KEY POINTS
Polynomial:
An expression of the form p ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 ............. an 1 x n 1 an x n where an 0 is called
a polynomial in variable x of degree n. where; a0 ,a1 ,a2 ,.............an 1 , an are real numbers and each power
of x is a non negative integer.
Ex.:- 5 x 2 x 3 is a polynomial of degree 2.
Note: x 3 is not a polynomial as power of x is fraction.
A polynomial p ( x ) ax b of degree 1 is called linear polynomial Ex. 5 x 3,2 x etc
A polynomial p ( x) ax 2 bx c of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial Ex: 5x2 x 3
Zeroes of a polynomial:
A real number k is called a zero of polynomial p ( x ) if p ( k ) 0 .
If the graph of y p ( x ) intersects thge X-axis at n times, then number of zeros of y p ( x ) is n.
A linear polynomial has only one zero.
A Quadratic polynomial has two zeroes.
A Cubic polynomial has three zeroes.
Linear polynomial :-
Linear polynomial has only one Zero.
The graph of a linear polynomial p ( x ) ax b is a straight line and intersecting X-axis at one point
Quadratic Polynomial :-
(i) If one zero of a quadratic polynomial p ( x ) is negative of the other, then coefficient of x 0
(ii) If zeroes of a quadratic polynomial p ( x ) are reciprocal of each other, then
co-efficient of x 2 constant term.
b
(iii) If , are zeroes of p ( x) ax 2 bx c then : Sum of zeroes
a
c
Product of zeroes
a
(iv) A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are and , is given by: x 2 x
Graph Of Quadratic Polynomial
(i) Graph of a quadratic plynomial p ( x) ax 2 bx c is a parabola open upwards like if a 0
& intersects x-axis maximum at two distinct points
(ii) Graph of a quadratic polynomial p ( x) ax 2 bx c is a parabola open downwards like if a 0
& intersect x-axis at maximum two distinct points.
1
Graph of Quadratic Polynomial
Cubic polynomial:- Graph of Cubic Polynomial
2
In general a polynomial p ( x ) of degree n crosses the x-axis at most n points.
For Cubic Polynomial:
If , and γ are zeroes of Cubic Polynomial p ( x) ax 3 bx3 cx d : Then
b
Sum of zeroes
a
c
Sum of product of zero taken two at a time
a
d
Product of zeroes
a
A cubic polynomial whose zeroes are and , is given by:
p ( x) x 2 ( ) x 2 ( ) x
Division algorithm for polynomials :
It states that given any polynomials p ( x ) and g ( x ) , there exist polynomial q( x) and r ( x ) such that :
p ( x ) g ( x).q ( x ) r ( x ); g ( x ) 0 [where either r ( x ) 0 or degree r ( x ) degree g ( x ) ]
Note: For finding the values of expressions involving zeros of A quadratic polynomial.
Some useful relations involving and are:-
(i) 2 2 ( ) 2
(ii) 2 ( ) 4
(iii) 2 2 ( )( ( ) 2 4
(iv) 3 3 ( )3 3(
(v) 3 3 ( )3 3(
3
Problems for revision from NCERT (solve it thoroughly before going ahead):
SYMBOLS USED
*: Important Questions, **: Very important questions, ***; Very, Very Important questions
4
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x 2 7 x 12 , and verify the relation between the zeros
and its coefficients.
Sol. We have
f ( x) x 2 7 x 12 x 2 4 x 3x 12
f ( x ) x ( x 4) 3( x 4)
The zeros of f ( x ) are given by
f ( x) 0
x 2 7 x 12 0
( x 4)( x 3) 0
x 4 0,orx 3 0
x 4or x 3
Thus, the zero of f ( x) x 2 7 x 12 and 4 and
Now, sum of the zero ( 4) ( 3) 7
Coefficient of x 7
And 2
7
Coefficient of x 1
Coefficient of x
Sum of the zero
Coefficient of x 2
Product of the zeros ( 4)( 3) 12
Constantterm 12
And, 12
Cofficient of x 2 1
Constantterm
Product of the zeros
Cofficient of x 2
2. If and are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f f ( x) ax 2 bx c then calculate
2 2
(i) (ii)
2 2
Sol. Since and are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial
f ( x) ax 2 bx c
b c
and
a a
(i) We have, 2 2 2
2
2
b 2c b 2ac
2
2 2
a a a2
5
(ii) We have,
3
b c b
3
2 2
3 3
3( ) a
3 3
a a
c
a
2 2 3abc b 3
a2c
3. If , are the zeros of the polynomial f ( x) 2 x 2 5 x k satisfying the relation
21
2 2 , then find the value of k for this to be possible
4
Sol. Since and are the zeros of the polynomial f ( x) 2 x 2 5 x k .
5 k
and
2 2
21
Now,
2 2
4
21
2 2 2
4
21
2 2
4
25 k 21 5 k
and
4 2 4 2 2
k
1
2
k 2
4. Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its zeros respectively are
1
, 1
4
Sol. We know that a quadratic when the sum and product of is its zeros are given by-
f ( x ) k x 2 Sum of the zeros x Product of the zeros , where k is a constant.
So Required quadratic polynomial f ( x ) is given by
1
f ( x ) k x 2 x 1
4
6
5. Find all the zeros of 2 x 2 3 x 3 6 x 2 , if it is known that two of its zeros are 2 and 2 .
Sol: x 2 x 2 x 2
2 is a factor of the polynomial.
Now, we divide the given polynomial by x 2 2 .
By division algorithm, we have
2 x 4 3x3 3x 2 6 x 2
x 2 2 2 x 2 3 x 1
2 x 4 3x 3 3x 2 6 x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 x x 1
2
2 x 4 3x 3 3x 2 6 x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x x 1 x 1
2 x 4 3x 3 3x 2 6 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 1
1
when p( x ) 0, x 2, 2,1
and
2
1
Hence, all the zeros of the polynomial 2 x 3 x 3 x 6 x 2are 2, 2,1
and
4 3 2
7
SHEET 1 (BOARD)
Exercise 1:
1. Write the number of zeros of the polynomial y f ( x ) whose graph is given figure
2. Without solving the equation 3 x 2 4 x 9 0 , find the sum and the product of the roots
3. Find the zeros of the polynomial 3 2 x 2 13x 6 2 , and verify the relations between the
zeros and coefficient of the polynomial
4. Form a quadratic polynomial whose roots are 4 and 6.
5. Divide the polynomial 3 x 2 x 10 by the polynomial x 3 and verify the division algorithm.
6. What must be added to 6 x 5 5 x 4 11x 3 3 x 2 x 1 , so that the polynomial so obtained is
exactly divisible by 3 x 2 2 x 4
7. Divide the polynomial p ( x) x 4 3x 2 4 x 5 by the polynomial g ( x) x 2 x 1 and find
quotient and remainder.
8. Find a quadratic polynomial with rational coefficients whose one of the zeros is 3 5 .
Exercise 2 :
1. Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x 2 7 x 12 , and verify the relation between
the zero and its coefficient
2. Find the zero of the quadratic polynomial f ( x) 6 x 2 3 , and verify the relation between
the zeros and its coefficients.
3. If and are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f ( x) x 2 px q , then find the
values of
1 1
(i) 2 2 (ii)
4. If and are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f ( x) ax 2 bx c . Then evaluate.
1 1 2 2
(i)
2 2
(ii) (iii) 2 2 (iv)
5. If and are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f ( x) ax 2 bx c . Then evaluate.
2 2
(i)
4 4
(ii) 2 2
6. If are the zeros of the polynomial f ( x) 2 x 2 5 x k . satisfying the relation
21
2 2 , then find the value of k for this to be possible
4
7. If and are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f ( x ) x 2 x 2 , find a polynomial
whose zeros are 2 1 and 2 1 .
8. Obtain all the zero of the polynomial f ( x) 3 x 4 6 x 3 2 x 2 10 x 5 , if two of its zerom
8
5 5
are and
3 3
9. Divide the polynomial f ( x) 3 x 2 x 3 3x 5 , by the polynomial g ( x) x 1 x 2 and
verify the division algorithm.
10. Divide the polynomial f ( x) 30 x 4 11x 3 82 x 2 12 x 48 by 3 x 2 2 x 4 . Also find the
quotient and remainder.
11. What must be subtracted from 8 x 4 14 x 3 2 x 2 7 x 8 so that the resulting polynomial
is exactly divisible by 4 x 2 3 x 2
12. What must be added to f ( x) 4 x 4 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 1 so that the resulting polynomial
is divisible by g ( x) x 2 2 x 3
13. Draw the graph of following polynomials.
a. f ( x ) 3 b. f ( x ) x 4 c. f ( x) | x 2 | d. f ( x) x 2 9
e. f ( x) 2 x 2 4 x 5 f. f ( x ) x (2 3 x ) 1 g. f ( x) x3 x 2 h. f ( x) x3 2 x
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS :
14. Government of India allotted Relief Fund to help the families of earthquake affected village. The
fund is represented by 3 x 3 x 2 2 x 5 . The fund is equally divided between each of the families
of that village. Each family receives an amount of 3x 5 . After distribution, 9 x 10 amount is
left. The District Magistrate decided to use this amount to open a school in that village.
i. Find the number of families which received Relief Fund from Government.
ii. What values have been depicted here?
15. A village of the North East India is suffering from flood. A group of students decide to help them
with food items, clothes etc. So, the students collect some amount of rupees, which is represented
by x 4 x 3 8 x 2 ax b .
i. If the number of students is represented by x 2 1 , find the values of a and b.
ii. What values have been depicted by the group of students?
16. A rocket is launched by the army to bust the hide outs of the militants. The path of the rocket is as
shown in the adjoining figure. If the equation of the path represents a polynomial, what is the
number of zeroes of the polynomial? What value the army represent?
9
SHEET 2 (OBJECTIVE)
CHOOSE THE CORRECT Options (Single option correct)
1. If 4 x 4 3 x 3 3 x 2 x 7 is divided by 1 2x then remainder will be
57 59 55 55
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 8 8
2. The polynomials ax 3 3 x 2 3 and 2 x 3 5 x a when divided by ( x 4) leaves remainders R1
& R2 respectively then value of ‘a’ if 2 R1 R2 0 .
18 18 17 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
127 127 127 127
3. A quadratic polynomial is exactly divisible by ( x 1) & ( x 2) and leaves the remainder 4 after
division by ( x 3) then that polynomial is
(A) x 2 6 x 4 (B) 2 x 2 6 x 4
(C) 2 x 2 6 x 4 (D) x 2 6 x 4
4. The values of a & b so that the polynomial x 3 ax 2 13 x b is divisible by ( x 1)&( x 3) are
(A) a 15,b 3 (B) a 3,b 15
(C) c 3,b 15 (D) a 3,b 15
5. Graph of quadratic equation is always a -
(A) straight line (B) circle (C) parabola (D)Hyperbola
6. If the sign of ‘a’ is positive in a quadratic equation then its graph should be =
(A) parabola open upwards (B) parabola open downwards
(C) parabola open leftwards (D) can’t be determined
7. The graph of polynomial y x 3 x 2 x is always passing through the point -
(A) (0, 0) (B) (3, 2) (C) (1, 2) (D) all of these
8. How many time, graph of the polynomial f ( x) x3 1 will intersect X-axis -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
9. Which of the following curve touches X-axis -
(A) x 2 2 x 4 (B) 3 x 2 6 x 1
(C) 4 x 2 16 x 9 (D) 25 x 2 20 x 4
10. In the diagram given below shows the graphs of the polynomial f ( x) ax 2 bx c , then
(A) a < 0, b < 0 and c > 0 (B) a < 0, b < 0 and c < 0
(C) a < 0, b > 0 and c > 0 (D) a < 0, b > 0 and c < 0
11. A real no. p is a zero of the polynomial f ( x ) if
(a) f ( p ) 0 (b) f ( p ) 0 (c) f ( p ) 0 (d) none
12. The zeroes of a polynomial f ( x ) are the coordinates of the points where the graph of y f ( x )
intersects
(a) x-axis (b) y-axis (c) origin (d) ( x, y)
13. If p is zero of f ( x ) then ____ is one of the factors of f ( x )
(a) ( x p ) (b) ( x 2 p ) (c) ( x p ) (d) (2 x p )
14. If ( y a ) is factor of f ( x ) then ___ is a zero of f ( y )
(a) y (b) a (c) 2a (d) 2y
15. The graph of a linear polynomial will meet the x-axis at – points,
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None
10
16. Cubic polynomial x f ( y ) cuts y-axis at at most
(a) 1 point (b) 2 points (c) 3 points (d) 4 points
Polynomial x 1 has ___ zeroes
2
17.
(a) only one real (b) no real
(c) only two real (d) one real and the other non-real.
18. What type of graph will x 2 3 x 4 represents
(a) straight line (b) upward parabola
(c) down ward parabola (d) none
19. If degree of polynomial f ( x ) is ‘n’ then maximum number of zeroes of f ( x ) would be –
(a) n (b) 2n (c) n 1 (d) n 1
20. If 2 is a zero of both the polynomials, 3 x 2 ax 14 and 2x b then a 2b _____
(a) –2 (b) 7 (c) –8 (d) –7
21. If zeroes of the polynomial a x2 bx c are reciprocal of each other then
(a) a c (b) a b (c) b c (d) a c
22. The zeroes of the polynomial h( x) ( x 5)( x 2 x 6) are
(a) –2, 3, 5 (b) –2, –3, –5 (c) 2, –3, –5 (d) 2, 3, 5
23. Graph of y ax bx c intersects x-axis at 2 distinct points if
2
(a) b 2 4ac 0 (b) b 2 4ac 0 (c) b 2 4ac 0 (d) none
11
SHEET 3 (ADVANCE)
1. If , and are the zeros of the polynomial 2 x 3 6 x 2 4 x 30 . then the value of (a ) is
(A) – 2 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) –30
1 1 1
2. If , and are the zeros of the polynomial f ( x) ax 3 bx 2 cx d , then
a
b c c c
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a d d a
3. If , and are the zeros of the polynomial f ( x) ax 3 bx 2 cx d , then a 2 2 2
b 2 ac b 2 2ac b 2 2ac b 2 2ac
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a2 b2 a a2
1 1 1
4. If , and are the zeros of the polynomial f ( x) x3 px 2 pqrx r , then
r p p r
(A) (B) (C) (D)
p r r p
5. If the parabola f ( x) ax 2 bx c passes through the points ( 1,12),
(0,5) and (2, 3) , the value of
a b c is –
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) Zero (D) 1
6. If a, b are the zeros of f ( x) x 2 px 1 and c, d are the zeros of f ( x) x 2 qx 1 the value of
E ( a c)(b c )( a b)(b d ) is –
(A) p 2 q 2 (B) q 2 p 2 (C) q 2 p 2 (D) None of these
7. If , are zeros of ax 2 bx c then zeros of a 3 x 2 abcx c 3 are -
(A) , (B) 2 , 2 (C) , 2 2 (D) 3 , 3
8. Let , be the zeros of the polynomial x 2 px r and , 2 be the zeros of x 2 qx r , Then the value
2
of r is –
2 2
(A) ( p q )(2q p ) (B) ( q p )(2 p q )
9 9
2 2
(C) (q 2)(2q p ) (D) (2 p p )(2q p )
9 9
9. When x 200 1 is divided by x 2 1 , the remainder is equal to –
(A) x 2 (B) 2 x 1 (C) 2 (D) 1
10. If a ( p q ) 2 2bpq c 0 and also a (q r ) 2 2bpq c 0 then pr is equal to –
a c a a
(A) p (B) q (C) p (D) q
2 2 2 2
c a b c
11. If a, b and c are not all equal and and be the zeros of the polynomial ax 2 bx c , then value of
(1 2 )(1 2 ) is :
(A) 0 (B) positive (C) negative (D) non-negative
12
12. Two complex number and are such that 2 and 4 4 272 , then the polynomial whose
zeros are ƒÑ and ƒÒ is –
(A) x 2 2 x 16 0 (B) x 2 2 x 12 0 (C) x 2 2 x 8 0 (D) None of theses
13. If 2 and 3 are the zeros of f ( x) 2 x3 mx 2 13 x n , then the values of m and n are respectively –
(A) 5, 30 (B) 5,30 (C) 5, 30 (D) 5, 30
14. If , are the zeros of 6 x 2 6 px p 2 , then the polynomial whose zeros are ( ) 2 and ( ) 2 is –
(A) 3 x 2 4 p 2 x p 4 (B) 3 x 2 4 p 2 x p 4 (C) 3 x 2 4 p 2 x p 4 (D) None of theses
15. If c, d are zeros of x 2 10ax 11b and a, b are zeros of x 2 10cx 11d , then value of a b c d is –
(A) 1210 (B) -1 (C) 2530 (D) -11
16. If the ratio of the roots of polynomial x 2 bx c is the same as that of the ratio of the roots of x 2 qx r ,
then –
(A) br 2 qc 2 (B) cq 2 rb 2 (C) q 2c 2 b 2 r 2 (D) bq rc
17. If the sum of squares of the roots of the polynomial x 2 ( p 2)x p 1 assumes the least value, then p
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2
1
18. If the roots of the polynomial ax 2 bx c are of the form and then the value of (a b c)2 is-
1
(A) b 2 2ac (B) b 2 4ac (C) 2b 2 ac (D) 4b 2 2ac
19. If , and are the zeros of the polynomial x 3 a0 x 2 a1 x a2 , then (1 2 )(1 2 )(1 ) is
(A) (1 a1 )2 (a0 a2 ) (B) (1 a1 )2 (a0 a2 )2
(C) (1 a1 )2 (a0 a2 )2 (D) None of these
20. If , , are the zeros of the x 3 3 x 11 , then the polynomial with zeros ( )( ) and ( ) is –
(A) x 3 3 x 11 (B) x 3 3 x 11 (C) x 3 3 x 11 (D) x 3 3 x 11
21. If , , are such that 2, 2 2 6, 3 3 3 8 , then 4 4 4 is equal to –
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 18 (D) None of these
22. If , are the roots of ax 2 bx c and k , k are the roots of px 2 qx r , then k
1 a p a p 1 b q
(A) (B) (D) ( ab pq )
2 a p
(C)
2 b q b q
23. If , are the roots of the polynomial x 2 px q , then the quadratic polynomial, the roots of which are
( 2 2 )( 3 3 ) and 3 2 2 3 :
(A) px 2 (5 p 7 q)x ( p 6 q 6 4 p 2 q 6 ) 0
(B) x 2 ( p 5 5 p3 q 5 pq 2 )x ( p 6 q 2 5 p 4 q 3 4 p 2 q 4 ) 0
(C) x 2 ( p 3 q 5 p 5 p 4 q) ( p 6 q 2 5 p 2 q 6 ) 0
(D) All of the above
24. The condition that x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 may have two of the roots equal to each other but of opposite signs is
2
(A) ab c (B) a bc (C) a 2b c (D) None of these
3
25. If the roots of polynomial x 2 bx ac are , and roots of the polynomial x 2 ax bc are , then the
values of , , respectively are –
(A) a,b,c (B) b,c,a (C) c,a,b (D) None of these
13
26. If one zero of the polynomial ax 2 bx c is positive and the other negative then ( a,b,c R,a 0)
(A) a and b are of opposite signs. (B) a and c are of opposite signs.
(C) b and c are of opposite signs. (D) a,b,c are all of the same sign.
2 2
27. If , are the zeros of the polynomial x px q . then 2 2 is equal to -
2
p4 4 p2 p4 4 p2
(A) 2 2 (B) 2 2
q q q q
p4 4 p2
(C) 2 2q (D) None of these
q q
28. If , are the zeros of the polynomial x 2 px 36 and 2 2 9 , then p
(A) 6 (B) (C) (D)
29. If , are zeros of ax 2 bx c,ac 0 , then zeros of cx 2 bx a are –
1 1 1 1
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) ,
30. A real number is said to be algebraic if it satisfies a polynomial equation with integral coefficients. Which of the
following numbers is not algebraic :
2
(A) (B) 2 (C) 0 (D)
3
4
31. The bi-quadratic polynomial whose zeros are , 1,2, , 1
3
(A) 3 x 4 10 x3 5 x 2 10 x 8 (B) 3 x 4 10 x3 5 x 2 10 x 8
(C) 3 x 4 10 x3 5 x 2 10 x 8 (D) 3 x 4 10 x3 5 x 2 10 x 8
3
32. The cubic polynomials whose zeros are 4, and 2 is :
2
(A) 2 x 3 7 x 2 10 x 24 (B) 2 x 3 7 x 2 10 x 24
(C) 2 x 3 7 x 2 10 x 24 (D) None of these
33. If the sum of zeros of the polynomial p ( x) kx3 5 x 2 11x 3 is 2, then k is equal to :
5 2 5
(A) k (B) k (C) k 10 (D) k
2 5 2
34. If f ( x) 4 x3 6 x 2 5 x 1 and , and are its zeros , then
3 5 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 2 4
35. Consider f ( x) 8 x 4 2 x 2 6 x 5 and , , , are it’s zeros then
1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
4 4 3
36. If x 2 ax b 0 and x 2 px q 0 have a root in common and the second equation has equal roots, then
ap
(A) b q 2ap (B) b q (C) b q ap (D) None of these
2
14
ANSWER KEY
SHEET 1
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
1 1 p
1. 4, 3 2. , 3. (i) p 2 2q (ii)
2 2 q
b 2 2ac b 2 2ac 3abc b 2 3abc b 2
4. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
a2 ac c3 a2c
b 2ac 2a 2 c 2 b 2ac 2a 2 c 2
2 2 2 2
5. (i) (ii) 6. k 2
a4 a2c2
5 5
7. k x 4 x 5 , where k is non-zero constant
2
8. , , 1, 1
3 3
9. Quotient x 2 , Remainder 3 10. Quotient 10 x 2 3 x 12 , Remainder 0
11. 14 x 10 12. 61x 65
SHEET 2
01 B 02 B 03 B 04 B 05 C 06 A 07 A 08 B
09 D 10 A 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 A 16 C
17 B 18 C 19 A 20 D 21 A 22 A 23 A
SHEET 3
01 A 02 C 03 D 04 B 05 C 06 B 07 B 08 D
09 C 10 B 11 D 12 C 13 B 14 C 15 A 16 B
17 B 18 B 19 B 20 D 21 C 22 C 23 B 24 A
25 C 26 B 27 A 28 D 29 D 30 D 31 A 32 C
33 D 34 D 35 D 36 B
15
