Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Department of civil engineering

Technology of Building

o Lecturer : Prok Narith

o Students :

Ly Chungyean (e20160353) Mao Sokpanha (e20160374)

Meas Ponloeu (e20160380) Mey Chanravy (e20160391)

Mom MoNny (e20160402) Nam Sovun (e20160417)

Academic year

2018-2019
Contents
Preface

I. Introduction
1. History 1
2. Future 2
3. Classification of roofs 2
II. Pitched Roof
1. Forms of pitched roof 3
2. Basic elements of pitched roof 5
3. Types of pitched roof structure 7
a. Single Roof 7
b. Double pitched Roof 14
c. Framed or Trussed Roof 20
4. Roof Covering for Pitched Roof 33
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Pitched Roof 39
III. Flat Roof
1. Structural roof deck 40
2. Thermal insulation 40
3. Vapour retarders for low slope roofs 41
4. Roofing membranes 42
5. The basic construction process 48
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Flat Roof 54
IV. Curved Roof
1. Why install a Curved Roof 56
2. History of Curved Roof 57
3. How is Curved Roof 57
4. Durability of Curved Roof 57
5. Variations and other Curved Roof elements 58
6. Advantages of Curved Roof 58
7. Drawbacks of Curved Roof 59
V. Khmer Roof
1. ផទះែខមរ Roof 60
2. ផទះកន្តង
ំ Roof 60
3. ផទះេ ងេ ល Roof 61
4. ផទះេ ងេឌឿង Roof 62
5. ផទះបុត
ិ Roof 62
6. ផទះកង
ឹ Roof 63

Conclusion 64
Reference 65
 PREFACE

The basic of this book illustrates about the main types of roofs, their structures,
constructions, advantages and disadvantages of roofs. In the past, roof construction was not
usually focused by engineer in general. However, to have a completed building, we required to
build it up. As the world is moving further into the digital age, buildings are being developed
to be more modern, standard, and good-looking. These days, the roof has been considered as
one of the main focus in the building that engineers and architects use to design with other
structure to make the building more beautiful and allow people to live more comfortable. The
main purpose of this book is to make detailed description of roof from small parts to big parts
in order to bring better understanding of roof construction.
In truth, we could not have achieved writing this book without a strong support team.
First of all, our lecturer PROK NARITH, who supported us with strong guidance throughout
this research process. Secondly, our members, each of whom has provided patient advices,
ideas, good collaboration and team work until finish writing this book. Thank you all for your
unwavering support.
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith
I. Introduction

 The highest part of a building that spans its surrounding external walls is called
a roof.
 The purpose of a roof is to protect the building from the elements, i.e. wind, rain,
snow and the heat of the sun.
 A roof usually consists of an external weatherproof material and an inner layer
of thermal insulating material all of which are supported on a framework of
timber rafters and beams.

Why do we need to be concerned about roofs?

 Roof and membrane failures are the most often litigated parts of a building
 Good detailing is paramount
 Never use materials or systems that have not been “approved” or tested by a
reputable agency

Requirements of a roof

 It should be durable against the adverse effects of various agencies such as wind,
rain, sun etc.
 It should grant the desirable insulation against sound and heat.
 It should be structurally stable and sound, it should be capable of taking the loads
likely to come over it.
 It should be well-drained.
 It should have efficient water-proofing arrangement.
 It should be fire resistance

1. History

From ceramic tiles, slate and lead to natural resources such as leaves, wood and mud,
roofing styles were typically based around the local materials available. Over the last
200 years, the roofing industry has seen major advancements in technology, resources
and application methods. Not only has this improved roofing designs, it has also
taught us a great deal about the resources available at different periods throughout
history, showing how much technology has changed.
While most growth has happened within the last two centuries, the history of roofing
construction actually started much earlier than this.
The Greeks and Romans were the first to test out different styles of roofing, with the
Romans introducing slating and tiling to Great Britain in 100 BC. Thatch roofs were
later popularized around the year 735 AD, as they provided the ideal solution for areas
where only natural materials were accessible. While a thatch roof is one of the most
beautiful roofing systems, there are several flaws to their design, including:

 Highly flammable
 Degradable
 High maintenance

In a bid to prevent the spread of fires, a law was passed in the 12th century by King

1
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith
John whereby all London residents had to replace their thatch and reed roofs with clay
tiles to improve fire safety. It is believed that this marked the start of mass produced
roofing tiles.
Initially, clay was only used in areas where it was naturally found, such as near rivers
and lakes; for example, clay from around the River Thames was the main material used
to rebuild roofs throughout London following the Great Fire of 1966. By the 19th
century, greater wealth and improved transportation brought with it the industrial
production of clay roofing, making it one of the most commonly used roof tiling
materials.
While roofing styles are still based around those of local materials in certain countries,
there is far more accessibility these days to a wider variety of materials, meaning there
are no limitations on the types of roofing that can be used.

2. Future
As with many businesses, it can be difficult to anticipate how the future of the roofing
industry is going to pan out. That said, it’s clear to see that the history of roofing has
progressed considerably over the centuries, and it will continue to evolve in future years.
If you are searching for a premier roofing contractor operating throughout London, look
no further than Morgan Asphalte. We provide an extensive range of roofing types,
including:
 Slate roofing
 Tiled roofing
 Liquid roofing
 Felt roofing
 Asphalt roofing

3. Classification of roofs

There are many different types of roofs, and they are classified according to their shape
and design.
The roofs are classified into the following three categories:

 Pitched Roof
 Flat Roof
 Curved Roof

The choice of the type of roof will depend on the climatic conditions, shape of building,
and availability of materials, importance of building, etc.

2
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

I. Pitched Roof

In the areas of heavy rainfall and snowfall sloping roof are used. The slope of roof shall be
more than 10o. They may have slopes as much as 45o to 60o also. The sloped roofs are
known as pitched roofs. The sloping roofs are preferred in large spanned structures like
workshops, factory buildings and ware houses. In all these roofs covering sheets like A.C.
sheet, G.I. sheets, tiles, slates etc. are supported on suitable structures.

1. Forms of pitched roof

 Lean to roof: in this type of roof, one wall is carried up sufficiently higher
than the other to give necessary slope to the roof.

 Gable roof: this is the common type of sloping roof, which slopes in two
direction. The two slopes meet at the ridge.

 Gambrel roof: this roof like gable roof slopes in two direction but there is
break in each slope.

 
3
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 Hip roof: This is formed by four sloping surfaces in four directions.

 Mansard roof: This roof like a hip roof, it slopes in four directions but
each slope bas a break.

 Deck roof: A deck roof has slopes in all the four directions, like a hip roof
but a plane surface is form at the top.

 
4
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

2. Basic elements of pitched roof

 Span: the horizontal distance between the internal faces of walls or
supports is known as span or clear span.
 Rise: It is the vertical distance between the top of the ridge and wall plate.
 Pitch: It is the inclination of the sides of a roof to the horizontal plane. It is
expressed in degrees or as a ratio of rise to span.
 Gable: The triangular end of a pitched roof, or the triangular upper part of
the gable wall.
 Hip: The edge of a hipped roof that runs from the ridge to the eaves. It is
formed when two sloping surfaces intersect.
 Eaves: This is the lower edge of the roof surface that overhangs the walls.
 Soffit: This is the underside of the eaves that is fixed to the back of the
fascia and the wall. It forms an enclosed element all around the building.
 Ridge: This is the uppermost line of the roof and is formed at the
intersection of two sloping surfaces.
 Valley: This is the line formed at the internal intersection of two sloping
surfaces. It runs from the ridge to the eaves.
 Verge: This is the underside surface of the eaves and the soffit of a gable
roof which overhangs the gable wall.
 Wall plates: The timber component, which sits upon the top of the walls of
a building and to which the foot of the roof rafters, are fixed.
 Fascia board: A vertical timber of plastic trim, which is fixed to the feet
of the rafters and, along with the soffit, encloses the eaves.
 Soffit board: A timber or plastic trim which is horizontally fixed to the
underside of the rafters and which, along with the fascia encloses the
eaves.
 Bargeboard: A vertical timber or plastic trim which is fixed to the face of
the last common rafter at the end of a gable roof.
 Common rafter: A rafter that runs from the ridge to the wall plate.

 
5
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 Jack or cripple rafters: These are short rafters that run from the hip rafter
to the wall plate. These short rafters form the lower portion of a valley or
hip.
 Hip rafter: This is the main rafter of hip roof. It is to this rafter that all jack
or cripple rafters are fixed to form the hip.
 Gable ladder: This is a framework comprising two common rafters and
noggins. The noggins and the rafters form a ladder frame which is built
into the top of the gable wall and extends beyond the gable wall to form
the gable eaves and to which the bargeboard is fixed.
 Purlin: This is a strong, large sectioned timber member which, is fixed to
the common rafters midway between the ridge and the wall plate and runs
parallel to the wall and the ridge. On gable roofs, the ends of the purlin are
built into the gable walls. This component gives added strength to the roof
structure and allows heavier roof coverings to be used.
 Joist hangers: These are metal hangers by which ceiling joists are fixed to
the wall plate, or they may be built into the supporting walls.
 Ceiling joists: These are timber components which span from wall to wall
and to which the ceiling covering is fixed.
 Roof binder: These are horizontal timber components which span from
wall to wall and which are fixed to the feet of common and jack rafters.
 Roof struts: These are angled components which are fixed to the common
rafters and roof ties. The strut is usually fixed at right angles to the
common rafter to offer greater strength.
 Roof hangers: Hangers are vertical timber components similar in size and
cross section to a common rafter and are fixed to the top of the common
rafter close to the ridge and the ceiling joist or roof binders.
 Battens: Thin strips of wood which are fixed on rafters or ceiling to
support the roof ceiling.
 Cleats: Small blocks of wood which are fixed on truss to prevent the
sliding of purlins.

 
6
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

3. Types of pitched roof structure

a. Single Roof
In this type of roofs, common rafters are provided to each slope without
any intermediate support. This type roof is used only when the span is
limited to 5m.
Single roof is divided into the following types:
 LEAN TO ROOF
o It is the simplest form of a pitched roof and it is known as
pent roof or Aisle roof.
o In this type of roof, one wall is carried up sufficiently
higher than the other to give necessary slope to the roof.
o A lean-to roof is generally used for sheds, out houses
attached to main buildings verandah etc.
o This is suitable for a maximum span of 2.4m.

 COUPLE ROOF

o This type of roof is formed by couple or pair of rafters

which slope to both the sides of the ridge of the roof.
o In this type of roof the common rafters slope upwards from
the opposite walls and they meet on a ridge piece in the
middle as shown in the fig.
o A couple roof is suitable for spans up to about 3.6m.

 
7
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 COUPLE CLOSE ROOF

o This roof is just similar to couple roof except that horizontal

member, called tie beam, connects the ends of the couple of
the common rafters.
o The tie beam prevents the tendency of rafters to spread out
and thus danger of overturning of the walls is avoided.
o The tie beam may be a wooden member or a steel rod.
o This roof can be adopted economically up to the span of
4.2m.

 COLLAR BEAM ROOF

 
8
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

o When the span increases or when the load is more the rafters
of the couple close roof have the tendency to bend.
o This is avoided by raising the tie beam and fixing it at one-
third to one-half of the vertical height from the wall plate to
the ridge. This raised beam is known as collar beam.
o This beam roof is adopted to economies the space and to
increase the height of room.
o This roof can be adopted up to a maximum span of 4.8m.

 Construction

o Pitches, Spans and Rises

When setting out a roof, there are certain essential factors that must be
considered. These are:

Roof span : this is the distance across the roof and measured to the outer
edges of wall plates.
Roof height or rise : this is the vertical height of the roof at its highest
point and is measured from the top of the wall plates to the intersection of
the rafters at the top of the roof. When measuring rafters, the length is
taken as a straight line running through the center of the rafter.
Roof pitch: this is the angle or slope of the roof and can be expressed in
degrees or as a fraction or ratio found by diving the rise by the span.

 
9
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Example: If a roof has a span of 6m and a rise of 3m then the pitch would
be:

Pitch= = = pitch

Since the rise is half the span, the angle of the roof would be 45 degrees

o Common Rafter Length and Bevels

 When determining the lengths and bevels of common rafters, it is

normal to consider them as single lines rather than rafters of a certain
width or thickness. If the rise and the span are known, it is a simple
procedure to determine the length of the common rafter and its main
bevels.
 The roof section can be set out full size or to scale. Once the section
has been set out the length of the common rafter can be determined
by drawing the rise and the span as a right angle joined together by
the hypotenuse which will determine the slope of the roof.
 The rafter is seated upon the wall plate by means of a notch or birds
mouth joint which is cut one third into the rafter. The angle at which
the notch is cut is called the seat cut. The top angle or bevel is called
the plumb cut.
 Once the bevels have been determined, a sliding bevel can be set to
the angle required or in some cases, a piece of plywood can be cut
to each bevel and used as a template for all the other rafters.

 
10
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 When determining the length of the rafter, an allowance is made for the
thickness of the ridge and the length of the overhang at the eaves.

o Verge Details and Ladder Frame

 The construction of the verge of a gable roof is shown below. The
roof extends over the gable wall to give a suitable overhang. To
achieve this is a simple frame called a ladder frame is constructed.
This frame consists of the last two rafters joined together by means
of noggins nailed to the inside of the rafters. The brickwork of the
gable extends through this frame to finish the wall level with the
top of the rafters.
 A finishing trim called a bargeboard is then nailed to the last rafter.
This bargeboard is sufficiently wider than the rafters to cover the
entire end rafter including the tilting fillet.
 A soffit is then fixed to the underside to match the soffit under the
eaves. The bargeboard is also fixed to the fascia. The fascia can be
mitred to the bargeboard at the foot while the top of the bargeboard
at the apex of the roof is mitered to the matching bargeboard on the
other side.

 
11
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

o Eaves Details and Fascia

There are various ways of constructing of a gable roof. Below are two
example:
 Flush eaves
 Boxed or closed eaves

o Flush eaves
 In this method of finishing off the lowest edge of the roof, the rafter
feet are cut plumb, and project 25mm from the face of the outer
brickwork. This will allow a ventilation gap to be formed so that a
continuous flow of air can circulate throughout the roof space.
 The fascia board is nailed directly to the rafter feet to form a face
trim. It is to this fascia board that the guttering is fixed.

 
12
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

o Closed or boxed eaves

 This is a more complex method of finishing the lowest edge of the
roof. The rafter feet are allowed to overhang the face of the outer
brickwork. The overhang can vary in size but usually the distance is
stipulated on the working drawings, or is at a distance that can
accommodate a proprietary ventilation soffit.
 The soffit is supported by a cradling bracket or, in some cases, a
piece of plywood cut to shape.
 The roof space can be ventilated by using a proprietary vermin proof
ventilation strip or the soffit can be drilled with a series of holes into
which plastic ventilators are fixed.
o Roof ventilation
 Roof ventilation is essential to reduce the likelihood of condensation
within the roof space as required by the Building Regs 1985.
 The regulations state that all roofs must be cross-ventilated at eaves
level by permanent vents and these must have an equivalent area
equal to a continuous gap along both sides of the roof of 10mm, or
25mm where the pitch of the roof is less than 15°.
 This ventilation requirement can be achieved by :
 Leaving a gap between the outer wall and the soffit.
 Using a proprietary ventilation strip.
 Using circular plastic ventilators set into the soffit board.

 There are many types and designs of proprietary ventilators

available all of which have been designed to give sufficient
ventilation to the roof space if used and incorporated into the
structure correctly.

 
13
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

b. Double pitched Roof

o Double pitched roof is a traditional, most often used roof. It is the most
popular roof type. Generally, we can describe the double pitched roof as a
triangle that consists of two surfaces which are connected with ridge on the
top. Two surfaces of the roof are supported by load-bearing walls and in the
end the triangle are formed which are named as gables. Gables often have
windows installed for the natural light to come inside. The main advantage
of this roof is that you can install various types of roof covering with the
lowest outcrop.
o Double-pitched roof can be classified as symmetrical and asymmetrical.
The first option is the most popular. It has equal surfaces and can be
considered as a perfect triangle. Asymmetrical roof has the roof ridge placed
not in the center and the roof surfaces and different by length and area. From
the aesthetic point of view- it is very interesting design but it negatively
affect the usage of building area below the roof.
o A double roof is a roof whose rafters are of such a length that they require
an intermediate support. This support is usually a beam which is secured
under the rafters at a point half way between the ridge and the wall plate.
This beam is known as a purlin.
o In gable roofs, the purlin is built into the gable wall to provide added
support. In double pitched roofs, the purlin is fixed to the rafters in a
continuous length, jointed at all the internal and external corners of the roof.
o In traditionally constructed roofs, the roof may also require added support
in the form of roof trusses. This will depend upon the size of the roof and
the type of roof covering the roof covering the roof has to support.

 
14
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

o There are many designs and combinations of double roofs. The design of
the roof will depend upon the size and shape of the ground floor plan of the
building.
The drawing shows a part hipped roof with one hipped end and one gable end. A
fully hipped roof has no gables, and the eaves run round the perimeter of the roof.
The eaves are usually of the boxed or enclosed type.

Hipped and gable roof components and terminology

o When the span exceeds 2.4m, the necessary size for the rafters becomes
uneconomical.
o Hence, in order to reduce the size of rafters, intermediate supports called
purlins are introduced under the rafters as shown in fig.
o This roof can be adopted economically up to 4.8m

 
15
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 Construction

o Setting out and determining roof bevels

There are a number of ways that the length and angle of members can be
determined. The roof pitch is always defined in degrees while the lengths
of the members are defined in meters.

Since all roof member bevels are based on the right angle triangle principle,
they can be determined by:
 The use of scaled drawings in orthographic projection.
 The use of a roofing square (simple tool based on the right angle
principle and calibrated in degrees and millimeters and the length of
inclined roof members).

o Determining roof member lengths and bevels using orthographic projection

Development of sloping roof surfaces on a hipped roof

Roofing angles and true lengths

 
16
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 
17
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

The geometry to determine the length and bevels of each individual roof
member will be covered in more detail with your trainer.

o Determining roof member lengths and bevels using a roofing square.

 A roofing or framing square is a steel square which consists of two

arms set at right angles to each other. One of the arms is wider and
longer than the other; this is known as the blade. The shorter, thinner
arm is known as the tongue.
 The length of the blade is 620mm and the tongue 450mm.
 The square is calibrated in millimetres and degrees, and both sides
contain a set of tables which give the rafter and hip lengths in meters
run for various rises in degrees.

To use the square, the rise of the roof is set on the tongue, and the run of the
rafter is set on the blade.

Example. Consider a common rafter of a roof with a rise of 3m and a rafter

run of 4.50m.

To accommodate the use of the square, the sizes are scaled down or reduced
by.

 
18
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Therefore:

Rise 3.00m ÷ 10 = 300mm

Run 4.50m ÷ 10 = 450mm

o Use of steel roofing square

Below is an example of how the square is applied. The lengths will be to
scale and will need to be converted to full size
.
 

 
19
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

The drawing shows how the length and angles are set off for a common
rafter. The same procedure can be used to obtain all the other rafter lengths
and angles using the following combinations.

▷ Common rafter run + common rafter run = Hip run.

▷ Hip run + rise = Hip length and cuts.
▷ Hip length + rise = Hip backing bevel.
▷ Hip length + hip run = Hip edge cut.
▷ Common rafter length + common rafter run = Purlin edge cut.
▷ Common rafter length + rise = Purlin side cut.

c. Framed or Trussed Roof

If span is more, a framework of slender member are used to support

sloping roofs. These frames are known as trusses. A number of trusses may
be placed lengthwise to get wall free longer halls. Purlins are provided over
the trusses which in turn support roof sheets. For spans up to 9 m wooden
trusses may be used but for larger spans steel trusses are a must. In case of
wooden trusses suitable carpentry joints are made to connect various
members at a joint. Bolts and straps are also used. In case of steel trusses
joints are made using gusset plates and by providing bolts or rivets or
welding. Depending upon the span, trusses of different shapes are used. End

 
20
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

of trusses are supported on walls or on column. Figure (a) shows different

shapes of trusses used. Figure 𝑏 shows a typical wooden truss details and
Figure 𝑐 shows the details of a typical steel truss:

Figure (a) type of trusses

 
21
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Figure (b) A typical wooden truss (King past)

Figure (c) Steel roof truss

 
22
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 When the span exceeds 5 m and when there are no inside supporting
walls or partitions for purlins, framed structure known as trusses are
on the roof, position of cross walls, span and material of the truss.
 The spacing is 3m for wooden trusses.
 Trusses carry the ridge piece and purlins on which the common
rafters rest.

 King Post Truss

 In this type of truss, the central post known as king-post forms

support for the tie beam.
 The inclined members, known as struts, prevents the principal
rafters from bending in the middle.
 A king-post truss suitable for roofs of span varying from 5 to 8 m as
shown in figure.
Truss is basically a triangle or arch shapes frame used a majority in roof
cover it. A king post is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge
designs, taking tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above.

The Wooden King Post Truss Consists Following Components:

 Tie Beam
 Two Inclined principal rafter
 Two struts
 King post
 Ridge Beam

 
23
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

In king post truss, purlins are supported by the principal rafter. The purlins
support the closely spaced common rafters. The slope of common rafters is
same as that of the principal rafter. The common rafters support the roof
covering.
In king Post truss, The Bottom chord of the truss acts as tie beam and this
tie beam receives the ends of the principal rafters and prevents the wall from
spreading out due to thrust. The vertical king post is used to prevent the
sagging of tie beam at the centre of a span. The Struts are connected to the
tie beams and the principal rafters in the inclined direction. The Struts are
used to prevent the sagging of principal rafters. Ridge beam is provided at
the apex of the roof to provide end support of the common rafters. The
trusses are supported on the bed blocks of stone or concrete which are fixed
in the supporting walls.
The Spacing of King Post truss is limited to 3 m centre to centre. The truss
is suitable for spans varying from 5 to 8 metre. It is not suitable for the long
span. The king post truss does not provide storage space because the frames
are usually exposed and do allow extra room.
King post truss is used when there is a need to support the weight of an
expansive roof. This roof provides not only functionally, but also adds
beauty as well. The king post truss is also used for simple roof lines and
short span bridges. It is used in aircraft construction. In aeroplanes, the king
post supports the top cables and helps to support the weight of the plane’s
wings. Trusses are elements where its entire member takes either only
compression or tension member are not in bending.
 Queen Post Truss

 This truss is different from a king-post truss in having two vertical

members known as queen posts.
 The upper ends of the queen posts are kept in position by means of
a horizontal member known as straining beam.
 Additional purlins are supported on the queen posts.
 A queen post truss is suitable for roof spans varying 8 to 12 m as
shown in the figure below
Truss is basically a triangle or arch shapes frame used a majority in roof
cover it. Queen Post Truss is defined as a pitched roof support using two
vertical tie posts connected between the tie beam and the rafters.

 
24
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

The wooden queen post truss differs from a king-post truss in having two
wooden uprights or vertical members which are known as queen post. In
this roof, Queen – posts are used instead of king post.

Queen Post Truss Consists of Following Components:

 Two Queen posts

 Two Principal Rafters

 Struts
 Tie Beam
 Straining beams
 Straining sills
 Purlins
In this roof, The Queen posts are the tension members which are used to
prevent the sagging of tie beam. The upper ends of the queen-posts are kept
in position by straining beam. The straining beam receives the thrust from
the principle rafters and also keeps the junction in a stable position.
A straining sill is fixed on the tie beam and also fixed between the feet of
Queen post. This straining sill is used for reducing the thrusts from struts.
The principal rafters, Straining beams, struts and straining sill are in
compression whereas the queen posts and tie beam are in tension. Purlins
are horizontal wooden members laid on principal rafters on wall-to-wall to
support common rafter of a roof which is fixed with cleat.

 
25
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Queen post truss is suitable for 8 to 12 meters. This truss is made from a
variety of materials such as timber or steel. The Queen post truss is simpler
and lighter in weight. It does not put weight on the centre of the main tie
beam, as the king post truss.
Queen post truss is used when there is a need to cover large areas. It is
relatively low-cost and can be made to fit almost any size or slope of the
roof. It can also provide striking ceiling design that differentiates a home.
 Mansard Truss

 This is a combination of king post and queen post trusses.

 Lower queen post & upper king post trusses.
 Use of mansard trusses results in the economy of space and room
may be provided in the room as shown in the figure.

 Steel Truss
 For spans greater 12m, it becomes economical to use steel trusses.
 For smaller spans, steel trusses consists of angles riveted or welded
together through plates known as gusset plates.
 As steel resists both compression and tension stresses, the design of
steel truss is simplified various types of steel trusses are shown in

Figure.

 
26
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 Composite Truss

This truss composed of wooden members and steel. Steel members resists
tension. A composite truss is light and economical as shown below
 Trussed rafter construction

The trusses are manufactured in factories and are assembled using

adjustable jigs. The assembly procedure has strict quality controls to ensure
that all trusses meet the design requirements. All the timber used is stress
graded softwood and the sizes of the roof members will vary according to

 
27
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

the load that the truss has to support and the span of the roof. Usually, the
cross section sizes vary between 35mm x 75mm and 145mm x 45mm.

The individual roof members are butted together and jointed by the use of:
 Nailed plywood gussets.
 Nailed galvanized steel plates.
 Galvanized steel punched plates.

The roof is constructed of a number of truss rafters spaced at centers

between 400mm and 600mm. The trusses are designed to sit directly onto a
prefixed wall plate and are fixed

in place by the use of truss clips

and supported by galvanized wall straps or restraints to provide extra
strength.

 
28
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 Typical truss

The hipped end of a double truss rafter roof can be formed by either:
 Traditional cut rafters and ceiling joists or
 Tailor-made trusses which are assembled on site to form the hip.

 Roof
Truss
Spacing
and Layout

 
29
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 Handling and Moving Truss Rafters

When handling or moving truss rafters, care must be taken not to exert strain
on the joints.

 
30
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

The rafters should be lifted and carried from the eaves and should be kept
upright. When lifting the trusses into position, they can be manhandled
using a team of workers. This will involve the use of extra scaffolding
within the building to support the operative and assist in the movement of
the trusses. When lifting the trusses to a great height, a crane is used, and
the trusses are lifted in sets using a set of slings. To prevent the trusses from
swinging, a guide rope is used to control the trusses. This guide rope is held
by an operative at ground level.

 The Procedure for the Erection of Truss Rafter

 
31
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

The diagram shows the position of truss rafters and the position of
relevant bracings and binders used to stabilize and strengthen the roof.

Erection Procedure:
The positions of the trusses are marked off on the wall plate.
The rafters are lifted into place and stacked in an upright position at
one end of the roof.
 The first rafter is placed into position and secured with truss clips. It
is plumbed and temporarily braced using diagonal braces and
binders.
 The remaining rafters are slid into position, secured and braced
temporarily.
 Once all the rafters are in place, the diagonal braces and the
longitudinal braces are secured.
 All relevant strapping and restraints are secured in place.
4. Roof Covering For Pitched Roof
Roof covering is an essential part of pitched roof, to be placed over the roof
framework. It protect from rain, snow, sun, wind and other atmospheric agencies.

 
32
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Selection of roofing materials depends upon type of framework, initial cost,

maintenance requirement, appearance, durability, availability, and climate.
Following are the roof covering materials:
Thatch Covering
o This is the cheapest roof covering, commonly used in villages.
o It is very light, but is highly combustible.
o It is unstable against high winds. It absorbs moisture & liable to decay.
o The framework to support thatch consists of round bamboo rafters spaced
20 to 30 cm apart & tied with split bamboos laid at right angles to the rafters.
o In order to drain roof effectively a minimum slope of 450 is kept.
o The thickness of thatch covering should at least be 15cm, normal thickness
varies from 20 to 30 cm.

Wood Shingles
o It’s use is restricted to hilly areas where local timber is easily available at
low cost.
o Though it is light weight, it is not fire & termite resistant.
o It is obtained from well seasoned timber.
o They are obtained in lengths varying from 30 to 40 cm & widths varying 6
to 25 cm.
o They are approximately 10mm thick at the tail or butt end and taper to 3mm.

 
33
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Tiles
o They are approximately 10mm thick at the tail or butt end and taper to 3mm.
o This is because country tiles are manufactured from locally available earth.
Following are the various types of tiles generally used:
Plain Tiles
 Plain tiles are made of clay or concrete, though clay are more
common.
 Plain or flat tiles are manufactured in rectangular shapes, of sizes
varying form 25cm X 15 cm to 28 cm X 18 cm, with thickness from
9 mm to 15 mm.
 The tiles are not perfectly flat, but have slight camber of 5 to 10 mm
in their length.
 Before laying the tiles, common rafters are laid at 20 to 30 cm
spacing.
 Battens are then fixed across the rafters at a spacing 4 to 6cm.

 
34
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Plain Tiles

Curved or Pan Tiles

 Pan tiles are 33 to 36 cm long, 22.5 to 25 cm wide and 12 to 19 mm
thick.
 Pan tiles are 33 to 36 cm long, 22.5 to 25 cm wide and 12 to 19 mm
thick.

 
35
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Spanish Tiles
 This tiles are commonly used in villages.
 These tiles are laid in pairs of under-tiles and over-tiles.
 The under-tiles are laid with concave surface upwards while the
over-tiles are laid with convex surface upwards.

Italian or Allahabad Tiles

 These tiles are also used in pairs- flat broad bottom under-tile which
alternate with convex curved over-tile.
 The under-tile is flat, tapered with upturned edges or flanges at the
sides.

Inter-
Locking Tiles

 
36
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 These tiles are available with patent locking devices, the object of
which is to prevent their dislodgment even in most exposed
condition.
 These tiles are machine made.

   

Asbestos Cement Sheets

o These sheets are manufactured from asbestos fiber (@ 15%) & Portland
cement.
o These sheets are now becoming popular for industrial buildings, factories,
sheds, auditorium & even residential building.
o They are cheap, light weight, tough, durable, water tight, fire-resisting.
o The main advantage is that they are available in bigger units, hence
supporting frame is also cheaper, easier and lighter.
o These sheets do not require any protective paint.
o Construction with A.C. sheets are very fast.
o Following points should be noted while fixing A.C. sheets:
 The A.C. sheets should be laid with smooth side upward.
 End lap and side lap should be properly maintained. General end lap
is 15cm but this can be varied to suit purlin spacing.
 Purlin spacing and length of sheets should be properly checked
before linked.
 The holes for fixing accessories should be drilled (not punched) in
the crown of the corrugations. The diameter of the holes should be

 
37
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

3 mm greater than the diameter of the fixing bolt or screw. Thus

8mm dia. drilled holes and screwed lightly.

 Bitumen washers should be provided under G.I. flat washer. The

nuts of the screws or bolts are moderately tightened when 10 to 12
sheets have been laid. They should not be screwed very tight.
 Ridge capping should be secured to the ridge purlin.
 The sheets should be ‘mitered’ properly as required.
 The unsupported overhang of A.C. sheets should not exceed 30cm.

 
38
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Galvanized Corrugated Iron Sheets (G.I)

o G.I. sheets are also widely used.
o They are stronger than A.C. Sheets.
o Due to higher cost, they are replaced by A.C. sheets.
o They are not used for slopes flatter than 1in 4.
o G.I. sheets are made from iron sheets which are galvanized with zinc to
protect them from rusting action of water & wet weather.
o These sheets are fixed in a manner similar to A. C. sheets.

Slates
o A slate is a sedimentary rock. Its color is gray. It can be easily split into thin
sheets.
o Slates of size 450 mm to 600 mm wide, 300 mm long and 4 to 8 mm thick
are used as covering materials of pitched roofs in the areas where slate
quarries are nearby.
o A good slate is hard, tough, and durable. They are having rough texture and
they give ringing bell like sound when struck. They do not absorb water.

5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Pitched Roof

 
39
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

III. Flat Roof

These roofs are nearly flat. However, slight slope (not more than 10o) is given to
drain out rainwater. All types of upper storey floors can serve as flat roofs. Many times top
of these roofs are treated with water proofing materials like mixing water proofing
chemicals in concrete, providing coba concrete. With advent of reliable water proofing
techniques such roofs are constructed even in areas with heavy rainfall.

 Primary Components:
o Structural roof deck
o Thermal insulation
o Vapor retarder ( and air barrier )
o Water proof membrane

1. Structural roof deck

 Must be designed to minimize deflection to reduce ponding and minimize drainage
 Either slope the roof deck or taper the insulation to drain roof
 Usual materials are:
 Plywood
 Wood decking
 Cast or hollow core concrete
 Steel decking
(Choice depends on building type, fire rating and primary structural system)
2. Thermal insulation
Thermal insulation can be installed in three positions:
 Below the deck
 Between the deck and the membrane
 Above the membrane

Insulation below the membrane

Extruded polystyrene insulation is used on roofs (often blue in colour) as it is not penetrabel
by water so cannot deteriorate due to water logging. It is sensitive to UV radiation so must
be protected.

40
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Insulation between the deck and the membrane:

Traditional location for insulation:
 Use low-density rigid panels to support the loads on the roof membrane without
allowing puncture of membrane.
 Any water vapour trapped in insulation will cause deck to rot so use topside vents
to relieve pressure.

Insulation above the membrane

New concept offering major advantages:
 Membrane protected from extremes of heat and cold, is on the warm side of the
insulation.
 Membrane protected from UV radiation
 Membrane protected from puncture
 Insulation must be extruded polystyrene foam board which is water resistant and
covered with a filter layer to prevent migration of ballast.

3. Vapour retarders for low slope roofs

 Membrane in a protected membrane roof is also the vapour/ air barrier
 Other types of low slope roofs use two layers of asphalt saturated roofing felt
bonded together and to the roof with hot asphalt
 Polyethylene film not used as it melts
 Situated on the warm side of the insulation

41
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

4. Roofing membranes:
Three primary types

o Conventional (bituminous built up roofing or BUR)

o Prefabricated sheets (single ply)
o Cast in situ
Conventional: The Built Up Roof (BUR)
 Constructed of 3 to 5 layers of bitumen impregnated felts, layered on the roof deck
with heated asphalt
 May be located either over or under the rigid insulation
 Top layer of gravel ballast to protect asphaltic materials or insulation from UV rays,
and to weight roofing materials against wind uplift forces

Prefabricated Sheets: Single Ply

Thermoplastic Sheets:
 PVC and blends
 EP (ethylene interpolymer)
 CPA (copolymer alloys)

42
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Elastomeric (Synthetic) Rubber Sheets:

 Vulcanized, EPDM or neoprene
 Non vulcanized
Modified bituminous Sheets:
 Polymer modifiers

Prefabricated Sheets: installation and attachment

 Require less on site labour
 Less prone to cracking
 Affixed to roof by:
 Adhesives
 the weight of ballast
 fasteners concealed in seams between the sheets
 with ingenious mechanical fasteners that do not
 penetrate the membrane (if it is flexible
enough...)

o Thermoplastic Sheets: PVC

 Commonly known as vinyl
 Seams are sealed either by solvent welding or hot air welding
 May be laid loose, mechanically attached, adhered or used as a protected membrane

43
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

o Thermoplastic Sheets: Neoprene

 High performance synthetic rubber compound

 Applied in sheets and joined with an adhesive
 Vulnerable to UV rays so coated with a protective layer
 May be adhered, mechanically fastened or laid loose and ballasted
 Can be used in protected membrane roof

o Elastomeric (Synthetic) Rubber Sheets: EPDM (ethylene propylene diene

monomer):
 The most widely used material for single ply roofs
 Low in cost
 Synthetic rubber made in large sheets
 Joined with adhesive, laid loose, adhered, mechanically fastened or used in a
protected membrane roof

44
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

45
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

o Polymer Modified Bitumen:

 Sheets of bituminous material to which polymeric compounds have been added to
increase cohesion, toughness and resistance to flow
 Reinforced with fibrous mats
 Some self-adhere, or loose laid or laid in hot asphalt
 Seams sealed by torching or hot asphaltic adhesive

46
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Cast in Situ Membranes

o Hot applied rubberized asphalt
o Cold applied liquid compounds
Various polymeric and bituminous materials
o Polyurethane foam roof with protective coating
Fluid applied Membranes
 used primarily for domes, vaults and complex shapes
 applied with a roller or spray gun in several coats and cure to form a rubbery
membrane
 used as a spray on waterproofing layer over sprayed on polyurethane foam
insulation

47
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

5. The basic construction process

To build a flat roof, you’ll want to have a thorough understanding of how the process of
constructing the flat roof works and the different methods available. That will help you
remember certain factors and details to build the best possible flat roof.

Having a manual for warm flat roof construction with details and a summary of
rules to follow helps.

The basic construction of a flat roof starts with roofing timber that is laid across two
upright items, usually two walls.

For additional stability, you can also use steel joists that are built into one or both of the
walls. This will give additional stability to the roof structure.

Then, this roofing timber will be placed on top of the steel joists, which are built into the
walls. In some cases it is actually cut into the steel, but in most cases it will be simply laid
on top of the steel joists.

Depending on the size of the roof, the joists are placed a specified distance apart to
minimize the weight-bearing load on any of them.

You can often consult an online chart to find the optimal distance based on the width and
span of the roof. Generally speaking, the bigger the roof, the more joists you will need to
hold up the roof.

You will then add a plywood covering over the joists, what some home professionals refer
to as the “decking.” Again, the width of the decking will depend on a number of factors
that will impact how sturdy the roof is.

You want enough to protect the structure, but not too much weight. You will also need a
frame for a slight incline. This frame is important.

The next step is to think about weatherproofing and waterproofing the boards that are laid
across the joists. The classic option is EPDM rubber (or a combination of rubber with felt
or fiberglass).

This is used to cover the boards and make them waterproof. With some sealant, you can
create a very safe covering. You can find more details in a flat roof construction manual.

In order to make the roof as stable and strong as possible, you will also want to give some
thought as to how the decking and the joints will fit together.

One classic approach is to use what is known as a “tongue and groove” fitting, in which a
slight cut out in one joist is placed into the other. This helps to secure them closely together,
almost as if they are “locked” together.

48
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

The 8-step process for DIY (Do It Yourself) installation

Below is an easy-to-follow manual for building flat roofs, including a guide to flat roof
framing and installation with plenty of details and specifications about the frame. If you
want a DIY flat roof, here are the steps to follow.

Step 1: Frame the roof

One important – and perhaps not so obvious fact – is that a “flat roof” is not actually flat.
That would be impossible, since a flat roof would receive so much weight from water
buildup and snow buildup that it would not be long-lasting.

So every flat roof actually has a gentle rise and fall created by a “frame” that enables water
to run off the roof naturally, and thus avoid any problems caused by weeds or other plant
matter starting to grow on the roof.

Flat roofs are always built at a slight incline, at least 1/8 inch per foot. Some roofs actually
slope in several directions, ensuring optimal water runoff. This will help you create a flat
roof framing plan.

When framing a flat roof, you will need to create a slight incline. You can do this with a
foam layer that exactly fits your roof.

For very small roof jobs, you can achieve the same effect by taking 2x4s and converting
them into long wedges that you can then nail to the joists. These will be larger and closer
together than on a pitched roof in order to handle any snow or water.

49
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Step 2: Add the plywood

Once you’ve added the framing, it’s time to add a layer of 5/8-inch plywood sheathing.
You will want to make sure that there is at least a 1/8-inch gap at all the joints to allow for
contraction, expansion and the natural movement of the roof.

Step 3: Add the underlayment

You must now create a soft, protective base for the rubber. You can do this with an
IsoBoard, which is a piece of 1/2-inch-thick rigid foam with a special fiberglass backing.
You can cut this IsoBoard easily with a knife.

50
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Once you have the right size, you can secure it to the plywood sheathing with screws and
steel washers. You will want to make sure that all the pieces fit snugly against each other.
This is important for the installation.

Step 4: Create the corners

During the installation, you must ensure that no water is able to pool and collect at any
inside corners of the roof, especially if the roof includes a parapet, which is a very short
wall common around flat roofs.

To prevent any pooling, you will want to use 2x4s that you can cut into the proper size.
You can then screw them into the joint between the roof and the wall to create a gradual
transition.

Step 5: Complete the dry-fit process

Now comes the time in the installation when you put down the rubber. So first make sure
there are no loose items or debris on the roof.

Then take the rubber, which usually comes in big 10-foot rolls from the local hardware or
home improvement store. You can cut these rubber rolls with a utility knife.

The goal is to cut a piece that is big enough to cover the roof as well as leave an additional 9
inches around the entire roof.

You will then take the huge piece of rubber, spread it carefully in place, and then take the
additional overlap and fold it back on itself.

51
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Step 6: Secure the rubber with glue

You have two elements that need to be glued together – the folded-over rubber and the
IsoBoard. You’ll need to spread the glue over both, preferably with a paint roller on an
extension pole.

This glue is going to bond almost immediately, so ensure you have both pieces positioned
correctly.

After the glue seems to be almost dry, you can finish the spreading process so there are no
wrinkles.

Now it’s time to go back over the roof and make sure there are no air bubbles. Any extra
edges you can glue to the roof and wall. You want a very snug fit.

52
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Step 7: Finish off any edges

At any inside vertical corners, you can cut and overlap the EPDM rubber, and then use
rubber adhesive to glue it down tightly.

Then it’s time to seal this seam. And, to prevent the vertical sections from peeling off the
walls, you may need to screw on metal brackets known as termination stops. You can cut
off any excess above the brackets for a better fit.

53
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Step 8: Add a copper flashing

As a last step of installation, you can nail down a custom lead-coated copper flashing over
the front edges of the roof, then glue down a 12-inch strip of uncured rubber over the
flashing’s top nail edge.

6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Flat Roof

Advantages:
 The roof can be used as a terrace for playing and celebrating functions.
 At any latter stage the roof can be converted as a floor by adding another storey.
 They can suit to any shape of the building.
 Overhead water tanks and other services can be located easily.
 They can be made fire proof easily compared to pitched roof.

Disadvantages:
 They cannot cover large column free areas.
 Leakage problem may occur at latter date also due to development of cracks. Once
leakage problem starts, it needs costly treatments.

54
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

 The dead weight of flat roofs is more.

 In places of snow fall flat roofs are to be avoided to reduce snow load.
 The initial cost of construction is more.
 Speed of construction of flat roofs is less.

55
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

IV. Curved Roof

There have been many curved roof styles throughout history made using all manner of
different techniques and materials. While curved roofs can also be constructed using tiles and
shingles, modern curved roofs most commonly take advantage of the flexibility of metal roofing
materials. Metal sheeting can be bent in such a way that it allows for curved surfaces, curved
peaks and gently tapered roof edges. Curved roofs are a fairly new roof design that focuses on
aesthetics more than durability. A curved roof is essentially a roof that has a curved shed-style
shape. The style is perfect for those customers that wish to stand out from the crowd. Curved
roofs look great on stables, homes, cottages and even garages. Curved roofs take many different
forms, and can incorporate a variety of different concaved and convexed elements as required.

Zaha Hadid’s Heydar Aliyev Centre, Baku. McBride Charles Ryan Architects

Chattanooga, Tennessee

1. Why install a Curved Roof?

There are many different reasons that people opt for curved roofing. The most obvious
reason is for their aesthetic appeal - curved lines on the roof of a home allow for a more organic
design. Curved roofs can also be used as an alternative to a flat roof or a skillion roof, and may

56
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

allow for greater indoor areas or extra floors where height restrictions are a concern. In addition,
a curved roof may also help to reduce resistance to wind.

2. History of Curved Roof

Far different in appearance from the boxy shaped roofs common on buildings in the
80s, the earliest curved roofs example, the round-roof barn was first seen in the 1920s. The
design came from the attempt to maximize the loft space for hay storage. Many barn type roofs
have been re-roofed with round roofs or laminated rafters. Most of the round roofs were built
during the world war periods. Pre-World War II barns with round roofs are widely distributed
across the U.S and are mostly found in the mid-West. Round roofs without supporting side
walls were very popular after 1945. Better designed round roofs, with more floor space, were
seen in the twenty-first century.

3. How is Curved Roof built?

A curved roof is a lot like a skillion or a shed roof with its planes curved. The curve of
the roof can vary. The height of the side walls supporting the roof can also vary from a short
extension to a complete sidewall. The eaves of the roof often have an entrance door. Curved
roofs are typically covered with a green roof or a metal like copper or zinc. Installing a curved
roof requires professional experience; specially designed shingles need to be installed carefully
by a skilled architect. Curved roofs are sometimes known as Gothic-Roof, Rainbow-Roof or
Arched-Roof.

4. Durability of Curved Roof

The wood used for curved roofing is very durable. Different types of wood can be used
for curved roof shingles. Cedar is a popular wood used for curved roofs, not only is it
economical and appealing but can be very long-lasting if treated properly. Teak wood is an even
better choice for curved roofs due to its long-term durability. It offers great resistance to
moisture and rot and can be considered a lifetime roofing product. It is ideal to use in areas with
fluctuating temperatures due to its low shrinkage ration. While metal generally works well on
other types of roofs, it is not the best option for curved roofing. Vertical metal seam panels can
be a challenge to use on concave and convex roof surfaces unless they have been hand-formed
or curved. Standing seam panels can be used on a curved roof but they have to be tapered. Metal
works best in small-sized modular shingles and can easily last the lifetime of the roof.

57
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

5. Variations and other Curved Roof elements

Curved roofs either may feature small curved elements to replace sharp edges, or may
be entire, uniformly curved surfaces that run across the span of the roof. Some of these
different styles include:

 Cranked ridge - A flat panelled roof which uses a soft curve instead of a sharp edge
for the ridge of the roof.
 Old gothic - An old gothic roof is built in an 's' shape, using both convexed and
concaved curves for the same roofing surface.
 Bullnose - A gentle curve down at the edge of the roof, to create a kind of fascia that
connects seamlessly with the rest of the roof.
 Curved transition - A double pitched roof may feature a curved transition between
two flat surfaces.
 180° double vault - A single, uniform curve in a semi-circular shape like a hangar.
Many other options are possible too. If you're interested in using customized curves for your
roof, discuss your options with an architect or roofing specialist.

6. Advantages of Curved Roof

 Modern Visual Appeal:

Curved roofs look spectacular and give an edgy feel to any structure. These roofs are ideal for
those homeowners that wish to add a wow-factor to their property.
 Customizable:
Curved roofs are specially designed by architects and therefore, they can be customized to suit
the region where the home will be located.
 Relatively low Maintenance:
Curved roofs are generally simple and have characteristics much like a standard shed roof.
They are wind resistant and low maintenance roofs.
 Popular With Developers:
Curved roofs are popular with developers due to their ease of construction. The reduced
height of the curve is generally favorable for height restrictions and facilitates the planning
approval process.
 Eco-Friendly Solution:
Curved roofs contribute to the reduction of harmful CO2 emissions. In-plane roof lights also
prove to be economical and can easily be installed across the roof’s apex.

58
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

7. Drawbacks of Curved Roof

 Cost Depends on Design:

The cost of the curved roof will depend on the complexity of the design. Factors to take into
account include types of materials used to cover the roof, height of the curve, the area of the
roof and much more. Form work is costly. Top surface is curve and hence advantage of
terrace is lost.
 Needs to be Designed Carefully:
Curved roofs require the expertise of professional architects or builders. They need to be
designed carefully to provide optimum comfort and efficiency. Analysis is complicated.
For e.g. ensuring that the curved roof has enough slope for water and snow to easily run off.

59
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith
V. Khmer Roof

Since its inception, Khmer society is one of the oldest groups in the region of
Southeast Asia. In Cambodia, there are a number of Khmer Style houses built in different
ways depending on the family’s trust. In a special sense, houses are a symbol of prosperity in
the national society, and it serves the lives of the people of each village, which is culturally
and natural. Moreover, Khmer roof is also one of the part in the Khmer House.

The materials that we can use to build Khmer roof such as bamboo, palm tree, palm
leaves, coconut leaves, tile etc.

The Khmer roof is categorized depends on type of Khmer house. There are 6 types of
Khmer house as well as the roof.

1. ផទះែខមរ Roof
The roof of ផទះែខមរ is combined by two flats that make a really high slope. The roof is
built on one house separated from other houses like in the picture below (Picture in the
Pagoda in 20 century) or is built on 2 twin houses or more houses in one row.
Especially, it is built on the monk house at pagoda or place for king to relax or people
who has high position.

2. ផទះកន្តង
ំ Roof
The simplest Roof of ផទះកន្តង
ំ is the combination of two flats at the ridge. This kind
of roof is built since long time ago as we can see on the carving such as carving at Bayon
Temple etc.

60
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

3. ផទះេ ងេ ល Roof
Basically, ផទះេ ងេ ល roof is built on the house that connected to kitchen and
make the house become twin houses with a porch at the back of the house.

61
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

4. ផទះេ ងេឌឿង Roof

ផទះេ ងេឌឿង roof is built into a big size roof. It has two layers of roof on each
other.

5. ផទះបុត
ិ Roof
ផទះបុត
ិ roof is always built with 4 plates that has the same slopes. The roof can be
built on more than one or two up to 5 houses connected to each other to the sides
of the houses.

62
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

6. ផទះកង
ឹ Roof
ផទះកឹង Roof is built in year 1794 – 1907.

63
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Conclusion

Roof is part of the building envelope that serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight,
extremes of temperature, and wind. In fact, Roof is the most challenging elements in the
building that easily to collapse, so all the materials or systems have to be approved and well
tested before constructing the roof. Moreover, Roof has been developing from time to time.
Until now it is categorized into three main types of roofs such as Pitched Roof, Flat Roof and
Curved Roof. Pitched Roof is often used for the purpose of resisting the heavy loads from the
outside such as huge amount of rainfall and snowfall. It has high slopes as it could be 45o to
60o. Flat Roof is a kind of roof that has a very slightly slope. It is most used for the high
buildings. For this type of roof, it requires to use waterproof materials to avoid from raining or
snow. Curved Roof is the most stylish roof which requires to use different techniques and
materials for its construction. The main objective for building Curved Roof is more on artistic
and decoration. In Cambodia, we also have our own types of Khmer roofs that is usually defined
by different types of Khmer houses. A number of Khmer houses are built in variety methods
according to preference of the owner of the houses as well as the Khmer roofs. There are 6

types of our Khmer houses such as ផទះែខមរ Roof, ផទះកន្តង

ំ Roof, ផទះេ ងេ ល Roof, ផទះេ ងេឌឿ

ង Roof, ផទះបុត
ិ Roof, ផទះកង
ឹ Roof. Most of them are built from different of materials such as

bamboo, palm tree, palm leaves, coconut leaves, tile and so on.

Why we need to construct roof? Roof actually provides us plenty of advantages in the
buildings both technically and architecturally. However, we should know their drawbacks and
their functions of each types of roofs, too.

64
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Lecturer: Prok Narith

Reference

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
roofs/
[Link]
ែខ្មរ/?fbclid=IwAR1N7WynveL8vsdwL8cHR34zmfSf6R--imtBE0PlJ0dJejxUUPSpOK8bqLY

[Link]

65