RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER
INTRODUCTION
DR ANKIT BANSAL
MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
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Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Energy carried through lattice by free electron or phonon-phonon
interaction (excitation of interatomic bonds)
Fluids: intermolecular collisions
𝜕𝑇
𝑞=𝑘
𝜕𝑥
Convection:
Energy transfer by molecular interaction
Molecules carry momentum and kinetic energy
𝑞 = ℎ 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
Radiation:
Energy transfer by waves/photons (no medium required) 𝑞 ∝ 𝑇 4 − 𝑇∞4
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Thermal Radiative Heat Transfer
• Heat Transfer caused by electromagnetic waves
• All materials (solid, liquid, gas) emit/absorb electromagnetic
radiation
• Change in molecular/atomic/lattice energy
• Intensity and colour (wavelength) of radiation wave depends on
temperature
• Does not require medium to transport energy
• Energy can transfer through long distances
• Intensity vary with direction
Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
• Orthonormal oscillating electric and magnetic field
• Carry energy, mass and momentum
Interaction With Matter
• Electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength absorbed by matter
– Increase thermal energy/temperature of)
• High-energy photons: Ionizing radiation
– Ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma radiation
– More dangerous per unit of energy than non-ionizing radiation.
– Breaks chemical bonds
• Applies to UV (though not ionizing)
– Can damage molecules due to electronic excitation
Interaction With Matter
• Thermal radiation:
– Absorbed radiation heats the material (increase internal energy).
– Increase rotational and vibrational mode energy
• Visible, Infrared, microwave and radio wave
• Intense thermal radiation can be dangerous as well
– Radio waves can thermally burn living tissue and cook food
– Microwaves used on cooking
– Visible and Ultraviolet lasers can set paper afire
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM
Source: Radiative Heat Transfer, Second Edition, Michael F Modest, Academic Press, 2003
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM
• Radiation is described both as waves and particles (photons)
• Photons: mass less energy parcels
• Radiation travels at the speed of light
• Speed of travel depends on refractive index of medium
• Radiation travels slower in semi-conductions (n=1.4 -> 4)
• Radiation is strongly absorbed by metal and electric conductors
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM
• A number of ways to represent the colour of the radiation
• The above quantities are related
• Photon or waves carry energy related to their wavelength or frequency as
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Distinguishing Features of Radiative Transfer
Seven independent variables
Three Space coordinates, Two direction coordinates, wavelength, time
Subjected to reflection, absorption, scattering
Change direction of photon travel
Decrease strength
Intensity as well as properties of medium/boundary vary from
direction to direction and with wavelength
Wavelength dependence may be vary erratic
Expensive and difficult to model
Unlike conduction/convection described by integral equations
Distinguishing Features of Radiative Transfer
Radiative Transfer equation along line of sight
𝑑𝐼𝜆 𝜔𝜆
= 1 − 𝜔𝜆 𝐼𝑏𝜆 − 𝐼𝜆 + න 𝐼𝜆 (ො𝐬𝑖 )ϕ𝜆 (ො𝐬𝑖 , 𝐬ො)𝑑Ω𝑖
𝑑𝜏𝜆 4𝜋 4𝜋
Solar Energy Spectrum
• Solar Radiation
• Subjected to absorption by
atmospheric gases, clouds and
scattering by aerosols
• Attenuation of intensity
– Strong function of wavelength
– Organized into bands
• Changes through out the day
– Change in direction of sun
Important Applications
Combustion
Fire
Rocket propulsion
Hypersonic shock layers
Plasmas in fusion reactors
Solar and atmospheric radiation
Material Processing
Lasers
Diagnostic techniques
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[Link]
[Link]
Importance of Radiation
• Furnace design, heat and mixing patterns
• Fuel Efficiency
• Low Emission
• Improved methods for heat recuperation for Cost-
effective heat recovery processes
• Optimization of emissivity of materials used in
furnaces or burners
• Increased combustion intensity (heat release per
unit of furnace volume)
Source: [Link]
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Radiative Effects on Convective Heat Transfer
• Heating of boundary layer by
outer Radiation
– Raises its temperature
– Increases convective heat
transfer rates
• Cooling of boundary layer by
emitted Radiation
– Decreases convective heat
transfer
– interaction in high pressure
high-temperature steam
Course Schedule
Week Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5
1 Introduction Fundamental of Laws of Properties of Radiative Properties
Radiative Heat Radiation Plane Surfaces of Materials
Transfer
2 View Factor Hottel Cross String Inside Sphere Diffuse Black Diffuse Gray
Method Method Surfaces Surfaces
3 Network Solution Methods Partially Non-Gray Radiation combined
Analogy specular Gray Surfaces with conduction and
Surfaces convection
4 Participating Radiative Transfer Solution of Cylindrical Approximate
Media Equation (RTE) RTE Media Solution Method 1
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Course Schedule
Week Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5
5 Approximate Spherical Spherical DOM method Zone method
Solution Method 2 Harmonics Harmonics
Method Pn -1 Method Pn -2
6 Exchange areas Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Radiative Atomic and
method 1 method 2 properties of Molecular Spectra
gases
7 Line Radiation Spectral Wide Band Global Models k-Distribution
Models Models model
8 Radiative Application: Application: Solar Concentrated Experimental
Properties of Combustion and atmospheric Solar collector methods
particles and Flame radiation
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Reference Books
• Radiative Heat Transfer, Michael Modest Third Edition, 2014,
Academic Press → Text book
• Radiative transfer, H. C. Hottel and A. F. Sarofim,
McGraw‐Hill, 1967
• Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, Robert Siegel and John R
Howell, Third Edition, Hemisphere Publication Corporation,
1992
• Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion, Charles E Baukal, CRC
Press, 2000
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Thank You
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