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18 FUTURISTIC: Electronic skin: Advance
re mn, as ‘mens and opportunities
a 24 CLOUD SOLUTIONS: From Sensor to
ime reaps Cloud: plug and play approach evolving
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the country. Even as the state of the global economy —
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ae Pst
uufacturing process that requires extremely high temperatures to produce erystals. SiC power devices
SS S=S=BQO
CLOUD SOLUTIONS
FROM SENSOR TO CLOUD:
A Plug-And-Play Approach Evolving
ol Loncarie is
matting enainger
at Congoter
Fig, 1: Te clout
API envionment
machines and systems to the cloud
should be as simple as connecting USB
devices or PCle expansion cards to a PC.
Make the connection, open the cloud appli-
cation, recognise devices and configure.
You're now ready to make use of all your
sensor data via a cloud connection, except
that scenario is today nothing more than an
application developer's dream,
In reality, because sensor data being
gathered at the field level has any number
of characteristics—such as size, structure,
protocol, interface and transmission path
has been virtually impossible to realise a
direct cloud connection to all those various
smart sensors with only a few clicks. The
absence of local logic, required to process
heterogeneous data into meaningful infor-
‘mation, is a roadblock to making sense of
incredibly diverse sensor data.
Yet the appeal of the cloud’s promise to
access Big Data and sophisticated analytics
anytime, anywhere has application devel-
opers inspired to focus on local gateway
technology to find a functional path toward
the plug-and-play vision, Today, more pow:
erful, evolved gateways, which can function
either as dedicated devices or as a virtual
part ofa system, play a new role in receiving,
I a perfect world, connecting devices,
it
aaron
translating, processing and transmitting data
as transparent information to the spectrum
of cloud interfaces. This is enabled by the
new cloud API for loT gateways. It is essen-
tially a middleware and glue logic solution
to enable simple orchestration of wired and
‘wireless sensor networks as well as embed
ded system configurations. The cloud API
provides application-ready software modules
that act as blueprints for original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs) to develop their own
applications, removing complexity and creat-
ing a smart path to connect all types of sensor
networks to any cloud platform.
Amplifying the importance
of gateways
Gateways are complex devices with excellent
transcoding and decision-making capabilities.
Using integrated logic, these collect, analyse
and transcode sensor data and then deter-
mine whether it goes to the field, the cloud
or perhaps another gateway. Their secure
end-to-end encryption further allows them
to structure and move data consistently, for
example, enabling bidirectional communica-
tion with a specific cloud solution,
Enabled with the new cloud API, the lo
gateway communicates locally with intel-
ligent sensors, now capable of processing
and converting the received sensor data.
Embedded driver modules (EDMs) interface
with hardware and third-party expansion
cards, providing the glue logic that translates
received data into the semantics of the appli
cation-specific loT gateway logic. This sensor
engine, with EDM modules incorporated in its,
steucture, is among the first software compo-
nents to be standardised as a cloud function
module. Its critical value is in moving data
from local sensors to a generic middleware,
independent of protocols.
Data is transmitted into the cloud via pre-
defined interfaces and decision processes, at
the same time normalising data measurements
and checking that received data is meaningful
By using transparently defined modules and
funetion blocks, identical logic interfaces can
be used in each application.
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[Link]‘The EDM for the standardised
EAPI interface of computer-on
modules provides such an example
of standardisation. This enables key
performance information such as
system temperatures and voltages,
CPU utilisation or burglary detec-
tion to be casily transmitted in a
standardised manner to any cloud
by utilising the new Cloud API logic.
The middleware advantage
Historically, there have been no
QO |
CLOUD SOLUTIONS
standardised cloud APIs for loT Fig. 2: Cloud APY schematcs|
gateways. This created a dead zone
and gap in compatibility for sensor-to-
cloud communication. I's a challenge
that has also driven an industry-wide
desire to establish smart, efficient
methods for receiving and processing
data locally, and then forwarding it to
the cloud
To meet this need, cloud. APIs must
be not only application-ready but also
standards-based, in onder to deliver plug.
and play integration for the wide range of
wired and wireless sensor connections.
‘With this advantage, even highly hetero-
geneous protocol configurations can be
integrated with reasonable development
resources, including wireless options
such as Bluetooth LE, ZigBee, LoRa and
other LPWANS, as wel as wired protocols
for building and industrial automation,
Cloud communications themselves face
the same plug-and-play challenge, fucled
by individual requirements for propri
etary servers or third-party offers such as
the Microsoft Azure, Telekom or Amazon
‘AWS Cloud platforms.
Creating an ecosystem of
standardised building blocks
‘To sound out designs based on this type
of hardware connection and abstrac-
tion, developers also need the flexibility
of a standardised cloud interface. With
standardisation of a cloud API for oT
gateways, the gateway’s cloud interface
operates independently ofthe cloud pro
vider, atleast in terms of the design itself
A new kind of communication
engine developed in response to this
need enables encrypted communica-
with servers or different clouds via
smart wireless or wired connections
It’s a manufacturer-independent, open
standard approach that ensures sensors,
gateways and clouds can be readily
Fig. &: The conga foT gatenay
deployed, imespective of the data type,
computing environment or end-use
application.
For real development value, plug:
and-play convenience must also
extend to the configuration of 1oT
gateways. This is illustrated by the
People-System-Things (PST) cloud
framework—a device and data man-
agement system that seamlessly
integrates with the cloud API for 1oT
gateways. In addition, PST users can
generate fully-featured web apps
using only the framework’s drag-and-
drop editing tool. No programming is
required, and depending on devices
available to the system, applications
for mobile end users may even be cre-
ated automatically
Simplifying and accelerating
cloud deployments
In the real world, an IoT appliance is
characterised differently according to
whois asked to define it. For example,
hardware vendors focus primarily on
functions of the embedded system
itself, including the device and its
embedded software. IoT applica-
tion service providers may have
relatively little knowledge of hard
ware design, and focus their inter
‘ests on user interfaces and experi
ence, website design, databas
middleware and apps. Lastly,
system integrators or OEMs’ prod-
uct owners focus on configuring,
deploying, maintaining and sup-
porting products that are flexible,
customisable and cost-effective
through standardisation
To restrain the complexity repre-
sented by all these diverse priorities,
standardised building blocks are
becoming a new imperative in cloud
system and application development.
A strong standards-based ecosystem
is critical to forward progress, with
all major vendors of embedded com-
puter technology, peripherals and
clouds commiting to support these
types of cloud APIs. Each hardware
device demands its dedicated sensor
engine, and each cloud its correspond-
ing cloud engine. The sensor engine
quickly and easily reads, translates
and processes IoT gateway data in
the particular language of the cloud;
users view processed information
on a web application that is created
automatically, with no need to pro
gram or develop processes for each
sensor. Ultimately, this dramatically
minimises development efforts and
resources required for connecting to
the cloud.
With standardised function blocks,
supply chains can be flexible and OEM
migration strategies remain smart.
Developers pick up tremendous speed
in time-to-market by designing their
Io application only once, even as
it remains portable to any combina-
tion of sensors, gateways and clouds.
‘When OEMs’ individual gateways sup-
port a standardised cloud API, only
the cloud engine changes with new
customer clouds. The rest of the solu-
tion can stay as itis, or only needs to
be configured upon customers’ needs.
It’s anew and more practical approach
to cloud connectivity for any sensor
or device in the industrial fields—for
diverse interests across the embedded
value chain, El
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
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EMBEDDED
SPECIAL PROCESSORS TO DRIVE
lols And Wearables
lobally, there will be over 20 billion
Gus devices in the next five
years, representing $7 trillion dollars
in revenue. This corresponds to roughly
three devices for every person and a value
higher than the year 2016 GDP of all the
countries in the world, except the US and
China. Many of these systems including
implantables, wearables, printed electronics
and the Internet of Things (loT) will have
ultra-low power and area requirements. So
these applications will rely on ultra-low-
power general-purpose microcontrollers
and microprocessors, making them the
‘most abundant type of processors produced
and used
‘Two types of processors are available at
present: Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)
and bespoke. The two have many similar
features, such as a pipeline and cache.
Specifically, COTS processors satisfy
needs of the purchasing organisation with-
out the need to commission custom made,
or bespoke, solutions. Compared to custom
processors, these are cheap, flexible (avoid
binding solution to a single hardware/
software source) and backward-compatible
with legacy products. These provide current
technology solutions and shorten design-to-
production cycles, with their large user base
generally uncovering design defects early.
While COTS processors are likely to be
built for optimal average case performance,
bespoke processors are designed to ease
the certification process. Typical types
of evidence required for certification are
worst-case execution time of instructions,
hardware reliability and information on
systematic design flaws in the processor.
Considerations when using COTS
COTS components support, maintain and upgrade systems with iong if-cycles
‘of over ten years. When using these components, the following licensing and data
right issues need to be kept in mind:
1. COTS soltware is usualy stributed under licence (ypcaly on a per-user fee basis)
2. COTS documentation is normally copyrighted—distroution as part of another
product usually requires special arrangements and a copy foe
3, Software source code and designs for hardware are usvally proprietary and
Protected by copyright or patent—aven afta these are no longer distributed
ve. Sampath isa
Senior meer of
ieee ond amenber
it scton of
Engineers inde,
Caen working os
technical rentect
at Adepthips,
‘Bengaluru he
has published
Intectloa!popers
‘nS ond meters
Bespoke processors are used for applica-
tions with ultra-low area and power con-
straints. Low-power processors are widely
used and are expected to power a large
number of emerging applications. Such
processors tend to be simple, run relatively
simple applications, and do not support
non-determinism, which makes symbolic
simulation-based technique a good fit for
such processors,
Power and area efficiency concerns
Microprocessors and microcontrollers
‘used in the emerging area- and power-
constrained connected applications are
designed to include a wide variety of
functionalities in order to support a large
number of diverse applications with ditfer-
ent requirements. On the other hand, the
embedded system is designed for typically a
small number of applications, running over
‘and again on a general-purpose processor
for the lifetime of the system. Given that a
particular application may only use a small
subset of the functionalities provided by a
general-purpose processor, there may be a
considerable amount of logic in the proces
sor that is not used by the application.
Cost concems drive many of the con-
nected applications to use general-purpose
microprocessors and microcontrollers
instead of much more area- and power-effi-
cient ASICs, as, among other benefits, devel-
‘opment cost of microprocessor IP cores can.
be amortised by the IP core licensor over a
Jange number of chip makers and licensees,
Given the mismatch between the extreme
area and power constraints of emerging,
applications and the relative inefficiency
of general-purpose microprocessors and
microcontrollers compared to their ASIC
counterparts, there exists a considerable
opportunity to make microprocessor-based
solutions for these applications much more
area- and power efficient.
One big source of area inefficiency in a
microprocessor is that a general-purpose
microprocessor is designed to target an
arbitrary application and thus contains
many more gates than what a specific
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es aleElectronics For You invites
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on their area of expertise and
interest from different perspectives}
Some of the topics we want
you to write about are:
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oO
EMBEDDED
application needs, The unused gates
continue to consume power, resulting
in significant power inefficiency, too. overheads
While adaptive power management
techniques help to reduce
consumed by unused gates, the
effectiveness of such techniques is
limited due to the coarse granularity
corset» Cove
r
Fg. 1: General purpose precessors are
at which these must be applied, as
well as significant implementation
such as domain isolation
and state retention. These techniques
power also worsen area inefficiency.
core Meera 1
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“flows 2 microprocessor IP loensor or ences (0 lage! cierent
‘pplcations effeerty without additonal software or Rarcare
deveooment cas! (bottom)
Approaches
One approach to significantly increase
the area and power effi
ciency of a microproces
sor for a given applica
tion is to eliminate all
logic in the microproces-
sor IP core that will not
be used by the applica
tion. Eliminating logic
that is not used by an
application can produce
a design tailored to the
application—a bespoke
processor—that has sig.
nificantly lower area
and power requirements
than the original micro-
processor IP that targets
an arbitrary application,
FFT
(Dppnsearch
Fig. 2: Gates rot toggled by two applcaions—FFT and binSearch—for profi inputs. Gray gates
116 no toggled by elfer anpleaton. Fed gates are
‘unique untoggied gates foreach application
fe 17
fet
(a) merit
(0) Seambied iF
Fig: Gates not toggled by (a int and () scrambled iF forthe same ip set. Red gales are
Uniquely not eggled by thal application, Gray gates are not toggled by einer application. Hed gales
‘are unique untagated gates fr each application. Evan though the apatcatons use the same sel of
Instuctons and contol fou, the gates iat they exorcise are diferent
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‘NCS 712 current Modules = SIM800
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aa
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on oat
emma
eer Su
ee on
ree jtcom
cs eer
a e Petal er EdAs long as the approach
to create a bespoke proces-
sor is automated, the result-
ing design retains the cost
benefits of a microproces
sor IP, since no additional
hardware or software needs
tobe developed, Also, since
no logic used by the appli-
cation is eliminated, area
and power benefits come at
no performance cost. The
resulting bespoke processor
does not require programmer inter
vention or hardware support either,
since the software application can
still run, unmodified, on the bespoke
processor.
Static application analysis repre-
sents another approach for determin-
ing unusable logic for an application,
However, application analysis may
not identify the maximum amount
of logic that can be removed, since
tunused logic does not correspond
only to software-visible architec
tural functionalities but also to
fine-grained and software-invisible
‘micro-architectural functionalities.
For example, consider two differ-
ent applications: FFT and binSearch,
Since these applications use different
subsets of the functionalities provid-
ed by the processor, the parts of the
processor that they do not exercise
are different. However, a closer look
reveals that while some of the differ
ences correspond to coarse-grained
software-visible functionalities,
other differences are fine-grained,
software-invisible, and cannot be
determined through application
analysis
‘The two applications use exactly
the same instructions; however,
die graphs in Figs 2 and 3 show
that the sets of unexercised gates
for the applications are different.
This is due to the fact that even the
sequence of instructions executed by
an application can influence which
logic the application can exercise in
a processor depending on the micro-
architectural details. Such interac-
tions cannot be determined simply
through application analysis.
Given that the fraction of logic
in a processor that is not used by a
given application can be substan-
oO}
EMBEDDED
Fig, 4: The process for talrng a bespoke processor toa target application
tial, and many area- and power-
constrained systems only execute
one or few applications for their
entire lifetime, it may be possible to
significantly reduce area and power
in such systems by removing logic
from the processor that cannot be
used by the applications. However,
ince different applications can exer-
cise substantially different parts of
a processor, and simply profiling or
statically analysing an application
cannot guarantee which parts of the
processor can and cannot be used by
an application, tailoring a processor
to an application requires a tech-
nique that can identify all the logic
in a processor that is guaranteed to
never be used by the application
and remove unusable logic in a way
that leaves the functionality of the
Processor unchanged for the appli-
cation
In the next section, we describe
a methodology that meets these
requirements. We call general-pur-
pose processors that have been
tailored to an individual application
“bespoke processors'—reminiscent of
bespoke clothing, in which a generic
clothing item is tailored for an indi-
vidual person.
Tailoring a bespoke processor
to a target application
Bespoke processor design tailors a
general-purpose processor IP to a
target application by removing all
gales from the design that can never
be used by the application. The
bespoke processor, tailored to the
target application, must be function-
ally equivalent to the original proces-
sor when executing the application.
Itshould retain all the gates from the
original processor design that might
be needed to execute the
application
Any gate that could be
toggled by the application
and propagate its toggle to a
state element or output port
performs a necessary func:
tion and must be retained to
‘maintain functional equiva-
lence. Conversely, any gate
that can never be toggled by
the application can safely
be removed, as long as each
fan-out location for the gate is fed
with the gate's constant output value
for the application.
Removing constant gates for an
application could result in signifi-
cant area and power savings without
any performance degradation. In
addition, gate removal can expose
additional timing slack, which can
be exploited to increase area and
power savings or performance of
a bespoke design. On an average,
bespoke processor design reduces
area and power consumption by
62 per cent and 50 per cent, while
exploiting exposed timing slack
improves average power savings to
65 per cent
The first step of tailoring a
bespoke processor—input-independ.
ent gate activity analysis—performs
a type of symbolic simulation, where
unknown input values are repre-
sented as X’s, and gate-level activity
of the processor is characterised for
all possible executions of the appli-
cation, for any possible inputs t0 the
application
The second phase of bespoke
processor design technique—gate
cutting and stitching—uses gate-level
activity information gathered during
gate activity analysis to prune away
unnecessary gates and reconnect
the cut connections between gates
to maintain functional equivalence
to the original design for the target
application
Input-independent gate
activity analysis
‘The set of gates that an application
toggles during execution can vary
depending on application inputs.
This is because inputs can change
the control flow of execution through
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formed by these gates
are not necessary for
the correct execu-
tion of the binary for
any input, these may
safely be cut from
the netlist as long as
their constant output
Fig, 5 Method for cuting and stching a bespoke processor
the code as well as data paths exer-
cised by the instructions.
Since exhaustive profiling for
all possible inputs is infeasible, and
limited profiling may not identify
all exercisable gates in a processor,
the analysis technique is based on
symbolic simulation. This technique
is able to characterise the gate-level
activity of a processor executing an
application for all possible inputs,
with a single gate-level simulation.
During this simulation, inputs are
represented as unknown logic values
(X's), which are treated as both 1's,
and 0's when recording possible tog-
sled gates,
Symbolic simulation has been
applied in circuits for logic and
timing verification, as well as
sequential test generation. More
recently, it has been applied in
determination of application-specitic
Vmin, Symbolic simulation has also
been applied for software verifica-
tion. However, no existing technique
seems to have applied symbolic
simulation to create bespoke proces-
sors tailored to an application.
Initially, values of all memory
cells and gates are set to X's. The
application binary is loaded into
program memory, providing values
that effectively constrain which gates,
can be toggled during execution.
During simulation, the sirmulator sets
all inputs to X's, which propagate
through the gate-level netlist during
simulation.
Alter each cycle is simulated, tog-
gled gates are removed from the list
of unexercisable gates. Gates where
an ‘X’ propagated are considered as,
toggled, since some input assign-
ment could cause the gates to toggle.
If an *X’ propagates to the PC, indi-
cating input-dependent control flow,
the simulator branches the execution
tree and simulates execution for all
possible branch paths, following
depth-first ordering of the control
flow graph.
This naive simulation approach
does not scale well for complex or
infinite control structures which
result in a large number of branch-
es to explore. So a conservative
approximation could be employed
that allows the analysis to scale for
arbitrarily-complex control structures
while conservatively maintaining
correctnessin identifying exercisable
gates, The approximation works by
tracking the most conservative gate-
level state that has been observed
for each PC-changing instruction.
The most conservative state is the
one where the most variables are
assumed to be unknown (X)
When a branch is re-encountered
while simulating on a control flow
path, simulation down that path can
be terminated if the symbolic state
being simulated is a sub-state of the
most conservative state previously
observed at the branch, since the
state (or a more conservative ver-
sion) has already been explored. If
the simulated state is not a sub-state
of the most conservative observed
state, the two states are merged to
create a new conservative symbolic
state by replacing differing state vari-
ables with X's, and simulation con-
tinues from the conservative state.
‘This conservative approximation
technique allows gate activity analy-
js to complete in a small number of
passes through the application code,
even for applications with an expo-
nnentially-large or infinite number of
execution paths.
‘The result of input-independent
gate activity analysis for an applica-
tion is a list of all gates that cannot
be toggled in any execution of the
application, along with their constant
values. Since the logic functions per
values are preserved.
‘The following section
describes how unusable gates can be
cut from the processor without affect-
ing its functionality tor the target
application
Cutting and stitching
Once gates that the target application
cannot toggle are identified, these are
cut from the processor netlist for the
bespoke design. After cutting out a
gate, the netlist must be stitched back
together to generate the final netlist
and laid-out design tor the bespoke
processor.
Fig. 5 shows the method for cut-
ting and stitching a bespoke proces-
sor. First, each gate on the list of
unusable gates is removed from the
gate-level netlist. After removing a
gate, all fan-out locations that were
connected to its output net are tied
{0 a static voltage (‘1' or '0") cor-
responding to the constant output
value of the gate observed during
simulation. Since logical structure
of the netlist has changed, the netlist
is re-synthesised after cutting all
unusable gates to allow additional
optimisations that reduce area and
power.
Gates having constant inputs
after cutting and stitching can be
replaced with simpler gates. Also,
toggled gates leit with floating out-
puts after cutting can be removed, as,
their outputs can never propagate to
a slate element or output port. Since
cutting can reduce the depth of logic
paths, some paths may have extra
timing slack after cutting, allow-
ing faster, higher-power cells to be
replaced with smaller, lower-power
versions of the cells. Finally, the
re-synthesised netlist is placed and
routed to produce the bespoke pro-
cessor layout, as well as a final gate~
level netlist with necessary buffers,
etc to meet timing constraints.
‘Tobe continued next month.
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DERE sew isineoncom/zagheHigh-Speed
MEMORY
TESTING
Trends And
EY
Before bying any
augment hgh
Speed memery testing,
itis better to go
‘hrough the tps and
tronds mantioned hee
(RAM) market is dominated by double-
data-rate (DDR) technology with DDR4
ruling the pack. Mobile devices like tablets,
laptops and smartphones use a low-power
version of DDR (LPDDR) to lower their power
consumption
DDR memory is based on a parallel-line
technology that uses a large number of chan
nels to carry the data, Operating on such alarge
number of data lanes at a high speed presents
its own challenges. This is driving upgradation
ofthe respective test and measurement (T&M)
devices.
‘Trends in memory testing
DDR chips are tested at wafer-probe and
memory-module levels. Probing is an impor-
tant aspect of catching the right signals of the
memory by the test equipment. But the process
of probing comes with many difficulties. To
explain simply, when you use probes for DDR,
there isa loss of signal. Such challenges call for
a process called de-embedding.
Sanchit Bhatia, application expert in high:
speed digital applications, Keysight Technolo
aes. says, “Specialised ball-grid-array probes
are the preferred choice. These are soldered
between the memory and the board. DDR¢ has
an average speed of 3.2 gigabits per second. At
such a high speed, there is signal loss when
using these probes. De-embedding is done
T: high-speed random-access memory
to compensate for this signal loss.” After
de-embedding, the signals are tested and
validated by test devices to ensure proper
functioning of the memory.
On the other hand, memory-module-
level testing is done at an integrated system
level when all the component-level tests are
completed.
Bhatia further explains that DDR testing
can be done in two broad categories. The
first type is parametric testing, which tests
the integrity of DDR signals by analysing
the timing of DDR waveforms and all other
physical-layer parameters. The other category
is functional or protocol testing, which tests
whether the data is flowing as per the rules
set. It evaluates whether all the commands
are in place, addresses are correct and the sig-
nals are following all the protocols properly.
For DDR& series, Joint Electron Device
Engineering Couneil (JEDEC), the memory
circuits standards defining body, added a
new test called bit-error rate (BER) test. To
cater to all these evolving test standards and
requirements, high-speed testing equipment
have dramatically improved in capacities
over years.
Upgrades in T&M devices
‘T&M equipment have seen a number of trans-
formations to scale up to the capabilities of
DDR4 and higher versions and meet JEDEC
standards, be it in terms of speed, size or
channel support. Here are some of the majar
trends.
Higher speed, more parallel DUTS. DDR
memory test setups are improving in speed
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Pea nes ie omer)and capacities in general, Faster bit rates
and capability to testa larger number of
devices in parallel are evident
As an example, Jin Yokoyama,
functional manager-memory test,
Advantest, explains Advantest’s test
setup evolution, The latest device
in their T5503 series has seen size
reduction and improved cost effi-
ciency with a capacity to test 512
DDR4 DRAM memory devices
simultaneously. Their LPDDR
testing capability has evolved
from 1600 megabits per second
©
TEST & MEASUREMENT
helps to narrow down reasons behind
the failure and locate the particular bus
that has failed,
Tips for optimal TéM
Following the upgrade trends in DDR
‘T&M devices, there will be certain cri-
teria and challenges in designing and
selecting the optimal test setup. Bhatia
shares the important ones.
Preference to devices with
the highest test coverage. DDR
doesn’t have a dedicated compli-
ance program like other technolo-
(Mbps) and 12.8 gigabytes per Losi anabser for highspeed memonytesing mage source: [Link]) gies. It has a set of specifications
second (GB/s) for LPDDR3
memories o 3200Mbps and 25.6GB/s
respectively for the newer LPDDR4.
On the other hand, the newest T5582
series can support 1536 devices under
test (DUT) in parallel with maximum
data rate of up to 1.2Gbps.
Higher capacities in high-band-
width oscilloscopes. High-bandwidth
oscilloscopes are used for parametric
tests—evaluating the signal integrity
of the memory. The upgraded oscillo-
scopes support mixed-signal channels,
that is, these have four analogue chan-
nels and 16 digital channels. These
channels help in a range of functions,
like connecting the DDR command
bus to evaluate command triggers or
assessing the complete protocol of the
command,
Another characteristic of DDR
memory signals is that these come as a
‘combination of ‘read’ and ‘write’ com-
mands, “Read” command comes from
the memory itself, while ‘write’ com-
mand comes from the controller. Read-
write channels of the oscilloscope help
in separating these commands.
Bhatia explains, “With the intro-
duction of DDR4, the oscilloscope
bandwidth has gone up to 13GHz, The
previous highest bandwidth range was
8GHz, The upgrade has resulted in a net
20per cent increase in equipment price.”
(Quad-sampling in logic analysers.
Functional testing of high-speed memo
ries requires capturing of all possible
‘channels at the same time. Logic analys-
ers are essential devices for the purpose.
Logic analysers suited for DDR testing
have as many as 136 or more channels
and a speed of 4Gbps or higher.
‘As a major upgrade, many manu-
facturers are developing logic analysers
with a feature called quad-sampling,
which means these analysers can take
four samples in every clock cycle, The
DDR works on both rising and falling
edges ofa signal. Moreover, ithas both
read and write signals on each rise and
each fall. For efficient testing, in one
clock cycle, one sample each of Read
rising (Read command on the rising
edge of the signal), Write rising, Read
falling and Write falling is needed.
Without quad-sampling technol-
ogy, the tester will have to split the
clock cycle into four samples by physi-
cal techniques and do the sampling on
four different channels, which is very
‘cumbersome. Quad-sampling allows
you to procure all four samples on
a single channel, cutting down the
complexity, time and effort required.
Bhatia shares that Keysight’s previ-
ous version of logic analysers used to
have dual-sampling capability, driving
testers to procure the samples on two
separate channels. These have been
upgraded to quad-sample now.
‘Additionally, the speed of ana-
lysers has gone up to 4Gbps from
2.5Gbps earlier. The protocol testing
setup can be arranged in two levels;
Either for only command and address
debugging, ot with data debug capa
bility along with command and
address debugging,
Software upgrade. There are
specialised software to test DDR
bus for compliance to JEDEC stand
ards. These DDR compliance testing
software are fully automated and
can complete 50-60 tests in one go.
Another software called DDR debug
tool analyses failures detected by the
DDR compliance testing software. It
following which the tests are
done. There is a large list of tests that
can be conducted for DDR memories.
Different vendors provide support for
different number of test automation—
some provide 40 to 50 tests, while
others may give 100, Before selecting a
setup, check the number of tests that
it supports.
Don’t over-invest in higher-band-
width devices. Bhatia opines, “DDR
does not require very high-bandwidth
values such as 20GHz. So test equip-
‘ment with 13GHz bandwidth will work
fine. DDR memories use FR4, which is
a low-cost semiconductor material. As
these are made to keep the cost afford.
able, excessively high-level bandwidth
is not achievable.
Data debug is a good choice. Some
protocol testing equipment are incapa
ble of data debugging, Logic analysers
with data, address and command
debug capability can be customised to
debug any of the selected parameters
as required. So go for a logic analyser
with data debug capability.
Use RC-type probing for best
results. For DDR probing, ensure use
of resistor-capacitor (RC)-type probes.
Many designers choose RRC (high:
bandwidth) type probes, which do not
sive good results because they do not
generate high impedance.
Going forward
DDRS is still under development, but
is projected to become mainstream in
a short span of time. So T&M equip-
ment manufacturers are already
upgrading for the future. For example,
Advantest is improving its test devices
for a massive 6.4Gbps speed to support
LPDDRS. El
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JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
TELECOM
How The loT Is
Revolutionising TELECOM
iven all the marketing push and
G'= around the Internet of Things
(oT), it is difficult to predict how
business models will evolve over the next
few years. For industry practitioners, this
remains one of the major concerns. Ust
ally, they ponder upon implementing the
lof and end up asking, “How can the loT
be used in my industry?”
Looking at the existing solutions is
the most common approach to find an
answer to this question. At one end, there
are business-to-consumer (B2C) solutions,
which are good to have but don’t solve the
real pain, At the other end, we see some
2B trends around particular industries
where the loT can play a crucial role. One
such vertical is telecom.
For more than a decade, telecom has
been the poster boy of high-technology
industry. This is because of its fast expan
sion, highly driven by innovation around
smartphones and the Internet, New
services are being promoted and new
geographies being captured by telcos,
All this adds complexity to managing the
‘work optimally, combined with the force
of launching new services that add value
to eliminate the competition.
Emergence of the loT presents some
interesting opportunities for telcos.
Great news is that these opportunities
can propel both the top line and bottom.
line, introducing more operational eff
ciency and additional
revenue streams. Let
us look at some of the
) available options.
Enhancing
operational
efficiency
Remote infrastruc
ture accounts for a
significant portion of
telcos" operational
cost. The loT plays a
significant role here
in remote manage
‘ment and monitoring
Let us consider a mobile operator network,
which contains many mobile cell towers
that are spread across a large geographical
area. For managing the remote equipment of
teleos, protocols and standards are in place.
However, there are issues like environmen-
tal protection, physical security and asset
maniagement
Asset handling and monitoring.
remote cell tower site incorporates auxiliary
equipment along with major telecommuni:
cation equipment in order to make things
work, One such equipment is the genera
tor for power backup, which ensures 24/7
network uptime. Energy meters, UPS and
air-conditioning are other major assets.
‘These come under the passive infrastruc-
ture. Predicting their failure in advance by
‘monitoring their operational efficiency is an
important part of remote management. The
IoT makes it possible
Physical security. In remote places,
physical security of cosily equipment is
important. This requires an loT-enabled
intrusion detection system, In addition, a
tracking system for resource consumption
by pilferable consumables such as batteries
and fuels is needed to ensure timely alerts
in order to minimise losses,
Environmental protection. ‘There i
always the threat of environmental damage
to remote sites. The oT plays a major role
in detecting conditions such as flood, smoke
and bad weather. It also assists in providing
control commands to either shut down the
system to avoid irreparable damages or take
any preventive measures.
Providing last-mile access to
devices
‘When using the loT to handle remote telco
sites, it must be noted that the loT depends
on a reliable communication link, So it is
crucial to consider something which doesn’t
sutfer from downsides of the telco’s terres-
trial link failure.
Low-power radio. By playing the role
ofa service provider, telcos can tap into the
machine-to-machine (M2M) ecosystem.
‘M2M communication needs very low band-TELECOM
\width in comparison to human-to-human communication
(which needs high-quality source and higher bandwidth).
‘Traditionally, existing technologies like Wi-Fi and GSM
are used to enable M2M communication, These technolo.
gies, centered around high bandwidth, are overkill for
M2M. They also consume excessive power and are there.
fore energy-inefficient in battery-powered applications.
Therefore, in recent years, new standards were devel:
oped for wide-area, radio-based and low-power technolo-
gies that are optimised for low data rates. Usually known,
as low-power WAN (LPWAN), these are highly power
efficient. LoRaWAN and NB-loT are two such competing
standards,
LoRaWAN is already being used in some parts of
the world, The general use cases of LoRaWAN are in
agriculture, where it is used to establish communication
links with sensors installed on the field. In a similar way,
LoRaWAN can be deployed for public utilities like parking.
systems in urban areas. Telcos can tap into LoRaWAN by
providing LoRaWAN services to businesses
Offering value-added and intelligent services
Merging of virtual and physical worlds. Finding our way
from physical to virtual world and vice-versa is a concept
similar to physical web proposed by Google. But, this
approach of Google works in a personal-area network
(PAN) space.
Proximity sensing (ProSe) is based on standards of a
service on top of 4G LTE callular service that enables two
devices to detect their proximity and exchange data.
of the practical use cases are
Finding people. Suppose you are attending a con
ference and want to know whether anyone from your
Linkedin network is present there. Ifyou and your links
have ProSe installed on your smartphones, LinkedIn app
will scan the nearby people quickly and pop up on your
phone's screen the list of people from your Linkedin
network.
Finding places. Suppose you are in a new city and you
must locate the nearest train station or bus stand to travel
to another part of the city. If every train, bus and public
transport aggregation point inthe eity consists of a ProSe
enabled device, these can sync up with the ProSe service
of your smariphone to present you with an interactive
application that helps you find your way to the closest
point. Additionally, if you are able to communicate with
those devices, they can present you with information like
train/bus timings
jentioned below.
To sum up
Analytics, control and monitoring make up the highly
obvious 1oT use cases, Many jobs are also being generated
due to innovative applications of the IoT. Many beginners
and experienced professionals are taking loT training
and certification as it promises a lucrative career. A new
wave of collaborative applications is merging the physical
world into our virtual lives, allowing us to make a transi
tion from physical to virtual, or virtual to physical world,
seamlessly.
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DISPLAYS
FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS:
A Revolutionary Breakthrough!
flat pieces of glass or plastic that dic
tated the design of technology. But
tecently, engineers and manufacturers have
been coming up with curved screens, more
and more of which can be found on computer
monitors, televisions and phones, Samsung
Galaxy $7 Edge and LG G Flex are among the
devices featuring bendable display.
With bendable display, manufacturers are
looking to advance technology. Infact, flexible
displays have the potential to become one of
the biggest technological breakthroughs in
the decade, encouraging designers to create
devices we have never seen before.
But what exactly is a flexible display and
why do technology majors around the world
see it as the next big thing? Let’s check out,
Bendable does not mean curved
Although curved sereens are impressive, these
are not the same as the ones that are bent.
‘Tiaditionally, liquid-crystal displays (LCDs)
are sandwiches with materials that include
backlight, polariser, thin-film transistor, liquid
crystals and filter glass. LCDs are ustally flat,
but several companies like Samsung have
managed to produce curved LCDs,
‘The recently released organic LED ecosys-
tem (OLED) has gained popularity, thanks to
F: decades displays have been simply
‘Fieuble AMOLED display (image
courtesy: min:
‘businesswie cor)
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
s simplified design, better image quality and
flexibility. OLED displays do not require back-
lighting, so these can be thinned and moulded
into specific shapes such as the curved display
on Samsung Galaxy $7. Flexibility, thinness
and excellent image quality make OLED a
better choice for curved sereens, and itis clear
that the OLED will overthrow LCD TVsin the
future, However, OLEDs are currently too
expensive to produce for lange screens such as
televisions and computer monitors, but their
prices will eventually fal.
Although LCDs contain more layers than
OLEDs, these screens may still be bent.
Apple Japan Display is developing a 14cm
G.5-inch), full HD LCD. The display will use
plastic for the substrate, which has tradition-
ally been made of non-removable glass. This
will enable it to flex and bend.
However, engineers need to come up with
4 way to create materials that will not break
down under repeated bending stress, keeping,
a consistent image on the screen. This is a
huge challenge.
Durability is a huge plus point
‘The biggest advantage of flexible displays is
durability. Because the screen can be bent
and manipulated, it can also absorb impact
better than solid glass structures we currently
have. So broken screens can be a thing of the
past. However, it will take some time before
‘we reach that point. It is assumed today that
bendable screens will use plastic instead of
glass, but the plastic itself can still crack under
extreme stress.
Manufacturers like Corning are currently
working on a flexible glass called Willow,
which is planned to be put into everything
from telephones to televisions to carry devic=
es. Willow is a5 thin as a piece of paper and
can be bent too, But it will still break if it gets
too much rounded up.
Samsung, LG and Apple join the
move
The three largest mobile manufacturers are
reportedly experimenting with flexible dis-
plays. According io Samsung, the most impor-
{ant feature of Galaxy X is that its display ean
be folded ouside, allowing users to convert| ®
DISPLAYS
their phones into 12.7em (7-inch) tablets. LG is also said
have come out with a smartphone that folds outside to
form a tablet, Patent drawings represent a conceptual LG
phone that has a foldable display which can be used even.
alter bending. Apple is considering the use of bendable
displays on the iPhone in 2018
Potential applications
Other technologies could also benefit from flexible
displays. For example, flexible displays could be used
as clothing that changes colour of pattern instantly as
per the environment, making these particularly useful
for soldiers.
Phones can also take a new format, similar to the
Lenovo Cplus prototype, which starts as a thin handset
but folds into a wristband. Samsung experimented with
the introduction of curved displays on its original Galaxy
Gear $ smartphone, but moved to a more traditional flat,
rounded Galaxy Gear 53. With curved displays, intel
ligent observers can theoretically have massive screens
that surround their wrist to display even more informa
tion at once.
Cars could also use curved screens as more and more
dashboards are going digital. For example, Mercedes
E-Class displays infotainment indicators and infotain-
ment data on a 31em (12.3-inch) HD display that extends
on the dashboard. ‘Tesla and X models have a huge 43em
(27-inch) central display, but you can use a curved screen
tomake the outline look natural on the car’s dashboard.
The biggest challenges
‘The concept of bent displays is not new, because gadget
manufacturers appear to be displaying them on large
shows like CES (Consumers Electronics Show in Las
Vegas, USA) and MWC (Mobile World Congress in Barce-
tona, Spain) annually, but no one has brought a flexible
display to the market yet. Why?
Since bending the display is difficult, crafting a device
that uses one effectively is even more difficult. In order
tocreate a flexible product, manufacturers need to know
how to make each component flexible. Batteries are
particularly difficult to bend because current technology
requires batteries to keep their shape. After being bent,
batteries are short-circuited and, if shorted too far in the
housing, can explode.
Both LG and Samsung have been working on a flexible
battery for many years, but the technology is still nt avail-
able, So far, the only way to use a curved display is to make
a device that bends on the hinge. This concept works with
the Lenovo Yoga Book, which is equipped with a touch
screen and a touch pad that doubles as a drawing tablet
With the hinge, device manufacturers can potentially use
fixed batteries and silicon, but add a fold to them.
We are still waiting for the first device to hit the
market, but when it arrives, we can expect durability and
endless possibilities in design and innovation. Over the
last few years, the patterns of phones and tablets have
been outdated, and flexible displays can make them
exciting again, EB
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ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018@ |
SENSORS
The Latest In
SENSORS AND APPLICATIONS
e it a silent heart attack detector
B= detects the protein level of a
patient or a posture-correcting chair
that alerts the occupant sitting in a wrong
posttire—both recently invented by Indian
teenagers—sensors have a vital role to play
in electronic devices. The fact is that the
application of sensors is ever-expanding
along with the progress in science and
technology.
As per industry reports, sensors are
becoming the biggest and fastest growing
markets, comparable with computers and
‘communication devices markets, You find
sensors in smartphones, automobiles,
security systems and even everyday objects
like coffee makers! Apart from consumer
electronics, these are also an integral part
of the Internet of Things (IoT), medical,
nuclear, defence, aviation, robotics and
artificial intelligence, agriculture, environ
‘ment monitoring and deep-sea applications,
The shift to smarter sensors
Basically, a sensor is an input device
that receives and responds to a signal or
stimulus, Nowadays some sensors come
integrated with many sensing elements
and read-out circuitry in a single silicon
chip, providing high accuracy and mul
tiple functions. Manufacturers use both
advanced technologies and methods for
signal processing and conversion. Modern
sensors have more features including user-
friendliness, accessibility and flexibility.
So there is a paradigm shift in the sensor
industry with integration of new technolo
gies to make sensors smarter and intelligent.
Ordinary sensors are still used in many
applications. But innovation and advance-
ment in micro-
electronics is
taking sensor
technology to
a completely
new level. The
functionality of
ordinary sensors
thas expanded in
many ways and
Sani theo s
technical etor
acery
The now move of sensors,
Incudng those used in
(ots and woarebes, ore
saan going ta revolutionise
electronics industiy
Fig, 1: Initigant
sensor stucure
Intelligent sensor
process
con
‘According toa BBC Research report, the global
sensor market is chasing double-digit growth. It
expects the alobal market for sensors to reach
‘$240.3 billon in 2021, up from about $123.5
bition in 2016. Fingerprint sensors wil lead the
market by growing at 15.9 per cent annual.
Another source puts chemical sensors,
process variable sensors, proximity and
positioning sensors among the fastest growing
markets, Automotive industry wil once again be
‘the leading consumer market for sensors,
‘A TechSci Research report says, “India’s
sensors market iS one of the fastest growing
markets in Asia-Pacific. Rising security concems
and growing trend towards miniatursation are
shifting the focus of consumers to smart devices,
‘which make extensive use of various sensors, in
Particular, touch and image sansors.” The report
Projects inia's sensors market to grow at over
20 percent annually during 2015-20,
these now provide a number of additional
properties. Sensors are becoming more and
‘more intelligent, providing higher accuracy,
flexibility and easy integration into distrib-
uted systems.
Intelligent sensors use standard bus or
Wireless network interfaces to communicate
with one another or with microcontrollers
(MCUs). The network interface makes data
transmission easier while also expanding the
system. Manufacturers can diagnose sensor
faults and guide users to troubleshoot them
remotely through the computer network.
An intelligent sensor may consist of a
chain of analogue and digital blocks, each of
which provides a specific function. Data pro-
cessing and analogue-to-digital conversion
(ADC) functionalities help improve sensor
reliability and measurement accuracy. The
typical structure of an intelligent sensor is,
shown in Fig. 1
Common types of latest sensors
‘There are a wide variety of sensors depend-
ing on the technology (analogue/digital) and
applications. This article covers some of the
latest sensors including loT sensors, pollu-
tion sensors, RFID sensors, image sensors,
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]biometric sensors, printed sensors,
and MEMS and NEMS sensors.
IoT sensors. [oT sensors include
temperature sensors, proximity sen:
sors, pressure sensors, RF sensors,
pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors,
water-quality sensors, chemical sen:
sors, smoke sensors, gas sensors, lq
id-level sensors, automobile sensors
and medical sensors. These sensors
are connected to a computer network
for monitoring and control purposes.
~.
Fig. 2: [Link] sensor (Courtesy: hip?
gion org)
{
Fig. 8: PME.5 sonsor (Courtesy: [Link])
©
SENSORS
Using sensors and the Internet, 1oT
systems have wide applications across
industries with their unique flexibility
in providing enhanced data collection,
automation and operation.
‘The global market for IoT sen
sors reached $7.3 billion in 2015. It
is expected to reach $47.8 billion in
2021 from nearly $10.6 billion in 2016,
growing annually at 35 percent during
2016-21. The Asia-Pacific market for
oT sensors is expected to grow from
$3 billion in 2016 to $14 billion in 2021
ata CAGR of 36.1 pet cent from 2016
through 2021
Pollution sensors. Air pollution
sensors are used to detect and moni
tor the presence of air pollution in
the surrounding area, These can be
used for both indoor and outdoor
environments, Although there are
various types of air pollution sensors,
‘most of these sensors focus on five
parameters: particulate matter, ozone,
carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide
and nitrous oxide. These sensors are
somewhat costly but are becoming
‘more affordable for common use.
Sensors capable of detecting
particulate matter with a diameter
between 2.5 and 10m (PMIO) and a
diameter less than 2.5m (PM2.5) are
available in the market. Fig. 2 shows
a typical PM sensor popular among
hobbyists and experimenters. Fig. 3
shows an easy-to-assemble PM2.5
sensor from Sharp Corporation with a
detection time of ten seconds.
RFID sensors. RFID chips (Fig, 4)
as small as the size of rice grains can
be inserted directly under the skin for
oe
hip sons
fig. 4: Gainsize RFID chip (Courtesy ips:/[Link])
use as ID cards, There is a trend to use
RFID chips in many products inelud-
ing contactless banks cards and Oyster
cards. There are also cases where chips
are implanted in pets and cattle for
monitoring.
Wearable sensors, These sensors
include medical sensors, GPS, inertial
measurement unit (IMU) and optical
sensors. With modem techniques and
miniature circuits, wearable sensors
can now be deployed in digital health
monitoring systems, Sensors are also
integrated into various accessories such
as cloths, wrist bands, eyeglasses, head-
phones and smariphones, An IDTechEx
report forecasts optical, IMU and GPS
sensors to dominate the sensors market
in terms of revenue by 2022 (Fig. 5).
Wearable applications and loTs are
expected to drive double-digit growth
in the global market for sensors. Due
to decrease in manufacturing costs and
low power consumption of sensors,
most traditional wired connections
will be replaced with wireless sensors
and integrated into wireless networks
in the future.
Image sensors. The best example of
this sensors found in yoursmartphone
camera. An image sensor detects and
conveys the information that const:
tutes an image. Digital imaging is fast
replacing analogue imaging. Most digi-
tal cameras tise CMOS sensors, which
allow faster speed with lower power
consumption.
‘An image sensor from Renesas is
shown in Fig. 6
Biometric sensors. The most
common biometric sensor is your
fingerprint module, R30x fingerprint
module is quite popular among hob-
byists and experimenters. The latest
generation of fingerprint sensors from
Qualcomm consisis of sensors for
display, glass and metal, detection of
directional gestures, and underwater
fingerprint match and device wake-up.
These sensors are designed as both an
integrated solution with Qualcomm
Snapdragon mobile platforms, and as
standalone sensors that can be used
with other non-Snapdragon platforms
Qualcomm fingerprint sensors for glass
and metal are likely to reach the market
in the first half of 2018.
Printed sensors. Sensors printed on
flexible substrates are becoming popu-
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018lar, The next generation of printed
sensors will enable applications
ranging from human-machine
interfaces to environmental sens-
ing. The IDTechEx report predicts
the market for fully printed sen-
sors to reach $7.6 billion by 2027.
Printed sensors may have a
very simple structure with only
a few electrodes, while others
are much more complex requi
ing deposition of multiple layers.
What they have in common is the
capability to be manufactured on
plastic substrates, which offer
advantages in terms of mechani-
cal flexibility, thinness and weight
reduction,
‘MEMS. Microelectromechani-
cal systems (MEMS) are devices
characterised both by their small
size and the manner in which
these are made, These are made
up of component sizes between
Vand 100 micrometres. The most
notable elements are microsensors
and microactuators.
‘MEMS devices can vary from
simple structures to extremely
complex electromechanical sys-
tems with multiple moving ele-
ments under the control of inte-
grated microelectronics. In other
words, MEMS sensor is a precision
device in which mechanical part
@ |
SENSORS
Fig 5: Wearable chart (Courtesy: www [Link])
Fig. 6: mage sonsor (Courtesy: [Link])
WOROACTUATORS:
‘These sensors are used in automo-
tive, industrial, medical, defence
and aerospace applications. In
automotive systems these are
widely used in oil pressure sensor,
crash detection, fuel-tank vapour
pressure monitoring, exhaust gas
recirculation, engine management
system, etc
4, MEMS inagnetic field sen-
sors, These sensors detect and
measure magnetic fields, and find
use in position sensing, current
detection, speed detection, vehicle
detection, space exploration, etc
5. Fluxgate sensors. Fluxgate
sensors are used to measure DC ot
low-frequency AC magnetic field.
‘These find many applications like
space research, geophysics, min-
eral prospecting, automation and
industrial process control. MEMS-
based fluxgate sensors score over
other fluxgate sensors owing to
their less power consumption,
small size and better performance.
‘NEMS. Nanoelectromechani-
cal systems (NEMS) are a class
of devices like MEMS but on the
nanoscale. These are the next
miniaturisation step after MEMS
devices, Nanoresonators and
nanoaccelerometers are examples
of NEMS, Usually, NEMS rely on
carbon-based materials, includ
and micro sensors along with a
THCROGENGORS_}|
ing diamond, carbon nanotubes
signal-conditioning circuit are
fabricated on a small piece of
silicon chip.
Generally, MEMS consist of
mechanical microstructures,
microactuators, microsensors and
microelectronics in one package. Fig.
7 shows the block diagram of a MEMS
device.
Microsensors detect changes in
a system’s environment by measur:
ing thermal, chemical, electrical or
mechanical information. These vari
bles are processed by microelectro
and then microactuators act according
to the changes in the environment.
Some common types of MEMS sen-
sors available in the market are:
1. MEMS accelerometers. These
are used to measure static or dynamic
force of acceleration. ‘The major cat-
egories are silicon capacitive, piezo-
resistive and thermal accelerometers.
ELECTRON
Fig, 7 Block olagram of @ MEMS device
MEMS accelerometers are used
in smartphones for various controls
including switching between land-
scape and portrait modes, anti-blur
capture and pockei-mode operation.
2. MEMS gyroscopes. These detect.
the angular rate of an object. MEMS
gyros are used for vehicle stability
control with a steering-wheel sensor
and rollover detection.
3. MEMS pressure sensors, These
sensors measure three types of pres-
sures: gauge, absolute and differential
pressure. The sensor is integrated with
a diaphragm and a set of resistors on
integrated chips so that pressure is
detected as 2 change in resistance
and graphene. One of their most
promising applications is the com-
bination of biology and nanotech-
nology. Nanoresonators would
find application in wireless com-
munication technologies, while
nanomotors might be used in nano-
fluidic pumps for biochips or sensors,
Sensor materials
‘The exact sensor materials depend on
their type and application. For exam-
ple, digital, analogue, proximity and
image sensors have their own materi-
als, structures, fabrication techniques
and packaging. Here we cover materi-
als and fabrication techniques mainly
for the latest sensors like MEMS com-
monly adopted by most manufacturers.
Materials used in electronics can play
an active or passive role, Some materi-
als play both roles.
Passive materials. These are used
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]to provide either mechanical structure
orelectrical connection, Some of these
materials like silicon and gallium arse-
nide can also be used as active as well
as passive materials
‘Active materials. These materials
are essential to the sensing process
microelectronics, photosensitive, pie:
zoelectric, magnetoresistive and chem-
resistive films. Microsensor materials
in the form of thin or thick films play
an active role in the sensing system.
These devices are fabricated using
chemical vapour deposition (CVD) or
low-pressure chemical vapour deposi
tion (LPCVD) and special techniques
like electrochemical deposition.
Silicon. Elemental silicon is not
found in nature, but occurs in com:
pounds like oxides and silicates. Silicon
is abundant, relatively inexpensive and
exhibits a number of physical proper:
ties that are useful for sensor applica:
tion. It is possible to deposit layers of
materials with the desired properties
‘on a silicon substrate. Single-crystal:
line silicon is the most widely used
semiconducting material
Polysilicon. Polycrystalline layers
may be formed by vacuum deposition
‘onto an oxidised silicon wafer with an
oxide. Polysilicon structures may be
doped with boron or other elements by
ion implantation or other techniques to
reach the requited conductivity. The
temperature coefficient of the resist
ance may be changed over a wide
range, positive or negative—through
selective doping, Polysilicon resistors
have a long-term stability.
Other semiconductors. There
is a wide range of compound semi
conductors available to prepare het-
erostructures with unique properties
Gallium-arsenide (GaAs) and indium:
antimonide (InSb) are widely used
electronic components,
GaAs. Gallium-arsenide is used in
devices such as infrared light-emitting
diodes, laser diodes, microwave mono-
lithic integrated circuits (ICs) and solar
cells. [tis also used in optical fibre
temperature sensors. A study shows
that some electronic properties of
gallium-arsenide are superior to those
of silicon. Gallium-arsenide transistors
function at frequencies above 250GHz.
Due to the superior properties of
GaAs, these are widely used in mobile
@)
SENSORS
Some key sensor players
> Analog Devices inc.
> Custom Sensors and Technologies Inc
> Delphi Automotive PLE
> lntineon Technologies AG
> Omron Comp.
> Qualcomm Technologies
> Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics
> STWioroelectronics
> Vishay intetechnology Ine
> Wilcoxon Research Inc.
(Courtesy: hitos:/{[Link])
phones, satellite communications and
radar systems. The highly sensitive
Gads piezoelectric sensors are also
used for biological detection.
InSb. It is useful for magnetic
sensing devices such as Hall Effect
sensors and magnetic resistors. InSb
‘magnetoresistors are used a3 position
sensors in automotive applications.
InSb materials are also used for infra-
red imaging,
Plastics. Plastics are widely used
in electronic and electrical compo
nents and assemblies. Since plastics
are insulators, these are used in a
variety of applications where insula
tion properties are needed. Polymers
are also used as radiation detectors
and chemical sensors.
Metals. Physical properties and
mechanical processing of metals are
taken into account while designing
sensors. Copper has excellent thermal
and electrical properties, but itis dit:
ficult to machine, Aluminium is used
asan alternative in some cases, Metals
are used in magnetic sensors. Precious
‘metals like gold, silver, platinum, rho
dium and palladium are widely used
in sensor devices for automobiles,
RFID tags, mobile phones and PCs.
Ceramics. Ceramics are widely
used in sensor fabrication. These
posses common properties includ
ing structural strength, light weight,
thermal stability, electrical insulation
and ability to bond with other mater:
als, They do not react with oxygen
and thus do not create oxides. Many
‘manufacturers use ceramics as sensor
substrates.
Sensor fabrication
Microsensor technology uses the basic
fabrication steps followed in conven-
tional silicon planar IC technique and
some additional steps. At present, com-
plementary metal-oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) is the most common technol-
ogy used in microsensors, Microsen-
sors are designed and fabricated using,
commercial CMOS IC processes with
subsequent bulk-micromachining
technology. The exact steps are different
from sensors to sensors,
Encapsulation. The chip must
be protected from the atmosphere.
Photoresist or silicon nitride materi-
als are often used to cover the sensing
area. LPCVD or CVD process is used
to deposit silicon nitride layer, which
acts a3 a barrier against water, The
next step is IC encapsulation. That
inckudes sealing the IC in a plastic resin
ormetal case, This process protects the
silicon device from the surrounding
environment, and may not be always
required in some MEMS devices where
the atmosphere is used to transmit the
‘measured quantity.
Deposition. Some sensors, espe-
cially MEMS devices, are required to
deposit thin and thick film materials
providing the sensing surface with
the required properties. For example,
sensitivity to thermal radiation is given
by coating with nichrome. The film can
be locally etched using lithography and.
wet chemical etching processes. Dry
physical etching and laser processing
can also be used.
‘The scope and future outlook
With micro and nano technologies,
sensors can be made to fit almost
anywhere in consumer devices,
robots, automobiles and even human
bodies. Use of intelligent sensors is
also increasing in counter-terrorism,
cargo tracking, biometrics among
other applications. Latest sensors
are used in automobiles to prevent
impending crash and determine the
type of airbags to be fired, and force
and speed of their deployment. The
use of MEMS in medical applications,
including implantable devices and
handheld devices for diagnostics and
monitoring systems, is on the rise.
Looking forward, with advancements
in technology, the new wave of sen-
sors including IoTs and wearables is
going to revolutionise the electronics
industry in years to come. EB
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018IMAGING
EE
IMAGE PROCESSING USING MATLAB:
Image Deblurring And Hough Transform
‘ran Kumar Hain
IS torme dred,
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Technology Cente
‘premier loser ond
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Varsha Agrawal 0
Senor sense with
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Teehniogy Centre
(UASTeCl a premier
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mage pre-processing ond
‘emtifeation of ertain
shaped objects inthe
image s explined here
Fig, 1: mage read inte the MATLAB
workspace
‘mage deblurring removes distortion
Je a blurry image using knowledge of
the point spread function (PSF). Image
deblurring algorithms in Image Processing
Toolbox include Wiener, and regularised
filter deconvolution, blind, Luey-Richard-
son, as well as conversions between point
spread and optical transfer functions. These
functions help correct blurring caused by
out-of-focus optics, camera or subject move-
ment during image capture, atmospheric
conditions, short exposure time and other
factors.
deconywnr function deblurs the image
using Wiener filter, while deconvreg function
deblurs with a regularised filter. deconvlucy
function implements an accelerated, damped
Lucy-Richardson algorithm and deconvblind
function implements the blind deconvolu:
tion algorithm, which performs deblurring
without the knowledge of PSF. We discuss
here how to deblur an image using Wiener
and regularised fiters.
Deblurring using Wiener filter
Wiener deconvolution can be used effectively
‘when frequency characteristics of the image
and additive noise are known to some extent.
Inthe absence of noise, Wiener filter reduces
to an ideal inverse filer.
deconvwnr function deconvolves image
Lusing Wiener filter algorithm, returning
deblurred image J as follows:
= Secor (2, ESP NED
‘where image I can be an N-dimensional array,
PSF the point-spread function with which
image I was convolved, and NSR the noise-
to-signal power ratio of the additive noise.
NSR can be a scalar or a spectral-domain
array of the same size as image |. NSR~=0 is
equivalent to creating an ideal inverse filter.
Image I can be of class uint8, uint16,
int16, single or double. Other inputs have
to be of class double. Image J has the same
class as image |
The following steps are taken to read
“Image_2.tif', blurit, add noise to it and then
restore the image using Wiener filter.
1, The syntax to read image (Image 2
tif) into the MATLAB workspace and display
it
>> Teinddoube(imeess nage 2.088°))
>pinsnowtt!
Fig. | shows the image generated by
imshow function.
2. h=fspecial(‘motion’, len, theta)
returns a filter to approximate the linear
motion of a camera by len pixels, with an
angle of theta degrees ina counter-clackwise
direction. The filter becomes a vector for
horizontal and vertical motions. The default
value of len is 9 and that of theta is 0, which
corresponds to a horizontal motion of nine
pixels, B=imfilter(A,h) filters multidimen-
sional array A with multidimensional filter
h, Array A can be logical or non-sparse
numeric array of any class and dimension.
Result B has the same size and class as A.
‘The syntaxis
33 teats
>> BEP-tspectel (‘no ton" AR MRE
>> blatredeinttitee (1,855, teen,"oszeolae')y
Digi, inedow arena
Fig. 2 shows the image generated by
imshow function.
3. = imnoise(1;gaussian'.M.V) adds,
Gaussian white noise of mean M and
variance V to image |
Sonoita meant?
vacs0.0023
prblureed polseninsotse blurzed,‘gausalan’,
tpkse near, notee_ var)?
>oegure, smanew sees note
Fig. 3 shows the image generated by
imshow function.
4. As mentioned above, /=deconvwnr
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link](LPSE,NSR) deconvolves image L using
Wiener filter algorithm, returning
deblurred image J. The following com-
mands generate a deblurred image
using NSR of zero:
Poastinated a8
>> wne2-daconvanz(blurzod poise, PSF,
sattmted 80s
>otgura nator m2)
Fig. 4 shows the image generated
by imshow function.
5. The following commands gen-
erate a deblurred image using NSR
caleulated from the image:
ee eee)
29> wre Setnconmns (puree rosea FSP,
estimated nselt
>efgure, sranon m3)
Fig. 5 shows the restored image
from the blurred and noisy image
using estimated NSR generated from
the image.
Deblurring with
a regularised filter
A regularised filter can be used effec
tively when limited information is
known about the additive noise,
‘J=deconvreg(|, PSF) deconvolves
image I using regularised filter algo-
rithm and returns deblurred image J.
‘The assumption is that image I was
created by convolving a true image
with a point-spread function and
possibly by adding noise, The algo-
rithm is a constrained optimum in the
sense of least square error between
the estimated and true images under
requirement of preserving image
smoothness
Image I can be an N-dimensional
array.
Variations of deconyreg function
are given below:
# J = deconvreg(t, PSF, NOISE-
POWER)
where NOISEPOWER is the additive
noise power, The default value is 0.
* J = deconvreg(l, PSF, NOISE-
POWER, LRANGE)
‘where LRANGE is a vector specifying
range where the search for the optimal
solution is performed.
‘The algorithm finds an optimal
Lagrange multiplier LAGRA within
LRANGE range. If LRANGEisa scalar,
the algorithm assumes that LAGRA
is given and equal to LRANGE; the
NP value is then ignored. The default
IMAGING
Fig. 4 Dablured imago using NSA cf zero
Fig 5. Restored image om the blurred and
nosy image ising estimated NSA generates
rom the mage
range is between (1e-9 and 1e9]
* J = deconvregi!, PSF, NOISE-
POWER, LRANGE, REGOP)
where REGOP is the regularisation
operator to constrain deconvolution
‘The default regularisation operator is
Laplacian operator, to retain the image
smoothness. REGOP array dimensions
must not exceed image dimensions;
any non-singleton dimensions must
correspond to the non-singleton
dimensions of PSP,
U, LAGRA] = deconvreg(l, PSF...
ourputs the value of Lagrange mul
plier LAGRA in addition to the restored
image J.
In a nutshell, there are optional
arguments supported by deconvreg
function. Using these arguments you
can specify the noise power value, the
range over which deconvreg should
iterate as it converges on the optimal
solution, and the regularisation opera-
{or to constrain the deconvolution.
Image [can be of class uint8, uintl6,
int16, single or double, Other inputs
have to be of class double. Image J has
the same class as Image I
‘The following example simulates a
blurred image by convolving a Gauss-
jan filter PSF with an image (using
imfilter)
1. Read an image in MATLAB.
3 Trinceed (Sinage 2.21845
>ofigue,tsshow
Fig. 6 shows the image.
2. Create the PSF, blur the image
and add noise to it
93> B50 = Eapeciel (Sausstent 31,517
>> Blurced = ifdter (258, "c000"1
>> 9.034
>[Link] (wiaeeed,
‘cpsseton!, 0,017
>efigure,Amthout@uce¥d Noise)
Note that additive noise in the
image is simulated by adding Gauss-
ian noise of variance V to the blurred
image (using imnoise). Fig. 7 shows
the blurry and the noisy image.
3. The image is deblurred using
deconvreg function, specilying the
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018PSE used to create the blur and the
noise power (NP):
53> ki=peaatsl (197
>> (regh LAGHA) » decoreregtstarced_
Noise, 23, a
Sofgure, Ansbow eal)
Fig, 8 shows the restored image.
Hough transform
‘The Hough transform is designed to
identify lines and curves within an
image. Using the Hough transform,
you can find line segments and end-
points, measure angles, find circles
based on size, and detect and measure
circular objects in an image.
In the following example we take
an image, automatically detect circles
or circular objects in it, and visualise
the detected circles.
1, Read the image and display it
‘This example uses an image of circles
of various colours:
>> ima Tage 3p 17
rare, taahovitt
Fig. 9 shows the image.
2. Determine radius range for
searching circles. A quick way to find
the appropriate radius range is to use
the interactive tool imdistline, which
gives an estimate of the radii of vari
us objects,
hh = imdistline creates a Distance
tool on the current axis, The function
returns h—handle to an imdistline
object
Distance tool isa draggable, resiz,
able line, superimposed on an axis,
‘which measures the distance between
two endpoints of the line, It displays
the distance in a text label superim-
posed over the line. The tool specifies
the distance in data units determined
by XData and YData properties, which
is pixels by default
If you wrote the following com-
mand in MATLAB, Fig. 9 would
change to that shown in Fig. 10:
Soa = rdisina
‘The line can be dragged to get the
size of different circles
Ina nutshell, imdistline command
creates a draggable tool that can be
moved to fit across a circle and the
‘numbers can be read to get an approxi-
mate estimate of its radius.
‘To remove the imdistline tool, use
the function:
sodoiate(e
IMAGING
3. Consider the image shown in
Fig. 11. The aim is to find the number
of circles in the figure.
Quite evidently, there are many
Fig, 9: mage of circles of various colours read
ane displayed
Fig. 11: mage with a numberof cicles
Fig. 12: AGB image in Fig, 13 canverted into
srayscale mage
circles having different colours with
different contrasts with respect to
the background. Blue and red circles
have strong contrast with respect to
the background, whereas white and
yellow circles have the poorest con-
‘rast with respect to the background.
4, We calculate the objects that are
brighter and those that are darker than
the background. For this, we need to
convert this RGB image into grayscale
version:
2 ferincead mage 4.309") s
>ogray_tmagersgoray (808) )
oe
Fig, 12 shows the grayscale image.
5. Function centers = imfindeircles
([Link]) finds circles in image A
whose radii are approximately equal
to radius. The output, centers, is a
two-column matrix containing (x, y)
coordinates of centers of the citeles in
the image.
[centers,radii] = imfindcircles
([Link]) finds circles with
radi in the range specified by radius-
Range. The additional output argu
‘ment, radii, contains the estimated
radii corresponding to the center of
each circle in centers.
By default, imfindcircles finds cir-
cular objects that are brighter than the
background. In our case, let us set the
parameter ‘ObjectPolarity’ to dark’ in
imfindcircles to search for dark circles:
>> [oonters,raaiiintinecixctea G3,
140 60), obsectrotarity*, Dark’)
‘The result of the above command
fs:
entacs = 344.2614 204.1829
edit = 50.2606
‘AS you can see, only one circle
is detected. This happens because
imfindcircles is a circle detector, and
similar to most detectors, imfindcincles
hasan internal detection threshold that
determines its sensitivity. imfindcircles
has a parameter ‘sensitivity’ that ean be
used to control this intemal threshold,
and consequently, the sensitivity of the
algorithm. A higher sensitivity value
sets a lower detection threshold and
leads to detection of more circles. ‘This
is similar to the sensitivity control on
‘motion detectors used in home security
systems,
6. By default, sensitivity, which is
a number between 0 and 1, is set to
0.85. Increase sensitivity to 0.9:
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]55 eens sul oiaaezeles a8,
100 6}, "opjectrotatity’,* Dark’,
‘seneitsvity’.0;9)
You will get
384, 2002 204;0138
091 77.9060
adit =
0.1646
50.2912
50.2981
aso
By increasing sensitivity to 0.9,
the function imfindcircles found four
circles. ‘centers’ contains center loca:
tions of circles and ‘radii’ contains the
estimated radii of these circles
7. Function viscircles can be used
to draw circles on the image. Output
variables ‘centers’ and “radii” from
function imfindcircles can be passed
directly to function viscircles:
pins)
>> hevlsciecles centers zai)
Fig. 13 shows the result.
‘AS you can see from Fig. 13, cent-
ars of circles seem to be correctly
positioned and their corresponding
radii seem to match well to the actual
circles. However, quite a few circles
were still missed. Let us increase “Sen
sitivity’ to 0.928:
>> (oencers, adit sindnded rele,
[40 601, ‘Cdsecerotarity’ "052%",
* sensitivity’ 0.58)
386.2309 206.4776
248.8646 201-4320
197.7021 73.5149
3890 78.3674
76.7218 76.5162
resis =
$0; 1666
s0.2572
30.298
99,7827
50,4038
Now, we are able to detect five
circles, Hence, by increasing the value
of sensitivity you can detect more
circles. Let us plot these circles on the
image again
Dodetete nl 9 Deleve previcusty crave
slecles
Sph= vincteclestnters, ext
Fig. 14 shows the result.
IMAGING
Fla, 13: Crelos dawn using function viseretos
:
Fig. 18: Grayscale vorsion of tho imag
5
é
‘ia, 16: Bright cites drawn na aliferent colour
17: Bath he bight an tha dark coeos
‘otied ant acto -
8, As you can see, function imfind-
circles does not find yellow and
white circles in the image. Yellow
and white circles are lighter than the
background. In fact, these seem to
have very similar intensities as the
background. To confirm this, let us see
the grayscale version of the original
image again. Fig. 15 shows the gray-
scale image.
otinaze, imshow geay_insee)
9, To detect objects brighter than
the background, change ‘ObjectPolar-
ity’ to ‘bright’:
>> Toontere, rad itsintadetrotes Reb,
{060}, ‘cejeoerolaricy',3eiahe',
“senaiiviey’ 0.56)
523.2806 75.9680
22.340 205.1804
sous
10, Draw bright circles in a dif-
ferent colour by changing ‘Colour’
parameter in viscircles:
Dinas (RB)
phvrishtavieeLzeles loenters, radii,
"cotee', tb’
Fig. 16 shows the image.
I. There is another parameter
in function imfindcircles, namely,
EdgeThreshold, which contrals how
high the gradient value at a pixel has
to be before it is considered an edge
pixel and included in computation.
A high value (closer to 1) for this
parameter will allow only the strong
edges (higher gradient values) to
be included, whereas a low value
(closer to 0) is more permissive
and inchides even the weaker edges
(lower gradient values) in compu-
tation. Therefore, lower the value
of EdgeThreshold parameter, more
are the chances of a circle’s detec-
tion. However, it also increases the
likelihood of detecting false circles
Hence, there is a trade-off between
the number of true circles that can
be found (detection rate) and the
number of false circles that are found
with them (false alarm rate).
Following commands detect both
the bright and the dark objects and
encircle them:
>oloenterateight adit seighe tecctesrisht]
stovingcteciee 8, (6361), esectroiaity’,
‘oeiahe "Sensitivity! 0.3, "tpethraahold,
ois
>rinabon (Rn)
>> heviacirntes enters, raat):
>onsrigneevssel eles jenterspelsnty
sradiiBclght,‘Ccloe’,"b!)s
Fig. 17 shows the output image. Hl
Concluded
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018TECH FOCUS
How SMART Can Your CITY Get
nani
‘opatarishnan|
Viram
tecinial-uaiied
frelance wt,
‘tar ond hones
‘an mam basen
hamal
(tes ae becoming
‘mort over the
‘sof neluding Indi,
byusing techecogy
Inverous ways
Loteitzans have a say
in the develonment of
a smart aty (Source:
Ecanomst nefigonce
Untand Philips
Lighting, 2016)
| Are cities giving citizens what they want?
© samme
SS ae
ae
sc
swim gains
| Ge) scmmmeresenere,
baleve expansion of fee Wi-Fi and more
infermation would encourage ther participation
Almost
| re wing to share dataittwillmprove traffic,
Provide acness to emergency sences deter ene
swith sensors, which collect information
to help manage the city’s assets and
resources efficiently. Others say itis the use of
information and communication technology
(ICT) to transtorm life and working environ-
ments within a region
But, the Indian government's Smart Cities
Mission website probably says it best: “There
is no universally accepted definition of a
smart city, It means different things to differ
ent people. The conceptualisation of smart
city, therefore, varies from city to city and
country to country, depending on the level,
of development, willingness to change and
reform, resources and aspirations of the city
residents, A smart city would have a different
connotation in India than, say. Europe. Even
in India, there is no one way of defining a
smart city,
Largely, a smart city infrastructure aims
to make life easier and safer for citizens. It
provides basic facilities for housing, health-
care, sanitation, food, commutation and
communication; reduces pollution; improves
sustainability and supply of energy: and fos-
ters business and economic welfare in general.
However, what goes into a particular region’s
infrastructure and the priority accorded to
each element is very region-specific. While
a system that helps to accurately display the
arrival time of city buses at each bus stop
might be smart in a city, a good toilet might
be smart in a remote village, and a method of.
protecting dwell-
ers from wild ani-
mals might be the
ultimate tool for a
tribal settlement in
the forest! Merely
embedding technol-
ogy across a city’s
functions makes the
city intelligent. The
city becomes smart
only when this teck:
nology meets the
citizens’ demands
and improves their
quality of lite
In the journey
from mere intel-
Ss define a smart city asa city studded
Key infrastructure elements
of a smart city in India
‘Adequate water supply
‘Assured electricity supply
Sanitation, including sold waste management
Efficient urban mobiity and public transport
Affordable housing, especially for the poor
Robust IT connectivity and digitisation
Good governance, especially e-governance
and citzen participation
Sustainable environment
Satety and security of citizens, particularly
women, children and the elderly
10. Health and education
Source: Smart Cities sso, Government of ala
ligence to real smartness, technology is
just a tool—and at different points of time,
various technological products like sensors,
cameras and drones, mobile devices and
apps, data centres, networks and software
appear and disappear from the scene. It is
therefore difficult to describe one particular
‘end-to-end solution and say this is the per
fect smart city infrastructure. Depending on
the local needs, city planners need to pick
and stitch together the tools that would
‘work for them.
Jo and open data policies
at the core
‘The Intemet of Things (IoT) definitely helps
make a city smart, Innumerable sensor:
mobile devices and video cameras, embed-
ded across the city’s infrastructure and con-
nected over a reliable communications back-
bone, collect data about everything from
traffic to pollution. This data is analysed to
extract useful information, which, in turn,
is used to implement effective city manage-
ment systems, ranging from efficient waste
collection to traffic signal management. This
information enables automation, disaster
prevention and recovery, efficient supply
and consumption of utilities like water and
power, and more.
To be effective, this 1oT infrastructure
needs to be supported by an apt open data
policy to enable universal access and use of
the collected data without duplication. Gov-
‘ernment agencies can also authorise private
EBB sanuarr 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YoU
[Link]© |
TECH FOCU:
Sn
4
Cotas
font
erie
God
A sman oly improves every sphere of ie, om environment to education (Source: Deotte)
enterprises to access such databases in
order to get the most out of the data
in a profitable way. For example, a
private company developing a traffic
management system can be allowed
to access data collected by the exist-
ing infrastructure, for a fee, instead
of having to redo the whole thing
not only turns the government's
investment profitable but also makes
the infrastructure more streamlined
without too much duplication
A Gartner report adds one more
important element to this frame-
work—people. According to Gartner,
people themselves will become nodes
on the Internet, with both static
information and a constantly emit-
ting activity system. Today, there are
multiple apps that use crowd-sourced
information to make better buying
decisions, avoid traffic congestion,
Pe Le)
smart city
1. Connected devices like sensors,
kiosks, cameras, lights, traffic signals,
‘waste bins and whatnot
. A reliable, efficient and secure network
that connects everything together
Smart and open data management
systems for collection and analysis of
data from the devices
. Applications that put this information
to good use
Processes that streamline the
Collection, analysis and use of data by
cfferent systems
explore places and more. Itis only fair
then that people are considered one
of the main resources of a city’s smart
infrastructure!
Industry majors like Cisco, IBM,
Eee
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[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018Nokia, Philips, Intel, Schneider Elec-
tric, Siemens, Microsoft, Hitachi
Huawei, Ericsson, Toshiba and Oracle
have dived headlong into the smart
city opportunity. Some companies
specialise in a particular area, while
others provide end-to-end solutions
covering the whole gamut of technolo-
gies and systems. There are also innu-
‘erable start-ups providing solutions
to specific needs of smart cities.
Trip to some of the smart cities
Apart from some of the distriets in
USA and UK, Aarhus, Amsterdam,
Cairo, Lyon, Malaga, Malta, Verona
and the Songdo Intemational Business
District near Seoul are among regions
that have become appreciably smart
inmany ways in recent years,
Reducing pollution
through better traf-
fic management. Las |,
Vegas uses its smart
city infrastructure to
manage traffic, environ.
mental pollution and other
issues. Let’s take the example
of its traffic signals: If your car
is waiting at a signal and there are
no approaching vehicles in sight,
the signal turns green rather than
making your car wait and exhaust
more fumes.
Singapore has been implementing
different solutions for traffic manage-
‘ment since 2014. One among them is,
a GPS-powered solution that empow-
ers citizens with traffic and roadwork
information collected from surveil-
lance cameras installed on roads and
taxis. The system also has features like
tralfic news, travel time calculator,
road maps, street directions and park-
ing information. Surveillance cameras
alert authorities and vehicle recovery
services to road incidents,
Understanding the cause of
accidents, On a particular roadway
in Jaipur, there were about 4000
accidents annually, The city authori-
ties installed lo sensors and video
cameras to discover the reason. They
found that 70 per cent of the accidents
happened because drivers went down
the road the wrong way. The police
used this information to set up sign
boards and take other steps to sig-
nificantly reduce the number of acei-
TECH FOCUS
dents, Sensors in the city also provide
information on pollution, availability
of parking spots, etc.
‘Supplementing the city’s energy
resources. More than 6000 Vien.
nese citizens have invested in
community-funded solar and wind
power plants in the last five years
‘Together, these have produced about
25 million kWh of renewable energy,
powering almost 15,000 households.
Cities across the world are also
using smart grids and meters to save
power and augment user-contrib-
uted power like solar power. Smart
meters help users to study their
‘consumption patterns
and avail offers like
reduced rates for
consumption
{oT inastructure and mobile apes wil lt you
‘entty and book parking spols in smart oly
(Source: GettiyParkng}
during off-peak hours. While this
helps users to save money, the utility
is able to conserve power,
Conserving another precious
resource—water. Many regions like
Berkeley County and Fountain Valley
in USA have installed smart water
networks to meet water conserva.
tion goals. Beyond just remote meter
readings, these systems comprising a
FlexNet communication system and
residential and commercial meters are
used to study and understand usage
patterns, detect and prevent leakage,
and empower consumers to optimise
their usage.
The water utility in Little Egg
Harbour, a small town in New Jersey,
uses technology in a different way.
Residents of this town leave during
winter and return only when the
weather is warm enough. During
these cold months, however, the water
freezes and pipes tend to break. Using
technology from Sensus, the commu-
nity’s municipal utilities authority can
‘monitor residents’ homes and quickly
respond to problems. This earns them
their customers’ trust.
Some cities have also started using
solutions like WeatherTRAK to opti
mise their water usage for landscape
irrigation. This system uses an loT
machine-to-machine solution and
sensors to assess atmospheric and
geologic factors and supply just the
needed volumes of water instead of
constantly dripping water,
Santander in Spain has deployed
oT tracking with a smartphone app,
which enables residents to view
real-time data on water quality and
consumption, track trends over
time and receive service alerts,
‘The oT tracking system pro-
vides information about
water demand, supply,
pressure, quality and
other environmental
factors, enabling effi
cient water supply and
‘conservation and sustain:
able management.
Getting ready for smart waste
collection. The Spanish city of Gra-
nada is in the process of connecting.
14,000 waste bins across the city
using sensors. The data collected will
be used to identify the bins that need
to be emptied, and to optimise pick-
up truck routes accordingly. The loT
City Digital Platform in Denmark also
includes intelligent waste monitoring
using sensors fitted by SmartBin, The
Smart City Framework developed by
the Sunshine Coast Council in Aus-
iralia also includes waste manage
‘ment using Enevo’s smart fll sensors.
Making sewers smarter too.
Cincinnati, USA, has a smart sewer
that reduces the overflow of sewage
into water bodies. This is a task that
normally consumes millions of dollars
of the taxpayers’ money! The smart
sewer system responds to peaks and
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]troughs in demand from various areas
of the city. It enables the utility to
store sewage flows in huge interceptor
facilities located in various parts of the
sewer system, with smart sensors used
to detect and monitor flow levels and
manage the gates and valves to direct
the flow to locations with sufficient
space. Within a few weeks, the system
developed by Ayyeka helped the city
to avoid 1.4 million gallons of sewer
overflows.
Improving safety through reliable
lighting. Street lighting is important
to ensure safety. At the same time,
the usage has to be optimised to save
power, To balance these require
ments, many cities are now installing
‘Aaya photography can be italy use for survelance, surveys, mapping, and more (Source: Aix)
loT-connected and energy-efficient
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for
street lighting. These lights can be
centrally operated and managed using
intelligent software, powered using
alternative energy supplies, or even
made smart enough to detect human
‘movement and switch off when there
is nobody on the street!
‘Amsterdam in the Netherlands is
working with Philips to install con-
nected LED lights that can save a city
up to $13 billion a year. Santander is
also rolling out intelligent LED lights
that dim or brighten depending on
the time of day and the presence of
people. These can save around $1.5
million a year.
Smart products used by smart
cities across the world
All over the world, interesting solu:
tions are sprouting to cater to the
needs of smart cities, Let's look at
@ |
TECH FOCU:
some of the promising ones,
“To navigate in a smart city, citizens
and visitors need the Internet. But,
what if you cannot afford mobile data
(which is steeper on roaming)? To solve
this problem, a Malaysian company
called Simplify has developed an app
that lets users sell excess bandwidth
Using this app, you can turn your
Android smartphone into a secure
hotspot, seta price to share it and sell
to others. You can receive payments
immediately through PayPal. This
ability to buy spare data from others
around them has proven to be very
convenient, especially for tourist.
Non-stop communications is one
of the highlights of a smart city. Any
solution that can take connectivity to
remote areas or augment the existing
communication networks in busy
areas is always worth including in
a smart city framework, AT@T has
developed a drone that provides LTE
coverage to customers. Itcan be used
to provide connectivity when the
existing networks and services are
likely to get overloaded ar disrupted.
ATAT’s Cell on Wings (fondly
called Flying COW) is basically a cell
site on a drone, designed to beam LTE
coverage from the sky to customers
on the ground during disasters or big
events, The drone carries a small cell
and antennae and is connected to the
ground by a thin tether. The tether pro
vides a highly secure data connection
via fibre and supplies power to the
Flying COW, allowing non-stop flying.
Shanghai saw a 30 per cent drop in
crime rates, thanks to its smart secu
rity solutions. To get there, a smart
Nears)
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[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018city needs proactive surveillance,
not merely security cameras that
let authorities to analyse the scene
after a crime takes place. Deep Glint
is a solution that uses 3D imaging to
monitor large crowds and the way
people on the scene behave. When the
smart cameras spot a fight, unusual
behaviour or doubtable characters,
these instantly alert the concerned
authorities
ShotSpotter is another such safety
solution. Although gunfire might be
something we see only in movies,
there are some areas where it is an
@ |
TECH FOCU!
Another off-beat initiative in waste
management is Zerocycle—a solution
that collects and analyses garbage and
recycling data to determine recycling
rates for all neighbourhoods in a
city, This information can be used to
prepare customised waste reports for
each neighbourhood, which can be
circulated among residents. Although
it sounds like a simple application, it
has been found to be useful in creating
awareness about recycling,
Citymapper is a solution that
helps travellers to move around com-
fortably in a new place. It combines
Zo
(Ozom's ambient ar qualty morierng syste and app help ofiias and resents stay updated about
olution ivels ther area (Soureo: Oar)
everyday threat. However, the atmos-
phere in such areas is shrouded
with fear and people hide as soon as
gunshot is heard rather than report it
immediately. Solutions like ShotSpot
ter of a network of sound sensors
embedded in street lights can be used
to report the incident immediately to
concerned officials.
Bigbelly offersa smart waste collec-
tion and reeycling system that has been
tused in more than 50 countries across
the globe. It is not merely an IoT-con-
nected bin but also has a built-in solar.
powered waste compacting system that
enables the bin to store up to five times
the amount of waste as a traditional bin
of the same size. When it needs to be
emptied, the bin alerts the appropriate
city department, helping timely waste
clearance and proper optimisation of
pick-up truck schedules
information about the locality’s public
transport and provides multi-modal
transport options to help users get to
their chosen destination easily
Searching for an available parking
lot not only kills your precious time
but also causes more pollution as
you keep circling the neighbourhood!
ParkWhiz app helps you find a park
ing spot in public or private parking
lots. Iteven lets you reserve a paid slot
using your credit card.
Cities need actionable information
‘on sources of pollution in order to take
corrective and preventive measures.
Everlmpact is a climate monitor-
ing app that discovers the origins of
greenhouse gas emissions in a city.
Tt measures and monetises the city’s
carbon dioxide emission by mapping
ground-level sensor data with satellite
locations. City officials get a real-time
‘map of emissions at street and build-
ing level
A successful city needs to be inclu-
sive, providing a comfortable environ-
‘ment for those with disabilities. GPS-
enabled mobile app BlindSquare is a
successful digital service developed
from open data in Helsinki. It helps
visually-impaired people navigate
through the city by describing the
environment, announcing points of
interest and street intersections, guid-
ing them as they go along.
Awesome Indian products
for smart cities
‘The Indian government’s 100 smart
cities dream has also spurred a lot of
activity in India, The government has
‘made it clear that this dream can be
achieved only through public-private
synergy. Although there is not much
information about what the first 20
chosen cities are doing with their
funding, we do hear of random smart
developments every day—whether
it is a partnership between ISRO and
Indian Railways to improve safety, a
single dashboard for India’s power
sector, a system that will speed up tray
clearance at the Delhi airport, SMS
notifications about delayed trains,
increase in digital transactions, tools
to speed up Aadhaar verification, or
an upcoming drone policy. The start-
up economy is also buzzing with new
ideas and ventures.
GetMyParking is a Delhi-based
start-up that gathers data from park-
ing lots, helping citizens spot and
reserve parking. IdeaForge provides
solutions for drone-based safety and
surveillance, while Flamencotech
works on technology for smart build-
ings and Oizom Instruments develops
IoT-based environment monitoring
solutions. WeDoSky also works with
drones but it customises the intelli-
gence gained from the aerial images
for varied purposes like security,
irrigation, power lines installation
and prediction of an area’s solar
power potential. Smart Cities Whee!
is another Indian start-up that helps
urban planners to design more
efficient cities using artificial intel-
ligence.
Esyasoft Technologies offers soft-
ware and analytics for smart grids,
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]while Maven Systems specialises in
automated lighting and smart meters.
There are some start-ups with even
bigger ideas, One among them is
Quenext, which aims to consolidate
and analyse data from innumerable
systems ranging from weather to
power, to help utilities optimise their
supply and reduce losses. LoudCell
develops loT-based sensors, remote
hardware and cloud-based mid-
dleware, which are coupled with
an intuitive dashboard to provide
customers with analytics and intelli-
gence to understand and reduce their
power consumption.
‘A low-cost start irrigation con
troller from FlyBird Farm Innovations
helps farmers to irrigate their crops
precisely, depending on weather, soil
conditions and crop requirements.
One more interesting solution for this
sector comes from TartanSense, which
aims to use unmanned aerial vehicles
and machine learning to bring action:
able intelligence to the agricultural
sector.
Zippr is a Telangana-based com-
pany that creates eight-digit alpha-
numeric codes to replace traditional
door numbers. These unique IDs are
mapped to precise locations overlaid
on a digital map. This fundamentally
transforms how locations are refer-
enced, shared and navigated. Zippr
won the IBM Smart Camp for Smart
City 2016, and is working with the Tel:
angana government to implement this
smart address system in Hyderabad.
Taxi services like Ola and Uber are
playing their part in building smart
cities by providing innovative ride
options, including sharing and shut-
tle services. These bring down the
cost of rides, improve commute facili-
ties and reduce pollution through
car-pooling
Programmes such as the AIM
Smart City Accelerator provide men-
torship, guidance and planning sup
port for start-ups and other agencies
working towards the smart city dream!
Opportunity is knocking
at our doors
McKinsey Research projects the smart
city industry to be a $400 billion
‘market by 2020, with 600 cities world
wide, which are together expected to
@ |
TECH FOCU:
generate 60 per cent of the world’s
GP by 2028.
A Forbes article by Mohit Kochar
of KPIT Technologies explains how
smart cities are India’s next technol
ogy opportunity to lead the world. He
states rapid urbanisation, excellent
ecosystem, manpower and tech prow.
ess, the third largest start-up base in
the world and a reputed brand image
in information technology as reasons
why we are well poised to capitalise
this opportunity.
Clearly, there is no dearth of tech-
nologies required for smart cities in
India too. However, we need to focus
‘on proper planning and infrastructure
development. The investment also
needs to be thoughtful and transpar
ent, It is estimated that the first 100
smart cities in India will require an
annual investinent of % 350 billion
over the next 20 years! This can simply
not be achieved without private
investments and public-private part
nerships. There must also be excellent
collaboration between central, state
and local authorities.
Private and government agencies
must also understand that such cities
cannot be built without the participa
tion of people. This is being reiterated
time and again by experts in the field
People come in at the very beginning
of the process—hecause solutions for
a smart city have to be built around
what people need and not merely
what other cities have done! The
residents of a city have to be involved
all through the processes of conceptu-
alisation, planning, development and
implementation.
‘The smart city infrastructure must
also be easy for people to use. For
example, we eed to remember that
connectivity is poor, so implement
ers have to think about how to work
around it, Literacy levels being low,
you cannot expect everybody to type
in passwords or fill in online forms.
Methods like facial recognition or
biometrics have to be used to author
ise individuals and validate data. In
such and many other ways, govern-
‘ment officials have to ensure that
people can transition smoothly to this
connected world—because, whether it
is in 202S oF later, cities are inevitably
going to get smarter! EL
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ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018GREEN TECHNOLOGY
WIND POWER: The Global Impact
Sanjay Baers 0
tech enthusbst ond
senor buses
Teaser at ey. es
passionate obo
Fw businesses
fan benefit am
technology
“Of all the forces of nature, 1 should think
the wind contains the largest amount of
motive power—that is, power to move
things. Take any given space of the earth's
surface—for instance, IMtinots; and all the
power exerted by all the men, and beasts,
and running-water, and steam, over and
upon it, shall not equal the one hundredth
part of what is exerted by the blowing of the
wind over and upon the same space. And
yet it has not, so far in the world’s history,
become proportionalty valuable as a motive
power. Itis applied extensively, and advan:
tageousl, to sai-vessels in navigation. Add
to this a few windmills, and pumps, and
you have about all. ...As yet, the wind és
an untamed, and unharnessed force; and
(quite possibly one of the greatest discoveries
hereafter to be made will be the taming and
harnessing of it.”
Abraham Lincoln
lobally, there is a huge emphasis on
‘encashing the energy generation pos-
sibilities of renewable sources, espe-
A case study from Canada
Wind power promises to be more beneficial
than any other existing source of energy. It
doesn’t produce any undesirable and harm-
ful waste, harnesses the power of nature
(wind), and is one of the best alternatives
to burning of coal/gas or use of nuclear
energy.
‘The Wolfe sland Wind Project in Canada
aimed at meeting electricity needs of resi-
dents in Kingston, Ontario, through wind
power. As part of the project. 86 turbines
‘were placed in the wind farm with an invest-
‘ment of around 410 million dollars to gener-
ate sufficient electricity for 75,000 homes.
‘The returns for the same were spread over
20-25 years
Costs and benefits. Turbine generators
for the project cost 1500-2000 dollars per
kilowatt. Using 86 turbines of 2.3MW capac-
ity with a total cost of 410 million dollars, the
project cost a litle more than 2000 dollars
er kilowatt.
The wind power cost eight cents to 10.2
cents per kilowatt hour, which was muchPROTOLAB
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distribution, it came to a total of 3.2
to 11.8 cents.
The above calculation led to a
conclusion that wind power comes
with a premium price. To overcome
price limitations, the Canadian gov:
ernment provided some subsidies
and incentives like one per cent of
tax benefit per kilowatt hour (kWh)
of electricity produced using wind
power.
‘Thus it can be concluded that wind
power still has a long way to go before
‘mass adoption as the turbine cost has
to come down. Not all governments
can atford such a technology.
The case for India
India was among the first few coun:
tries in the world (o establish the Min-
istry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE). In the last two decades, the
country has witnessed unprecedented
growth in its wind power generation
capacity from about less than 1GW
(gigawatts) to more than 32.72GW
till October 2017. India has the fourth
largest installed wind power genera-
tion capacity in the world
Of the total installed capacity for
renewable energy generation, wind
power accounts for about 10 per cent.
Itis seen that two-thirds of production
happens between May to September
months, coinciding with Monsoons.
One of the major reasons behind the
increase of wind power through the
years has been the benefit of acceler-
ated depreciation for businesses,
‘The levelised tariff for wind power
Fre FVM
@ |
GREEN TECHNOLOGY
t- =
Izy] [I
= lhe lea
a,
|=
aa
SEESHP me Wind meeBiomass mm Solar Percentage Share of Wind
Fig. 1: Evolution of the Incian wind sector (Source: Misty of New and Renewable Energy (20150))
reached an all-time low of
% 2.64 per kWh during bid-
ding for various wind power
development projects in
October 2017. Previously,
the bid rate was 8 3.42 per
kWh in August 2017 in an
auction by TANGEDCO
(Tamil Nadu Generation
and Distribution Corpora
tion),
‘The MNRE has set 2
target of producing about
60,000MW of wind power
by the year 2022. To achieve
this ambitious target, the government
plans to enter into offshore wind
power generation, It plans to set up
the first plant along the Gujarat coast.
Fun
To conclude
At the end of 2006, worldwide capac-
pia ofYnFYtA
ind ener
oe
three
cy
Te
ar
er ore
ity of wind-powered generators was
73.9GW, Although itis believed that
wind power presently produces a
little above one per cent of world’s
electricity demand, it contributes
around 20 per cent in Denmark,
about 9 per cent in Spain and roughly
7 per cent in Germany. Around the
world, wind power generation more
than quadrupled between 2000 and
2006. There are many thousands of
wind turbines operating, with a total
capacity of 73,904MW, of which
Europe accounts for 65 per cent
(2006)
The most amazing part of wind
power generation is no greenhouse
gas emission. However, to derive the
maximum benefit, wind power pro-
jects should be undertaken with long-
‘erm planning. To justify the heavy
“nyestment and variable output, theseSMART WORLD
Powered By
72 Stootighing: Sheu
Slater Ives In Solar?
71 AadaarEnatios
Biometric Atendance
System
76 Mision 2020: Where Doe
Ins EV Ecosystem Stand?
7 Kets Nancy
Benefs From Solar
Sueetighs
Aadhaar-Enabled BIOMETRIC
ATTENDANCE SYSTEM
a
Tiendy
Teopin Seances Fn
‘Aadhaar-enabied UID Kit (image source: ht [Link])
> Government buildings need multiple Aadhaar-enabled
biometric attendance systems at their entry gates
jhe market for Aadhaar-enabled
I devices is about & 2.5 billion.
The opportunity to cater tonew
a5 well as replacement systems is tre
mendous. While we as a nation con.
template opportunities for Aadhaar,
global leaders like Satya Nadella are
quite optimistic and excited about the
possibilities that it will enable.
In his book Hit Refresh, Nadella
mentioned, “Aadhaar now has scaled
to over one billion people, rivalling
the growth of other platform innova:
tions such as Windows, Android or
Facebook.” He praised creation of
the new digital ecosystem indiaStack.
IndiaStack is a set of application
programming interfaces (APIs) that
allows governments, businesses,
startups and developers to utilise
a unique digital Infrastructure to
solve India's problems of presence-
less, paperless and cashless services
delivery.
Recently, central government has
mandated all government institutions
to adhere to Aadhaar-enabled bio
metric attendance system (AEBAS)
‘The main intent behind the move is to
increase productivity of employees
‘The system authenticates attendance
using Aadhaar number created. by
Unique [dentification Authority of
India (VIDAL).
Business opportunity
Till date, only 10 per cent government
organisations have started marking
attendance on AEBAS. Most govern-
‘ment organisations look forward to
inviting bid proposals and choose the
best suited option for AEBAS. They are
looking for reliable vendors to provide
a complete solution for enforcement.
Presently, various companies are
offering Aadhaar kits, but there i still
a huge potential for new players to join
the course. Matrix offers Cosec Vega
Faxq, which is designed for Aadhaar-
enabled attendance marking. It is
perhaps the only embedded Linux-
based attendance device available
in the Indian market as of now. The
system user can directly show RFID
card, that is Mifare Smart, and provide
fingerprint,
Benefits of a cloud-based
attendance system
‘The Indian government has decided
to go for a robust and centralised
attendance management system that
offers easy access, easy scalability
and uniformity in architecture while
costing less.
‘To avail these benefits, the con-
cerned government organisation
will have to register with the AEBAS
server. Employees’ attendance on
AEBAS server will be linked with
UIDAI server. Attendance will be
taken using the user’s unique Aadhaar
number and biometric credentials
‘Authentication process. Compa-
nies like Braintech Services provide
iris and fingerprint scanners as part
of their UID kit. Ravish, managing
director of Braintech Services, shares
“Being a provider of biometric attend-
ance solutions, we foresee AEBAS to
emerge as the biggest opportunity
in the segment ever. All government
organisations are adopting the system
as they are getting the required infra-
structure as soon as they get clearance
from the concerned nodal officer.”
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2078 KIMronmier (605
‘A substantial amount of energy and
resources is being spent on educating
employees that there is no leakage of
private information in. contiming their
identity though Aadhaar. When an
individual authenticates his identity using
the Aachaarlinked biometric system,
the vendor is not provided with any
information. Only the fingerprint proof is
Validated forthe ertared Aadhaar number
by matching it with the one stored in
the Aachaar server. It is only one-way
‘communication,
Daman Singh, managing director
of MindTech Solutions, adds, “Govern-
ment buildings are looking to install
multiple systems at their every entry
gate. kits are being retailed at 60,000
to 70,000 rupees per tnit to organisa~
tions, generating up to 40 per cent
profit for the vendor.”
The investment required
“the business investment isn’t a
major concern, it is about getting
your system approved and registered
with UIDAI for ABBAS usage by the
government body. Once that is taken
care of, one may begin with an initial
investment of approximately three
million rupees. However, the invest-
ment cost varies depending on a lot of
factors like the quality of product, the
inventory to be maintained, whether
the land infrastructure is owned or
rented, etc,” adds Daman, "I person
ally feel that vendors who have an
experience in dealing with biometric
attendance systems will definitely
have an edge.”
‘There are various devices that sup-
port AEBAS, and different organisa-
tions are choosing to install different
systems ranging from desktops to
laptops.
Adaptation elements
“Government organisations and
employees need to register ther
selves on [Link]. This is
an online platform created by central
government whereby we can see real-
lime attendance data of government
bodies. Once they have registered,
they just need to install any biomettie
device oftheir choice and provide con-
SMART WORLD
nectivity either through Wi-Fi, LAN,
PoE (power over ethernet) or mobile
broadband. These devices can then
communicate with the central server,
that is AEBAS. So the process is simple
yet efficient,” shares Het Vaghela of
Matrix.
Road ahead
Government organisations with over
210 million employees offer immense
growth potential. At the same time,
solution providers are optimistic about
use of AEBAS in private organisations
as well. The initiative is drawing
encouragement from various stake-
holders as itis a part of Digital India
initiative. El
id Arora, executive ctor, EPY
PC
Streetlighting:
Should States
Invest In Solar?
> In areas where cabling and
grid power maintenance
might be a challenge,
investing in solar streetlights
is a good option
jhe call for energy-efficiency
has been stronger than ever,
and states like Delhi are steer”
ing the drive right fom the streets.
‘AC mains-driven LED streetlights are
great as low-cost power savers. On
the other hand, those who intend to
move away from drawing grid power
altogether, should consider investing
in solar LED streetlights, There are
options to ensure optimal returns from
streetlighting setups, some of which
we explore here.
AC mains-driven LED
streetlights: Quick returns
The initial investment in LED tech-
nology is higher but it guarantees at
least 80 per cent more energy savings
than conventional fluorescent lights
that dominated the market until
recently.
A single LED streetlight setup costs
between 2000 and & 5000 depending
on a number of factors, including the
LED lumen output, wattage, compo-
nent quality and cabling. Luminaires
of the LED setup generally cost & 30-40
per watt, so power requirements of the
user play a major role in determining
the end product's cost. For example,
while a 12W system may cost around
850, a 40W luminaire can cost up to
% 2500. Additional expenses include
cables for AC mains connection, pole
{or installing the luminaire and instal-
lation charges. Ifthe luminaire can be
‘mounted on a wall, there is no need
for the pole.
In areas with stable power avail:
ability, state governments can expect
a quick return on their investment
in AC mains-driven streetlights.
‘An executive from Electropower,
a Faridabad-based LED streetlight
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]Do you have the right middleware
a
5)
Tradition middleware cannot support loT requirements.
PaaS solutions can support loT but lack the flexibility that may be required.
Open Source IoT solutions are an ideal option but most businesses
may not have the internal expertise to leverage.
For developing loT solutions that requires:
& Q & 3 >
Relevance Cost Flexibil Speed of
Effectiveness Ownership Deployment
Think Nebulae, Think Possibilities!
[Link] Powered By
A that provides you the seamless ility and flexibility
= SLSronmier (605
Cost Estimated ® 2000 to 5000 and ad-
‘ional costs depening on luminaire
ROL 1t02 years
applica: minimal maintenance a lower cost
‘ion wth quicker ROL Suited for areas with
4 comparatively better grid lectiy
avalabity
manufacturer, explains, “An 80W flu-
orescent light with a choke and other
components will consume around
120 watts. This fluorescent light
can be easily replaced with a 40W
LED streetlight producing equal or
brighter light. The replacement cre-
ates an offset energy of 120-40 ~ 80W,
that is, each replaced LED streetlight
can save 80W energy per day with no
other running expenses throughout
the life of LED streetlights.”
Dr Kushant Uppal, founder and
CEO, Intelizon Energy, believes that
ROI in AC mains-driven LED street-
lights can be recovered in two years.
Ankit Bajpai, executive director,
EPC, ‘Tisun Sant India, shares the
example of SOW AC LED streetlights
installed by them. These streetlights
cost them % 2500 per unit with addi-
tional cost of the poles and cables.
‘They were able to recover the invest:
ment cost in one year through electric-
ity bill savings,
‘What are the benefits?
LED streetlights save a massive
amount of energy while greatly
reducing carbon emission. For
example, the Indian government's
Streetlight National Programme
{SLNP) for installing LED streetlights
Urroughout the country has already
resulted in a total of 1172-tonne
carbon dioxide emission reduction
and 1.4 million kilowatt-hour energy
savings annually,
LED streetlights can run up to
50,000 hours, which ensures a life
expectancy of at least ten years
Moreover, there are no maintenance
problems. LED drivers, if properly
manufactured with correct quality
control, will run their full life without
watape, cabling, poe requirement, et
Optimal Enegy-ficient ighiing option vat
SMART WORLD
AC MAINS-DRIVEN LED VS SOLAR LED STREETLIGHTS
10,000 and above including addtional costs
depending on watage, pane power batlery,
bing, pole queen, otc
25 years based on usage
Long-term benefits in terms of financial savings
and environmental sale-keeping by miniising
rid dependency in ew ofa higher investment
Recommended for remote areas where consistent
sect avaiablty end gid cabling might be a
chalenge
glitches. As no batteries or extra acces-
sories are required, operational cost
is nil throughout the LED streetlight’s
lifetime. No ultraviolet emission is
another benefit.
Challenges
Dependence on AC mains power is
the main challenge. Ankit says, "AC
streetlights draw electricity from util-
ity grid. Therefore, while these reduce
electricity consumption, they never
nullify the expense.”
While investing in AC mains-triv-
en LED streetlights, a few things need
to be kept in mind. An AC LED device
designed without a proper heat-sink
can lead to overheating of the light,
causing it to malfunction. Moreover,
LED streetlights emit unidirectionally,
50 360-degree coverage of an area will
require adjustment of the luminaire's
distance from the ground, proper
beam angle, and installation of reflec-
tors or diffusers.
Solar setup requires expertise in
solar panel positioning; in order to
capture sufficient amount of solar
energy. panels need to be tilted at
a certain angle. Moreover, solar
streetlights require periodic main-
tenance for optimal performance.
‘This includes panel cleaning, battery
replacement and 80 on.
Batteries run for an average of 3
to 4 years, requiring replacement,
Moreover, external batteries can get
stolen. So manufacturers are providing
an arrangement to clamp batteries at
a suitable height on the pole. Some of
the latest streetlighting systems have
internal battery systems.
Solar LED streetlights: Keep
the grid at bay
Solar setups greatly reduce the
dependency on grid electricity. Grid-
connected solar streetlights are pre-
ferred over off-grid systems, as com-
plete isolation from grid electricity
‘may pose problems on fogey days or
days with no sunlight
According to a spokesperson from
Gautam Solar, a setup comprising a
12W luminaire, a75W solar panel and
a40Ah battery costs around ® 12,000,
while a 43W LED streetlight with
300W solar panel, set of two 75Ah bat-
teries and extension pole costs around
35,000.
Considering the much higher
initial cost and running expenses
on the battery, solar LED streetlight
gives slower ROI, which can take up
to five years of usage. Usually, the
battery needs replacement every 3 to
3.5 years, Separately, it costs between
% 3000 and & 5000, which adds to the
operational expenses,
The benefits of going solar
‘The major USP of solar streetlights is
the cut in grid electricity usage. The
electricity thus saved can be distribut-
ed to higher-demand areas. This leads
to carbon footprint reduction also.
The expected lifetime of a solar
setup is 12 years for LED luminaires,
25 years for solar panels and 3-4 years
for batteries. All in all, an LED street-
light coupled with solar panels ean be
a great energy and money saver.
Expert’s view: Are integrated solar panels a good ch
Streetights with solar panels embedded on top ofthe luminaire are the newest options in
the market. Sharing his experience of streetlights wih integrated solar panels, Ankit said,
“We installed an integrated panel system, investing & 6500 a unit. Nat being able to tit the
panel, the product could not capture optimal solar energy. So the purpose ofthe solar panel
Was not served.”
White embedded panel setups come across as a comparatively cheaper and more
compact option, many users ike Ankit (from Trsun Sant india) believe that thase are not
optimal fr solar generation
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
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[Link]Choice of battery
Currently, two types of batteries are
available for solar streetlighting.
Lead-acid batteries are the conven.
tional options in the market. These
batteries require constant mainte
nance and cannot be drained out
completely while in use. These allow
a discharge of up to 80 per cent. How.
ever, while lead-acid batteries require
regular manual maintenance, these
tend to have a longer life if maintained
properly.
Lithium-ion and lithium-ferro
phosphate batteries are the latest on
Ue market, These batteries are much
lighter (one-third that of lead-acid
batteries), allow complete discharge
during use and require almost no
maintenance, However, their life is
limited to nearly 3.5 years, Also, they
cost 20-25 per cent more.
Dr Uppal suggests, “Lead-acid
batteries are heavy and large in size,
requiring them to be installed on
the pole externally. These also need
regular maintenance, So users need
to install them at an accessible height
on the pole, which makes them vul-
nerable to theft. Lithium-ion batter
have a high energy density and are
maintenance-free.”
What to buy?
Many buyers opt for AC LED sireot-
lights owing to their lower investment
cost and quicker ROI.
DrUppal shares, “Solar-based sys-
tems are ideal for Greenfields projects
and temote locations where cabling
cost savings, power savings and unin-
terrupted power (independent of grid)
can provide a comparatively quicker
ROL within 6 to 24 months, depending
fon the location.”
Sambid Mohanty, AGM-Solar,
Havells Lighting, explains benefits of
solar streetlighting with an example
“If you notice AC-driven LED lightings
across Noida-Greater Noida roads, a
good number of them malfunction,
the reason being poor maintenance
and frequent power cuts. In areas like
these, where cabling and grid power
maintenance might be a challenge,
investing in solar streetlights would
bea better option.” EEBI
—PuromikChaksabor tenia! ores, FY
SMART WORLD
Pe
Mission 2030:
Where Does
India’s EV
Ecosystem
Stand?
> At present, India doesn’t
have any manufacturer
with the technology or
infrastructure to make
lithium batteries for EVs
achieving an all-green vehicle eco-
system by 2030, Transport minister
Nitin Gadkari’s bold statement of bull-
dozing in a completely green automo-
tive era confirmed the priority of the
agenda. English dailies quoted Gadkari
as saying, “The government will be
ready with its electric vehicle policy by
December (2017) this year.” Amidst all
the rumble, however, is India prepared
to face the shortcomings in ts ecosys-
tem as it inches towards success?
Strengths
India is going strong in many respects
with regards to Mission 2030. Many
initiatives have been taken by the
administration to complement these
strengths. For instance, Energy Effi-
iE has started its journey towards
EV vehicles hooked 0 charging sitions
ciency Services Limited (EESL) has
incentivised % 11.2 billion to Tata
Motors and Mahindra and Mahindra
Limited for production of 10,000 elec
triccars, Additionally, EESL is driving
bids for setting up 4000 EV charging
stations in Delhi NCR.
Over time, the increasing number
of EVs and charging stations on the
road would bring down their cast
Samrath $. Kochar, director, ‘Trontek,
affirms, “With bulk orders, the costs
will come down significantly, making
the vehicles commercially affordable
This will greatly magnify the adoption
rate within India's population.”
Take, for instance, Nagpur, which
is the first Indian city 0 launch 200
EVs in 2017 including four-wheelers,
buses and e-rickshaws. The city saw
installation of over $0 charging sta-
tions, set up by Ola, The government
has fixed Goods & Services Tax (GST)
on automobiles accordingly—setting
only 12 per cent GST on electric vehi-
cles as against 28 per cent taxation on
conventional petrol- and diesel-driven
automobiles,
India’s automobile components
vertical can contribute well to the
mission, Biju Bruno, MD, Greenvi
sion Technologies, shares, “We have
a strong components and sub-system
manufacturing ecosystem for the
automotive industry, which can adapt
to making the necessary components
for EVs,”
Cummins India, an automobile
engine manufacturer, has already
started R&D on electric vehicle engines,
Major auto-players SUN Mobility and
Ashok Leyland are pairing up for
eleciric-driven public transportation
and private vehicle solutions,
Opportunities abound
for energy solution compa-
nies as well. Setting up of
charging infrastructure and
mantifacturing of efficient
EY battery solutions, in par-
ticular, assume importance
Companies like Bharat Heavy
Electricals Limited (BHEL}
and National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC) are
working actively, with major
support from the Indian
Space Research Organisation
(ISRO), to bring down the
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]cost of batteries. Significant invest
ments from foreign firms are also
coming in. Finnish energy utility body
Fortum and China's Zheijang Geely
Holding Group are planning to invest
in developing charging infrastructure
and vehicle sotutions in India,
Challenges
Financing is the primary concern.
Kochhar comments, “Cost is the main
challenge for EVs. The upfront cost of
these vehicles is quite high.” For exam-
ple, while a diesel-driven bus costs up
to 5 million, the cost of an electric
bus is € 15 million. Batleries are the
main multipliers of EVs" upfront cost.
However, battery prices are coming
down, with reports suggesting a dip i
average price from $600 down to $250
in the last five years,
‘The battery manufacturing sce
nario needs improvement. Bruno says,
EVs will depend on lithium batteries
or a similar chemistry that has a high
power-to-weight ratio. At present,
India doesn’t have any manufacturer
with the technology or intrastructure
to make these batteries.”
High taxation on batteries adds
to the problem. “GST on batteries is
28 per cent, It needs to be corrected
immediately. | don’t understand why
the government sees energy stored in
a battery as luxury,” says Bruno. He
adds, "Recycling of lithium batter
ies is not happening—the elephant
in the room is that no one is talking
about this at the moment. It’s very
important that this piece is figured out
quickly, else we'll end up overcoming
one problem and landing into another
bigger one.
‘There are initiatives by Indian
bodies, however, including ISRO part-
ering with BHEL to produce 50Ah
and 100Ah battery prototypes for two-
wheelers and four- wheeler
India has its infrastructural chal-
lenges as well. Kochar explains,
“Charging stations need to be set up
at an accelerated pace. The cost of
setting up infrastructure like charging
stations needs attention.”
‘While we have examples in Nagpur
and some more cities where charging
stations have been set up, the entire
nation has seen a total installation of
barely 100 charging stations. With the
SMART WORLD
current quality of production, EVs in
India can cover only 120km distance
and achieve 85km/hour maximum
speed with a fully-charged battery.
Keeping that in mind, along with the
scarcity of charging stations, EVs have
not yet cauight the Indian consumer's
eve.
Bruno shares, “Charging infra-
structure will require massive invest
‘ment, which only the government
can afford. Private players may not
see ROI here, That is where the bar-
rier lies.” Reports suggest Tata Power
Delhi Distribution Limited is planning
an investment of one billion rupees to
install 1000 charging stations in Delhi
within the coming five years.
EV charging infrastructure calls for
a high availability of electricity. Given
the poor supply-lemang ratio of elec
tricity, this becomes another challenge
for EVs. Investment will be needed to
set up more grids. Smart meters and
power distribution management sys-
tems will play a big role in addressing
these challenges.
The road ahead
For institutions that are setting up
charging stations for captive use,
regulations are being framed to relieve
them of the requirement of any elec
tricity retailing permission. “The
ecosystem will build over time, We
will see some clear movements and
changes within the next two-three
years,” believes Kochar.
Karnataka’s latest policies to
promote R&D in the EV segment and
Maharashtra’s mass deployment of
EVs and tax relaxation show that the
states in India are already preparing to
embrace the welcome transition.
EVs have to be subsidised. If
the government wants to save on oil
import bill, savings can happen only
if investments are made in EVs. There
are collateral benefits of less pollution,
cleaner air, better health of the popu
lation and so on. The government
should not look at this as a subsidy,
but rather as an investment,” says
Bruno.
While many experts believe that
completely green vehicle ecosystem
is achievable by 2030, some say itis a
wishful thinking. Kochar says, “2030
is good time period to see some mas-
sive changes. Even if not 100 per cent,
1 believe we will see the ecosystem
with 50 per cent green vehicles."
With this project, the government
has pledged to save $60 billion on
petrol and diesel and one gigatonne of
carbon dioxide emission by 2030. Let's
hope everything goes well to make it
possible. Hil
—Furomik Chakraborty technical journalist, EY
Pe
Kolkata
Municipality
Benefits
From Solar
Streetlights
> Aiter solar streetlight
installation, Deshapriya Park
in Kolkata was able to reduce
its electricity bill from Z 31,000
a month to ¥ 1800 a month
lar energy is the stepping stone
Gores peenanr enone
jurban ecosystem, Municipali-
ties are turning to solar-powered LED
streetlights as a future-proof lighting
option. Professor (Dr) Santi Pada Gon-
chaudhusi, former managing director
at West Bengal Green Energy Develop-
ment Corporation Limited (WBGED-
CL), and an expert in the renewable
community, drove a solar streetlight
installation project at Deshapriya Park,
major public park in Kolkata. With
this transition, the Kolkata Municipal
Corporation (KMC) is turning the
tables in terms of electricity cost and
carbon pollution control.
With the previously used AC-
driven sodium vapour streetlights,
the administrators at Deshapriya Park
‘were experiencing very high eleetric-
ity bills. Carbon dioxide emission was
also on the rise. The KMC required
a solution that could mitigate such
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018unhealthy gas genera-
on and also reduce the
SMART WORLD
THE COST AND RETURN STRUCTURE
power consumption, Monhandyearof mplentaton January 215
Number of sted istaled 50
The solution Approx. cost ofeach stetight $60,000,
KMC identified solar wimitelzent conta,
powered LED streetlights Estimated total rojct cost Fazio
as the best fit for the Peete NEA Tata eae ca
purpose. The previous ansumplon @20W tas)
sodium vapour lights ‘nua 2s CO, rdston
consumed 400 watts of = Ke cpraonal eos
energy each. LED street- fected Ro win yrs
lights, on the other hand, _ Ke fowes 90-day ene dat:
generate higher bright-
ness level at less than
half the power consump-
on of sodium vapour
streetlights. Solar panels
coupled with these LED
streetlights further help
to eliminate the compulsion of grid
electricity.
However, majority of solar street.
lighting setups come with batteries and
associated challenges like occasional
requirements for battery replacement
and maintenance, high operational
costs and tisk of battery theit. Keeping
all these conditions in mind, Dr Gon-
chaudhuri decided to go with 180W
batteryless grid-connected solar LED
streetlights,
The complete setup
Before installation, the team had
to ensure that the area met certain
criteria for installation. First, since
streetlights would be batteryless, the
locality should have a stable electricity
presence, Metropolitan cities in India
have over 90 per cent availability of
electricity, making the environment
suitable for the product. Second, the
site should have a reliable grid and
proper poles for installation. Finally,
they required permission of State
Electricity Regulatory Commission
for connecting a microinverter to the
grid. The microinverter is required to
transfer the generated solar energy
to the grid. Once these arrangements
were acknowledged, the team went
ahead with the installation.
‘The total setup included 50 bat-
teryless carbon-neutral grid-connected
solar LED streetlights with the follow-
ing specifications:
+ 180W LED luminaire
* Total 315W (approx. 2x150W)
* Gonertod ergy exported: 40h
* Energy imported or consumpon: 53004Wh
+ Excess eneay gerald: 10080h
Moni tty bl astimatons (CESC):
* Bil of Api 2014 before instalation 30,000,
* Bl of Apri 2015 ater instalation
Daa source: Or SP Gonehauthuri and MRE
capacity multicrystalline external
solar PV panels
* Pole-top mounting frame for hold-
ing the panels
* 300W microinverter for connecting
to the grid
* Intelligent controller to enable auto-
mated on/off and auto-dimming
* 9m tong steel tubular poles
Dr Gonchaudhuri explains, “The
intelligent controller manages LEDs
during night time using the quantum
of energy pushed during day. In neces.
sity, the controller operates a dimmer
circuit to minimise the consumption
after midnight. However, the same
cannot be felt physically.
Each streetlight including all
the above-mentioned features cost
% 60,000. The total project cost was
around & 3.2 million,
‘The returns
‘The installation completed in January
2015, and since then it has brought
major benefits to the administration,
‘Massive electricity savings. The
installation of 180W LEDs in place of
400W sodium vapour lamps instantly
reduced the energy consumption
by more than 50 per cent (400-
180=220W savings). Furthermore,
solar energy generated by panels is
utilised throughout the night, cutting
down the grid electricity consumption
as much as possible.
‘As reported by the Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE), 5400
kilowatt-hour solar power was generat-
ed and exported to the grid
in a period of 90 days. The
amount of power imported
from the grid was $300 kil-
‘owatt-hour. This indicates
excess energy generation of
100 kilowatt-hour.
Another report illus-
trates that while Deshapri
ya Park’s electricity bill for
‘April 2014 was & 31,000
before solar transition, it
went down to as low as
% 1800 for April 2015 after
solar installation.
Reduced carbon foot-
print. The limited depend-
ence on grid electricity and
transition to LED technol-
ogy greatly reduced carbon
gas emission, According to Dr Gon-
chaudhuri, the setup cut earbon diox-
ide emission by 72 tonnes annually.
No opex and no failure. Battery
driven solar streetlights call for
frequent maintenance and peri
odie replacement of batteries, usually
within four years of use. This imposes
a certain amount of operational
expense throughout the product life
On the other hand, batteryless street-
lights have no such requirements,
Additionally, due to grid connectivity,
these run on days with no sunlight as
well. No disturbances were recorded
in the streetlight functioning. Also,
failure rate was negligible,
Summing up
Based on Calcutta Blectrie Supply
Corporation (CESC) tariffs, the return
on investment is expected within four
years of use. Carbon-neutral battery-
less streetlights are great options
for urban communities, especially
flyovers, parks and many other public
areas where electricity availability is
consistent. Following the installation,
Kolkata Municipal Corporation has
taken up the target of solarising 28
other parks in the city, which will save
them ® 2.5 million for each park annu-
ally. Similar initiatives across all metro-
cities of India can bring a massive
cumulative benefit ro the nation, [i
—Paromik Chakraborty technical urna, EY
y
1800
you want 0 share such case studies wih EFY
readers please contac us at smartword@[Link]
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]@
MAKE IN INDIA
Can India Become An
ELECTRONICS DESIGN HUB?
fter decades of sluggish demand, the
A=" electronics industry is on a
roll—largely due to increased digiti-
sation (making electronics an inseparable
part of almost all types of products) and an
insatiable local demand for electronics goods
In fact, India is currently one of the largest
growing electronics markets in the world.
With increased affordability, the demand
for electronics products in India—such as
smart TVs, phones and tablets—has skyrock
ted. Itis pegged to grow annually at 41 pet
cent between 2017 and 2020, creating a $400
billion market, according to a joint study by
Assocham and NEC Technologies.
Increased digitisation of products like
automobiles and communication equipment
has also boosted the demand for electron:
ics. Advanced technologies like the Internet
of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence and
augmented reality/virtual reality all require
electronic components at the heart of their
hardware systems.
Methodology
Quantitative and qualitative information about the
Indian electronic design industyy was collected
through secondary research. The findings were
analysed and verified through primary research
by conducting extensive interviews with industry
experts. These senior professionals shared their
insights on:
1. Market size
2. Market potential
3. Market challenges
AA trend analysis was done on the basis of their
inputs.
Growth of the electronics market has also
translated into an opportunity for the Indian
electronics design industry as the semicon-
ductor design market in India is expected to
‘grow at around 25 per cent annually from
$9.9 billlion in 2012 to $60 billion in 2020
(Fig. 2). While the Indian electronics system
design and manufactur:
© ing (ESDM) industry
as a whole depends on
imports to plug the huge
demand-supply gap,
domestic design services
are still its key strength
with huge potential
Market potential
‘The growing customer
base and increased pen-
etration have provided
excellent scope for the
growth of Indian elec
tronics design houses,
Some of the recent gov-
ernment policies like
Make in India and Digital
India have instilled con-
fidence and aided this
momentum
Advanced product
development focusing
on miniaturisation, 1oT,
automation, LED light-
©
‘[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018©
MAKE IN INDIA
+ Sharp decline in
‘custom tariffs
+ Signing of WTO-FTA
‘agreement in 1997,
‘wherein India
‘committed fo complete
‘elimination ofall
custom duties on IT
‘and telephone
exchanges in 1986,
followed by digital
‘exchanges in 1088
Increasing investments by
foreign players in india
+ Increasing penetration of high
{end electronics products such
‘as High Definition TVs (HDTVs),
LCDs, LEDs, and tablet
+ Approval of National Policy on
Electronics (2012) and setting
Lup of National Electronics
Mission
+ Mandatory digitisation of cable
Ts by 2016
+ Public-Private partnership for
Electronic System and Design
‘and Manufacturing (ESOM)
‘ecosystem in aerospace and
defence, 2014
Fig, 1 Evolution ofthe idan electronics industry (Source: Inlan Electrons and Semiconductor Assoctaton report)
ing. Al and defense applications is
likely to be the biggest growth driver
in the electronics design market. In
addition, there are a few emerging
technologies that could emerge as
key areas of focus in the near future.
These include:
1, Next-generation wireless
2. Antficial intelligence
3, Silicon photonics
India has become the hub for elec-
tronics design with nearly 2000 chips
being designed every year and around
500,000 engineers working in various
aspects of electronic design starting
from chip design and verification t0
different stages of product design.
Though still lagging behind chief
competitors in the Far East (China and
Taiwan), the country has significant
potential as it seeks to continually
raise the bar and increase the breadth
and depth of its offering. At least 60
per cent of surveyed respondents (Fig,
3) feel that India has the potential to
become a design house for the global
electronics industry.
Greater digitisation across seg-
‘ments has led to the increased pen-
etration of Indian electronic design
houses in such application areas as
LED illumination, communications
and broadband equipment, and auto-
motive electronics. The focus is on
localising the technological changes
while maintaining global competi-
tiveness.
India’s design strength is driven
by:
1. Strong capabilities in embedded,
system design
2. Large number of electronics
engineering graduates (even though
the number of employable talent is
=a
still around 10 per cent)
3. Increased demand due to a
sizeable number of Indian SMEs and
startups focusing on the loT
‘According to survey participants,
design services in demand (Fig, 4) are:
1, Embedded software design
2, End-to-end product design
es
3. Electronic design automation
(EDA)
4. Very-large-scale-integration
(VLSP) design
5. Product certification and com-
pliance
Market challenges
In recent years, independent design
houses like Wipro and HCL have
grown in stature and are increasingly
involved in design and development
for global firms. While conditions are
sen
Fig 2: Expected marke! growth of semiconductor design market n ida (Source: Mii of Electronics & IT, (ESA, KPMG, Aranca Research)
EO sauna 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR You
‘[Link]indeed favourable for the growth of
the design industry, there are a few
impediments that need to be removed
for the industry to live up to the expec:
tations.
Over the last couple of decades,
the Indian electronic design indus
try has gradually shifted focus trom
manufacturing towards assembly.
Earlier, the entire production and
assembly of products was done in
India. However, now semi-finished
items are imported from China and
only the final assembly is done in
India, For example, mobile phones
and smart TVs are designed in China
and assembled in India. Only a small
percentage of design for local brands
is done in India,
One of the prime reasons behind
this trend is the requirement of
significant investment for R&D in
a sector where margins are already
thin, Pressed for margins, firms prefer
to shop for products that are suitable
for the Indian market and arrange for
imports of semi-knocked-down kits
back to India for assembly.
Other factors impeding the indus-
try growth include:
1. SMEs and startups lack experi
ence in complex system design and
are completely unaware of outsoure
ing opportunities in both design and
‘manufacturing.
2, Design (CAD) tools are expen:
sive, while open source tools are not
of acceptable quality. As engineering
design is capital-intensive, education-
aI
design companies
The Incian electronics design industry
consists of:
1. Independent design houses ofering
design services for the world market
‘more under the services business model
(Gtiven by oT, automation, analytics, ete)
and designing India-specitic products
(especially with the loT and automation
drving efficiencies for manufacturing,
healthcare and hospitality segments)
2. Captive design houses of global
electronics firms
In action to that, there are EDA tool
providers and orignal design manufacturers
Catering othe market.
@ }
MAKE IN INDIA
Eye
jutors to this report
‘Krishnakumar Mt, datvery head, Communication BU, Tata Ets!
Rajeev Ramachandra, founder and directa, Mistral Solutions
Ramendra S. Baoni, founder and chairman, Bisquare
S.A. Srinivasa Moorthy, dector-design engineering and former CEO of AP State
Electronics and iT Agency
Viiay Anand, cirector-saes, EmbDes Technologies
No -0%
Fo. 3: Inia’s potential to become the design
ose forthe global electronics mdustry
al institutes with relevant CAD and
‘T&M equipment could offer their tabs
on ire, helping startups and SMEs to
develop products at low cost.
3. There is dearth of hardware
accelerators supporting board design
and FPGAS/EPLDs.
4. Governance/policy related
challenges:
(i) Prototype ecosystem is yet to
mature, leading to a lot of time wast-
age in customs and other processes.
(ii) Duty-tree components are still
being charged at 28 per cent GST.
5. While there is a steady supply
of graduates in the market, there is
still a significant gap between skill
sets required by the industry and skill
sets acquired by graduates through
higher education institutes. Effective
collaboration programmes between
the industry and institutes can go a
long way in developing more employ-
able candidates for the industry.
Supportive policies
‘The government of India is deter-
mined to resolve these issues by
developing policies and frameworks
that can catalyse growth in the design
sector. Initiatives like Make in India
and Digital India, and impetus to
existing schemes like the modified
special incentive package scheme
100%
0%
0
|e Embeced scare ces
nat end posi ces srces
ecore enignalosen (EDA)
\Verylargescale-igyraton (VLSI) deson
Produc enieaton ant conplarce
Fig, 4: Design services in demand
(M-SIPS) and electronic development
fund (EDF) will have a significant
impact in driving this change.
“The industry has responded posi-
tively to the government's support. As
many as 159 new ESDM units were
established in 2015 itself. According
to industry experts, while Make in
India is an initiative in the right direc-
tion, the agenda could also include
“Make for India’ with focus on Indian
priorities
Other supportive measures taken
by the Indian government include:
1, 100 per cent FDI allowed in the
electronics hardware mantifacturing
sector under automatic route
2. Duty relaxation and schemes
such as EPCG, EHTP and SEZ to
provide tax sops: duty exemption on
equipment required for setting up
semiconductor plants
3. National Policy on Electronies
(2012) and setting up of National Elec-
tronics Mission Et
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018 [ETII {
etn
TOOLS For CODERS
And FUN STUFF For GAMERS
The following software, besides other, can be found in the DVD
accompanying EFY Plus edition of this magazine
FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC is a cross-platform com-
piler of the popular starter program-
‘ming language BASIC, It is supported
on operating systems like Windows,
Linux, FreeBSD and protected-mode
MS-DOS. It is also compatible with
XBOX platform, though the platform
support is no more available.
‘The newest version of the self
hosting compiler supports ‘C’ runtime
library fully and C++ libraries partially.
It supports header files for additional
third-party libraries like Windows
API, Allegro, TK +, OpenGL and SDL.
‘Therefore codes compiled in FreeBASIC
environment can be reused in many
ther programming ecosystems. ‘The
interface is user-friendly due to the
C-style preprocessor with features
like conditional compiling, multiline
macros and file inclusion.
Small Device C Compiler
Small Device C Compiler (SDC) is
a popular compiler for programming
microcontrollers. The latest version of
the Standard C computing language
compiler is retargetable and can be
utilised for a group of devices includ-
ing Intel MCSSI series machines,
Freescale HCD8 microprocessors,
Maxim DS80C390 device line, Zilog
280 microchips and STMicroelectron-
ies STMB device, The software runs
on Linux, Windows as well as MacOS.
SDCC comes with a set of coding
standard optimisations, which include
dead code elimination, loop optimisa-
tion, copy propagation, ‘switch’ state-
‘ment jump tables and more. It supports
‘major data types including char, short,
int, long, float, boolean and long long
fora variety of MCU targets. It also sup-
ports inline assembler codes in fune-
tions and automated regression tests.
JDK9
Major components of Java Develop-
ment Kit (JDK) Standard Edition are
the Java Runtime Environment URE),
4a code interpreter, a compiler (Javac),
an archiver (jar) and a document file
generator (javadoc). One significant
change in JDK 9 is the introduction of
4 modular system that brings diverse
contiguration options of the JDK and
the JRE, The modular system brings
an optional ‘Link time’ parameter,
which exists between compile-time and
runtime. Customisations to runtime
image can be made with the help of
‘module usage in the link time.
JDK also includes jmod tool,
which has a similar function to JAR
but also incorporates native code files.
Users can enjoy simple string,schemes
for easier identification of different
releases, namely, $MAJOR, $MINOR,
$SECURITY and $PATCH. Updates to
JDK tools have also been introduced,
including support for Read-Eval-Print
Loop (REPL) functionality through
jshell tool, support for multiple class
files to exist in a single JAR, and com-
patibility of older platform codes on
javac.
Free Pascal
This popular compiler for Pascal and
Object Pascal languages has included
further updates. The 16-, 32- and
64-bit compiler can support system
architectures including Intel x86,
ARM, AMD64, SPARC, PowerPC64,
‘Aarch64, MIPS and JVM. It can run
on Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, MacOS,
Haiku, Nintendo, Android, AROS and
‘AIX, enabling a ‘write once, compile
anywhere’ system.
Version 3.0.4 updated some units
of Free Pascal. For example, T-List
‘Autogrowth threshold of SysUtils is
expanded for better memory man-
agement, Inifiles invalid name/value
pair reading and many changes in the
g032 unit. Free Pascal supports addi
tional Paseal family dialects including
‘TurboPascal and Delphi
Open Watcom
Open Watcom is an efficient integrated
development environment (IDE) for €
and C++ programs. It also supports
Fortran programming languages. An
‘open source IDE licenced by Sybase, it
is compatible with DOS, Windows and
Linux. Open Watcom packs a variety
of tools, including graphical tools for
various functions, linker, debugger
and Vi editor.
The latest version of Open Watcom
has many improvements and bug fixes.
For instance, it features improved
handling of data type like boolean
and floats by the compiler. The IDE
now supports OLE 2.0 and Linker
supports RDOS and 2D0S. Vi Editor
now supports non-ASCII characters in
the Ox80x-OxFF range. The V2,0 Beta
introduces an integrated text-editor,
a two-phase build system and more
fixes.
Terasology
Ifyou area fan of Minecraft and want
to play something for free, Terasology
might be the one for you. This open
source ‘sandbox’ game for Windows
has mechanics similar to Minecraft
where digital blocks can be used to
innovate buildings, structures and
infrastructure, Additional features
include assigning digital creatures
to activities. Players can create dit-
ferent tools and weapons and use
them, create torches to illuminate
dark areas, eat for improving life force
and so on. The game is licenced by
Apache 2.0. Et
[EBB sanwarr 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YoU
[Link]ne of the most popular
freeware for layout and
design, Las! is amaz.
ingly versatile as it can be used
with various electronic com-
ponents like ICs, MEMS, PC
boards and project documen
tation drawings. In its latest
version, Lasi 7, tooltips have
heen turned off for better user
experience on Windows and
some more updates.
Lasi is a conventionally
preferred module since the
times of Win32, and its various
updated versions have been
quite popular across Window:
Vista, XP and now Window:
7. Lasi can also be accessed on
Linux operating systems using
Wine translator. There are,
however, some user limitations
in the Linux version
‘What makes Lasi such a
favourite is the fact that draw:
ings are composed on hierar
chical individual cells called
‘Transportable Layout Cells
(TLCS), which are flexible
for transfer between different
drawings and are in basic XML
format
‘Along with the main editor
for drawing, Lasi comprises a
lot of other utilities including
DRC programmable bitmap,
and a compiler that helps to
ice circuit files from
schematic and layout format
Drawings made in Lasi can
also be archived as GDS as the
drawing pattern for Lasi and
GDS is similar. Later, in case
Lasi is unavailable, drawings
can also be transferred to
E ffi
For Designing
itt Bt cor
ot HD
Fig. 1: Design layout using TLCs in Lasi image source: tp:/[Link])
@ 8) wake
seme E Whole DININlofels vl)
‘Wird0 Bum Ogre Bin CBHEOK Leyte rene DeptidG-2) View 3624-25 303935-57 1-48 48.5161
‘[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU PLUS | JANUARY 2078 MILCAD, since CAD systems sup-
port GDS,
New features of Lasi 7
For better and enhanced
user experience, changes
have been made to the main
editor and a few utility tools,
Tools not required have been
turned off as these often
cause unnecessary redraws on
some versions of Windows.
To include the recently made
changes, add-on tools have
been recompiled
Users can now hide or un-
hide ‘tooltips’ section, depend-
ing upon usability, using the
Cnfg command and also by
checking and unchecking the
tooltips button.
A lot of minor changes
have also been made in the
help feature for files and web
pages. El
ail Would You
b Like More
DIY Circuits?
|
~MiSiT TODAY
[Link]
If it's electronics, it's here
EI sanuare 2018 | eLecTRoNics For You mLus [Link].Growing
Businesses
Since 1969aes
SIMULATING Your INTEL PROCESSOR
With GNUSim8085
F engineers looking to program
Prisco pte
applications, a good number
of open source simulation tools are
available. GNUSim8085 is one such
software. This cross-platform software
enables users to digitally simulate, as
semble and debug the Intel 8085 6-bit
microprocessor—a power-efficient
component for applications like secu-
rity controls and automatic controls.
‘The Intel 8085 processor is com-
paratively difficult to code directly
due to the lack of an integrated editor
or compiler and limited debugging
capacity. GNUSim8085 simulator tool
eases these difficulties by digitally
designing and debugging the code to
lear the processor's behaviour before
encoding the actual hardware.
Features of GNUSim8085
Digital representation of Intel 8085 by
the software gives you a clear depic-
tion of registers, ports and memory.
The simulation has input and output
mechanism identical to the actual
hardware’s, The biggest advantage of
this software is the introduction of an
assembler and an editor for the 8085
processor. The editor comes with
syntax highlighting, The software can
display the processor's registers and
flags. Along with these, the user can
also view input/output (1/0) ports,
‘memory and stack contents. The
hexadecimal-to-decimal converter
adds a major advantage.
‘The GNUSim8O85 software sup-
ports different languages and fs print
capable. It is compatible with Linux
and Windows operating systems.
Using the software
The software launches a workspace
with sample codes that can be
1
i
1
Ba
=
creapaecaseaceneEaTT
Fig. J: The GNUSim8085 inierface
‘worked on, A toolbar on the top
contains various options including
File, Reset, Assembler, Debug and
Help, Users can open a new project
from File->New. The user interface
(UD is very comprehensive and
user-friendly.
‘The left panel contains a compact
overview of the Intel processor's
registers and flags. ‘The hexadecimal-
to-decimal converter is located in this
panel as well, The value to be con-
verted needs to be inserted manually
Below the converter, two spinboxes
are available. One is for the 1/0 port
value and the other for the memory
port value, Entering the port number
in the numeric box displays the port
content in the adjacent text box. The
default entry format is decimal. You
can enter hex formats as well by add-
ing an ‘h’ before the number. Users
can update port values from these
spinboxes,
‘The right panel comes with
‘multiple tabs that list values of the
processor's different entities. The
st tab is ‘Data’ which enlists the
defined data variables. The following
tab is ‘Stack; which displays address-
es and values of entire stacks in the
program. Stack values are updated
when you initialise a stack pointer
and execute a stack function like
Push or Call. Two other tabs include
1/0 port and memory port, which
enlist values and contents of 1/0
ports and memory ports, respectively.
‘An additional tab opens a virtual key-
pad, which allows users to digitally
insert values.
At the lower end of the right
panel is a message box that displays
messages related to program compi-
lation and execution. In case of any
error, the message box displays an
error message mentioning the loca-
tion and reason of error. Successful
program execution displays a success
message.
Assembler. Assembler is an op-
tion in the other top toolbox that
opens various functionalities of the
tool’s assembly unit. Its main func
tion is to convert the code written
in mnemonics to 8085-compatible
DIN sanuary 2018 | eLectRonics For You rus
[Link]3
5
#
3
8
®
i
Fig 2 The Assembler ting of GNUSIm
‘machine code. Major elements of As-
sembler include Mnemonics, which
are instruction strings of operations;
Labels, which are targeted named
points in the code for Call com-
‘mands; Comments, which are not
part of the code but are remarks
for the coder’s convenience; and
Pseudo-opcodtes.
‘There are three sub-menus in the
Assembler menu. The first is Assem-
ble, which loads the program code
to the memory address. The second
is Execute, which compiles and
runs the loaded program. The third
option is Show Listing, where users
can view the executed program code
along with the relevant memory ad-
Gress opcode, mnemonics and com
ments. The main importance of this,
‘option lies in preparing the program
for moving into the actual hardware
by either saving as a file and printing
or viewing the complete listing,
Debug and reset. The simulator
toolbar has two other menus, One is,
Debug. It consists of sub-menus Step
In, Step Over and Step Out, These
make code debugging easy by analys-
ing the register and memory content
in each step. Debug menu also comes
with a code breakpoint feature
Reset menu. can help users to
erase old data from the simulator and
reset values of registers, ports, flags
and memory. Reset can be done
individually for each component or
for all at once.
Updates in v1.3.7
‘The latest version of GNUSimB085
has a strong debugger unit. The
program automatically stops run-
ning in case of infinite-loop errors or
any program execution fault, Stack
tracing is quite efficient in this ver-
sion. For instance, users are notified
in case more Pop commands are
executed than Push.
Moreover, the latest version saw
fixing of some major bugs in the
previous releases. One among them
is the unavailability of Project Save
prompt when switching to a new
project. Frequent crashing of the
software when clicking Help—>About
has also been solved. Another major
bug solved was the flag setting error
of DAA,
Finally, the biggest advantage of
the software is enabling developers
to insert the program through the
Intel 8085 mnemonics and avoid
hand assembly. Through this, devel-
opers can save a great deal of time
in debugging and ensure an error
free programming of the hardware
module. Gill
ae ec
Clee te ol)
Peer eee
Peete ceee tious]
re Co
Publis
poe a9
This collection of tested
circuit ideas and construction
projects in a handy volume
Would interest all classes of
electronics enthusiasts—be
‘they students, teachers,
hobbyists or professionals!
Electronics Projects Vol. 26
Pe Re
CT
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
www,[Link]
‘[Link]
[ELECTRONICS FOR YOU PLUS | JANUARY 2018RESPONSE
Us
Looking for marketing solutions that guarantee responses?
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> Stop fretting aver what size of ads to book, or their frequency. You share your challenges and goals with us.
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OSWMC: A Friendly Media Centre
For Your Raspberry Pi
reliable open source aoe ne ome
A= player comes
handy when working OS baie
‘on media files, A media centre
software called Open Source
Media Center (OSMC) can help
you get support from an expan-
sive range of systems, including
Windows, 10S, Linux as well as
other devices like Raspberry Pi.
OSMC is a Debian Jessie-driven
Linux distribution that runs Kodi ome
application on devices, including
Apple TV and Vero in addition to Fig. t-OS¥C instalation wizard (Source: seo-michadl [Link])
Raspberry Pi.
Setting up version 2017.01-1
OSMC is compatible with Rasp- OSWmMeE
berry Pi 1, 2 and 3. However,
version 2 or higher is desired for Insta options
optimal performance. ‘To set up
OSMC on your Raspberry Pi, first
download the OSMC application
‘on your computer. The installa-
tion will require a confirmation
of the language and the device
where the distro is intended to nme
be used. Confirm the latest ver-
sion of the software and click to Fig. 2 Storage selection prampt
continue.
In the next step, you will be eee wa
prompted to select the storage
type. It can be a USB stick, NFC O S
device or even internal stor
age. Usually, Raspberry Pi users
MC
choose to use SD cards. une
Select the storage appropri-
MS NOI Mrustinnc (@siomw PHILIPS ss
“LEDS: High wat, SMO et. ‘LED Modules, Rigid Strip, Strip Light.
‘LED BULBS-MIR16, 822, GU1O,€27. + Modules for Street Lights & Bulbs.
“LED Downlghters /Frtures. | © LED StretLights/Bay lights & Flood Ligh Faure.
Plot no-48, 1st Floor, Street No:3, Rajasthan Udyog Nagar,
‘Near Jahangirpuri Metro Station, G T Karnal Road, Delhi-110033.
Bere ey eS org
Se uC acca)
* Vide ange of Complete TB/ TS LED Tube lights.
* Complete solutions of LED Bulbs ranging from SW/7W/9W.
* Customised in diferent Color Temperatures as per requirement.
CO bad
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Peso
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018The framework supports up to 8OMH
of real-time bandwidth and full bidiree
‘tional communications and includes MAC
layer features including CSMA/CA, RTS,
CTS, NAV and retransmission.
Mt
8051 development kit
AfkTech Electronics has launched A123, an
advanced microcontroller kit for 8051
Ti) developers. 4.123 includes
all peripherals on a single
board. It uses IC ZIP socket
to allow easy replacement
cof microcontrollers. ts sepa-
mB rate SV and 12V power sup
plies can drive different peripherals
The experimental board includes
almost all major embedded attributes
like serial communication, interrupt
base, and multiple seven-segment dis-
plays, It also includes DC and stepper
‘motor along with relays
ARTEeh Electronics
wwuartechlabsin
Automated X-ray inspection system
Omron claims to have introduced the
world’s fastest inline automated X-ray
inspection system, VE-X750. The new
system increases automated inspection
speed based on 3D-computed tomogra-
phy (3D-CT), The expanding inspection
logic enables full, in-line inspection
coverage. Unique 3D-CT reconstruc
tion algorithms provide solder-shape
recognition and defect detection. Dense
and dual-sided board design can present
challenges for X-ray inspection. How-
ever, Omron's 3D-CT technology can
overcome such design restraint.
Omnron Europe BY.
[Link].e
loT modem
Unisem Electronics’ new GSM/GPRS
modem is based on the wireless, low-
power SIMS00C module (quad-band
GSM/GPRS solution), enabling rap loT
application development.
‘The modem can be powered by a
standard 12V supply or a single-cell
NEW PRODUCTS
Lithium-ion battery, It has TTL inputs/
outputs, UART and USB connections
‘on the board, allowing users to connect
with the MCU or PC to transfer data/send
AT commands and update firmware for
the module, respectively. There is also
an option to switch between RS232 and
UART (TTL) using jumper settings. The
‘modem is easy to scale and customise,
Unisem Electronics
uuunisernholdings com.
MCU platform
Enabling developers to quickly and
securely connect Internet of Things (IoT)
endpoints to the cloud, Texas Instru-
‘ments has integrated new
‘Amazon FreeRTOS into
SimpleLink microcontroller
(MCU) platform. The integrated
hardware and software solution enables
developers to quickly establish a con-
nection to [oT service out-of-the-box and
immediately begin system development.
‘TY’s SimpleLink Wi-Fi CC3220SF
wireless MCU LaunchPad development
kit, which supports Amazon FreeKTOS,
offers embedded security features such as
secure storage, cloning protection, secure
bootloader and networking security,
‘Texas Instraments
nus téeom
MISCELLANEOUS
Dome network camera
VIVOTEK has launched a mult-adjustable
sensor dome camera, MA8391-ETV, Featur-
ing four independent 3-megapixel CMOS
sensors, MAS391-ETV allows users to simul:
=_+ taneously view four different
areas while occupying only
a single IP address, This not
oly reduces the installation
ime and total number of cam-
eras needed but also management effort and
maintenance costs, Due (0 its unique and
small design, the camera is perfect for sur-
veillance of large areas, such as parking lots
and shopping malls, as well as spaces like
hallways intersections and building corners.
vivorEK
www, viotele com
Biometric attendance system
To meet government organisations
requirements for employee time tracking,
Matrix has introduced a fingerprint and
RFID card based, Aadhaat-enabled time:
attendance terminal. Cosee Vega Faxq is
claimed to be the first embedded Linux-
based, Aadhaar-enabled biometric device
registered on AEBAS server. The device
offers unique advantages in terms of con
neetivity, technology, usage environment
and ease of use. It supports fingerprint as
well as Mifare smartcard as credentials.
kee
as
‘Matrix Security Solutions
www. mauraccesscontrol cont
Floodlights
NTL Lomnis has launched
Pharox Flare Plus flood-
lights in 40w, sow, 1200
and 1GOW. These professional-ange flood:
lights are claimed to meet optimal lighting,
requirements while being energy-efficient
‘The 40W and 80W versions are general
lights suitable for high lighting, area light
ing and indoor lighting in areas such as
airports and atriums. The 120W and 160
versions are more tuned for crane lighting,
and light towers, and therefore find indus
trial and outdoor lighting applications,
‘These floodlights cost & 5200 for 40W,
10,400 for SOW, € 15,600 for 120W and
© 20,800 for 160W,
NTL Lemnis
www [Link]
Solar inverter
Luminous’ Regalia wall-mounted inverter
battery system directly powers your home
and charges batteries using the regular
‘mains along with the option to convert solar
energy into electricity to create
an effective power backup for at
Jeast ten hours. The system uses
Wi-Fi connection and a mobile
app to configure with users’
smartphone and update them on
the amount of electricity being consumed by
their electrical appliances and the status of
their inverter battery. Italso enables them to
control their electrical appliances with the
help ofits smariphone application,
Luminous
‘[Link]
EE sanuary 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YoU
[Link]IMAMAGEMENT SERVICES|
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‘Shine Management Services
‘Summer Castle, # 110, Outer Circle White Field, Bangalore 560 066
Tel: 9900493600, 9900096588 Email: info@[Link]
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PROFESSIONAL IN:
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SHINE MANAGEMENT SEVICES is an indigenous
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organized to provide manpower engineering and technical
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Company recognizes and caters forthe special personnel
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[Link]=
guide to
Starting rooftop
Salar Installation
businoss i mia
fig. 1: Annual rootop
PV insalatons in
Ini; nda’ financial
years rom Apa
fo March (Source:
Bloomberg New
Energy Finance,
inet sore,
Minit of New and
Fenewable Energy)
ww
2»
Frag 2014
165
2015
FSOLI
he Indian government has set its
I sights on having 175GW of non-hydro
renewable capacity (made up of 60GW.
‘onshore wind, GOGW utility-scale solar, 10GW
bio energy, SGW small hydro and 40GW
rooftop solar) by 2022, At present, this figure
stands at just 60GW.
India is accelerating development of
renewable energy projects to provide cheap,
reliable and clean power to its 1.3 billion
people. The country's per-capita on-grid elec:
tricity consumption increased by 22 per cent
‘over the four years ending March 2017 due to
increased industrial activity, higher uptake of
electrical appliances by residential electricity
users and addition of new consumers to the
grid—according to a report by Bloomberg
New Energy Finance (BNEF)
Majority of the capacity in the 2022
target—a total of 135GW—is utility-scale
(wind farms and solar parks, in particular)
‘The BNEF report estimates that India will
need to invest $83 billion to build this capac~
ity. The good news is,
that, because of falling,
capital costs per MW,
that figure is $19 bik
lion less than BNEF's
zr previous estimates.
But some of the
‘most interesting activi-
ty will bein small-scale
solar, that is, rooftop
ns
2016 20IT
escort Team, CoConnest Cons
solar installation, According to BNEF, rooftop
solar in India will grow inevitably with or
without the support of power distribution
utilities. India will need to invest $23 billion.
over the next five years to meet its 40GW
rooftop photovoltaics target by year 2022.
The cost of electricity from rooftop
PV has halved in the last five years due to
fierce competition in the market and drop
in equipment prices. In contrast, average
retail electricity rates have increased by 22
per cent during the same period. This has
made rooftop PV cheaper than commercial
and industrial grid tariffs in all major states
of India.
However, BNEF expects residential sector
PY growth to pick up rapidly post-2021. At
the moment, its attractiveness is being held
back by the requirement of high upfront
capital expenditure, shortage of financing
options, and the fact that grid electricity is
cheaper for residential consumers with low
consumption.
BNEF experts also indicate that net
metering is a far more important enabler for
residential small-scale solar than business
scale projects.
Homeowners usually draw less power
during the hours when their PV panels
are producing, making self-consumption
‘much harder. Solar projects also have a big
and untapped potential to power irrigation
pumps and reduce the use of back-up diesel
ED sanuary 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YoU
WU [Link]The Challenge Never Ends
[Link]
‘Samwha India Energy Savings Put. Ltd.
SAMWHA CAPACITOR GROUP C35, First Floor, Sector-2, Noida 201301, Phone: +91-120-4571339 / 4282-488
Email: india_sales@[Link], chrislee@[Link]
IT’S TIME TO PROMOTE
DESIGN
IN INDIA
[Link]
ag Design @ India
Section ounched on [Link]
showcase design houses and innovators of inca
‘who are creating Innovative electronic hordware
products. your fm has ls launched or
‘designed an innovative product for OEMS, shore
you dela with us ct ecsec@ely in FYgROUPgenerators. Huge growth of
rooftop solar presents busi-
ness opportunities in rooftop
solar system installation,
This project report pro-
vides a brief overview of solar
rooftop PV plant installation
service. Thusit acts as a guide
on how to start a business in
this area.
Components required
Components of a rooftop
solar system are the same
anywhere in the world. That
said, however, some compo-
ents make more sense for
some regions than others.
For regions such as India
and Africa that are keen to
use rooftop solar as a source
of backup power during grid
power outages, batteries
could be required at least in
select cases. For developed
countries such as USA and
the European Union where
grid outages are rare, batteries are
usually not required as backup, with
grid supplying the deficit power.
Similarly, some regions of the
world require use of trackers for
rooftop solar as their rooftop areas
are smaller than required to meet
their power needs. For some other
regions, trackers might not make a
good business case.
Key components of a rooftop solar
plant include:
Solar photovoltaic modules
(panels). There are two kinds of
modules, viz, thin-film and crystal-
line. Rooftop solar plants predomi-
nantly use crystalline panels because
these are more efficient and there-
fore better suited to rooftop instal-
lations where space is a constraint.
Panel efficiency and capacity rating
are two important parameters of
solar panels.
Inverters. Inverter determines the
quality of AC power you get, and also
the kind of loads that can be powered
‘with solar, Different inverters support
different levels of starting current
requirements, which affects the kind
of machinery that can be run on solar
power, Inverters are also the only
major component of the solar plant
Fig, 3: Process flow fora grit connected reotop PV plant
MAKE IN INDIA
peo E|—
‘ree
x Fy
Beare gre on
Fig. 2: Block clagram fora griaconnected rootep PV plant
yar fei):
Sreaesos | eters
that are replaced during the lifetime
of the plant.
Mounting structures. Solar
panels are mounted on iron fixtures
so that these can withstand wind
and panel weight. The panels are
‘mounted to face south in the north-
er hemisphere and nosth in the
southern hemisphere for maximum
power tracking. Panels are tilted at
an angle equal to the latitude of that
location.
Proper design of mounting struc-
tures is crucial for the power plant
performance as the power output
from the PV plant cannot be max-
mised if the mountings buckle and
panels are not optimally oriented
towards the sun. In addition, improp-
erly mounted panels present a ragged
appearance that is not pleasing to the
eye. Mounting structures should also
allow sufficient air circulation to cool
the PV panels as rooftop PV plant
output falls with temperatures rising
above 25°C.
Solar trackers. Tracking is a
mechanism for panel mounting that
allows panels to follow the sun as
it moves across the sky. Single-axis
trackers follow the sun as it moves
from east to west during the day,
while dual-axis trackers also
follow the sun on its north-
south journey over the course
of ayear.
‘Trackers can increase the
power output of a PV plant
but add significantly to both
the initial cast of the plant and
maintenance expenditure. So
trackers should be used on a
case-to-case basis after per-
forming a cost-benefit analysis
over the lifetime of the rooftop
plant
Batteries. A battery pack
can add 25-30 per cent to
the initial cost of a rooftop
PY solar system for one-day
autonomy (storing an entire
day’s output). Inverters with
integrated charge control-
lers are preferred so that the
inverter can direct grid power
or solar power, based on the
availability and demand, to
charge batteries. This extends
the battery life compared with
standalone charge controllers that
allow parallel charging between grid
and solar power at different power
levels, damaging the hattery. [fbatter-
ies are required, itis vital to perform
a lifetime cost-benefit analysis to
understand the impact on the cost of
rooftop solar power.
Other miscellaneous items required
include:
1, Power-conditioning unit
2. Array junction box (AJB)/DC
distribution box array junction box/
DC distribution box
3. Common AC distribution box
4. Common AC distribution panel
board
5. Cables; DC cables carry current
from panels to inverters, while AC
cables carry current from inverters
to loads
6.
7. Lightning protection
8, Earthing protection
9, Jet pump
Basics of rooftop solar PV
Solar PV panels (also known as solar
PV modules) work by converting sun-
light into electricity. These do not use
the heat from the sun, and can, in fact,
output reduced power in hot climates.
eatery
EBB sanuarr 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YoU
[Link]‘The electricity generated by PV
panels is direct eurrent (DC), which
needs to be converted into alternat-
ing current (AC) using an inverter.
Panels are mounted on the root-
top using special mounting struc-
tures. If solar power is required when
sunlight is not enough for the panels
to generate electricity (such as at
night), battery backup is required.
‘Types of solar PV systems. Grid-
tied systems are a combination of
solar PV and grid. As these systems
depend on the grid-supplied refer
ence voltage for their operation
gtid-tied systems do not work when
the grid is down,
Grid-interactive systems work
in conjunction with either battery
backup ordiesel generator to support
loads even during power failure.
Off-grid systems operate inde
pendent of the grid, These systems
rnc with diesel generators and/or
batteries, Battery-based systems were
uncommon in the past due to their
high costs. However, the situation is
changing now, given the improved
@ |
MAKE IN INDIA
Various. components of rooftop solar
installations come with varying periods
of warranty:
PV panels. Industry-standard waranty
is 10 years on the product and 25 years
‘on performance.
Other systems. Inverters, mounting
structures, cables, junction boxes, etc
typically come with a 1-5-year product
Warranty, which is extendible subject to
conditions,
economics of battery technology.
‘Types of mount. Mounting sys
tems for rooftop installations are avail-
able for both inclined and flat roofs.
AA variety of mounting systems are
available, the most common being
railed, rail-less and shared rail, All
these systems require some type of
penetration or anchoring onto the roof,
whether attached to rafters or directly
tothe decking, The standard residential
systems use rails attached to the root
to support rows of solar panels. Each
panel, usually positioned vertically/
portrait style, attaches to two rails with
clamps. The rails secure to the root by
a type of bolt or screw, with flashing
installed around/over the hole for a
watertight seal
Business economics
Solar business models include:
1. Service-based operation. Types
of services being solar rooftop power
plant installation and maintenance
2. Operational model, Just-in-time
sourcing of components and products
as per the project requirement
3. Financial model. A low-cost
model where investment is done for
‘mainly fixed and variable cost heads.
Raw material or tools are purchased
after order confirmation by the cus-
tomer, utilising the advance from the
customer.
Fixed:-cost items include:
1, Company registration
2, Solar installation training
3. Cettification
4. Miscellaneous fixed assets
(laptop, smartphone, ete as per
requirement)
SanRex
Power.
Semiconductors
Power Supplies
=
on ew
25 Tagore Lane, 103-124, Singapore G Building, Singapore 787602
Jou 185-8457 867 E-malk INo@sanrexg Wad: worasanrex.g
pearance en cIon eE
Se aS Sea Tea i a BL corse
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018TABLE |
COST OF DIFFERENT
ROOFTOP POWER PLANT
COMPONENTS
Ci Coron
Solar modules 92.35)
Ivers 612
Cables 12
Souctues 175
Peroherals 2
Supervision, design and 4
installation
TABLE I
AN ILLUSTRATION OF
TAX SAVINGS FROM
ACCELERATED
DEPRECIATION BENEFIT
Lc reer err
Cost ata 100K reattop solar 6,000,000
Plant (x)
-Acoolerated depreciation at 40 & 2,400,000
percent
Corporate trate 35 percent
“Tax saved trough deprecia- © 840,000
on @)
Net costo rootop solar 5,160,000
lant (R-8)
TABLE Ill
COST CALCULATION
AFTER CAPITAL SUBSIDY
Cost ota 100KW rooftop solar 6,000,000
Plant
Subsidy al 30 percent of
actual cost
Net cost after subsidy benefit @
% 18,000,000
TABLE IV
COST CALCULATION AFTER
INCOME TAX SUBSIDY
Ler cr errr eee
Cost ota 100KW rooftop solar € 6,000,000,
Plant
‘Amount deducted from income _& 6,000,000
“Tax amount saved at 30 percent € 18,000,000
Income tax
Net capital cost to the installer 4,200,000
© |
MAKE IN INDIA
TABLE V
FINAL COST OF A
ROOFTOP PV SYSTEM
AFTER SUBSIDIES
Le cere ee
‘Cost ofa 100KW rooftop solar | € 6,000,000,
plant
Subsidy a 90 percent 18,000,000
Net cost after subsidy += 4,200,000
‘Accelerated depreciation at 40 | & 2,680,000,
er cent
Taxrale 235 percent
‘Tax saved through depreciation | € 568,000
Net cost after accelerated 23,612,000
depreciation
iy
Variable-cost heads include:
1, Human resource
2. Marketing
3. Office space
Detailed business economics,
including estimated value against
the above-mentioned cost heads
and other probable cost heads, along
with breakeven point (BEP) calcula-
tion can be worked out based on the
scale of operation desired. However,
an overview of solar rooftop power
plant installation cost and relevant
subsidies and incentives is given
below.
Solar rooftop power plant instal-
lation cost. Rooftop solar power
plant installation costs roughly
55-60 per watt depending on the
quality of components selected. Costs
of different rooftop power plant com-
ponents are listed in Table I. The table
does not include battery backup as its
cost depends on the extent of backup
opted for, Not only do batteries add
to the initial cost, recurring mainte-
nance and replacement expenditure,
the energy loss on charging and draw-
References
ing from the battery also add to the
electricity cost.
Subsidies and incentives avail-
able for rooftop solar PV plants.
Several incentives are available for
rooftop solar PV plants. Broadly,
these can be categorised as acceler-
ated depreciation, capital subsidy
and income tax credits,
‘Accelerated depreciation of 80 per
cent was available until March 2017
under the Income Tax Act for rooftop
solar PV systems, which was halved
to 40 per cent from April 1, 2017
onwards. It can provide significant
savings to a solar plant developer
who is a taxable assesse and has
sufficient profits against which the
depreciation can be charged, Table
II gives an illustration of tax sav-
ings from accelerated depreciation
benefit
Capital subsidy is provided in
many countries for the investment
made in rooftop solar power plants
Table I shows calculation for an
assumed capital subsidy of 30 per
cent
Investment tax credits has a
similar concept as capital subsidies.
Here, instead of a direct subsidy on
the capital cost, the income tax is
deducted by the amount of incen-
tive. The subsidy calculation is
illustrated in Table Ill for an assumed
income tax of 30 per cent
‘Table IV shows the final cost of a
rooftop PV system factoring in subsi-
dies but without batteries, This is an
estimate for commercial properties,
hence includes accelerated depre-
ciation. A similar estimation can be
done for residential properties by
including investment tax credits as
the incentive in place of accelerated
depreciation, Et
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ei =qHsSWUSHABcL7vATayrTOCARq=rooftop+solar+power+
plant +project-+-report&aq=rootop+solar+-py-+system+project-+for-+home-+-and+otcedgs
Ispsy-ab-1.3,07%K1H4.00.0.12931.[Link].0.00.000...[Link]-ab.0.00..[Link]
5. Bloomberg New Energy Fiance (BNEF) press releases
6. hitps://[Link]/solar/india-solar-photovottaic-pu-panels-selection-guide~
‘understanding. system- quali. timi
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]Arduino-Based Two-Wheel
DO-IT-YOURSELF
SELF-BALANCING SEGWAY
egbot, Segway and inverted
Grete oie self
balancing robots are known by
many names. Here we build a two-
wheel self-balaneing robot (segway)
using an MPU-6050 chip. The inertia
measuring MPU-6050 chip has six
motion sensors—three gyros and three
accelerometers—all integrated into
one breakout board
Here, we only need angular posi-
tion or gyro of the wheel's axis. Gyro
readings drift over time, requiring
recalibration quite often, Therefore,
to get correct angular position, gyro
readings ate corrected with the help
of aneighbouring accelerometer. Once
BOARD!
NPO-6050
SOMNATH BERA
the angular position is achieved, trac
tion motors push the cart towards the
direction of falling. The greater the
angle of shift, the greater the speed
with which the traction motor pushes
the cart. As the angle of shift wrt verti-
cal position reduces to zero, the speed
reduces. Thus, the top of the cart
moves like a pendulum, maintaining
the balance. The author's prototype is
shown in Fig. |
Circuit and working
Circuit ofthe two-wheel self-balancing
robot is shown in Fig. 2. It is built
around an Arduino Uno (Board1),
dual full-bridge driver L298N (ICL),
, SV regulator 7805 (IC2),
‘MPU-6050, two DC motors
and a few other components.
Motors. We have used
two 12V, 300rpm, geared
and brushed DC motors and
two 100mm wheels. Initially,
brushed motors work fine
but overtime, with use, these
tend to develop instability
and inability to balance the
robot. The best option is to
use brushless DC motors, which have
great torque-to-rpm characteristics
However, these have a direction rever-
sal problem.
Another option is to use stepper
motors, but their lesser rpm hinders
balance. However, there are reports
of people successfully using stepper
motors with Segway bots.
1L298N. Motor driver L298N is
available either in a multiwattlS or
powerS020 package. It is a high-cu
rent, dual full-bridge driver for induc-
tive loads including relays, solenoids,
DC and stepping motors, Two enable
inputs (pins 6 and 11) are provided
to enable or disable the device inde-
pendently of the input signals. One
bridge is driven by INT, IN2 and EN
A, and the other by IN3, IN4 and EN
Bpins of [C1
Software
We have used Jeff Rowberg 12Cdev
libraries for MPU-6050. Archtino Uno
board is programmed with the main
program two_wheel.ino. The main
software has three variables: kp, kd and
i, Default values work well but can be
changed to provide more
stability to the robot. To
change the values, you
need mpu_calibration.
‘no code as explained in
Calibration section.
Compilation. There
was a minor glitch while
compiling the sketch
on Arduino IDE 1.1 as
‘MPU-6050 libraries were
not getting installed
So we installed Ardui-
Nv
no 1.5.7 and imported
ano|
sou
(o1-G2~ Yoo, 26
Fig. 2: Creut elagram of wore! seltbalancing robot
WME eV GEARED
beworoRs
libraries from the main
ment by indicating the
correct location of librar-
ies with Sketch—simport
Library Add Library
options. After all the
libraries get added to
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018Arduino IDE, compile the sketch and
upload it to the board.
Construction and testing
An actual-size PCB layout of the two
wheel self balancing robot is shown
in Fig. 3 and its components layout
in Fig. 4. Use a suitable metallic chas
sis for the robot, Mount the Arduino
board on the chassis of the robot
Then place the PCB on top of the
Arduino board.
First, burn the mpu_calibration,
ino code into Arduino, attach the
MPU-6080 and upload the sketch to
the Arduino board. Then open the
serial monitor and select baud rate as
115200. After initialisation of the DMP
(digital motion processing)—on-board
processor of the MPU-6050—press ‘a
followed by Enter key. You will get a
screen as shown in Fig, 5. Note that
your offset values will be different.
Note down the offset values. Then
open the main two_wheel.ino code
|! ane enter the test offset values. Com
Fig. 3 Actual size POS layout of wo whoo sa-alancng rae pile and upload the main code to the
S
support@[Link] ;
Do you have a query,
suggestion or a complai
You can e-mail
support@[Link]
and we will take care
of the rest.
it to
JANUARY 7078 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU [Link].Ss ee Ree nee gle wees eae tea an Reece
eee ee Noa eh aay Tae
Tema noel aur hema)
Cen ee hoge eeu ions
are also looking forward to ‘ Pied
Few of our product range includes:
MAXINE®
‘Transformers, Toroidal Type SAMWA NDIA
‘NolageStabiizers=CVT Automatic Semiautomatic seRvo ff wasrece merno.g | fetus for LeORUED TVs and
Home UPS/invertors, Bus nvertors pa eee
+AC-DE, [Link]-DC, DC-AC Power Supply
+220 - 110 Step Down Convertor, 110v-2209 Step Up Convertor
Instutions Research
saa s| Laboratories iy
ait opus attr Specializedin
‘rom 600 mah to
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ae 01 30.8 607 ahs,
Regulated Transformersand
Power Supply Power Supelis
2A, 5A, 10A Singh
AllType of Batory Dual
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Function Generator
Signal Generator
Pattern Generator
Brienne ete ad, Che india,
eee ee bee ee ee
P_ €
==,“ oo
SOD
CoO Cea enna
Due en One aca)Booooedo.
Fig. 5: Oiset values on serial mentor during caltration
Arduino, Connect the motors, battery
and switch on the circuit. Place MPU-
6050 along the wheel axis of motors to
ensure minimal error of calculation.
First, run the robot with a light-
weight 12V battery. The best way is
to first use a 12V AC/DC adaptor for
the power supply. Once you are sure
that the robot is working well, put the
battery inside the chassis.
Calibration. As mentioned earlier,
gyro readings drift overtime. To coun-
ter the problem, first you need to find
out the gyro offset for each different
set of gyros.
For MPU-6050 type gyros, here's
aa)
reer
included in this month
Caen Eets
rues
ren)
the simplest way: First load mpu_cali-
[Link] to your Arduino, attach
MPU-6050 on a horizontal surface,
stabilise it for some time, switch off all
the ceiling and table fans during cali-
bration, and get offset readings on the
serial monitor as mentioned earlier.
Insert these values in the offset fields
of the main program. Compile and
upload it to your Arduino processor
and then try to run the robot again. If
the robot is not working well, repeat
the calibration process until you get a
satisfactory result,
Note. The video clip of the author's
project is available on YouTube link:
hutps://[Link]/OQSRoFt_v4Q.
EER sanuary 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YoU
[Link]Smart Features:
Health Status Register 5
Host Lock io
Programmable String
Secured FFU
Auto and Manual Read Refresh*
Pe
[Link]@[Link] or
[Link]@[Link]
Western Digital.
AVNET
Reach Further™resented here is a digi- (39,
P: clock that also fune- |
tions as a rechargeable
light lantern and a mobile
charger. The clock has all
the basic functions like date
time display, alarm and room
temperature display. It is
powered by a lead-acid bat:
tery, which can be recharged
through solar power or mains
power supply. So the clock
never runs out of power.
The clock is provided
with a female USB socket,
which can be used to charge
most of your mobile phones
and gadgets. Its dedicated
battery charging and load
cut-off circuitry takes care
of the battery through exact
charging topology and pre-
vents it from getting over
charged or under-charged.
Block diagrams
‘The functional unit of the
clock is divided into power unit and
main clock unit. Block diagram of the
power unit is shown in Fig. 1.
‘The power unit provides con-
tinuous power to the clock and other
circuits. Its lead-acid battery can be
charged through solar power or AC
mains power. The battery manage-
ment circuit is designed to accept
power from two sources at the same
time but gives priority to the mains
power. So if the solar power is low or
‘unavailable, users can plug the bat-
tery into the AC mains wall supply to
charge it.
‘A solar photovoltaic panel is used
to directly convert solar light and heat
energy into electricity. To hamess AC
mains power for the circuit, a step-
down transformer is used. It converts
high-voltage AC into low-voltage
AC. This AC voltage is rectified and
Tivo
1012 voe
Tet saat
Dane
{
|
DO-IT-YOURSELF
Multifunction
RECHARGEABLE DIGITAL CLOCK
‘ABHISHEK KUMAR
Fig 2: Block lagram of main unit
converted into DC, and then further
smoothened by using capacitors a3
low-pass filters. After this, the power
becames acceptable for the battery
‘management circuit.
‘The lead-acid battery is directly
connected to the battery management
circuit, which takes care of battery
charging with charging voltage and
current maintained to acceptable
limits. This ensures longer battery life,
capacity and optimal usage.
Next, a comparator circuit is used.
It checks the battery voltage against
its intemal reference voltage and shuts
off the load, thus preventing the bat-
tery from further discharging. A linear
low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator
is used to derive regulated SV from
the battery rail. This SV rail is non-
current-limited and powers most of
the circuitry ahead, including LEDs. A
Si regatd out
(Godman tes)
current-limited load switch is
used to derive SV rail, which
is current-limited to 500mA
for USB charging applica-
tions in order to prevent USB
application from immediately
discharging the clock battery.
Block diagram of the main
clock unit is shown in Fig, 2.
The microcontroller in the
circuit keeps track of all the
sensors and switches con-
nected to it, makes decisions
and calculations, and finally
Updates the display section. In
this section, the non-current-
limited SV rail from the power
section is converted into
3.3V rail via a 3.3V LDO volt-
age regulator (UCC383) that
powers the microcontroller
and other peripherals.
‘To sense the room temper-
ature, a temperature sensor
is used. Its output is an ana-
logue signal proportional to
the temperature. This signal
4s fed to one of the analogue-to-digital
converter channels of the microcon-
troller. The user inputs are sensed
by three momentary push-to-on
switches, which are used to set/check
various parameters of the clock like
alarm, date, etc.
Time keeping is done by a sepa-
rate real-time clock (RTC) chip that
is interfaced to the microcontroller
via 12C bus. The RTC is also powered
bya backup battery, which keeps the
time running even if the AC mains
power fails.
‘The display section comprises four
7-segment displays, which are multi-
plexed to efficiently use the limited
pins available on the microcontroller.
The two centre LEDs between the two
pairs of 7-segment displays are driven
by the RTC clock. An RGB LED is used
to display AM/PM and date. Finally, a
{TE sanuary 2018 | eLectRonics FoR You
[Link]FIND THE
PROBLEM...
i=)
PROBLEM
ai ets ia de]
RECOM
WE POWER YOUR PRODUCTS
[Link]/IoTbuzzer is used to acknowledge press-
ing of the user button and provide
alarm indication.
Circuit description
The clock circuit consists of power
unit, LED and USB charging Unit, main
controller clock unit and 7-segment
display unit.
Power unit. Circuit diagram of
the power unit is shown in Fig. 3.
Here 230V AC mains is first converted
into 12V AC using a step-down trans-
former. This 12V AC is converted
into around 17V DC using diodes D1
though D4 in bridge configuration
This DC is further smoothened using
4 1000}F electrolytic capacitor (C1)
that acts as a first-order low-pass
filter. Ceramic capacitor C2 is used for
further stability of the 7812 regulator
act)
‘The linear regulator IC1 is used
to derive regulated 12V DC, which
{fed to the relay coil and also to the
normally-open contacts of relay RLI
‘A 10-12V, 7-watt solar panel (SP1) is
used to hamess solar power. The elec-
tric power from the solar panel is fed
to the normally-closed (NC) contacts
of relay RLI with a bypass diode (D7)
in series.
Diode D7 creates a voltage drop
fn the solar panel's output, 0 it is
recommended to use a diode that
has the least forward dropout volt-
age, such as Schottky diode 1NS822
Diode DS, connected in parallel to the
relay, prevents back emf of the relay
coil from harming rest of the circuitry.
‘Now, as the solar panel’s output is fed
to NC contacts of the relay, when AC
‘mains power is not available, the relay
de-energises and thus solar power
directly feeds the charging circuitry.
WAIN COAD STC
When AC mains power is avail:
able, the relay energises and thus the
mains-derived 12V DC passes through
ze 5 UB the relay, cutting off the solar power.
2.03 7 8 This way, during low solar power or
8s [52 [22] night times, the user can charge the
oak _ : > ; clock using AC mains power.
55 5 = Bole Se ‘The common terminal ofthe relay
5 al is 23 B55 athe ogee is connected to the charging circuitry,
geF SESE Berk a which comprises BQ24450 (1C2). IC
ea po & BQ24450 contains all the necessary
circuitry to optimally control charging
of valve-regulated lead-acid bateries.
Fig 9: Grout cagram of power unt Itcontrols the charging current as well
{TE sanuary 2018 | eLecTRoNics FoR You [Link]Leb oncurT
Fig. 4: Power LEDS and USE charging ecu
as the charging voltage to safely and
efficiently charge the battery, thus
maximising batiery capacity and life.
Here, IC BQ24450 is configured
as a simple constant-voltage float
charge controller for the 6V, 4.5ah
battery. I is so flexible that it can be
programmed in various configurations
to suit different charging currents
and voltages for batteries of differ-
ent capacities. Only an external pass
transistor and very few external pas
sive components are required along
with the IC to implement a charger for
sealed lead-acid batteries.
Here, a BD240 pnp transistor (T1)
is used to drive the battery charging
power. Before proceeding to battery
charger programming, please refer to
the datasheet of BQ24450. Note that
charging rate can be 0.05C to 0.3C.
We will use charging rate (Imax-chg)
= 0.13C = 600mA (approx).
In programming, there are parame-
ters to implement a dual-level charger
for the given battery chemistry. The
first step is to decide the value of
current in the voltage divider resis
tor string in float mode. It should be
substantially higher than the input
bias current in CE and VEB pins and
the leakage current in STATL pin of
8024450, but low enough so that
the voltage on PGOOD pin does not
introduce errors. A value of SOA is
suitable, Readers interested in calcu:
lations may go through the calcula-
tions_charging.doc file included in the
EFY DVD of this month.
LEDI in the BQ24450 circuitry
displays the battery charging status.
Schottky diode D6 prevents the back
current leakage from the battery.
‘Thereafter the circuit feeds the lead
acid battery. Next, the battery rail goes
LED AND Usa CIRCUT
Q)
DO-IT-YOURSELF
ss ciRCUT
> Gp
to the low-voltage detection circuit
and IC UCC383 (ICA) in series with a
‘mains mechanical load switch (S1).
The low-voltage-battery detection
circuit is built around comparator
LMP7300 (IC3), which has an internal
reference of 2.048 volts. The voltage at
which the battery should disconnect
from the load is around 1,7SV per
cell, which means 5.25V for three-cell
batteries.
‘The comparator has open-collector
output, which goes low when the bat
tery voltage drops below 5.25V. The
comparator output goes to CT pin of
1C4 in the next stage. Thus whenever
the battery voltage goes below 5.25
volts, the comparator output goes
ow. This, in turn, switches IC4 off,
shutting down all the loads connected
to the battery and thus preventing the
battery from discharging further,
‘The potential divider network
comprising resistors R2 through R6
establishes 2.048V at the non-inverting
terminal of comparator IC3 when the
battery rail reaches 5.25V. It is com
pared with the voltage at the inverting
terminal of the comparator, which is
directly connected to the reference
output of LMP7300. Further, a com-
bined negative and positive hysteresis
of about 300mV in total is programmed
to LMP7300 through R7 and R8, 30
that the comparator output does not
fluctuate when the battery voltage
reaches the exact crossing point of the
comparator’s reference potential.
‘The UCC383 LDO is capable of
driving loads up to 3A with a maxi-
mum dropout of 0.45 volts, which
is excellent for this application. V,,
pin accepts the battery rail, which
nominally varies in the range of 6 to
7.5 volts while charging and 5.25 to 6
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5 decades of High Power UPS
‘Systems, Programmable Power
Sources, Self-Service Terminals
for Banks and Hi-tech T&M
Instruments
is looking for
Regional Sales
Representatives
in
Lucknow, Agra, Kanpur, Jaipur,
Udaipur, Kota, Ambala,
Sonepath, Jalandar, Mohalt,
‘Srinagar, Patna, Guwahati
‘and Shilfong
+>
Visit [Link] for full
details about our product range
‘and fee! free to contact us on
info@[Link]
{or any inquiries related to
company and its products.
>
Wo are certain that large business
for our products is available in
these cities and nearby territories.
Government service departments,
RAD organisations, Industries,
Technical Educational Institutions
etc form our customer base in rest
of India.
>
‘Sen¢ full details about your current
business, if any, technical
‘marketing personnel, justify how
you are qualified to represent us
and what business target you are
Confident of taking during the first
12 months of your appointment.
+
You should be ready to undergo
‘product training at our factories in
‘Thane for two weeks before you
‘tart business promotion.
APLAB LIMITED
Aplab House, A-5, Wagle Estate,
Thane 400 604. India
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018 EE]volts during normal usage.
‘Through resistors R27 and R28,
the output voltage of IC4 is set to SV.
Capacitors C4 through C6 are used
for stability of 14. The SV rail thus
obtained is used to power the rest of
the circuit,
LEDs and USB charging. Circuit
connections for power LEDs and the
USB charging socket are shown in
Fig. 4
Here two pairs of 3x1-watt power
LEDs are used for lighting application.
A 2-ohm, 1W eurrent-limiting resistor
is used to limit current in each pair
of LED channels in series with on/
off switches $2 and $3. These LED
channels receive power directly from
the non-current-limited 5V rail (from
the power unit). TPS2051C, which is a
500mA current-limited load switch, is
used to drive a SO0mAclimited SV rail
to power/charge the USB application.
‘We have used a current-limited
load switch to prevent the USB appli-
wane
arte ov
ce
+cono
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= CONS
Fig 5: Malo mirocontrale clock cout
{
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DO-IT-YOURSELF
cation from fast draining the clock bat-
tery. However, itis optional. Capacitor
7 is used for stability of the current
limiter.
For USB charging applications,
a female USB-A type jack is used. It
receives power from the 500mA, 5V
current-limited channel of the power
unit
Main controller clock circuit
Circuit of the microcontroller-based
‘main clock circuit is shown in Fig. 5.
‘Apart from general time display, it also
enables alarm function and indication
ofdate, month, year and temperature
‘The circuit is built around
-ATmega8 (IC8) microcontroller. [C8 is
used to update the display, sense user
inputs and take decisions. ATmegas
has 8KB of in-system programmable
Flash with read-while-write capa-
bilities, $12 bytes of EEPROM, 1kB
of SRAM, 23 general-purpose input/
‘ourput (1/0) lines, 32. general-purpose
working registers, three flexible
Fares na Te | Tea foes faa
19
Pet = piezo
Res
timers/counters with compare modes,
internal and external interrupts, a
serial programmable USART, a byte-
oriented two-wire serial interface, a
6-channel analogue-to-digital con-
verter (ADC) with 10-bit accuracy, a
programmable watchdog timer with
internal oscillator, an SPI serial port
and five software-selectable power-
saving modes, which are sufficient
enough for this application.
‘A separate in-citcuit serial program-
‘ming port (CON12) is available for pro-
gramming the microcontroller. Time
keeping is done by RTC chip BQ32000
(IC7}, which provides an automatic
backup supply using a 3V battery,
IC BQ32000 has a programmable
calibration adjustment from -63ppm to
+ 126ppm, so that it can also be used
with low-quality crystals. Tt ineludes
automatic leap-year compensation as
well, The RTC chip is connected to the
microcontroller via the 12C bus. This
project uses a 3V CR2032 lithium cell
FOR SecoNDs
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JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]Fig. 6: 7-segment cfspay unit
for the backup supply.
For the internal oscillator fune-
tioning, a 32.768kHz crystal is used
at OSCO and OSCI pins of IC7. IRQ
pin on the RTC chip is connected to
‘ATmega8 on port pin PD2 and is also
responsible for seconds indication
through the two LEDs (LED? and
LEDS) that are located between the
two 7-segment display pairs. Anodes
of the two coloured LEDs (in paral-
lel) are connected to IRQ pin, while
the cathode is connected to ground
on CON13, Three momentary push
to-on switches (S4 through $6) are
connected to pins PD3, PC] and PC2
of 1C8, respectively.
Analogue temperature sensor
LM3S (IC9) is used for room tem.
perature sensing, The analogue signal
output of IC LM35 is proportional to
the temperature by the relationship
mV /degree Celsius. It is interfaced
to the ADC of the microcontroller. The
sensor is eonnected to the ADC chan:
nel 3 (PC3) on ATmega’
For display, four multiplexed
common-cathode 7-segment displays
(DISI through DIS4) are connected
Via CON1O. Their individual cathode
pins are connected to CONII, and
driven by transistors T2 through TS.
‘The RGBI LED is connected to PB3,
PB4 and PBS pins of ICS. The active
low RESET pin on ATmega8 is pulled
up by a 10-kilo-ohm resistor (R31) and
Q)
‘YOURSELF
Urssts
also tied to a 10pF electrolytic capaci-
tor (C12) to prevent the controller
from regenerative resetting during
supply transients. AVREF pin, refer
ence in/out pin for the ADC, is tied
to 2 100nF ceramic capacitor (C13)
for stability, while AV,. (pin 20) and
AGND (pin 22) are power supply pins
for the ADC citeuitry on the microcon-
troller. Vac (7) and GND (8) are power
pins for the rest of the circuitry on the
microcontroller.
You need not connect any crystal
to the microcontroller as its internal
IMHz R-C oscillator is used here. So it
{s important to set correct fuse bits on
-ATmegas to configure it for the IME1z
internal R-C oscillator.
‘TPS73733 LDO IC (IC6) is used to
power the clock circuit. It gets input
from non-current-limited 5.2V rail
of the power section, TPS73733 is a
3.3V, 1A regulator with a maximum
input voltage of 5.5 volts. EN pin is
used to enable the LDO, however here
we have tied it directly to IN pin for
continuous operation. Capacitors C8
through CIL are used for stability of
the LDO. An external capacitor (C9)
connected to NR/FB pin on the LDO
bypasses noise generated by the inter-
nal bandgap, reducing LDO output
noise to very low levels.
7-segment display unit. Circuit
of the multiplexed 7-segment display
unit is shown in Fig. 6.
Dist-Dist = COMMON CATHODE
7-SEGMENT DISPLAY
It comprises four 7-segment dis-
plays arranged in pairs af two: one
pair (DISI and DIS2) on the left side to
display variables like hours and date,
and the other pair (DIS3 and DIS4) on
the right side to display variables like
minutes and month. CON14 through
CON16 in the display unit are con-
nected to display driving ports CON10,
CONII and CON13, respectively, in
the main clock section (Fig. 5).
Software
‘The code for the ATmega8 microcon-
troller is written in BASIC language
using BASCOM-AVR compiler. After
initiating the code, allocate default
values to the EEPROM from location
one to four. The EEPROM is basically
used to hold the user-settable alarm
values. Starting from the first location,
‘holds alarm hours, then alarm min-
utes, then alarm PM and finally the
alarm flag (which indicates whether
alarm is on oF not)
You need to declare subroutines
to clear 7-segment displays, read RTC
chip, display value setting, etc. After
this, configure the ADC to run in
single-mode with auto prescaler and
internal 2.56V reference, Configure
the directions of input-output ports
and initialise them. Then configure
12C pins and initialise them.
Next, initialise timerO for multi-
plexing the 7-segment display, timer!
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018DO-IT-YOURSELF
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1 * Aone microcentller = a hale
10. Uv temper sera eae
ibs NWOT reir diode
be *INSHE2Schotty ode
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LED LEDs,
Les = Sina LED
Lepeiape = Twatwhite LED
Robt REBLED (pia)
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Use mic US cable or Oo a aaeamrs 7” CQ
noble charging
=A AC mains poe supply
Fi. 8: Components layout forthe PCB in Fig. 8
{TG sanuary 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YoU [Link].for handling the alarm duration and
timer2 for blinking the segments
While the clock is in ‘Settings’ mode.
Aiter this, declare and initialise cer
tain variables for ADC calculations,
time seeking, etc. Then initialise I2C
pins, read EEPROM contents for alarm
values and initiate an infinite super
loop where the RTC chip registers are
read and displays are updated continu:
DO-IT-YOURSELF
ously. Also in the same loop, the user
inputs are acknowledged and associ
ated events like setting alarm on/oft
and displaying date-time are initiated,
Also, the current time is compared
against the alarm variables and alarm
{s initiated when the time is matched.
Note that while burning the hex fle
solarclock hex to the microcontroller,
the EEPROM file [Link] must
also be programmed. At EFY
O° oOo
°
Lab, PROGISP programmer
was used to program sola
[Link] and solarclock
eep. Fuse bits should be
D9=high and £1 =low as
shown in Fig. 7.
The clock
Charging. As mentioned
earlier, the clock can be
10: An actual sz0,sngle-sie PCB of LED anc
2 arcu
a charged from solar power
as well as AC mains power.
Install 2 10-12V, 7W solar
panel on the rooftop such
that it receives sufficient
nf =» foO O™ OJ sumtight throughout the
sanosscmn, fA" | day, Route connections
fe) oy from the solar panel (SP1)
a * carefully to the clock’s
CB) “BOB, | | chasinctominals keoing
i Sm inmind the comeet polarity
aw am O Solar power is more
than enough to provide
continuous power to the
Fig. 11: Components tayout forthe PCB in Fig. 10
clock forever, and the clock
can work for more than 60 hours on a
single charge. But when solar power
is not available on cloudy days or at
night, users can charge the clock using
230V AC mains power. The solar panel
rail is automatically cut off while
charging through AC mains power.
This way the clock never nuns out of
power. Switch SI can be used ta cut off
all the load from the battery
The two 3xl-watt LED modules
can be individually switched on as
required. Using the USB jack, you
can charge all possible USB applica-
tions, Thus the project also functions
a a solar-powered USB charger. The
charging status is indicated by LED] in
the power unit, where a glowing LED
means the battery is charging. The
power unit circuit can automatically
shut off the load when the battery
voltage reaches the state of discharge.
Settings. The clock automatically
tums on when the mains load switch
(SI) is closed. The user-interface of
the clock is designed such that only
three buttons ($4 through $6) are
required to set the various parameters
like current time, hours and date-time,
and to display the current date-time,
set alarm and room temperature.
The Plus button can be used to
increment the values in ‘Settings
mode. Pressing it once during normal
time display mode, first displays the
room temperature and then the set
oO
Fig. 12 Actuatsize PCB layout of main clock controler circuit
Fig. 18: Componnis layout for the PCB in Fig. 12
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018O° Tp fy
bring it to ‘Settings
menu, In “Settings
menu, use Plus
and Minus keys to
inerement and dec-
rement the current
values, respectively.
The correspond
ing pair of 7-seg-
iment displays starts
blinking. Pressing
Set button again
brings the clock
into the next param-
eler setting mode
and so on until the
normal time is dis-
played. On pressing
ast Set buitton once, the
following seven set
tings are displayed:
1. Set current
Fi. 15: Components layout forthe PCB in Fig. 14
alarm values. Thereafter, it reverts to
normal time display with an acknowl-
edgement beep.
Similarly, the Minus button can be
uused to decrement the values in ‘Set-
tings’ mode, Pressing it once during
normal time display mode firs displays
the current date on the left and the cur
rent month on the right, and then the
current year. Thereafter, it reverts to
‘normal time display with an acknowl-
edgement beep.
‘To switch on/off the alarm, simply
press and hold the Minus bution for
more than one second. If the display
indicates AL-O, the alarm is turned off.
AL+1 indicates the alarm is turned on.
‘To set the various parameters of
the clock, press SET button once to
hours
2. Set current
minutes: After set-
ting the current
hours and minutes,
SET is displayed on
the display
3. Set month
4. Set date
5. Set year. After setting month,
date and year SET is displayed on the
display
6, Set alarm hours
7. Set alarm minutes. After setting
alarm hours and minutes SET is dis.
played on the display
‘To switch off the running alarm,
press any’ of the three buttons once.
Green colour on the RGBI LED indi-
cates AM, blue indicates PM and red
indicates that date is displayed.
Construction and testing
Anactual-size PCB layout of the power
unit (in Fig, 3) is shown in Fig. 8 and
its components layout in Fig. 9. After
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assembling the circuit on the PCB,
connect CONI to the secondary of
transformer X1, and CON2 to 10-12V,
?Wsolar panel. Extend CONS through
CONS to other sections using proper
connectors, Enclose the PCB in a suit-
able cabinet.
‘An actual-size PCB layout of the
power LED and USB charging circuit
(in Fig, 4) is shown in Fig. 10 and its
components layout in Fig. 11. After
assembling the circuit on the PCB,
connect CON6 to CONS in Fig. 3, and
CON? to CONS in Fig. 3. Use CONS
for mobile charging through the
USB cable. Affix all the LEDs (LED2
through LED7) on thetop or front side
of the cabinet
An acttal-size PCB layout for the
‘main clock controller circuit (in Fig. 5)
isshown in Fig. 12 and its components
layout in Fig. 13. After assembling the
circuit on the PCB, connect CON9 to
5.2V from CONS in Fig. 3. Connect the
RGBI LED and switches $1 through $6
on the front side of the cabinet.
An acttal-size PCB layout of the
7-segment display unit (Fig. 6) is
shown in Fig. 14 and its components
layout in Fig. 15. After assembling the
circuit on the PCB, connect CON14 to
CON10, CON16 to CONI3, and CONIS
to CONII from Fig. 5. Affix LEDS and
LEDS on the PCB for seconds indica-
tion,
For More
Test and Equipment Stories
{TE sanuary 2018 | ELecTRONics FoR You
[Link]!
}
DO-IT-YOURSELF
ier >>}
[ea Sell isd
AC LAMP BLINKER
Using Timer NE555
PETRE TZV PETROV
applications of blinking astring low frequency, or
of 10V/230V AC incandescent switch on and off
lamps. The first is audio-visual warn- electrical loads con-
ing at construction sites or where nected to the mains
repairing is going on. The second is at a low speed. In
to express joy and excitement during order to reduce
holidays like New Year's Day. the RF emissions,
Here we use a very simple and switching is done
low-cost timer NESS to switch on only at zero cross-
and off two output loads alternately ings of the mains
for audio and visual indications. You AC voltage.
can achieve this by using a bipolar-. The switch-
transistor-based NESSS or CMOS- ing frequency is
based LMCSSS. selected according
‘This cireuit can be made to blink to the resistor and
capacitor compo-
nents connected
to NESSS. It can
be varied using
100-kilo-ohm pot
meter VRL
Circuit and
working
Cireuit diagram of
the AC lamp blinker
is shown in Fig. 1.
It is built around
a step-down trans-
former (X1), 9V
voltage regulator
7809 (IC), timer
NESS (IC2), two
MOC3043 optoi-
solators (IC3 and
IC4), two BTA0G
triacs (Triact and
Triac2), two 1N4007
diodes (D1 and D2),
six LEDs (LEDI
trough LEDS), two
plezo-buzzers (PZ1,
P72), two 230V AC,
GOW bulbs (Loadl
and Load2), and a
few other compo-
nents.
Ts are at least two popular AC lamps at a
i
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[Link] ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018I
DO-IT-YOURSELF
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Would You
Like More
DIY Circuits?
ar :
[Link]
| If it's electronics, it's herePower supply. The circuit works
off a 9V regulated power supply
derived from transformer X1, bridge
rectifier BR1 and regulator 7809. Alter-
natively, you can use a 6V-ISV DC or
6V rechargeable battery after slight
modification in the circuit.
‘The resistors in series with all LEDS
should have appropriate values depend
ing on the power supply voltage and
the type of LEDs. Piezo-buzzers PZL
and P22 should be used with internal
oscillator and should be operational at
the selected power supply.
Oscillation frequency of timer
NESSS is set with R3, R4, potmeter
VRI and capacitor C6. Frequency F is
obtained at output pin 3 of 1C2 as per
the following relationship:
Be 1.44/[{R3-+2 « (R4+ VRI)} x C6]
‘The output of timer NESSS drives
piezo-buzzers (P21 and P22), which
can be switched on and off using
switches 3 and S4, respectively. It also
drives two LEDs (LED3 and LED) and
-MOC3043 optoisolators (IC3 and ICA)
‘with zero-crossing detectors,
When the output of timer 1C2 is
low, piezo-buzzer PZ1, LED3, 1C3,
Triacl and Load) are activated. In that
case, Load2 is switched off. When
the output of timer 1C2 is high, piezo-
buzzer P22, LED4, 1C4, Triac2 and
Load2 are activated, In that case, Load
is switched off.
That is, Loadl and Load2 are
activated alternately and the time of
their activation is controlled by timer
NESSS. Timer NESSS is isolated from
the AC mains using optoisolators so
that you can change the frequency of
the loads and blinking ratio without the
danger of AC mains.
The circuit does not have criti-
cal components and is operational
immediately after proper assembly.
However, precaution should be taken
as the circuit drives loads directly con:
nected to the AC mains, That makes it
obligatory to use aptocouplers or optoi-
solators like MOC3041, MOC3042 or
MOC3043. You may also use optocou.
plers rated for 600V, like MOC3061-M,
‘MOC3062-M or MOC3063-M.
You may use triacs compatible with
the required loads and the selected
‘optocouplers. When working with 230V
or 240V AC mains, you need to use
at least 400V rated triacs, and prefer-
I
DO-IT-YOURSELF
ably 60OV rated triacs like BT139-600,
BTAO6-600, TIC226M and MAC223A8.
Resistor and capacitor circu
around triacs teduice the noise and pro-
tect the triacs. These are obligatory and
should be selected according to the local
conditions of the mains and the selected
components including the loads,
Carefully select the values of resis-
tors and capacitors connected directly
to the mains. These should support the
‘maximum possible voltages observed
in the local AC mains voltage.
Construction and testing
‘An actualsize PCB layout of AC lamp
blinker using timer NESSS is shown in
Fig. 2 and its components layout in Fig.
3. After assembling the circuit on the
PCR, enclose it in a suitable box. Place
transformer X1 inside the box and con-
nect its primary and secondary (12V
‘AC) wires shown in the PCB. Connect,
230V AC mains power supply across
L (live) and N (neutral) terminals. Fix
fuses, switches and potmeter VRL on
the front side of the box. Connect Load
and Load2 across CON2 and CON3,
respectively. Fix plezo-buzzers PZI and
P22 on the back side of box. Also fix the
LEDs at any appropriate location outside
the box for visual indications.
Depending on the loads, use heat-
inks with thermal resistance equal to
or below 30°C/W for Triacl and Triaca
Note. The circuit should be used
only with appropriate fuses. It is pref
erable to first test the circuit through
an isolation transformer connected to
the AC mains and with light loads like
.230Y, SW bulb, Also, itis preferable
to first test at lower AC voltage like
50-100Vims, Check for short-circuits or
other anomalies before initial testing of
the eireuit with AC mains.
Caution. As there is risk of electri
cal shock (the extreme left and right of
the PCB shown by the dotted lines)
this circuit should be tried only by
Qualified personnel familiar with the
operations of triacs and AC mains, Et
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[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018‘ost computer UPS have only
230V output and no USB
output. Presented here is a
circuit that gives SV USB output using
the 12V, 7Ah UPS battery fitted inside
UPS, With this eireuit you can power
USB gadgets direetly from a UPS with-
out turning on the PC. This circuit ean
also be used to power development
boars like Arduino and Raspberry Pi,
Circuit and working
As shown in Fig. 1, the citcuit is
built around switch-mode regulator
LM2576-5V (ICI). The LM2576 series
offers a high-efficiency replacement
for popular three-terminal linear
regulators. It substantially reduces the
size of the heat-sink; in some cases,
no heat-sink is required. It provides
all the active functions of a step-down
(buck) switching regulator, capable of
driving up to 3A load with excellent
line and load regulation. The 5V ver-
sion of LM2576 (LM2576-5V) is used
inthis circuit
‘The 12V battery is connected to
CONI. ICI, along with inductor Li
and diode D1, steps down and con-
verts the 12V input into SV output
Capacitor C2 reduces ripples in the
output. Feedback pin 4 of ICI is
directly connected to the output at C2.
ICI can be turned on/off by an
external control signal or else it can
be turned on permanently by ground-
ing pin 5 of ICL through switch $1
‘When SI is in position A, ICL can be
controlled by connecting an external
control signal at CON3. When SI
position 8, ICI is switched on perma
rently, LED| indicates whether 1C1 is
on or olf. This circuit can be used to
power gadgets digitally
Construction and testing
An actual-size PCB layout for the
add-on USB power cireuit for a UPS
is shown in Fig, 2 and its components
For UPS
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Fig. 2: Achat size PCB layout of add-on USB
owor Gre for UPS
Fi. 8: Compononts layout forthe PCB
layout in Fig. 3. Assemble the circuit
on the PCB and place it at a suitable
location inside the UPS.
Use suitable heat-sink for IC1
Inductor LI must have a minimum
current rating of 1A. Capacitor C2
should have low equivalent series
resistance (ESR) for better perfor-
Pirro
‘mance, Any voltage from 7-40V can
be used for the circuit
If the external control signal is
open-collector type, a suitable pull-up
resistor must be used on pin 5 of ICL
Do not leave this pin float. To maintain
stability, capacitor C1 leads must be
kept short and placed near 1C1, Bt
{EBB sanuary 2018 | evectRonics FoR You
[Link]Simple Multi-Sensor
FIRE ALARM
FAYAZ HASSAN
‘an alarm on detecting flames sensor. Yellow- or red-coloured.
and high temperatures. It can flames emit IR radiation, which
be used in two ways: A single sensor is sensed by the IR sensor
board with an alarm board, or three (IRLED1).
sensor hoards with an alarm board. In case yellow/red flame,
‘The three separate sensor boards are high temperature oF both are
to be installed at three different places, detected, dual comparator
with the alarm unit installed at an LM358 triggers npn transistor
T: circuit presented here raises presence of flame with an IR
appropriate location, T. Transistor 1 conducts and
rk ; its collector goes low to drive
Circuit and working pnp transistor T2 into condue-
Circuit diagram of the fire alarm is tion. This, in turn, energises
shown in Fig. 1. It is built around a relay RL1 to activate the load
transformer (X1), 6V voltage regulator (buzzer, lights and other equip-
7806 (ICL), temperature sensor LM35__—_ment) connected at CONS.
(C2), flame sensor IR LED (IRLED1), _One big. advantage of this
op-amp LM358 (IC3), transistors circuit is that in case the sensor
BCS47 and BCSS7 (Tl and 72), a6V board loses connection from
single-changeover relay and a few the alarm board due to fire or
other components. explosion, transistor T2 gets
‘The cifcuit senses ambient tem- activated due to logie low at its
perature using LM35 and checks the base and thus still energises the
relay. So, place the alarm board
at an appropriate remote laca-
tion for monitoring,
Normally, when there is
no fire, LED3 and LEDS on the
sensor board are ‘off LEDS
glows when the temperature
crosses the set temperature
range, while LED3 glows when ~
the IR sensor detects IR radia-
tion from flame. LEDS glows
during normal operation and
goes off when it receives a
signal from the sensor board.
‘The output of the sensor
board at connector CONS is
marked as ‘A!
‘Three similar sensor boards
at different locations can be
used by connecting their
respective outputs to CONG
through CONS of the alarm
board. This arrangement is
useful for monitoring multiple
rooms, corridors, hotel rooms
and staircases where alarm
‘Game oerecTOR
Fig. : Grout agra of feo tam
Be
.[Link], ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | January 2018 EREDFig, 3: Comeononts layout or the PCB
TABLE!
TEST POINTS
ane
Teo GND
rw
TP2 Upto 6V éepencng on radon
TP 4S0m550m. Set using VR2
TeV
15 ev
board can be placed at a safe and
open area,
Initial setup
Once the sensor board (middle portion
in Fig. 1) is ready and connected to
6V DC supply via switch Si, set VR2
to get around 450mV at TP3. (450mV
means 45°C as set temperature, since
LMS outputs 10mV per 1°C tempera
ture.) Now, using a hair dryer or some
ther small heat source, blow hot air
on LM33. Once the temperature of
LIMBS crosses 45°C, LEDS glows. Stop
the heat source. At pin 2 of IC3, you
can set 450mV to SSOmV for trigger
temperature of 45°C to 55°C or any
other temperature according to your
requirement.
Next, light a candle and keep it
about one metre away from IR LEDI
TABLE I
LED STATUS
ES
LEDT ‘On’ F6V's avalable across CONT,COR2 and CONS
LED2 ‘Or iF6Vis available in he sensor board
LEO3 On tame is detected
LEDS Or temperature is detected
LEDS ‘On’ ifnether temperature nor fame is detected
LEDG ‘On’ if 6Vis aval in tho arn board
sensor (flame sensor). Set VR1 such
that LED3 goes off and glows again if
the candle is moved little closer to the
IR sensor.
Connect power supplies to sensor
boards and the alarm board. Switch on
SI and 82, Test the relay operation by
increasing the temperature and also
by bringing the candle flame nearer
to the IR sensor.
Construction and testing
An actual-size PCB layout of the fire
alarm including power supply, sensor
board and alarm board is shown in
Fig. 2 and its components layout in
Fig. 3. Cut the PCB along the dotted
lines. Assemble the power supply,
sensor board and alarm board sepa-
rately. Enclose these in a suitable box.
Connect the respective connectors
between power supply.
sensor board and alarm
board.
The circuit works off
230V AC, S0Hz. Alterna-
tively, you can use a 6V
battery. In this case, do not
assemble power supply
PCB and connect 6V bat
tery directly at CON.
After assembling the
circuit, verify voltages as
shown in Table I. Also refer Table I! for
the status of each LED in the circuit
Fix LEDs on the front panel and label
their functions.
When you are using a single sensor
board, connect CONI to CON4 for
power supply and CONS to CONG for
signal sensing. In this case, CON2,
CON3, CON? and CONS are unused
For the arrangement using three
sensor boards, you can assemble the
sensor boards separately using the
same sensor circuit and power supply
taken from CON1, CON2 and CON3
respectively, Ei
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]DOOR-AJAR ALERT
With Countdown Timer
LK. HAREENDRAN
ver accidentally left your room
Ee ajar for a long period of
{time and found your valuables
missing? Here is an intelligent solu-
tion for you. The idea is fairly simple
as it mainly requires a TM1637 4-digit
display and a Digispark USB develop:
ment board.
‘TM1637 is a popular clock display
‘module with a TM1637 driver chip
from Titan Micro Electronics, This
4-cigit, 7-segment LED display module
can be controlled using just a two-wire
setial interface.
Digispark USB board, based on
Atmel Attiny85 microcontroller, is
similar to Arduino hardware platform.
However, itis smaller with limited pins,
and a bit less powerful than Arduino.
A normally-closed (NC) reed
switch is used as the door sensor.
When the door is closed, as per
‘mechanical arrangement, switch con-
tacts open to disable the alert system
‘When the door is opened, switch con
tacts close to enable the alert system
So a piezobuzzer starts beeping after
some time. The alert system wired
around Digispark Attiny85 module
and clock display module shows live
stalus of the countdown timer.
Arduino-compatible code (door
[Link]) is used for this project.
‘The code displays the countdown
timer and initiates an alarm after a
set time of about 60 seconds. Here,
Digitat Tube library created by Frankie
Chu (heups://[Link]/reeedstudio/
Fig. 2: Creu of doorajar alr systom
EFY Note
The source code of
rests
Ee eRe
cami}
Perea et
rr
ibraries/tree/master/DigttalTube) is
used to control the 4-digit display.
So, first download the library,
extract contents of the zip file to
arduino/libraries folder, and restart
the Arduino IDE. Now you can see
DigitalTube listed under Sketch/
Include Library options in Arduino
IDE. Next, copy door_ajarino code
into the Arduino IDE (Arduino IDE
1.6.6+) to compile and program
Digispark.
‘To program Digispark, first you
need to install relevant drivers from the
‘Arduino IDEby selecting Tools/Board/
Boards Manager/Digistump AVR
Boards options, For details go through
the tutorials at hetp://[Link]/
wiki/digtspark,
After successful installation of the
drivers, Digispark will feature in the
Board ist of Arduino IDE. Select the cor-
tect board as per the Digis-
tump model you have. We
selected Digispark(Default-
16,5MHz) option. Click
Sketch/Upload options
from Arduino IDE. You will
be prompted to connect,
Digispark board to the USB
port of your PC. As soon
as the board is plugged in,
the code will be uploaded.
Now, plug-out the board
and make connections as
per the circuit diagram,
After construction, enclose the
electronics (including the door sensor)
in a small box made of rigid plastic
and mount it on the door frame
Attach an appropriate-size magnet
on the door such that when the door
is closed, the magnet comes closest
to the sensor (reed switch $1) and
its contacts open, Use an appropriate
9V alkaline battery pack to power the
system, EE
[Link]
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018Understanding SPECTROGRAM OF
SPEECH SIGNALS Using MATLAB Program
his article explains speech
I signal analysis and processing
with MATLAB to gett frequen-
cy-domain representation
In real life, we come across many
signals that are variations of the form
#(U, where ’is independent variable
‘time’ in most cases. Temperature,
pressure, ulse rate, etc can be plotted
along the time axis to see variations
across time,
In signal processing, signals can be
classified broadly into deterministic
signals and stochastic signals. Deter-
ministic signals can be expressed in
the form of a mathematical equation
and there is no randomness associated
with them. ‘The value of the signal at
any point of time can be obtained by
evaluating the mathematical equation.
‘An example is a pure sine wave:
S(O =A sin 2aft
where ‘A’ is signal amplitude, “f* is
signal frequency and ‘tis time.
Many of the information-hearing
signals may not be predictable in
advance. There is a certain amount
of randomness in the signal with
respect to time. Such signals cannot be
expressed in the form of simple math-
ematical equations. For example, in
the noise signal inside a running auto-
mobile, we may hear many sounds,
including the engine sound, sound
of horns from other vehicles and pas-
sengers talking, in a combined form
with no predictability. Such signals are
examples of stochastic signals.
In the speech signal produced
when you utter steady sounds like“
“ior “a; the waveform is a near-peri
odic repetition of some well-defined
patterns. When you produce sounds
likes’ and ‘sh; the waveform is noise-
like. The periodicity in the speech
signal is due to the vibration of vocal
folds at a particular frequency, known
as piteh or fundamental frequency of
the speaker. Steady sounds (a, ior u)
JAAN
g
eg
Fg. 1: Wavolorm of vowel sound ‘aa?
Fig. 2: Wavetor of voner-consonant sound as°
are examples of vowels and noise-like
sounds (s and sh] are examples of
consonants. Human speech signal
is a chain of vowels and consonants
‘grouped in different forms
Most of the signals in real life
are available continuousty and may
assume any amplitude value. These
signals are called analogue signals
and they are not in a form suitable for
storing or processing using a digital
computer. In digital signal processing,
‘we process the signal as an array of
‘numbers. We do sampling along the
time axis to discretise the independent
variable ‘t’ In other words, we look at
the signal at a number of time instanc-
es separated by a fixed interval ‘T”
(called sampling period = 1/fs, where
"fs’ is called sampling frequency).
Signal values observed at these time
con
aE #8
te
eR
te a
Waveform of 500 samples of vowel
Fig. 4 Waveform of 500 samples of cansonant
sound
{instances are further discretised in the
amplitude domain to make these suit-
able for storage in the form of binary
digits. This process is called quantisa-
tion, After sampling and quantisation
(called digitisation) of an analogue
signal, the signal assumes the form:
£0) = dq,
where ‘dn’ is an approximation to
the signal amplitude at time instant
t=nf. The signals so produced are
called digital signals. These can be
stored in memory and used for pro-
cessing by mathematical operations
with the help of digital computers.
‘A pure sine-wave after digitisation
can be represented as an array in the
form
f(0) =A sin 2nfoT=A sin 2nfn/f,
where'A’is the signal amplitude, ‘f’ 18
the signal frequency, ‘fe’ is the sam-
{EMG sanuary 2018 | eLectRonics FoR You
[Link]pling frequency and 'n’ is an integer
called time index. Sample value f(n) is
an approximation of the signal ampli-
tude at time instant t= nT.
Understanding the speech signal
Record vowel sound ‘aa’ using the
computer's microphone and save it as
oe
5: Han (ian Hag a5)
"Biot 0
Fig 6
geteege
es
ofitte
I
@ |
DO. ‘OURSELF
a way file, Select sampling frequency
as 10kHz, You may use audio process-
ing software like Praat, Audacity,
Goldwave or Wavesurier to record the
signal in wav format at the required
sampling frequency.
‘The waveform of the signal, which
sa plot of the amplitude of the speech
signal for each sample instant, looks
like Fig. 1. The horizontal axis is time
units in samples and the vertical axis
is amplitude of the corresponding
samples. If you record sound ‘as’ in
which consonant sound ‘s’ follows the
vowel sound ‘a and plot the signal,
the waveform may look like Fig. 2
On close examination of Fig. 1,
you can see some repeating pattern in
it. A zoomed version of Fig, 1 show:
ing samples in the range 1000 to 1500
is given in Fig, 3. If you plot samples
Fig. 7: Wideband spectrogram of vwe-consonant sound as
from 6000 to 6800 in Fig. 2, you get
Fig. 4. Obviously, the waveform in
Fig. 4 has no periodicity and it appears
noise-like, In the waveform of vowel-
consonant sound ‘as; you can see that
the speech signal properties transform
gradually irom a nearly periodic signal
(samples 2000 to 5000) to a noise-like
signal (samples 5000 to 10000)
Frequency-domain analysis of the
speech signal
Waveform is a representation of the
speech signal. It is a visualisation
of the signal in time domain. This
representation is almost silent on the
frequency contents and the frequency
distribution of energy in the speech
signal. To get a frequency-domain rep-
resentation, you need to take Fourier
transform of the speech signal. Since
speech signal has time-varying prop-
erties, the transformation irom time-
domain to frequency-domain also
needs to be done in a time-dependent
manner. In other words, you need to
take small frames at different points
along the time ais, take Fourier trans-
form of the short-duration frames,
and then praceed along the time axis
towards the end of the utterance. The
process is called short-time Fourier
transform (STPT). Steps involved in
STFT computation are:
1, Select a short-duration frame of
the speech signal by windowing
2, Compute Fourier transform of
the selected duration
3. Shift the window along the time
axis to select the neighbouring frame
4. Repeat step 2 until you reach the
end of the speech signal
‘Toselect a short-duration frame of
speech, normally a window function
with gradually rising and falling prop-
erty is used. Commonly used window
functions in speech processing are
Hamming and Hanning windows. A
Hamming window with 'N’ points is
mathematically represented by:
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Driving Technology, Innovation &
Investment for Smart Products
Few things that set the last edition of India Electronics Week (IEW) apart were
150-plus speakers, 3,000-plus conference delegates, over 30 per cent of visitors
traveled from outside Karnataka for the show, and last but not the least: over
35 per cent were first-time visitors to a tech-expo!
fer the success of the last two editions of India
lectronics Week (IEW), EFY Group brings to you
the third edition on the same theme, ‘Invest in
India’, to celebrate the achievements of India’s electronics
industry and showcase its capabilities to the world. This
week-long celebration will be triggered by small events
held in key cities across India, and will culminate in the
main B2B industry event.
“[Link]
Show dates: February 7-9, 2018
Location: KTPO Trade Center, White-
field Industrial Area, Bengaluru
For more information, visit:
Nine reasons why you should not attend IEW
We spoke to a few members of the tech community to
understand why they had not attended earlier editions
of [Link] or India Electronics Week (IEW). Our aim
was to identify the most common reasons and share
them with you, so that if you too had similar reasons,
you may choose not to attend [Link] 2018. This is
what they shared
ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018
1LYOd34 MOHS-3ud MalIEW PRE-SHOW REPORT
EFY EXPO
‘The EFY Expo is
a unique elec:
tronics event that
[Link]
[Link] is
[Link]
[Link] will be
India’s first major
exposition for all to focus on the
the stake-holders of focuseson the _electronies that
Internet of Things entire ecosystem powers LED.
ecosystem to come of electronics in Lighting,
together. India
1. Technologies like loT, Al and embedded
systems have no future.
Frankly, I have NO interest in new technologies like In-
ternet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, etc. I don't
think these will ever take off, or become critical enough
to affect my organisation or my career.
2, | see no point in attending tech events.
What’ the point in investing energy and resources to
attend such events? I would rather wait and wateh—Iet
others take the lead. Why take the initiative to understand
new technologies, their impact and business models?
3. My boss does not like me.
My boss is not fond of me and doesn’t really want me
to grow professionally. And when she came to know
that IEW 2018 is an event that can help me advance
my career, she cancelled my application to attend it.
‘Thankfully, she is attending the event! Look forward to a
holiday at work,
4. |hate innovators!
Oh my! Indian start-ups are planning to give LIVE
demonstrations at IEW 2018? I find that hard to believe.
Worse, if my boss sees these, he will expect me to create
innovative stuff too. I better tind a way to keep him from
attending,
5. lam way too BUSY.
am just too busy with my ongoing projects. They just
don’t seem to be getting over, Once I catch up, I'll invest
Hope we have managed to convince you
Cecy
fa ane)
Fesfen'S LEDASIAn
India's first event
EFY CONFERENCE,
EFY Conferences (EFYCON)
started as a tiny 900-fo0t fall
community conference in
2012, going by the name of
Electronics Rocks. The 2017
ection had over 10,000- reg
istrants and 150+ speakers.
‘TEST & MEASURE-
MENT INDIA.
‘Test & Measurement
India (T&M India) is
Asia's leading exposi-
tion of test & measure-
‘ment products and
services.
some time in enhancing my knowledge and skills, and
figure out how to meet my deadlines.
6. | only like attending vendor events.
Can you imagine an event where most of the speak-
ers are not vendors? Where most talks will not be
by people trying to sell their products? How boring!
I can't imagine why anyone would want to attend
such an event. I love sales talks, and | am sure eve-
tybody else does too. So IEW is a big ‘no-no’ for me,
7. 1 don’t think | need hands-on knowledge.
I don’t see any value in the tech workshops being
organised at IEW. Why would anyone want hands-on
knowledge? Isn’t browsing the Net and watching You-
‘Tube videos a better alternative?
8. | love my office!
Why do people leave the comfort of their offices and
‘weave through that terrible traffic to attend a technical
event? They must be erazy. What's the big deal in lis-
tening to experts or networking with peers? I'd rather
enjoy the coffee and the cool comfort of my office, and
learn everything by browsing the Net!
9. | prefer foreign events.
While IEW’s [Link] was voted the ‘World’s No.1
[oT event’ on [Link], I don’t see much
value in attending such an event in India—and
that, too, one that’s being put together by an Indian
organiser. Nah! | would rather attend such an event
in Europe.
NOT to attend [Link] at IEW 2018! Frankly, we too
have NO clue why 10,000-plus techies attended IEW in March 2017. Perhaps there’s something
about the event that we've not figured out yet, But, if we haven't been able to dissuade you from.
attending IEW 2018, then you may register at hrtp://[Link].
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Discover the ‘Smart World’ at IEW 2018
‘Smart is in. Be it the water-tap or your car, your tel-
ephone or your city—everything is getting smarter.
But, what about your products? Is there a need to make
them ‘smart’? Or, are they smart enough? Can they be-
‘come smarter? How can you and your team make them
smarter? Can anyone help you make them smarter? Is it
‘easy to make them in India? You can find answers to all
these questions at India Electronics Week (IEW).
Since electronics and IT are key enablers of Smarter
Products, IEW brings together five co-located events.
‘These include expositions, conferences and workshops
for business decision makers, as well as technical deci
sion makers and influencers. Come and discover the
“Smart’ world,
Explore the eco-system that enables Smart Products at IEW
ory
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TW JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU ‘[Link]Panasonic
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Available with 1uA,2uA,6uA,170UA
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INIA
FLECTRomicS
Buyer -Seller Meet at IEW 2018
‘This event provides a unique platform for exhibitors to
meet large buyers of electronic products, components,
‘manufacturing equipment, LED lighting components
and oT hardware ete, In 2017, more than 100 meet-
ings took place between buyers and sellers, over a
period of three days. In 2018, we are expecting much
more successful meetings.
Buyers for IEW 2018
‘Accord Software & Systems Pyt Ltd
‘Amara Raja Electronics Ltd
Center for Development of Telematics
Intelux Electronics Pvt Ltd
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
Hella India Automotive Private Limited
RP Sanjiv Goenka Group
Renault Nissan Business Centre
Magnitech Engineers
Minda Corporation,
Pricol Ltd.
Luminous Power Technologies
Lenovo India
(This st i subject to change asi ts prepared on the basis
of information available tll 20 Dec, 2017)
Expo Single Day Pro
treuagy 9,200 | ray 29,018) | ieirusey P95 2018) | (stray?
| ‘Bhibiton Aeasss «| mM ves
‘Access to Keynote Talks wee ves
Acquire Tack xo Ys
aren Blockchain Track ee
Prof rom foT Solutions No set ie we ee
lina CHO Summit No dys see vee |
Analyse Tac No |
Profit rom lot Products No 5a we ves
Profit from le System integrators | No | oy) yo elect es wee |
Integrate Tack — ves
Great indian Jugaad No vs
9 FES Profit from lot Customers | No ices io vee vee
‘Ty he Announced No days es
Profit from loT Retail Seetor | No. No. Yes: Yes
70% Discount on all Worsshops r= | | ves
(Reservation Fist came. fist-serve)
Bifet Lunch om All 3-Days ee
‘Aocess to Conference Videos No [Ne ves ves
Eaten a =
Digital Subscription to EFY and EB Magazines No Ne Ye es
PRICE, (FREE 22,999 5,999 28999 |
(TED) sanuary 2018 | ELECTRONICS FoR You [Link]WE IMPORT ALL TYPES OF ACTIVE & PASSIVE ELEC MPONENTS
Ay INDIA
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‘[Link] Vasant Bhuvan, Mumbai 400 004, Email: salos@-[Link]IEW PRE-SHOW REPORT
4
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FAQ'S
Frequently Asked Questions =
Q. What all can | attend for FREE?
A. The EXPO and the Keynote sessions at EFY Confer-
ences. Plus, there might be some sponsored work-
shops and meetups by our sponsors, which will be
announced on our website from time to time. All free
activities are on a first-come-first-serve basis.
Q. What are the types of passes?
A. There are four types of passes. EXPO Pass is free. The
other three passes are paid and include: Single Day Pass,
Business Pass, and PRO Pass. For more details, refer to:
htps://[Link]/types-of passes/
Q. Can Students attend?
A, Students can attend the Expo on the 3rd day—as
the first two days are for Industry visitors, and the last
day is Students’ Day. Students can attend any of the
paid events on any of the 3 days though.
Q. What about Group Discounts?
A. Group discounts are available if you go for more
than 3 passes. To get a quote, you can share your
details here (htps://[Link]/
group-discount-form/) OR contact us at +91-98111
55335,
Q. What are the timing of the Expo?
A. Timings for Expo are 10 am to 6 pm.
Q. What are the timings of the Conferences?
AA. The timings for the conferences and workshops at
India Electronics Week are different from the timings
of the Expo, These will begin at 8.30 am and go on
till 5 pm,
Q. What time will the registration start?
‘A. Registration will start at 8.30 am.
Q. Are there food facilities at IEW?
A. Yes. There will be a full-fledged food court at IEW,
where you can purchase healthy and affordable food &
drinks.
Q. Which (paid) passes include lunch?
‘A. Business and Pro passes include Lunch at the Net-
working Zone.
Q. Is there a special discount for Defence
Personnel?
‘A. In order to thank our armed forces for the incredible
work they do, we have a special discount for them. They
get all passes at $0% discount
Q. Who's qualified to get this discount?
‘A. Anyone who's working for any of our armed forces or
inland security organisations including army, navy, air
force, border security, home guard, and police. The same
extends to those who are active or retired. Plus, anyone
working in strategic electronics PSU organisations such as
ISRO, DRDO, Bharat Electronics, ECIL, etc.
Q. How to get this discount?
A, While buying a pass use the promocode DEFPASS and
upload an image of your identity proof. Thats it. we
find that proof submitted is invalid, then we may cancel
the registration,
Q. Is there a special discount for Academicians?
‘A. Yes! They are the true builders of our nation, and to
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thank them—we have a 50% discount for them too.
Again, active or retired academicians can avail this
discount
Q. Who's qualified to get this discount?
A. Anyone who teaches as a profession. Profes:
sors, teachers, lecturers, trainers—from schools,
colleges, training institutes—all of them can avail
this benefit. And, the institution can be private or
government owned. As long as you teach, we want
to thank you.
Q. How to get this discount?
‘A. Academicians can use the promocotle ACAPASS
and upload an image of their identity proof. That's,
it. Ifwe find that proof submitted is invalid, then
we may cancel the registration,
Q. Where can we get the details about the
conferences and workshops?
‘A. We are updating details of all conferences and
workshops on this page: hutps://[Link]-
[Link]/conferences-workshops/. As more
conferences, workshops and meetups get finalised,
‘we will keep updating this page.
Q. Does the pass fee include GST
A. Yes, GST is included in it—so the amounts indi-
cated are NET, and nothing extra needs to be paid
over and above the stated amounts.
Q. If [need a GST invoice - will that be
provided?
‘A. Yes, the same will be provided. Shoot us an
email (with your GST number) at rsvp@[Link], and
‘our team will provide you with a GST-input-credit-
friendly invoice within 3 working days.
Q. When will | get the attendance
certificates?
‘A. We typically mail the attendance certificates by
courier to those with designated paid passes, within
1 week, afier the event, But, if you want, you can
collect the same on the last day too—as long as you
ave amongst those who had registered and paid up
before Ist Feb, 2018. If you paid later, we will have
to mail you—as we won't be able to print and get
them at the event, on time.
Q. Can the payment be made post the event?
‘A. No, all payments have to be done before the
event. For further details, contact us at +91-98111
55335 or [email protected]
Q. What modes of payments do you accept?
‘A, We accept all modes of payments—Digital (credit
card, debit card, NEFT, PayTM, etc) and Analogue
(Cheque, DD, ete). The former have to be made in
the favour of EFY Enterprises Pvt Ltd, and mailed to
IEW 2018, D-87/1, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-,
New Delhi—110020. To make online payment, you
can use our online registration system or login to
your account and upgrade through it.
Q. Ihave already registered as a Visitor. Now
I want to upgrade my pass—how do | do that?
A, Simply login to your account at [Link]
[Link] and upgrade your pass.
Else, speak to our team at +91-98111 $5335, and
they will help you.
Q. How will | know which exhibitors should
Ivi
‘A. We will be issuing a Show Guide (printed) to all
visitors at IEW. This show guide will also be avail-
able on our website. It will enable you to see list
of all exhibitors and search them product category-
Q. Why should | print my pre-printable
badges? What's the benefit?
A. If you print those badges at your office or home,
and come with them to the venue—you will NOT
have to stand in any queue. You can simply pick an
empty lanyard (string with plastic sleeve), fold your
printed badge, and wlak straight in?
Q. If | walk straight in, where will | get my
delegate kit and lunch coupons (if | have
paid for that level of pass)?
A. Al the expo floor, we will have May I Help You
Desk, where you can collect the same—at any time,
Q. How many events are there at India
Electronics Week?
A. Overall, five branded events are happening under
IEW: EFY Expo, [Link], [Link], T&M Expo,
and EFY Conferences. Under these—many conferenc-
es, seminars, workshops and meetups are happening
across the three days.
Q. Are there any age restrictions with
respect to visitors?
A. Yes, entry is for those aged 16 and above only,
‘And, entry for students is on the third day only,
which is February 9, 2018.
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m Support for Flexi-rigid bo:
| RO) iol esee ova xed mode simulation i
SA) NCSL
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work for you: AAPSTRONICS E. sales@[Link]
“ INDIA
Download a free trial from: ELECTRONICS
, WEEK
[Link] ae
Visit us on stand L31IEW PRE-SHOW REPORT
INIA
FLECTRomicS
WEEK aw
Looking back at the success of IEW 2017
Buyers’ Feedback
“This isthe fifth time | have participated in EFY Expo. Since the last
five years we have been able to find alot of good suppliers in India,
‘Currently, we are working with about 25 global and Indian suppliers
that we got through EFY, from product/service categories like metal
sheets, connectors, ESD and cleenrooms. | wish to continue partici-
ppating in this event*™
‘Shanaka Perera, purchase manager, Variosystems PvtLtd
“This is a very good platform for buyers and sellers. Itis more fo-
‘cused than the meetings we have in our office or at other places.”
‘Manoj Dhawan, assis
“With “Make in India such platforms where buyers can meet sellers
have become essential for both. Its difficult to bring people having
the same understanding together and to approach intangible ben-
efits. I feel this type of forums should come up in bigger Ways, both
implementation and application wise"
‘Gururaj. V. Hiremath, senior deputy general manager,
(CSC/IED-CMS), Bharat Electronics Ltd
“One-on-one meetings are very important, especialy atthe start of a
financial year.| had a good response while talking to suppliers here
This forum is really good for such activities. | am quite satisfied; |
‘met the right sellers and at the right time.”
‘Narayan Kumar J,, managing director - technical, Sanjay Technologies
Exhibitors Feedback
“We have been participating in EFY events for last six
toseven years, This event has been very good for us,
‘and we eagerly look forward to come back next year”
Chris Palin, EMEIA manager, HumiSeal
“Thanks EFY for organising this wonderful exhibition!
We came across some serious visitors. We wish to
push our legs into the industrial segment, and have
{got some contacts from the industry segment.”
Manish Joshi, Scientech
“IEW is @ good platform for having quality conversa:
‘ions with customers. This time there was alot of
JoT talk. Quality of conversation was very good this
time!
‘Amit Agnihotri, marketing manager, RS Component
“The show has been great tis time! We came across
alot of manufacturers, suppliers, customers and loT
Startups. The conferencas were very informative.
Overall it was a very good networking event.”
Ranga Prasad M.A., director, Semikart
“As far as the event is concerned, we saw quality this
time, which is very important to us.”
Sanjay Malla, chief executive officer, Toradex
“arg ten ie tn
Teneo
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BETTER THAN WORDS
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The speakers’ Wall of Fame
JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
WU [Link]INDIA
ELECTRONICS
WEEK
7-9 February 2018
ts ata aa
LED INDUSTRY
Leading Manufacturer of all kinds Wound Components for Various Industries
* Security *CCTV *Charger Industry «Telecom *Solar *Consumer Electronics
‘Automobiles *Industrial Electronics * Lighting
WR BF ea esos
a a ee eeexhibitors
The India Electronics Week 2017 brings together a gamut of exhibitors from
electronics, LED and Internet of Things (loT) sectors. They showcase the
latest innovat
ns across various product categories. Presented in this section
is a curtain raiser of some of the exhibitors, with many more to follow
3C TAEYANG CO. LTD.
3C TAEYANG js specialized as 2 Cable Assembly provider for IT, Displays,
Mecieal, Electronic devices and Autometve elecrane systems. With our
‘manufacturing technology, we are able to provide not ony the reasonable
price but ako competitive dataincerconnect solutions anddibutea Mable
Hotspot (Wi-Fi Route, "MII" device) avaiable for Al 26(6SM/36/4G(LTE)
Werlswide
3 TAEVANG product range: Mobile Hotspot (WHI Router, “MIF dulce),
Mico Coazal Cable Assembly (Automobile, Utrasound system. I device),
IF Cable assembly & Contecors, Cstomed Cable Assembly High-M Lu
Valamne
\We proudly introduce Saison Components as our exclusive & authori
representative for indlan market which has 2 prominent presence nindustes
‘uth as Renewable, Telecom, Power, Autometve, Consumer, Defence ate
‘Contact details ww taeyana ca kr
ANRITSU INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED
Anritsu Corgoration headquartered in pan is global provider of innovative
ommnications tes and measurement salutons for more then 120 yeas,
proving soitons for existing and next-generation wired and wireless
Eommunication systems. and operator. Out products include. wireless,
‘pteal, microwave/RF and digital instrurents as wall as operations support
fvtems for RAD, manufacturing, intalaton and ronintenance. We also
prove precision merowave/RF components, optical devices and high-speed
beets devices for communication praducts and sytem.
‘Aneitsu nda Priuate insted, 100% owned subsidiary of Anstsu Corporation
hs its head Office n Bangalare and branch ofices In Noida and Hyserabae.
‘Anvits ta whic hae 18090012008 & NAL cered quality management
system brings together the functions of als, marketing, engineering, sence
2nd technical suppoet for better ane broader suppor.
The Ind calibration & service contre in Banglore s well equipped and
‘capable of servicing the ange aur products for better support to local indian
Customers. The customers India inclide the Mobile R&O/Manufactring
companies, Dlenee/Aerospace comes, Mobile/redine operaters/NEME
and Education Instttess supported by Annis team of> 60 members inna
Contact detail: wun anrtu. con
ABHISHEK ENTERPRISES
Established in 2003, Abhishek Enterprises speciaies fon and Ui polymer
batterypack, Mime reisored with udfog cadhar under Make n ina. SO
5001-2013 certified, with welding capacty of 650,060 cel per month
‘We provide customised solution: to our clients in the fed of Solar Street
lish #05 terminals, eT solutions, GPRS device, Mecleal devices, Metering,
We also offer our services for contract manuiactring of power bank, battery
ack wth PCM, pre-cut Nstrip and wires (ingle side end two ie tipping),
Erancing of oli as per client requirement.
Contac details: wars cmeelcn,+91-22-26182712
ARIHANT IMPEX
‘rant inex des inal Kinds of Transformer laminations such a Imported
Si, Strip laminations fer distribution & Power transformers, Toroidal Cores
Moto stampings.
“Materials availabe in all grades of CRNO & CRGO in special components!
sizes, Raw material can aso be offered in sheets, cals or sited sees with
high quality & reasonable pie
Contact etal: wun. [Link], 044-26692052
ANDERS ELECTRONICS PLC
AndersDX specialises inthe design, development and supply of workdlass
Usable in devices previously
impractical for gas sensors
TGS2600
> Miniaturized MOS gas sensor
fl > High sensitivity to gaseous
Ut air contaminants
World's Smallest MEMS
semiconductor gas sensor
CDM7160
> World’s smallest
> Single light source, dual
wavelength system
> UART/12C interface
> Accurate measurement wherever people are present Non Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) Co2 sensor Module
Applications: Air conditioning & ventilation system, Plant Factory, Measuring instrument for HEMS/BEMS
Toshniwal Sensing Devices Pvt. Ltd.
Pamela CLM Tice ae ean eg
PCC ir Lica ewe IMEC Lew uM CoG Re RAC Ia ci Rcoli)ELEMENT14 INDIA PVT. LTD.
Elementi isa leading dstibuter of elecuonic components, single board
computers and development kis, tls, test and measurement, software an
design series, We have out performed the industry norms on parameters
tke avalablty of products, shipping speed and customer responsheness. Ata
sven time, we ave mare than 650,000 product ihe electron components,
Interconnectande-rech products, elects, tooisandtest ana measurement
‘rom mare than 3500 leading suppliers Ike Analog Devs, NK, Molex, TE
Connectivity, Microchip. Texas instruments, Vishay Fluke, Tektronix, Keysight
{te that ae in stack and eady tobe shipped from our global warehouses.
‘We also afer te fist and only community wu [Link] for design
‘naingers and electronics enthusiasts
‘rea of Operations
‘Segments Electronic components distribution
Products and Services: Semiconductors and ICs, Single Boatd Computers and
Development kts, Interconnect and Posts, Electro Mechanical Prosucts,
Tools, Test and Measurement, Design Serviees, Softwares,
Key focus areas: (CT, Prototyping
Parent Company sting: NSE
Contact details: www elementi4 cam, 1800 3000 3888
FERRO STAR
Ferro Star was established with the a of making quality Frit components
(Ferree Cores & Phenolic Bobbins) fer the Electronic Industry. Our motto
is customers satisfction through innovation & cost consciousness. Based
‘5 ts wealth of experience and technical know how we are competent 19
Sesign, develop & provide customized erie components as per customer's
requliements at very competitive ries
The company is marketing the products of Tongxlang Huayuan Elactronic
{oATD. in inca, Presently the Compary i dealing i Ferrite Cores ie E/EC/
EDR/EPC/ EFD/Pa/ Riaje1/RING CORES/ORUM CORES/RODS ete. Ferro Star
0 alsin ran Our cores of various sizes
EMBDES TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD
{mbes Technologies, an engineering sluton provider, founded inthe year
2012 with offices in Bangalore and Chennai, EmoDes’ focuses on providing
Solstions from the concept. The solution lacludes proof of concept, pict
production and mass preduction based on customer needs,
‘Our experi: Frrnware and nus Device Drivers, Appleation Development
‘Andtoié and 105, FPGA- IP Core Development, Hardware Design, PCB Design,
‘ermal Araiss and Enclosure Desig, Proto typing (PCB and 3D Print,
Mass production (PB), Injection molding, Sheet metal works
Contact details: [Link]
GATIK GREENERGY PVT. LTD.
Gat Gresnergy provides wireless home automation products and slutons
(Our products hep in turning a hornainto a smarter and enery efficent one
stn a combination of products fom own stable and intemasional brands,
Uwe enable one-touch operation, witeess and remote management of every
aspect oa living space and make it smart.
‘atk Greenersy automation solutions canbe used for surveillance, secu,
Nghting. home appliances, energy management, home theatre and
fantertainmont. The produets can be revo Ated into any buliding Hereby
‘making it smarter at lowest pasible investment. Greenergy’s smarchome
Solutions come with builtin remote management capabilites vi mobile ap.
Part of Bangalore based mult-ilion dolar Gat Group, which has interests
in broadband technology, series and Infestructure, we are one of the
Feur companies wth own F&O wing and indigenously developed products
Contact deta: wuss [Link]
EMS TECHNOLOGIES
EMS Technologes i an exclusve distributor for Lachwerke Peters, Germeny
and in ina forthe past 10 yea,
Peters have manufacturing experience of more than 55 year in conformal
coating, casting compounds and casting resins, and have presence in ES
In. adeiton to this EMS Technologies has successfull, divesied in the
Following elated areas
1. Supply & Manufacturing of ESD- Antistatic products
2. We are manufacturing customized Packing materials (Bubble bag, Metal
bag. Vobagete)
3. We ae speciliced in Anistatic PET Tay for PCB's in electronic industry.
EMS Technologies has consolcated te rele as 2 provider of complete
"Conformal Coatings, Conformal Coating lob werks& solutions ESD: Antstatc
products” and fraying int acilary services elated electronics,
‘contac deta: wna em-technolegies com
GT MAGNETICS PVT LTD
GT Magnetis Pvt. Ud is one of the leading manufacturers of wound
‘magnetics, thot has a wide range of coils and Ferre ansformers. The
Company is ISO $003:2008 carted ts manufacturing unit was established
in 1997 and since then ithas established» reputation fr reliable qualty and
‘on time execution of orders
Its major products incluge wound components forthe lighting industry, LED
‘ever wansformers, solar lighting product, CFL diver teanstormers, wound
‘components for ausiewiseo and automotive appleatians), inverter and UPS
Systems [forthe telecom and charger industries), fter and choke cols and
lstomised feriteransormers and als
‘Apart from complying with customers requirements, our prime focus i 19
adhere to Industy-efined quality standards for ferite transformers, cols,
SMS, te ltrs, et,
Al its products and processes are in compliance with set standards and
norms, as drafted by quality monitoring institutes. quipped with 2 good
Infastractureanda team of toehncal experts, the company ‘stacityi spread
‘across 138 35m of bul area with 2322 57sqm of open space. The ciferet
types of machinery installed at ts unit include 3 CNC automatic winding
‘machine, an automatic core tapping. machine, high-voltage breakdown
{esters tomperature-cantolled ovens, ete
Contact details: wus [Link], #81 11.85827299
HE sanuany 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]PCB
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MARKET
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PCB Assembly Component Sourcing
PCB Layout Design | PCB Fabrication | PCB Stencil
i PCB Assembly °
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[Link] | @ pcb@[Link] | &+91 7600012414 +91 7600012415HAPSTRONICS TECHNOLOGY PVT LTD
HAPSTRONICS Technology Pv. Li with headguartes in Borgaove provides
‘superior Sales & Suppor in Electronic Design Automation an Printed Cireut
Board industry, serving Hardware and Software mores
HAPSTRONICS is authorized channel partner for ~ Pulsoix, Easy Pe, PCB
Libraries, PCB Investigator tools. Industey proven PCB design sites whieh
provides a Featuresie, fully scalable solution that can be expanded and
Spgraded as PCB challenges ad the level of design sophistication grows.
In onder to meet the customer needs of our elents, MAPSTRORICS mainte
wide range of PCB design appliations, exceptional functional and techalal
‘expertise coupled with extensive industry knowledge.
HAPSTRONICS goals to excad the expectations af every client by offering
‘outstanding customer service, increase feniblity and greater valve in PCB
design environment, Our principals are datinguished by the funcional and
technical expertise combined with hands-on experience, thereby ensuring
‘hat our cers receve the mar effective and profesional support from
Contact details: [Link]
HK WENTWORTH (INDIA) PVT LTD
Electolube ha ots stretching back to 1941, when Henry Kingsbury formed
Kingsbury Components to manufacture volume controls. was here that
Henry formulated specialist cl that enhanced the eletial performance
and Hfetime ofthe contact surface in adtion to reducing freon of moving
This breaithrough prompted a range of contac lubicants, forming the bass
of Elecolube. ‘The company now offers thermal managernent materials,
‘conformal coatings, eneapsulation resins clearing solutions and maintenance
products forthe elctonis industry.
(With an expanding presence in 55 countries, Electrolube has a reputation
for excellence. our products range are manufactured at our factories in
Ur, china and india te IS0 9001, 0 14001, 1ATF 16849 and OHSA 18001
certieaton
Unie companies with standardised solutions that fal to meet the technical
specications requiedfor your produc, Electolube'stechriealexparts create
Customised solutions and suppor you from design through implementation
and beyond,
Contact detail: wun hlaveo uk
HARIHI OHM ELECTRONICS
HARIM| OHA ELECTRONICS is authorised distributor in india for M/s. OIG!
INTERNATIONAL, USA {wwwcdigicom) for Zigbee/Nbee, WiF, Cella, IoT
SSateways & Embedded SBCs and also dstrlbutor in ra fr Bs AMPEDRE
TECH INC, USA. for Blustooth Modules ([Link]) and we
sport ail kind of Antennas for wireless.
contact details: wacharhiohmin, 040 2796 1209
HUMISEAL
Humisesl provides the wie slection of products meets customers tough
environmental and chemical protection requirements fr electronie cieits
and systems, It manufactures over 60 electronics coatings, thinners, strippers
and masking materials and_can also offer custom formulations to meet
Unusual specifications. Mumiseal™ products are qualified to MiL-M400S8,
UL7a6e and fC-Cc-830 standards. We ofer production facies cerned 19
1T5-16549, The standard dem ade by the automotive industry.
The product portfolio is further enhanced by a cange of complimentary
‘materials that include Thermal management, Disslay adhesives, Damm &
Poting material, Conductive adhesives an Sealant,
(Our approach to research and development is mult-faceted The largest part
Ismarket-diven,stening to what our customers want ad delivering against
thelr expectations, At the same me, we are contiualy ooking othe future
and working to develop innovative new products. We have always been
Droactve regarding enwronmental ses ang corporate responsibity, When
FR comes te protecting your electronics, makes sense to trust Humiseal,
Contact detail: ww humisealcom
HIMESH REDDIVARI TECHNOLOGIES
Module1@[Link] is an e-commerce website under Himesh Redlvar
Technologies Pvt. td. A lading eleconics and loT company focussed on
sales and service of electronic components fr students and maker, which
{are use in ther lo, Embedded and Robotic projets. The company also
Conducts workshops on aferent platforms ike Arduino, Raspber'yP 1, A
embedded systems, Robots et
‘Contact details: rw. [Link]
IGNITARIUM TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS
PRIVATE LIMITED
lanitarium Technology Solutions i #slicon and embedded system solution
provider that has offered cutang-edge engineering solutions in IC design,
Sytem design, Embedded software, Mobility software & Applicaton
development ever snc is inception i 2012.
Headquartered In Bangalore, with business ensies in Koch. San lose,
USA, lgntartum embraces the significance of fr, by ining, pulfviaE.
and refining ideas to produce technelogy-drven thought leadership, 1
Solutions and services. We are core team of technologists, who have 3
Eellectve industry experience of over 100 years, with expertise in IC desian
and implementatan, FPGA design, Embedded system engineering. and
Software development
laniarum’s design sevice centr focuses on executing projects n VLSI and
Sofware domains. Design services Include Semiconductor logic design and
aehitectue, Design venation, FPGA prototyping, Embedded and Mobility
sonware
The key technology focus areas include computer vision, machine learning.
deep faring, 1OT anc deuce mobil.
Contact details: [Link]
EZ] JANUARY 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]QUIKorrect - Static Servo Stabilizer
Technology transfer from MEDI
IGBT based PWM type STATIC VOLTAGE STABILIZER design
Contractor
> No wear and tear like ° Buck boost Transforme =
servo stabilizers t
> No tap changing like SCR
or relay based stabilizers
> 1% tight regulation
> 85V to 300V range possible
> Long life and low maintenance
Highlights of QUIKorrect
* Instantaneous correction. Speed over
20000V per second
“ Discrete IGBT up to 30KVA single phase
and 90KVA three phase
* Single PCB for control stage, IGBT driver
section and power stage.
* Single contactor for three phase system
Single LCD for three phases
* LCD will display all the phase voltage,
connected load etc
* Easy to assemble and low BOM
All protections included - low voltage,
high voltage, overload and short circuit
For video demonstration, go to google / youtube and search "QUIKorrect”
AIMS ele Clea ele MUO U TELE LAUT ecm ecu ce
a
Technology transfer up to 200!
Call : 09400151111, 0484-2356429
09400145111
Email : bangalore@[Link],
cochin@[Link] Martin’s Electronic Devices & Instruments
Web: [Link] Research & Development in Electronics Since 1987INDUS TECHNOLOGIES
‘Started in year 200, Inds Technolgies has grown in becoming one of the
lending electronic component cstritors in india having register offer
in Bangalore with a subsidiary company at Singapore. Indus has vst network
of various electronic component manufacturers worldwide which covers
rostof tebillot materas ang hence we can serve as ONE STOP SHOP forall
lectronc components needs
‘We expertise in achieving bill of matoril cost reduction by suggesting
‘equivalents for entng costly components which most ofthe time doesnt
fequirere- design ofthe board
‘We azo have technical division which offers design solutions which can
feduce customers time to market ther reduets by drety incorporating
Indus designs into tat project.
We cstribute below products from various manufacturers
‘ative and Opto Electronic components ~ Diserete Ics, Diodes, Rectifes,
Transistors, MOSFET, Myristors, Regulators, LEDS, [COE
Fassve Components Resistors, Capactors, Inductors and Varistors
Contact details: [Link]
JTK TECHNOLOGY INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED
We design & manufacture various Kinds of inductors, electronic transformers,
chokes, ters, inverters and wire harness that ae applies In lightng,preen
lenerey and home appliance industry
1% has established comorehensive qulty contol system. We are ceried
uth 609001 ang SO4001, ana ae sso care in UL system, COC and CES
Cetifeatons, whieh ensures our high standard quality product
etn outstanding management, we have sustained and supperted many
Internatona electronve empanies such ae GE, Schneider, sameung, aie,
GOODWE,OEITA and sl expanding ks customer group
Contact details: No. 62, 4th Floor Maholokshmi Metol & Roling Mils
4rd Crass, st Main 2nd Stage, Yeshwanthpur Indus suburb, Bangalore,
Pi 560022 (KA, INDIA), whine cm
INFISWIFT
Inf s rethinking the enterprise grade lo platform. We help enterprises
collect better data, make better decsions and streamline eperatons by
providing the plumbing to connect and manage devices, users and cloud
based services. A unique architecture enables world-class securty and
scalability with a powerful developed entironment and analytes front end
for custom Implementations. The utralghtweght design and extremely
ficient aperaion make It ial for intermittently connected and power
‘efcentenuronments that reqie realsime operation
contac details: ww [Link]
KARNATAKA BIOTECHNOLOGY AND
aa TECHNOLOGY SERVICES
KBITS)
It Is the nodal agency of the Department of IT and BT, Government
of Karnataka anda singe point contact for investors in I, T, SDM, AVGC and
Startup setters. It coordinates the conduct of the department's agship
nua events ke Bangalore ls, Bangalore India Ble, Gangaaee india Nana
nd the annual AVEC Event, GAFX
We provide various incentives and concessions to the TT, Biotechnoony
|ANGC, startup and ESDM sectors under the vareus schemes and paliies af
the Government.
The implementing agency for the Sangalore Biotech Park & the proposed
Biotech Paks in Tler Il cites. We provide assistance to delegations and
linitares who vs the State and disseminates information about the various
‘opportunites avalable for investments nthe, BT, AVG, Startup and ESOM
sectors inthe State.
Contact eta: wate karmorako gown
1OP TECHNOLOGIES
IOP Technologies was established in 2012. We bring new technologies into
‘marke & have been developing laorms for industa oT (Connected Faczory),
[A Machine Learning, NL cht Oot for service, CRM software or sales Service
Request Management software ‘Ne have many satisfied cstemers across the
Babe including nea, Austral, UK, Dubal, USK, Rwande, et
‘Our vision is to bring lobal expert, best qvalty solutions and innovations
to the corporates, medium enterprises, pubic enterprises &. governments,
We aadress end-to-end requirements of customers though our products and
solutfons uit and teste
ur strengths:
\Wehave dicated and hight accomplished team with experience of working
in orporates around the mori We have capably 1 eater to Industry 4.0
snd connected factories.
“he technologies we work on ae oT Al, NLF, CRM, PH, Python, Embedced,
ASPNET, Django, Nodes, IAL, Crypto. currencies (Btcor/Ethereum),
Cognitive bots, fava, Spars Enterprise Architect, ete
Proiuts and Solutions:
lot, Machine Learning. & Analyses, Lead/Quotation Management, ERP,
Service Ticket system, customer support cognitive agent, Service Request
‘Management Sofware IOP Technologies tL
Contact details: want [Link]
KEETRONICS (INDIA) PVT LTD
Keetronies (india) PYt. U6 1s a fast growing company specializing in
‘manufgcuring_ Advance Input Devices, Function Printed Elecronics and
Touch Electrical Switches products for the past 25 years
Keetrones products ace widely used in mest af the Electonics equipments
In ferent segments, for empl, an X Ray machine oc 2 Baby warmer Is
having ainput devee made by KIPL
‘ther applications includes a Tol callection devices on the highways, a
process control panel in a petroleum refinery or a faut diagnostic panel na
Faia engine cabin coquiess ser interlace, which we produce.
Keotrones i focusing on the new product called “Touchmatil’, whichis 3
Touch Electrical Switch, replacement to the switches used in'our house,
offees and hotels
Since 2012 Keetronics has dversfe nto manufacturing of produc related to
3 new il called Functional Printed Electronics We st Keetronic are taking
reat efforts to bull a setup to produce Printed LEDS, Printed Sensors, Printed
Batteries and many more products, wich are cost eHective, biodegradable.
Keetronis. is lovesting healy In technology, human resource and
infastrcture, to cape up with the rapid growth which s expected from the
new segments truce by the compar.
Contact detail: ww Aeetronic com, 491-20-57257200
HE sanuany 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]=
= ~— M@NARCH
partnership forever
Competitive Performance at a Reasonable Price!
M70-Temperature Controlled Soldering System
Features and Benefits M70 Accessories
+70 Watts of power
* Quickly switch between °C and F°
+ Touch panel buttons
* Password protection M70-Handplece.
+ Multi-function work stand Replacement hand-piece with 4 foot
ction cord
* Selectable power supply aaa
+ Multiple tip geometries available ete
* Service Support all over India M70-Heater
+ Ex-Stock Replacement heater with temperature sensor.
Original Tips of various dimensions
at attractive prices
Idering Tips
Authorised Distributor for Sales & Technical Support
Mectronics Marketing Services
(AN ISO 8001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY)
536, 2nd Floor, FIE;Patparganj Industrial Area New Delhi - 110092 (India)
Tel: +91 (011):42208256 / 43041581
email: mectronics@[Link] « web: [Link]’
BRANCHES:
* NOIDA » BANGALORE + CHENNAI - HYDERABAD + PUNEMARTIN
Marts Electronic Devies & Instruments [MEB) is an RED Rim involved
In the design and development of electronic products for industrial and
commercial appiations, Established inthe yeor 1587, the main Torus as
te provide cutng edge technologes to manufacturers ooking for advanced
technologies.
MEDI is invalved purely inte Research & Development in electronics —
oth hardware and software, The main feld of MED! is development of
new innovative electronic products and transfering the technology to
anutacnurer
“QUKorreet State Voltage Stabilize is our latest innovation in the field of
slate serve, With correction speed over 20000V per second, no wear and
‘ear due tothe absence of any moving par, wide input range of 85V to 300
with constant output of 230V+/-1%, this the future of stabilizers which wll
replace the ening tow CVs, SR tap changing type and conventional bulky
servo sabia
Contact deta: wae medieectonies com
MOUSER ELECTRONICS
‘Mouser Electronics, a Berkshire Hathaway company, is an award-winning,
authorised samiconductor and elecronie component catoutor focured
fn rapid New Predict introductions fom iis manufacturing artnet for
electronic design engineers and buyers. The glabal diibutor’s webshe,
"Meusercom, is avalable m multiple languages and currencies and features
‘more than & millon products rom over 600 manufacturers. Mouser offers
22 suppor loeatons around the worl to provide besticlass customer
Service aid ships globally to over 550,000 customers in 170 countries from ts
750,000 sa. state-o-the-atfaiity south of Das, Teas
wrth its broad product line and unsurpassed customer service, Mouser
strives to empower innovation among design engineers ond buyers by
dalvering advanced technologies. Mouser stools the words widest selection
Of the latest semeconductors and electron components forthe newest
fesign projects. Mouser Electronics’ website 1 continual updated and
offers advanced search methods to help customers quickly locate inventory
[Link] also houses data sheets, supplier specie reference designs,
application notes, technical design information, and engineering took.
Contact etal: wane mousercom
MATRIOT SOLUTIONS PRIVATE LIMITED
MatroT solutions Private Limited, an industial & Environmental le startup
founded in 2017 specialises in Smart Kanban and AFD based Asset Tracking
ELS solutions
Matos Bin provides @ smart kanbon sytem with the ure of harcare
[Sensors & devices) and Software that enable th industios to tke cont of
‘Carts inventory and repenishment orders wih featuressuch as Mabie ales,
Inuit anal engine, AP integration with ERP system. Matis set
‘Tracker enablesto acess, manage and monitor your mision xa assets with
‘the use of RFD, sensors with ATS (Realtime ocarion series) sluion
MatiloT products are built on ournovative technology driven patform—M3
Platform (MavieT Machinee-Machine) design based on a sealable, robust,
layered API crven architecture that enables the device to be managed,
monitored, date geneated/ealeced and controlled by the application layer
‘Our Products (powered with cur innovate, robust M3 Platform) ae:
* cin cloud based Cass Kanon System
+ AssetTracker - RFID & sensor based asset-managementRTLS solution
+ Spotter ~ Network Performance Management & Bandwidth monitoring
souson
+ Weather ~eloud-based Weather sation
Contact details: www [Link]
MUKTA NK TECH PVT. LTD
‘Multa NK Tech [Link]. (MN) I primarly Focused on design, development
‘manufacturing of LED lighting products with an adeitionalvaiue of binging
a Mair of teehnoogy init.
Ina short time we have Introduced WiFi & Sub-Gite Based street fhe
futomation, BLE based bull conto, Emergency smart LED aulb/Tubebght
and few moce Tech stuf in pipeline to be launched. To sustain in Competitive
Indian Market, our focus isto bring a product at afar price with exceptional
{ualty This helps our cients to bring customer loyalty, bud brand at almost
‘ull maintenance/sevice cos, post sales
We are expanding export market 96 wel, F YoU are looking for Nexen
Producten lighting salutons, you should vats,
Contact detail: wane muktanktech com
MECTRONICS MARKETING SERVICES
Mectronies Marketing Services is a lending name in the Incian electronics
‘manufacturing industry Tor its high qualty PCB assembly consumables and
{equipment Since the last 23 years, the company has been serving the market
witha team of experienced and qualified engineers. Mectroncshas sicoffces
In Delhi, Sengaluru,chennal, Hjderabad and Pune Its Noisa-SEZ warehouse
is for ox stock, 2r0 duty inventory ad fr expors. The consumables ideals
inar: SMT adhesives, solder pases, conformal coatings, leaning chemicals,
‘eflow profits, pickand-place (nowt, feede’s, spares), splice tapes,
metal squcegses and blades, electron screwdrivers, cispensing cartridees
43nd neeaes, clean room wes, compete range of ESD products, ee. The
{equipment deals In inciader paste printers, PCR and stencil clearing
machines, spray hers, BGA inspection systems, conformal costing systems
fellow ovens, BGA rework systems, wave soldering machines, metual and
‘oboe glue dspensers, screw drving machines, component counters, eow
process Inspection systems, ec The companys main principals are Heraeus,
Zest, Humiseal Metal, Teecon, Sudong Honaho, PBT,
Contact detail www mectronicsin, #91 25 42208256
PHYTEC EMBEDDED PVT. LTD.
Established in 1986, PHYTEC a German based mother board manufacturing
company hs evaled into ene ofthe leading manufactures for ARMA based
Sytem on Modules (SoM) or Computer on Modules (CoM) and Single Board
Computers (SEC), PHYTEC also offers Internet of Thins soktions, Predict
Solutions, Embedded imaging as well 5 Harare specie stare
In action tothe in-house production at global Headuarters in Germany,
PHTEC has Global corporations with Subsidies alongwith & istibuton
loffees with move than 200 Employees. PHYTEC market reach spans across
‘many countries around the globe fom United states, France, Iaia and China.
PHIFEC solutions have been deployed In thousands of systems across a
ide range of industries and applications, such as control and automation,
medica, test and measurement, automotive, energy and transportation.
Typical senes production quantities range between 100 and several tons of
thousands of products per year. PHYTEC provide end to end solutions fer
companies seeking full reduct development support fom a single source,
enabling them to shorten tmeto-marlet, reduce development casts and
void substantal dein risk bringing prodts to market
Contact deta: ww phytecin
{HES sanuany 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]Wf,
»-
STARTUP
KARNATAKA
‘Shri SIDDARAMAIAH
Hon'ble Chief Minister
Government of Karnaktaka
Nake di
(RUTURE® 3%
KARNATAKA ¥
Welcome to Karnataka: The Knowledge &
Innovation Capital of India
@ First State toCome up with an Event Elevate to identify Top 100 Innovative
Bret Cuter Teun aber Ue}
° 5 Sete ecu
Ce CCM ete eM Meme UC Mme C1 On
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@ First State to announce setting up Centre of Machine Intelligence & Robotics
mt
@ First State to announce setting up of Centre for Excellence Artificial
rE be obra y
[Link] [Link]PULSAR ENTERPRISES P LTD
We are engaged inthe manufacturing of LED divers rom EW to 100W with
highest standards of safety with one of the minimum failure ratio in the
Industry. Pulsar being promoted and mansged by qualfied engineers have
the vison to maximize the proftabity of thelr Buyers by minimizing thee
rejection rate of luminaries fom the field Pulsar has manufacturing Facility
at Mumbai since 2011
Contact details: wwa:[Link], 0226145 5000
RESONANT
Incorporated in 2010, we are manufacturing, supplying and wholesaling the
{Queue management, School automation Systems, Water Vending Control
Panels and Industrial Corral system. We provide the ltest and advantageous
products to our customers. Our range of products ae well. apprecated
rong the customers for ther compet design and high performance.
We havedivded he infactuctureinvariousunts. At manufacturing unit we have
installed the atest machinery and faites e handle the manufacturing process
‘ter being manufactured, these products undergo various quality checks
Following Products are Manufactured and Sol across India through aur wide
dealer Network
1. Queue Management Systems: a). Base Token Dip [b). Token Display
with Printer () Mult Counter Token Display Sytem
2. Schoo! Automation Solutions: a) Automatic Schoo! Bell, (b} RFID
‘atendance Moator, () Seheo Bus GPS
3, Woter Vending Controls: (a Single Channa Only Con Vensing, (b) Mult
Chanel Only Coin Veaing, c) Mull Channel Card 8 Coin Vending} GSM
Based Mut Channel Care & Coin Vending
4, Industrial Solutions: (0) Counter Meter, (9) DC 10 OC Converter, (0)
Countdown Tit, (eh Safety Light Curtains, (e} Tumse Gate Controller
Contac detail: wu resanantcom
RAJGURU ELECTRONICS
“ajGuruElectrories, is one of the leading supplies and traders of Active
and Passive Components, Sensors, Switches, Wireless Modules, Robotics
Products, Engineer Studer Project ems, Development Board, Modems and
Modis: nour range af production proces, we offer a wide variety of Photo
Coupler, Wicro-Contolr, Regulators, Gas Sensor, GSM/GPRS Modern, GPS
Modem, bee Mocs, ID Reacer Module, Humsy Sensor Frienaly Arm
Board, Blue Tooth Modem, Finger Print Modul, Smart Car Reader, Bar Code
Reader, Goar Motor, Servo Motor, ee, Cur products are widely known for
is long-lasting nature, reliability, ease cf operaton and robust contruction,
‘We have a highty quolified soles and logistic team. In addon, our vast
isibution network is helpful in providing the qualtatve and Tawless
range of products without any compromise with the quality. Our products
are widely known and appredated for ease of installation, durailty, ease of
‘peranon and reliabiy.
Under the guidance of our mentor, "Mr. Raesh Joan! (CEO), we have been
able to provide aur qualitative range of products to our esteemed clients
His continuous matiation has been helpful in erating our gandwlin the
loba market,
‘Contact details: waewrajguruelectrnie cm, 191-22-401684it
REVE AUTOMATION
IREVE AUTOMATION Is an (oT (Internet of Things) Product Development
company wit an experience of over 100 years and have developed Car and
road sensors, Tack & trace system (School, Industy), Industral vibaton
Sensor, Safety and rescue technology for Hazardous Industries, Smart city
Solutions, Sensors for sar arming, et
Reve Vision isto become Ist Hardware accelerator in Ina to help start-ups,
esearchers and companies to design solutions for OT, Meath Care, Agro &
farming and Smart Seeuty fr Home & Offees
Technology: Protocol Converter, Heating/Cooling using Solid State
Technology Smart Lb, Soil Sensors, Wireless Sensor Network, Beacon Saved
Ssolutons, Aclevement, Human & Asset management system using beacon
based technology, Tunnel ight management System, Grid Pawer Monitoring
Stem, Street Light Poll Tit Sensing for GIFT City, Gandhinagar, Tre and
vehicle Menitring, Industral Panel or loT based Controls and Automation,
Sensor Network for CEPT, Ahmadabod, Environment Sensor Temperature,
HumiatyCe2, PM, PA 25, PR 10 Montorng}
Contact detail: [Link] cam
RESEARCH DESIGN LABS
Research Design Lab is desicated in providing electronics product desig,
Sofware design reverse engineering, manufacturing services, design for EMC
compliance and approval CE and other cetifiatons to allow your business
to stay competitive and mieet your customer needs
Contact dtals: [Link]
ROYAL ELEGANCE TECHNOLOGIES PVT LTD
“Royal Elegance Technologies Pvt. id, established in 2014 is private Indian
fm based in Bangalore, Royal Elegance Technologes Pv. Lid was formed for
the purmace of offering software and hardware development services to the
hi technology industry
We provide cost effective and innovative embedded systems solutions to
business, inelading both hardware design and software development, with
experts covering many pcocessors/ mire controllers and eal me operating
Systems The company relies heavily on Inncvaton apd cuting-ecge
‘echrologes to provide 9 wie spectram of eeliable hardware slutions 2nd
applications. Elegance Technologies operates with a roster of Independent
Consultants that ae retained on a project by project basis.
(Our Vision: RET woud lke fo be a major actor inthe Embedded Systems
Service industry, dealing with several OEM's & thet Tle 1 Suppliers.
(Our Masson: RET is committed to deliver high quaity & Cost effective
engineering design services to leading edge technology provides.
Contact details: wwnxryolelegencetec com
HED sanuany 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
[Link]PU iC iNca DME
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QUEUE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Gu WATER VENDING CONTROLLERSRS COMPONENTS.
1S Components is the world’s lading high service distributor of electronics
and. maintenance products. The group serves 18 milion customers
worlduide its product and service portfolio supports the entire product
ltecydle from RAD tivough pre-production to maitenance and repat, with
£50,000 products rom 2500 leading suppliers, ranging from semiconductors
and optoelectronics to power tools and protective thing
BS India has alays been at the forefront of high service distribution in the
Indian marke, Is electrons oro incorporates semiconductor, passe
and electromechanical components, test and measurement equipment ana
the tools needed 0 support every design engineers jo,
RS Components has been supporting engineers around the world with the
latest of technologies including Raspberry), evelopment boards & other
products to enable 9 te oT environment Weve been stocking products t9
Support EDs Internet of Things product innovations.
DesigaSparkcom has been another innovation from RS Components thet
supports the engineers wih FREE PCB designing software, FREE 30 modeling
Software and a complete suite of FREE technical softwares,
with over 5000 new products introduced online each month, we ervey
coffer 85 lakh product rom over 2500 brands
‘Contact details ww [Link]
TECHNO SPHERE INC
TechnoSphereln, ocatedin Bengaluru, Karnatake provide complete product
life eyle support In terms of Product Design, Assembly, Manufacturing 2nd
Testing. The company has developed an excellent range of products since
it commenced operations in 2012 and our vision Isto be one ofthe mast
preferred corapanies for Design and Development in Electronics industry.
‘Area of Operations:
Design and Development (Embedded systems, Power Electronics), Tansfer
of Technology, PCB Layout [Link] Manufacturing Electronic
Manufacturing Serie (EMS)
Products and Services:
Design and Development, PCB Layout Design, Electronic Manufacturing
service (EMS)
Contact detail: wun echnospherindin in
SEMIKART
Semikar coms fis of ts kind desicated online marketplace fr Electronics
{Components and Alled Engineering services) products, where customers
can search, compare & place the order for electvonics components and
allied engineering services. Semikart is engineerec to simply the process of
Sourcing /manefacturing of electronic products for SME industries to reach
fut she cemancing "Time-to-Ataret” and "Time-to-aunch” challenge, Out
(Objective to build the ecosystem around silicon withthe participation ot
‘multiple vendors across the inst.
\We being the demand eration marketplace, shall work as an extended sales
{arm ofthe company to promote your preducts though online &ofine sales
{cts which helps to get an incremental sales.
contact details ww [Link]
TORADEX SYSTEMS (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED
Toredex is a Switzerlané-based company wih fs branches around the
word, offering rugged and compact ARN:-based system on medules (Ms)
and customized SBCs, Powered by NVIDIA Tegra 2, Tegra 3 ond Tegra KI
processors: and NXP LM 6, MK 7 and Vybrid the pir-compatible SoMs
Ole sealabiity in terms of price, performance, power consumption and V0.
In adsison to rect online sles and long-term product valli, Tradex
oflesirect premium support and oxstock avallablty with aca warehouses.
Founded in Suiterand in 2003, our network today stretches aross the globe
uithoffeesin USA, Vietnam, Chin, India, Japan, an Brain India, Tradex
Isheadquarteredin Bengaluru, with offices in Pune and New Dah
Contact details: [Link], O12 4103 7185,
SYSTEM LEVEL SOLUTIONS (INDIA) PVT. LTD.
Founded in 200, System Leve! Solutions fan integration specialist that offers
‘the most innovative solutions ranging rom iniectual property, hardware
Software design, t9 manufacturing amongst many ethers. S15 provides the
fight solutions and predicts that allow the desiness to create # inning
predict and launch ln he market at 2s pace,
SIS provides unmatched creativity in design and integration that allows
‘the developers in manoeuvrings the isues inherent in combining disparate
hardware, sofware, cloudand PLS nt only offers IP Core services as 3 care
competency but als provides design and manufacturing services - making it
3 one-stop solution for all the designer requirements
‘Contact details: worw-slscorpcom, 02692 232501
TOSHNIWAL SENSING DEVICES PVT LTD
Teshniwal Sensing Devices Private Limited (TSDPL) was incorporated in Amer
In 1984, and become a leading supplier of variety of insurers,
Reckoned as 2 speatheading force in the instrumentation Industry, the
‘company has more than three decades of experince in gat aensos, phat
Sensor, evel sensor, RTD elements, data logger, humidity product, warning
lamps, odor meters, particle sensors, high temperature ceramic products,
ther temperature sensors and nstuments.
Its knowledge based marketing professionals work in coordination with the
lent, understanding their ceguirements and providing the best solsions
‘ha company's extended reach win the country enables itodelverqualty
products and services within a stipulated timeframe.
Te dictum on which the company tries to strive continuously is quality
enhancement and technolegcal excellence. The quest for excelenceat TSOPL
isnot just a process, but also away of lif. A determination to move up the
value chain in process, products and performance has resulted in TSDPL Being
acknowledged fr is excellence. The alL nia network of branch fies and
representatives provides local service and technical support
Contact etal: [Link], #4145 2685482
EB sanvany 2018 | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
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A ignitariuTRANSFER MULTISORT ELEKTRONIK
TIME isa family company created in 1990 in Ld (Poland, 1 evoked from
2 small shop that offered electronic components for service and small
production purposes,
Currently, we are one of the biggest global distributors of electronic,
cleetromechanles, Industral automate components 9+ well a3 workolace
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{Tue supplies simast 100,000 eampanies in over 130 countries and sends
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‘manufactured by the majority of sigiicant electronic component producers,
‘he development of the company triggered the continuous process of
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‘Contact details: wy, [Link]
V5 SEMICONDUCTORS
Indian based Semiconductors & Electronics Distribution and Design Services
‘company established Inthe year 2013 with 40+ years of overall experience
Is located at Bengaluru & Hyserabad. With its enthusiosie team capable
of achieving high standards af industry competency and experience helps
customers integrate cutting edge technology to streamline their design
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fakingmuch laser to meet sme-o-market schedules Serving semiconductor
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team is adGressig Electonics System Oesgn 4 Manufacturing ~ ESDM
co system as a Reliable partner with key offerings such as: Distribution
Services, Warehouse & Fulfiment Services, PCB Desian Serdiees, Electronic
Manufacturing Seraces & Turnkey Solvtan services
Contact details: [Link]
UCHI EMBEDDED SOLUTIONS
ch Embedded Solutons worksinthe ld cfembedded eytem development
tool. It provides tools and solutions right from the design, testing and
production of embedded electronics produets. The company aims to bing
‘ut quality products at afordabe prices. It offers ts cents an entirely now
‘experience because st deals with customers lke consulta rather than 3
Sales manager Ie suggests the right slutons wit risk fee terms Ike pre-
Sales domes, pre-sales evaluation, payment credits, buy-back polices, ete.
wet these polices, customers are Nappy to buy more whenever there i an
‘opportunity is taglne eCustomer oriented: Technically incined
Contac deta: wan, [Link]
UNISEM ELECTRONICS PVT. LTD.
Lnisem represents 28 leading global component manufacturers. At Unser
«designers hep DulldPOCS for new products At Unsem_we offer value oddes
Serves such as sti Time (T,castom design capabliies, assembly and
kiting and engineering services. We represent the world renowned capactor|
manufacturer ~ Coerel! Dubler- ints Cap fom USA. CDE spedialzes Ia
Capactor: for segments like Renewable Enersy, Aucio Amplifier, Power
‘Transmission, Ughting, Communications, Medical Power, Automobile,
Miltary & Aerospace etc, We have succesuly developed various solutions
inthe felamates/OT space. We are acove in the OT space by supporting our
customers uit ICOM GSM, GPSané GPRS modules and helping them inthe
‘design actites by designing ene apleations for them. As3 mark ef embracing
new technologies Unisem has recently got India distribution rights for Lore
modules 8 Lora network pduts Bi seven promoting Lora techneloay.
‘Area of Operations Flctrnic and lectromechanieal components
‘Segments, Telecom, Automation, Power electonics, 160
Products and Servies: Electronic component distribution & Electronic
privet desian services
Key focus areas / Emerging trends / Latest developments in the company:
Telematics, racking, Lor, LED Diver solution
Contact details: www anseroldngs com
WAFER SPACE
fer Space isan engineering sluslons company focused in Semiconductor
and Embedded Systems. Our strength is our worléciass engineering team
ombined with the ability to execute complete projets ina turnkey mode.
In Semiconductor we have experience in digital an andlog desi. Wie have
tacellent capabilites to execute semiconductor projects from RTL ta GD.
In Embedded, we have harcware, sofware and systems expertise to bull
complete Embedded systems fram spetieation, Our domain expertie spans
‘Automotive, Industral Automation, 1OT, Smart Home, Wireless, Stone,
Networking and others.
Contact detail: wunewaferspacecom
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options include two HDMI ports, two
USB 2.0 ports, one AV port, one Eth-
ernet cable port and built-in Wi-Fi,
The TV consumes 78W electricity. It
is affordably priced at 23,490 online
id comes with a one-year warranty.
Mitashi MiDE040v03. FS.
Mitashi’s 102cm LED smart TV comes
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id refresh rate of 6OHz. It packs a
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sor, 1GB RAM, 8GB NAND storage,
in-built Wi-Fi, two USB and HDML
ports, Its two speakers output a total of
30W, The TV consumes 75W power. It
is priced at about € 30,000 and comes
with three-year warranty.
Micromax Bingebox. Micromax
has introduced Bingebox series of
smart TVs, among which Siem (32
inch) LED iteration is a cost-effective
recommendation, This HD LED TV
has a speaker output of 20W. Connec
tivity options inchide built-in Wi-Fi,
LAN port, HDMI port and VGA ports
‘The TV is powered by a strong proces
sor and comes with a plethora of pre
‘installed applications like Opera TV,
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Its 109em (43-inch) iteration costs
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Onida 43FIS, Onida’s 109em FHD
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display has 60Hz refresh rate and
contrast ratio of 3000:1. Apart from
inbuilt Wi-Fi, it sports three HDMI
ports and three USB ports, which is
an advantage. The TV consumes 90W
power and costs % 30,000.
Kodak 40FHDXSMART. Kodak's
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refresh rate. It packs a quad-core
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“SUPPLEMENT | ELECTRONICS FOR YOU | JANUARY 2018 KEELBOOK REVIEW
HIT REFRESH
By Satya Nadella
An eclectic mix of three paradigms: Humans,
Technology and the change in Interface
Reviewed by Nidhi Arora
his is one of the most promi-
T nent tech tales of the era, told
by Satya Nadella, the CEO of
Microsoit - one of world’s largest tech
companies. The book is a successful
attempt by the Microsoft CEO to bring
the company closer to the hearts of the
people. It highlights how it is going to
change their lives for the better
‘While explaining about mixed real-
ity, artificial intelligence and quantum
computing, Satya says, “Originally, 1
thought of this book as a collection of
meditations from a CEO in the midst of
transformation. As someone both navé-
gating a corporate transformation. and
creating transformational technologies,
my ain was to share these experiences in
reat time rather than took back on there
years later. The Microsoft's transforma
tion of course ts ongoing. In the face of
the global economic and technological
uncertainty, we reset our mission, rep-
Tioritise our culture, and (have) built or
rebuilt strategie partnerships in order to
solidify the foundation of our business.
?
Hit
Refresh
Ques to Recover
Faure for Br
Satya Nadella
We also needed to hasten our innovative
spirit and place new, bold bets. This is
what has made Microsoft a trusted tele
brand for more than forty years.”
“The book deals with lots of technol-
‘ogy but has human leadership lessons
for all of us in the corporate world. It
brings together the mysticism of modern
technology and ties it o the thread of
empathy.
‘The journey begins with Satya as a
‘young bright boy from India, whose life
isall about playing cricket and lo
code. Things change for him when he
is unable to qualify for IT. He survives
the failure due to the lessons he has
learnt from playing cricket,
He explains in the book his per-
sonal quest for education that had
brought him to the US for his masters’
degree and landed him in the Silicon
Valley. And how, due to the HI-B visa
chaos, his married life was impacted.
Satya says his entire change in
life's perspective and priorities hap-
pened when he had to take care of
his two special-needs children. He
brought his EQ (emotional quotient)
to mateh his 1Q (intelligence quo-
tient), to understand the human lives
better, and beyond the boundaries of
digital binary code built around digits
zero and one.
Satya gives lots of importance to
innovation throughout the book. He
recognises that to succeed in today’s
competitive eta, the rivals need to
build fostering partnerships for the
greater good, else, survival of eve-
ryone is going to be difficult. In the
chapter titled ‘Friends or Frenemies,
he supports this with Microsoft cases
like partnership with open source
Linux, collaboration with Apple to
introduce Microsoft applications on
Mae, and many more.
In the last chapter, ‘Restoring Eco:
nomic Growth For Everyone; Satya
gives the world the formula for eco-
nomic growth:
“Sum of
(Education + Innovation)
x Intensity of Tech Use
= Economic Growth”
Satya emphasizes that, in the digi-
tal age, software isthe king. He brings
into limelight the apprehensions
regarding the advent and adaptation of
artificial intelligence. Clarifying that,
in the future, machines would take
up the highly intelligent computing
and mechanical tasks, leaving space
for humans to be more humane and
focus on activities that are core to
our nature, and evolve. Further, arti-
ficial intelligence will empower us to
develop the next wave of tech, which
isbeyond the current data trend, EB
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