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English – General
Education By: EDUARDO C. MIRA, MAEng., SMRIEdr

Familiarizing Lexical Categories

* Identify
/ Familiarize the parts of each and their form,
meaning, and use.

Noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective,

conjunction, preposition, interjection,
determiner, and numericals
Whenever afternoon comes, most
employees chat in the internet and
write e-mail but others prefer to eat
their snack.

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Nouns – are names of people, places, things, ideas, and events.

(Proper, Common, Mass, Count, Abstract, Concrete,

Collective, Compound, Genders)
Noun Cases / Uses
1. Flowers grow in the garden. - subject
2. Jossie is the pride of the school. – predicate nominative
3. The team won the game. – direct object
4. The man gave his wife a gold ring. Indirect object
5. You will find the vase beside the chair. – object of the
preposition
6. Scholars called Newton master. – objective complement
7. Alfred, clean the floor. – Direct Address
8. Our dog, a poodle, turned seven last week. - Appositive

Pronouns – are words that stand or take place a noun.

Kinds of Pronouns
1. Personal – I, He, She, We, You, They, It
2. Object - me, us, them, it, him, her
3. Possessive – theirs, hers, ours, mine, his, its, yours
4. Interrogative – Why, What, Whom, Whose, Which, When
5. Indefinite –
Singular - Everybody, Everyone, Each, Someone,
Somebody, Something, Nothing,, etc.
Plural – Some, Several, Few, Most
6. Reflexive - refers to the subject
I see myself join the competition.
He cut the paper himself
Intensive - shows emphasis
You, yourself teach.
They themselves were shocked.
7. Demonstrative – This, That (sing.); These, Those (Plural)

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Verbs – are defined as action words. However, it also links

ideas in the sentence, help each other, and state conditions.
Action Verbs ( regular and irregular )
1. They watched the show. - Regular
2. Those examinees paid their obligations. - Regular
3. Six journalists spoke confidently. - Irregular
Linking Verbs
1. I am a scholar.
2. They remain friends.
3. Mr. Cruz is a college professor.
Helping Verbs / Auxiliary \Verbs
1. The property custodian is inspecting the classroom.
2. Children can paint pictures
3. We will pursue our dreams.

Emphatic Verbs
1. They did enjoy the concert. – ( Singular or Plural subject - past)
2. Mother does cook delicious meal. (Singular Subject – present)
3. Some students do portray several roles. (Plural subject – present)

Adjectives – qualifies and tells something about a NOUN

or PRONOUN through description.

It answers the questions:

What kind? Which one? How many? How much?

Examples:
1.This answer is more acceptable than her.
2.I love to eat a Spanish bread.
3.That queen looks superb and incomparable.
4.Among the three pupils, Joshua is the best.
5.Be careful because the floor is slippery.
6.My mom give me twenty pesos.

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Adjectives – qualifies and tells something about a NOUN

or PRONOUN through description.

Order of Adjectives

Determiner – Observation – shape – size – age – color –

origin – material– qualifier – noun
Examples:

a. American – daisies - long-stemmed – six – white

Answer: six long –stemmed white American daisies

b. car – sports – an red - expensive - attractive - and

Answer: an attractive and expensive red sports car

Tenses / Aspect of Tense

Simple Present - She dances / I dance
Simple Past - I danced.
Simple Future - I will dance.
Present Progressive - She is dancing. / I am dancing
Past Progressive - I was dancing all afternoon yesterday.
Future Progressive - I will be dancing later.
Present Perfect - She has danced. / I have danced.
Past Perfect - I had danced before I sang.
Future Perfect - I will have danced before I sing.
Present Perfect Progressive - I have been dancing since then.
Past Perfect Progressive - I had been dancing when the bomb
exploded.
Future Perfect Progressive - I will have been dancing when they
party ends.

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Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and another

-
adverbs in the sentence.
Classification of Adverbs
Manner – tells how the action is done.
1. The contestants spoke confidently.
2. The Grade 1 pupil listens her teacher attentively.
Place – tells where the action is done.
1. He will go there tomorrow.
2. I am studying my lesson inside the classroom.
Time – tells when the action is done.
1. He will attend the class tomorrow.
2. I am taking a bath now.
Frequency – tells how often the action is done.
1. She seldom attends classes.
2. I never cheat, Sir,
Degree – tells to what extent the action is done.
1. That answer is completely done.
2. You made a very good experiment.

Conjunctions – are words that connect or join words,

phrase, clauses or sentences.

Coordinating Conjunctions – connect words of group of words.

Examples: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so
* I made this project extraordinary but nobody appreciated it.

Subordinating Conjunctions – connect two ideas to make one

dependent to the other.
Examples: so that, if, even though, unless, even, in order,….
* Unless you make your project amazing, I will give you high remarks.
Correlative Conjunctions – connect words under the same
grammatical structure; but they always appear in pair.
Examples: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also
* The mayor is not only affected the pressing problem but also the
entire inhabitants.

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Prepositions - express relationship of nouns or

pronouns with other words in a sentence. They give a
sentence additional meaning.

Common Prepositions:
in near during beneath
on inside before over
at behind between among
from against by around
down after before about

1. They live in Thailand.

2. Among the country, Singapore is the smallest one.
3. The teacher went to the principal’s office.

Interjections - express emotions such as happiness

fear, anger, surprise, sorrow, hesitation, and among other.
Examples: Aha! , Ouch!, Hurray! Oh! Alas!
Determiners – tell the degree of definiteness, quantity,
or proximity of the noun of nouns after them.

Types of determiners
1. Articles - a, an, the
2. Demonstratives - this, that, those, these
3. Specifier - such
4. Quantifiers - any, each, every, either, neither
5. Negatives - not, not any, not a single
6. Possessives - my, your, his, her, its, our, their

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Modals
Modals
1.If the crew can serve my order in 20 minutes, then I will
wait here. - ability
2. She may be in the living room. - possibility
3. Yuan would say it no matter what. - determination
4. We would listen while he told us his adventures.
- habitual action in the past.
5. Students must study hard. - moral obligation

Others modals
could, might, used to, shall, should, am / is / are
going to, had better, and will

Basic Sentence Patterns

1. SUBJECT – INTRANSITIVE VERB (S-IV)
a. Our family attends. b. That animal barked.
S IV S IV
2. SUBJECT – TRANSITIVE VERB – DIRECT OBJECT (S
a. Our family attends a family reunion.
S TV DO
a. Ten cabinet members signed the memorandum.
S TV DO
3. SUBJECT – LINKING VERB – SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (S
a. That food smells good.
S LV SC
b. Rizal and Bonifacio are living heroes .
S LV SC

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Basic Sentence Patterns

4. SUBJECT – TRANSITIVE VERB – INDIRECT OBJECT – DIRECT OBJECT (S

a. My grandma tells us a wonderful story.

S TV IO DO
b. His father gave the place a new coat of paint.
S TV IO DO
5. SUBJECT – TRANSITIVE VERB- DIRECT OBJECT –
OBJECT COMPLEMENT(S-TV-DO-OC)
a. The judge considered him a champion.
S TV DO OC
b. The movie’s ending made the crowd sad.
S TV DO OC

If- clause – conditional clause

PAST CONDITIONAL
* If she had walked faster, it would not have seemed such a long walk.

If … had + past participle = would + have + past participle

PRESENT CONDITIONAL
* If I knew, I would tell you.
* The captain would inform the trip cancellation if nobody signed the memo.
If … + past tense = would + base form
FUTURE CONDITIONAL

* If you wait for a moment, the waiter will bring you a coffee.

If … simple present = will + base form

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Subject- Verb- Agreement

1. Mathematics (makes, make) my daily life easy.
2. One of the policemen (was, were ) hurt.
3. The crowd (enter, enters) the auditorium in pairs.
4. The crowd (is, are ) applauding the contestants.
5. (Has, Have) anyone rejected the opportunities.
6. Two hundred pesos (is, are ) enough for my lunch.
7. Everyone in the class (use, uses) his own book.
8. Bread and butter (is, are, ) my favorite breakfast.
9. Either the organizers or the member (do, does) check
the attendance sheet.
10.I, together with Mrs. Lopez, (spend, spends) the
summer time in Cambodia.
11.One-third of the classes (feel, feels ) happy during the
camp.

Figures of Speech / Figurative Languages

1. Simile - The room is packed like sardines.
2. Metaphor - You are the hero of my life.
3. Personification - The sun is looking down on me.
4. Hyperbole - I cannot sleep for a year.
5. Irony - No smoking sign during the cigarette break.
6. Apostrophe – Death, get away from me.
7. Oxymoron - What you did was a right mistake.
8. Onomatopoeia – The splash of water disturbs the public.
9. Alliteration - Billy Button bought a buttered biscuit.
10. Euphemism - The horizontally challenged lady amused us.
11. Synecdoche – Please fill up my empty stomach.
12. Metonymy - Toothpaste is sometimes called Colgate.
13. Litotes – The seminar is attended by no less than the king.
14. Rhetorical Question – Who would have thought that the
queen committed suicide?

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Sentences and its parts, kinds, and structures

Sentence - is a group of words that express a complete
independent thought. It has a subject and a predicate. Also, it is
always composed of at least independent clause.
Jen went home late.
(The subject Jen is the doer of the action went.)
(The predicate went home late is what the subject Jen did.

You and I are complying the requirement

compound Subject complete predicate

Kinds
1. Declarative – We are fixing the car.
2. Imperative – Erase the writing in the board. (command)
Please settle your accounts. (request)
3. Interrogative – Why are you staring at me?
4. Exclamatory – You won!

Sentences and its parts, kinds, and structures

Structures
1. Simple Sentence – contains one independent clause.
Ex.: Mrs. Aquino resolved the problem.
2. Compound Sentence – contains two independent clauses
using the coordinating conjunction.
Ex.: Mrs. Aquino resolved the problem and she felt comfortable.
3. Complex Sentence – contains one independent clause and
one or more dependent clause(s) using the subordinating
conjunction.
Ex.: Mrs. Aquino resolved the problem after she took it closely.

4. Compound – Complex Sentence – contains two

independent clause and one or more dependent clause(s).
Ex.: Mrs. Aquino resolved the problem after she took it
closely so, things went fine.

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Word, Phrase / Fragment, and Clauses

1. teacher
2. beside

B. Phrase / Fragment
1. the teacher in the classroom
2. this hungry dog

C. Clauses
1. While I was sleeping - dependent clause
2. I was sleeping alone. - independent clause
3. Before she arrived – dependent clause
4. Some students finalized their requirements. – independent clause

Parallelism -
gives clarity, coherence, and unity in
both speech and writing.
1. She is a teacher full of confidence, diligence, and endurance.
(using abstract nouns)
2. It may be under her desk or inside her bag.
(using prepositional phrases)

3. My God-given skills are singing, dancing, and acting.

(using verbals)
4. Bessie’s essays is better than Jamie’s.
(using possessive nouns)

5. When the manager vehemently rejected the offer, the chief

executive had found the replacement.
(sequence of tense – past)

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Voices of the Verbs

Active Voice VS Passive Voice

1. He left the car at the 1. The car was left by him
garage. at the garage.

2. The actor was reading his 2. His script was being read
script. by the actor.

3. My parents will pay our 3. Our tuition fee will be paid

tuition fee next week. by my parents next week.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech

1. Mary says, “I will do 1. Mary says that she will
my assignment tonight.” do her assignment tonight.
2. “Why did you hurt 2. The boy asked why you
me?” the boy said. hurt him.
3. “Does our president 3. The members asked if
follow the rule?” the their president followed
members ask. the rule.
4. Sir Martin said, 4. Sir Martin commanded /
“Fetch your sister, ordered Anne to fetch her
Anne.” sister.

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Statements and Tag Questions

Positive Statement needs Negative Tag Question
1.She is an ideal student, isn’t she?
2.The lady was taking the challenge, wasn’t she?
3.Those actors portray their roles well, don’t they?
4.The chanteuse performs well, doesn’t she?
5.Some of the politicians can make people laugh,
can’t they?
Negative Statement needs Positive Tag Question
1. Children will not attend the party, will they?
2. They are not good in problem solving, are they?
3. His father does not know how to fix the car, does he?
4. Cebuanos should not forget their old traditions, should
they?
5. We did not take the news seriously, did we?

Capitalization and Punctuation

1. Everyone loves the new book. 8. 7:00 PM , John 3:2-16

2. Dear Mary: 9. Jay D. Telen, PhD.
3. Manila, Japan, and Dapitan
4. January 16, 2016 10. 13 Bonifacio St., Estaka, Dipolog City

11. While I was in my room, I have heard s

5. Sportsfest ’05 strange voice.

6. Cara’s kitchen 12. Ouch !

7. ladies’ bags 13. I think….um ...I like you.
14. well-to-do family, two-day seminar

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Verbals
A. INFINITIVE = to + base form that acts as a noun.
1. She loves to eat chocolates.
2. To sing is my favorite hobby.
3. Your dream, to travel around the world, needs enough budget.
B.GERUND = verb + -ing form that acts as a noun
1. She loves eating chocolates.
2. Singing is my favorite hobby.
3. Your dream, travelling around the world, need enough budget.

C. PARTICIPLE = verb + -en, -ing, -d, or –ed that

acts as an adjective.
1. The boy cleaning the room looks tame and weak.
2. The singing birds build a nest.
3. Did you approve the written report?
4. This recorded material should be properly checked.

Prepositional Phrases

Adverb phrase – a phrase that describes

the verb, adjective, and another adverb.
• The prima ballerina danced with all grace.
• The committee agrees on some points.

Adjective phrase – a phrase that

describes a noun or a pronoun.
• The blouse from my beloved mother seems
indifferent .
• I see the rays of the sun beyond the horizon.

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Synonyms, Antonyms, Homophones

Synonyms Antonyms
a. torpid – frisky a. ancient – modern
b. pithy – short b. lengthy – concise
c. specific – explicit c. loquacious – reserved
d. anguish – sorrow d. fortitude – feeble
e. alleviate – ease e. slander – praise
f. cognizant – aware f. restraint – limitless
Homophones
- have the same sound but have different spellings and meanings.
1. Piece - peace 2. board - bored 3. buy-by-bye
4. Billed - build 5. hair – hare 6. sent – cent- scent
7. heal-hill-he’ll 8. for-four-fore 9. heard – herd

Misplaced and Faulty Modifiers

A.
Incorrect: A competitive sports, basketball players regularly practice
to improve their game.
Correct: To be more competitive, basketball players regularly
practice to improve their game.
B.
Incorrect: Anton noted that Nicole left early in her notebook.
Correct: Anton noted in her notebook that Nicole left early.

C.
Incorrect: Answering the test, I saw the students in the classroom.

Correct: I saw the students in the classroom answering the test.

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Elements of a Short Story ( an invented prose

narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few
characters.

1.Characters 2. Setting 3. Plot

4. Theme 5.Ending

Elements of Drama (it is the specific mode of

fiction represented in performance.

1. Characterization 6. Genres
2. Dialogue 7. Theme
3. Plot 8. Spectacle
4. Stagecraft 9. Music
5. Symbols 10. Audience

Classifications of a Character

1.Flat – grow but not visible

enough
2.Static – has not been reached
into a full-grown quality
3.Complex – fully-developed
character

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Elements of a Poetry
Poetry – is an art form in which human language is used for its
aesthetic qualities.

1.Speaker
2.Tone
3.Mood
4.Rhythm and Meter
5.Figurative Languages
6.Lines and Stanzas
7.Sound Devices

Three Classification of Sounds

1. Voiced - farther
2. Voiceless - faith, thing
3. Aspirated - paper

Three Dimensions that consonant vary from

one another
1.Manner of articulation
2.Place or point of articulation
3.Voicing

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Manner of Articulation
1. Stops / Plosives - P, T, K, B, D, and G (boy, pat)
2. Fricatives - F,V,S,Z,H, TH, Sh, and Zh (this, thin, shall)
3. Affricatives – Ts (Ch) and Dz (J) (jam, chain)
4. Nasals – N,M, and Ng (man, nose, drink)
5. Liquid / Lateral – L and R (late, ramp)
6. Glides – W and Y (well, why, weight)
Place of Articulation
1. Bilabial - two lips touching each other. (P, B, M, HW, W)
2. Labio Dental – lower lips touches the upper teeth (F and V)
3. Dental – tips of the tongue and the inner edge of the upper
teeth (Ɵ, ð
4. Alveolar – tip of the tongue and the alveolar edge (T, D, R,
N, L, ʧ, ʤ)
5. Palatal – the tongue and hard palate ((J-voiced)
6. Velar – dorsal tongue and soft palate (K, G. Ng)
7. Glottal – throat passage (H - voiceless)

Elements of Communication

1. Speaker – chooses his or her purpose and

crafts the message accordingly.
2. Message – is what needs to be delivered or imparted to
somebody.
3. Listener – receives the message
4. Channels – are the means by which the Message is
sent.
5. Response – is the only way the Speaker knows that the
Message has been received.
6. Feedback – is the result of monitoring by the Speaker
of the Listener’s purpose.
7. Noise – is any barrier of communication. (Physical or
Physiological)

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Word Parts (Affixes and Roots)

UN + ABLE = UNABLE
prefix root word formed word

HAPPY + LY = HAPPILY
root word suffix formed word

able and happy are free morphemes

-un and -ly are bound morphemes
1. The (moment) _____________ of an object is equal to the
product of mass and velocity.
2. His (company) ___________ are now ready for the battle.
3. An effective oral reading of a poem displays a good
voice (project) _____________.

Troublesome Words
a. advice -advise
He did not follow my _________ (n) – opinion
They _____ me to travel light when I go abroad. (v) – to give
b. effect – affect
Television ____ people in many ways. (v.) – influence
It took days to _____ discipline ion the class. (v) – result
c. all right – alright
Do I look ____? (adj.) – well or satisfactory
d. adapt – adopt
It is difficult to _______ to this cold weather. (v) – to adjust
She has to ______ the British accent. (v) – to take on

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Commonly Misspelled Words

Which words are spelled or written correctly?

millenium buoyancy ecstacy

unnecessary flourescent bourgeoisie
inspite of questionaire continous
etiquette outrageous past time
spontaniety surviellance precedent
supercede committee hypocricy
pronunciation judgement synchronous

Five Reading Skills

1. Phonemic Awareness - being familiar with the sounds of the
language
2. Phonics – drawing on the relationship between the symbol and the
sound
3. Fluency – the ability to blend and mix the sounds to form a
meaningful sentence
4. Vocabulary – the ability to attach meanings to words
5. Comprehension – the ability to create and decode meanings from a
group of words
Kinds of Listening
1. Interactional / Emphatic Listening – it happens when
persons listen to each other for the purpose of communicating
and emphasizing.
2. Transactional / Critical Listening – the listener is concerned
with acquiring new knowledge for the purpose of improving his
skill in generalizing and decision making.

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Hierarchy of Linguistics
PHONOLOGY - sound organization. Study of the speech sound
used in the language.
- word formation. Study of how words are
MORPHOLOGY
formed in language.

SYNTAX - word order. It

is the way in which words are put
together to form phrases, clauses, or sentences.

SEMANTICS - word meaning. Study of the meanings of

words and phrases in language.
- discourse. Tells how language is used in the
PRAGMATICS context or a study of intended speaker –
meaning.

Types of Literature

A.Essay

B. Fiction

C. Drama

D. Poetry

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Thank you for listening and my best of

lucks.
Keep achieving, future educators.

Corrections….
11. Remove 18.
15. Change ‘of’ to ‘or’.
27. a. remove ‘r’ from the word ‘lover’.
31. Bonus (no answer) 33. bonus (there’s no number 33.)
46. c. add ‘d’ from the misspelled word ‘delighte’ to
make it ‘delighted’.
48. Change ‘I’ to ‘If’. /
57. Underline the word ‘the’, so it must be ‘the best’.
65. Italicized the phrase “ like a fish out of water”.
66. Underline the word ‘volitions’.
92. Underline the word ‘fondness’ found in the
sentence.
113. b. remove the word ‘perfect’.
Note: Please don’t answer the second numbers 55, 56,
and 132.

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