inserting the information given into the formula,
we obtained
1
2
S 2 x 3
1 3x 2
dx
0
1
2 x 3 1 9 x 4 dx
0
By applying the techniques of substitution, where
u 1 9x4 , du
dx
36 x 3
When x 0, u 1 and x 2, u 145
Figure 11
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Simplify whenever necessary,
145 du
S 2 x3 u
1 36 x 3
145
18 1
u du
145
2 32
u
27 1
1746.0312 1
27
64.6308
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Example
Find the surface area that is generated by revolving the portion of the
curve y x between 1 x 4, about x -axis.
Surface area are given as follow
y
4 1
S 2 x 1 dx
1 4x
4 y=x1/2
4 x 1 dx
1
x
By applying the techniques of substitution, where
du
u 4 x 1, 4
dx
We get 17 1
S u du Figure 12
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Authors Information
Norhafizah Binti Md Sarif Norazaliza Binti Mohd Jamil
Email: Email:
[email protected] [email protected]
Google Scholar: Google Scholar:
Norhafizah Md Sarif Norazaliza Mohd Jamil
Scopus ID : Scopus ID :
57190252369 42061495500
UmpIR ID:
3479
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