COUNTRY RED ORANGE YELLOW

Manila 17,924 45,979 42,262

Bandar Seri Begawan 40,918 17,448 12,317
Phnom Penh 5,361 31,336 18,804
Dili 417 11,264 6,285
Jakarta 36,922 68,834 10,160
Vientiane 2,714 16,077 3,937
Kuala Lumpur 40,172 1,948 0
Naypyidaw 2,171 27,873 12,441
Singapore 90,641 10,904 15,809
Bangkok 38,705 19,887 9,163
Hanoi 3,780 2,447 165

Table 1. Capitals of the countries in South East Asia and the total count of red, orange, and yellow pixels
recognized. (Used Google Maps [5km altitude] for city borders and Light Pollution Map [10km altitude]
for light pollution.)

LIGHT POLLUTION PER PIXEL

RED ORANGE YELLOW
90,641
68,834
45,979
42,262

40,918

40,172

38,705
36,922
31,336

27,873

19,887
18,804
17,924

17,448

16,077

15,809
12,441
12,317

11,264

10,904
10,160

9,163
6,285
5,361

3,937

3,780
2,714

2,447
2,171
1,948
417

165
0

Fig. 1. Graphed data from Table 1 which shows the total number of pixels per color of the capitals of
South East Asian countries.
 Fig. 3. BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN, BRUNEI

Fig. 2. MANILA, PHILIPPINES 40,918 red pixels are present in the

capital of Brunei. These pixels cover most of the

Manila, Philippines has a total of 17,924
area. This means that the capital of the country is
red pixels, these pixels can mostly be found in
greatly affected by light pollution. The orange
the busy cities of NCR. The total number of
pixels are 17,448. Some of these pixels, if not
orange pixels are 45,979. These orange pixels
found after the red areas, are found in main
are mostly found right after the red marked
roads outside the red marked areas. The yellow
locations. The yellow pixels are 42,262. These
pixels are scattered throughout the area. These
yellow pixels are mostly found right after the
pixel totals 12,317. We can infer that only small
orange marked locations which means the areas
part of the capital is least affected by light
located here are the least affected by light
pollution.
pollution. Some yellow pixels can be found in

the middle of an orange spot, this means that this

area may be a vacant lot or an unused land.

 displays that the orange pixels is surrounded by

yellow pixels, 6,285 in count. And only a small

part of the capital is in very high intensity at 417

red pixel count.

Fig. 4. PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA

The red pixel totals 5,361. These red

pixels can be found in the central business

district of the city. The orange pixels are 31,336.

These covers more than red and yellow pixels.

And the total number of yellow pixels are

Fig. 6. JAKARTA, INDONESIA
18,804. This displays that only a small portion
This image shows that red pixels with a
of the capital is slightly affected by artificial
total of 36,922 can only be seen at the cental
light.
district of the capital. However, majority of the

capital is covered by orange pixels, 68,834 in

total. This means that most areas of the capital

are considered high in intensity. Yellow pixels

are scattered in the capital with a total of 10,

Fig. 5. DILI, EAST TIMOR (TIMOR-LESTE)
160. This means that only a small part of the

The total number of orange pixels are capital is in least affected area.

11,264, this means majority of the capital is in

high intensity light pollution. The image

 we can see that orange pixels are scattered in the

city with a total of are 1,948. It also shows that

there are no yellow pixels that can be seen.

People will have trouble stargazing during night

due to very high intensity light pollution.

Fig. 7. VIENTIANE, LAOS

Vientiane has a small land mass and is

mostly covered in orange which totals in 16,077

pixels. This means that Vientiane is in high

intensity light pollution. The red marked area is

Vientiane’s main street area. The total count of

red pixel is 2,714. The yellow pixels total 3,937

Fig. 9. NAYPYIDAW, MYANMAR
and can mostly be found after the orange marked
In the city of Naypydaw, we can see that
areas.
the city is mostly covered in orange. The total

number of orange pixel summed is 27,873. This

means, the city is in high intensity light

pollution. The red marked areas are scattered

which means that only a few areas are greatly

affected by light pollution. These red areas total

Fig. 8. KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA in 2,171 red pixels. Yellow pixel’s total count is

12,441. These areas are mostly found after the

40,172 red pixels are present in the capital
orange areas.
of Malaysia. These pixels cover most of the area.

This means that the capital of the country is

greatly affected by light pollution. In this image

Fig 10. SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE

Singapore is one of the most famous

tourist destination in SEA. With this, having

very high intensity of artificial light is

Fig. 11. BANGKOK, THAILAND
unavoidable. A total of 90,641 red pixels were

totaled. The orange marked areas are found near Bangkok, Thailand is a tourist

the borders of the city. 10,904 orange pixels destination and most of the red marked areas are

were summed. Lastly, some of the yellow considered as the main street or the central

marked areas are found within the red marked district of the city with a total of 38,705 red

areas. 15,809 yellow pixels are present; this may pixels. The orange marked areas are usually

mean that the yellow marked areas maybe found after the red marked areas. These orange

vacant or unused land. marked areas can be spotted at the city’s main

roads with a total of 19,887 orange pixels.

Yellow marked areas are scattered around the

orange areas with a sum of 9,163. Due to the

intensity of light pollution, star gazing at night

won’t be possible.
Fig. 12. HANOI, VIETNAM

Even though Hanoi is a small city, it can

be seen that most of the city is covered with red

pixels with a total of 3,780. This means, the city

is in very high intensity light pollution. The total

number of orange pixel summed is 2,447. The

yellow pixels with a total of 165 are hardly seen

from the image.