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REJINPAUL QUESTION BANK

CS6704 -RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
QUESTION BANK
VII SEMESTER

SYLLABUS
UNIT I LINEAR PROGRAMMING 9

Principal components of decision problem – Modeling phases – LP Formulation and

graphic solution –Resource allocation problems – Simplex method – Sensitivity analysis.

UNIT II DUALITY AND NETWORKS 9

Definition of dual problem – Primal – Dual relation ships – Dual simplex methods – Post
optimality analysis – Transportation and assignment model - Shortest route problem.

UNIT III INTEGER PROGRAMMING 9

Cutting plan algorithm – Branch and bound methods, Multistage (Dynamic)
programming.

UNIT IV CLASSICAL OPTIMISATION THEORY: 9

Unconstrained external problems, Newton – Ralphson method – Equality constraints –
Jacobean methods – Lagrangian method – Kuhn – Tucker conditions – Simple problems.

UNIT V OBJECT SCHEDULING: 9

Network diagram representation – Critical path method – Time charts and resource
leveling – PERT.

TEXT BOOK:
1. H.A. Taha, “Operation Research”, Prentice Hall of India, 2002.
REFERENCES:
1. Paneer Selvam, ‘Operations Research’, Prentice Hall of India, 2002
2. Anderson ‘Quantitative Methods for Business’, 8th Edition, Thomson Learning, 2002.
3. Winston ‘Operation Research’, Thomson Learning, 2003.
4. Vohra, ‘Quantitative Techniques in Management’, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2002.
5. Anand Sarma, ‘Operation Research’, Himalaya Publishing House, 2003.

UNIT I -LINEAR PROGRAMMING 9

Principal components of decision problem – Modeling phases – LP Formulation and

graphic solution –Resource allocation problems – Simplex method – Sensitivity analysis.
1. What is linear programming?
Linear programming is a technique used for determining optimum utilization of limited
resources to meet out the given objectives. The objective is to maximize the profit or minimize
the resources (men, machine, materials and money)

2. Write the general mathematical formulation of LPP.

1. Objective function

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Max or Min Z = C1x1 + C2x2+ …..+ Cnxn

2. Subject to the constraints
a11x1+a12x2+…………+ a1nxn (≤=≥)b1
a21x1+a22x2+…………+ a2nxn (≤=≥)b2
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
am1x1+am2x2+…………+ amnxn (≤=≥)bm
3. Non-negative constraints
x1,x2,….xm≥ 0
3. What are the characteristic of LPP?
 There must be a well defined objective function.
 There must be alternative course of action to choose.
 Both the objective functions and the constraints must be linear equation or inequalities.
4. What are the characteristic of standard form of LPP?
 The objective function is of maximization type.
 All the constraint equation must be of equal type by adding slack or surplus variables
 RHS of the constraint equation must be positive type
 All the decision variables are of positive type
5. What are the characteristics of canonical form of LPP? (NOV ’07)
In canonical form, if the objective function is of maximization type, then all constraints
are of ≤ type. Similarly if the objective function is of minimization type, then all constraints are
of ≥ type. But non-negative constraints are ≥type for both cases.
6. A firm manufactures two types of products A and B and sells them at profit of Rs 2 on
type A and Rs 3 on type B. Each product is processed on two machines M1 and [Link] A
requires 1 minute of processing time on M1 and 2 minutes on M2 Type B requires 1 minute
of processing time on M1 and 1 minute on M2. Machine M1 is available for not more than
6 hours 40 minutes while machine M2 is available for 10 hours during any working day.
Formulate the problem as a LPP so as to maximize the profit. (MAY ’07)
Maximize z =2x1 +3x2
Subject tot the constraints:
x1 + x2 ≤ 400
2x1 + x2 ≤ 600
x1 ,x2≥ 0
7. A company sells two different products A and B , making a profit of Rs.40 and Rs. 30 per
unit on them,[Link] are produced in a common production process and are sold
in two different markets, the production process has a total capacity of 30,000 man-hours.
It takes three hours to produce a unit of A and one hour to produce a unit of B. The market
has been surveyed and company official feel that the maximum number of units of A that
can be sold is 8,000 units and that of B is 12,000 units. Subject to these limitations, products
can be sold in any combination. Formulate the problem as a LPP so as to maximize the
profit
Maximize z =40x1 +30x2
Subject tot the constraints:
3x1 + x2 ≤ 30,000
x1 ≤ 8000
x2 ≤ 12000

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x1 ,x2≥ 0
8. What is feasibility region? (MAY ’08)
Collections of all feasible solutions are called a feasible set or region of an optimization
model. Or A region in which all the constraints are satisfied is called feasible region.
9. What is feasibility region in an LP problem? Is ti necessary that it should always be a
convex set?
A region in which all the constraints are satisfied is called feasible region. The feasible
region of an LPP is always convex set.
10. Define solution
A set of variables x1,x2….xn which satisfies the constraints of LPP is called a solution.
11. Define feasible solution? (MAY ’07)
Any solution to a LPP which satisfies the non negativity restrictions of LPP’s called the feasible
solution
12. Define optimal solution of LPP. (MAY ’09)
Any feasible solution which optimizes the objective function of the LPP’s called the
optimal solution

13. State the applications of linear programming

 Work scheduling
 Production planning & production process
 Capital budgeting
 Financial planning
 Blending
 Farm planning
 Distribution
 Multi-period decision problem
Inventory model
Financial model
Work scheduling
14. State the Limitations of LP.
 LP treats all functional relations as linear
 LP does not take into account the effect of time and uncertainty
 No guarantee for integer solution. Rounding off may not feasible or optimal solution.
 Deals with single objective, while in real life the situation may be difficult.
15. What do you understand by redundant constraints?
In a given LPP any constraint does not affect the feasible region or solution space then
the constraint is said to be a redundant constraint.
16. Define Unbounded solution?
If the feasible solution region does not have a bounded area the maximum value of Z
occurs at infinity. Hence the LPP is said to have unbounded solution.
17. Define Multiple Optimal solution?
A LPP having more than one optimal solution is said to have alternative or multiple
optimal solutions.
18. What is slack variable?

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If the constraint as general LPP be <= type then a non negative variable is introduced to
convert the inequalities into equalities are called slack variables. The values of these variables
are interpretedas the amount of unused resources.
19. What are surplus variables?
If the constraint as general LPP be >= type then a non negative
is introduced to convert the inequalities into equalities are called the surplus variables.
20. Define Basic solution?
Given a system of m linear equations with n variables(m<n).The solution obtained by
setting (n-m) variables equal to zero and solving for the remaining m variables is called a basic
solution.

21. Define non Degenerate Basic feasible solution?

The basic solution is said to be a non degenerate basic solution if None of the basic
variables is zero.
22. Define degenerate basic solution?
A basic solution is said to be a degenerate basic solution if one or more of the basic
variables are zero.
23. What is the function of minimum ratio?
 To determine the basic variable to leave
 To determine the maximum increase in basic variable
 To maintain the feasibility of following solution
24. From the optimum simplex table how do you identify that LPP has unbounded
solution?
To find the leaving variables the ratio is computed. The ratio is
<=0 then there is an unbounded solution to the given LPP.
25. From the optimum simplex table how do you identify that the LPP has no solution?
If atleast one artificial variable appears in the basis at zero level with a +ve value in the
Xb column and the optimality condition is satisfied
then the original problem has no feasible solution.

26. How do you identify that LPP has no solution in a two phase method?
If all Zj – Cj ≤ 0 & then atleast one artificial variable appears in the optimum basis at non
zero level the LPP does not possess any solution.
27. What do you understand by degeneracy?
The concept of obtaining a degenerate basic feasible solution in LPP is known as
degeneracy. This may occur in the initial stage when atleast one basic variable is zero in the
initial basic feasible solution.
28. Write the standard form of LPP in the matrix notation?
In matrix notation the canonical form of LPP can be expressed as
Maximize Z = CX(obj fn.)
Sub to AX <= b(constraints) and X >= 0 (non negative restrictions)
Where C = (C1,C2,…..Cn),

A= a11 a12 ….. a1n X = x1 b = b1

a21 a22….. a2n , x2 , b2
. . .

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. . .
am1 am2…. amn xn bn
29. Define basic variable and non-basic variable in linear programming.
A basic solution to the set of constraints is a solution obtained by setting any n variables
equal to zero and solving for remaining m variables not equal to zero. Such m variables are
called basic variables and remaining n zero variables are called non-basic variables.
[Link] the following LP problem by graphical method. (MAY ’08)
Maximize z =6x1 +4x2 Subject tot the constraints:
x1 + x2 ≤ 5
x2≥ 8
x1 ,x2≥ 0
31. Define unrestricted variable and artificial variable. (NOV ’07)
 Unrestricted Variable :A variable is unrestricted if it is allowed to take on positive,
negative or zero values
 Artificial variable :One type of variable introduced in a linear program model in order to
find an initial basic feasible solution; an artificial variable is used for equality constraints
and for greater-than or equal inequality constraints

PART – B

1. Use Two – Phase simplex method to solve the following LPP.

Maximize Z = 3X1 + 2 X2
Subject to the constraints
2 X1 + X2 ≤ 2
3 X1 + 4 X2 ≥ 12
X1, X2 ≥ 0.
2. Use Big-M method to solve the following LPP.
Maximize Z = 3X1 - X2
Subject to the constraints
2 X1 + X2 ≥ 2
X1 + 3 X2 ≤ 3
X2 ≤ 4
X1, X2 ≥ 0.
3. Use Big-M method to solve the following LPP.
Minimize Z = 2X1 + X2
Subject to the constraints
3X1 + X2 = 3
4X1 + 3X2 ≥ 6
X1 + 2X2 ≤ 3
X1, X2 ≥ 0.
4. Use Big-M method to solve the following LPP.
Maximize Z = 2X1 + X2 + 3 X3
Subject to the constraints
X1 + X2 + 2X3 ≤ 5
2X1 + 3X2 + 4X3 = 12
X1, X2, X3 ≥ 0.

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5. Use Big-M method to solve the following LPP.

Maximize Z = 2X1 +3 X2 + 4X3
Subject to the constraints
3X1 + X2 + 4X3 ≤ 600
2X1 + 4X2 + 2X3 ≥ 480
2X1 + 3X2 + 3X3 = 540
X1, X2, X3 ≥ 0.

6. Use artificial variable technique to solve the LPP.

Maximize Z = X1 +2 X2 + 3X3 – X4
Subject to the constraints
X1 + 2X2 + 3X3 = 15
2X1 + X2 + 5X3 = 20
X1 + 2X2 + X3 + X4 = 10
X1, X2, X3 ,X4 ≥ 0.
7. Solve the following LPP by Big-M method
Minimize Z = 2X1 + 3X2
Subject to the constraints
X1 + X2 ≥ 5
X1 + 2X2 ≥ 6
X1, X2 ≥ 0.
8. Use Simplex method to solve the LPP
Maximize Z = 3X1 + 5X2
Subject to the constraints
3X1 + 2X2 ≤ 18
0 ≤ X1 ≤ 4
0 ≤ X2 ≤ 6
9. Use simplex method to solve the LPP.
Maximize Z = 4X1 + 10X2
Subject to the constraints
2X1 + X2 ≤ 50
2X1 + 5X2 ≤ 100
2X1 + 3X2 ≤ 90 and
X1, X2 ≥ 0.
10. Use Simplex method to solve the LPP.
Maximize Z = 15X1 +6 X2 + 9X3 +2X4
Subject to the constraints
2X1 + X2 + 5X3 + 6X4 ≤ 20
3X1 + X2 + 3X3 + 25X4 ≤ 24
7X1 + X4 ≤ 70
X1, X2, X3 ,X4 ≥ 0.
11. Use graphical method to solve the following LPP.
Maximize Z = 2X1 + X2
Subject to the constraints
X1 +2 X2 ≤ 10
X1 + X2 ≤ 6

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X1 - X2 ≤ 2
X1 - 2X2 ≤ 1 and
X1, X2 ≥ 0.
12. Solve the LPP by graphical Method.
Maximize Z = 3X1 + 5X2
Subject to the constraints
-3X1 +4 X2 ≤ 12
2X1 - X2 ≥ -2
2X1 + 3X2 ≥ 12
X1 ≤ 4
X2 ≥ 2 and X1, X2 ≥ 0.
13. Solve by graphically
Maximize Z = 6X1 + 4X2
Subject to the constraints
X1 + X2 ≤ 5
X2 ≥ 8
X1, X2 ≥ 0.
14. Solve by graphically
Maximize Z = 100X1 + 40X2
Subject to the constraints
5X1 + 2X2 ≤ 1000
3X1 + 2X2 ≤ 900
X1 + 2X2 ≤ 500
X1, X2 ≥ 0
15. A company produces refrigerator in Unit I and heater in Unit II. The two products are
produced and sold on a weekly basis. The weekly production cannot exceed 25 in unit I and 36
in Unit II, due to constraints 60 workers are employed. A refrigerator requires 2 man week of
labour, while a heater requires 1 man week of labour, the profit available is Rs. 600 per
refrigerator and Rs. 400 per heater. Formulate the LPP problem.
16. A firm manufactures two types of products A and B and sells them at profit of Rs 2 on type
A and Rs 3 on type B. Each product is processed on two machines M1 and [Link] A requires
1 minute of processing time on M1 and 2 minutes on M2 Type B requires 1 minute of processing
time on M1 and 1 minute on M2. Machine M1 is available for not more than 6 hours 40 minutes
while machine M2 is available for 10 hours during any working day. Formulate the problem as a
LPP so as to maximize the profit.
17. A company sells two different products A and B , making a profit of Rs.40 and Rs. 30 per
unit on them, respectively. They are produced in a common production process and are sold in
two different markets, the production process has a total capacity of 30,000 man-hours. It takes
three hours to produce a unit of A and one hour to produce a unit of B. The market has been
surveyed and company official feel that the maximum number of units of A that can be sold is
8,000 units and that of B is 12,000 units. Subject to these limitations, products can be sold in any
combination. Formulate the problem as a LPP so as to maximize the profit

UNIT-II
UNIT II DUALITY AND NETWORKS 9

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Definition of dual problem – Primal – Dual relation ships – Dual simplex methods – Post
optimality analysis – Transportation and assignment model - Shortest route problem

1. Define transportation problem.

It is a special type of linear programming model in which the goods are shipped from
various origins to different destinations. The objective is to find the best possible allocation of
goods from various origins to different destinations such that the total transportation cost is
minimum.

2. Define the following: Feasible solution

A set of non-negative decision values xij (i=1,2,….m; j=1,2…n) satisfies the constraint
equations is called a feasible solution.

3. Define the following: basic feasible solution

A basic feasible solution is said to be basic if the number of positive allocations are m+n-
1.( m-origin and n-destination).If the number of allocations are less than (m+n-1) it is called
degenerate basic feasible solution.

4. Define optimal solution in transportation problem

A feasible solution is said to be optimal, if it minimizes the total transportation cost.

5. What are the methods used in transportation problem to obtain the initial basic feasible
solution.
 North-west corner rule
 Lowest cost entry method or matrix minima method
 Vogel’s approximation method
6. Write down the basic steps involved in solving a transportation problem.
 To find the initial basic feasible solution
 To find an optimal solution by making successive improvements from the initial basic
feasible solution.

7. What do you understand by degeneracy in a transportation problem? (NOV ’07)

If the number of occupied cells in a m x n transportation problem is less than ( m+n-1)
then the problem is said to be degenerate.

8. What is balanced transportation problem& unbalanced transportation problem?

When the sum of supply is equal to demands, then the problem is said to be
balanced transportation problem.
A transportation problem is said to be unbalanced if the total supply is not equal to the
total demand.

9. How do you convert an unbalanced transportation problem into a balanced one?

The unbalanced transportation problem is converted into a balanced one by adding a
dummy row (source) or dummy column (destination) whichever is necessary. The unit
transportation cost of the dummy row/ column elements are assigned to zero. Then the problem
is solved by the usual procedure.

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10. Explain how the profit maximization transportation problem can be converted to an
equivalent cost minimization transportation problem. (MAY ’08)
If the objective is to maximize the profit or maximize the expected sales we have to
convert these problems by multiplying all cell entries by -[Link] the maximization problem
becomes a minimization and it can be solved by the usual algorithm

11. Determine basic feasible solution to the following transportation problem using least
cost method. (MAY ’09)
A B C D SUPPLY
P 1 2 1 4 30
Q 3 3 2 1 50
R 4 2 5 9 20
Demand 20 40 30 10

12. Define transshipment problems?

A problem in which available commodity frequently moves from one source to another
source or destination before reaching its actual destination is called transshipment problems.

13. What is the difference between Transportation problem & Transshipment Problem?
In a transportation problem there are no intermediate shipping points while in
transshipment problem there are intermediate shipping points

14. What is assignment problem?

An assignment problem is a particular case of a transportation problem in which a
number of operations are assigned to an equal number of operators where each operator performs
only one operation, the overall objective is to maximize the total profit or minimize the overall
cost of the given assignment.

15. Explain the difference between transportation and assignment problems?

Transportation problems Assignment problems

1) supply at any source may be a Supply at any source will

any positive quantity. be 1.

2) Demand at any destination may Demand at any destination

be a positive quantity. will be 1.

3) One or more source to any number One source one destination.

of destination.

16. Define unbounded assignment problem and describe the steps involved in solving it?
If the no. of rows is not equal to the no. of column in the given cost matrix the problem is
said to be unbalanced. It is converted to a balanced one by adding dummy row or dummy
column with zero cost.

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17. Explain how a maximization problem is solved using assignment model?

The maximization problems are converted to a minimization one of the following
method.
(i) Since max z = min(-z)
(ii) Subtract all the cost elements all of the cost matrix from
the
Highest cost element in that cost matrix.

18. What do you understand by restricted assignment? Explain how you should
overcome it?
The assignment technique, it may not be possible to assign a particular task to a particular
facility due to technical difficulties or other restrictions. This can be overcome by assigning a
very high processing time or cost (it can be ∞) to the corresponding cell.

19. How do you identify alternative solution in assignment problem?

Sometimes a final cost matrix contains more than required number of zeroes at the
independent position. This implies that there is more than one optimal solution with some
optimum assignment cost.

20. What is a traveling salesman problem?

A salesman normally must visit a number of cities starting from his head quarters. The
distance between every pair of cities are assumed to be known. The problem of finding the
shortest distance if the salesman starts from his head quarters and passes through each city
exactly once and returns to the headquarters is called Traveling Salesman problem.

21. Define route condition?

The salesman starts from his headquarters and passes through each city exactly once.

22. Give the areas of operations of assignment problems?

Assigning jobs to machines.
Allocating men to jobs/machines.
Route scheduling for a traveling salesman.

PART-B
1. How do you convert the unbalanced assignment problem into a balanced one? (MAY
’08)
Since the assignment is one to one basis , the problem have a square matrix. If the
given problem is not square matrix add a dummy row or dummy column and then convert
it into a balanced one (square matrix). Assign zero cost values for any dummy row/column
and solve it by usual assignment method.

[Link] the minimum cost To constmetium sites Capacity

distribution plan to satisfy tones/mo
demand for cement at three nths

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cremation sites from available

capacities at three cement plants
given the following transportation
costs(in Rs) per tone of cements
moved from plants to sites From
P1 Rs.300 Rs.360 Rs.425 Rs.600
P2 Rs.390 Rs.340 Rs.310 Rs.300
P3 Rs.255 Rs.295 Rs.275 Rs.1000
Demand tones/months 400 500 800
[Link] the following assignments problems
I II III IV V
A 10 5 9 18 11
B 13 19 6 12 14
C 3 2 4 4 5
D 18 9 12 17 15
E 11 6 14 19 10

[Link] the TP where cell entries are unit costs. Use vogel’s approriments method to fnd the
initial basic solution

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 AVAI
LABL
E
O1 68 35 4 74 15 18
O2 57 88 91 3 8 17
O3 91 60 75 45 60 19
O4 52 53 24 7 82 13
O5 51 18 82 13 7 15
Required 16 18 20 14 14

4.A small garments making units has five tailors stitching five different types of garments all the
five tailors are capable of stiching all the five types of garments .the output per day per tailor and
the profit(Rs.)for each type of garments are given below.
2 3 4 5
A 7 9 4 8 6
B 4 9 5 7 8
C 8 5 2 9 8
D 6 5 8 10 10
E 7 8 10 9 9
PROFIT per garment 2 3 2 3 4

Which type of garments should be assigned to which tailor in order to maximize profit, assuming
that there are no others constructs

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UNIT-III
INTEGER PROGRAMMING 9
Cutting plan algorithm – Branch and bound methods, Multistage (Dynamic)
programming.
1. Define Integer Programming Problem (IPP)? (DEC ’07)
A linear programming problem in which some or all of the variables in the optimal solution
are restricted to assume non-negative integer values is called an Integer Programming Problem
(IPP) or Integer Linear Programming

2. Explain the importance of Integer programming problem?

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In LPP the values for the variables are real in the optimal solution. However in certain
problems this assumption is unrealistic. For example if a problem has a solution of 81/2 cars to
be produced in a manufacturing company is meaningless. These types of problems require
integer values for the decision variables. Therefore IPP is necessary to round off the fractional
values.

3. List out some of the applications of IPP? (MAY ’09) (DEC ’07) (MAY ’07)
 IPP occur quite frequently in business and industry.
 All transportation, assignment and traveling salesman problems are IPP, since the
decision variables are either Zero or one.
 All sequencing and routing decisions are IPP as it requires the integer values of the
decision variables.
 Capital budgeting and production scheduling problem are PP. In fact, any situation
involving decisions of the type either to do a job or not to do can be treated as an IPP.
 All allocation problems involving the allocation of goods, men, machines, give rise to
IPP since such commodities can be assigned only integer and not fractional values.

4. List the various types of integer programming? (MAY ’07)

Mixed IPP
Pure IPP

5. What is pure IPP?

In a linear programming problem, if all the variables in the optimal solution are restricted
to assume non-negative integer values, then it is called the pure (all) IPP.

6. What is Mixed IPP?

In a linear programming problem, if only some of the variables in the optimal solution are
restricted to assume non-negative integer values, while the remaining variables are free to take
any non-negative values, then it is called A Mixed IPP.

7. What is Zero-one problem?

If all the variables in the optimum solution are allowed to take values either 0 or 1 as in
‘do’ or ‘not to do’ type decisions, then the problem is called Zero-one problem or standard
discrete programming problem.

8. What is the difference between Pure integer programming & mixed integer integer
programming.
When an optimization problem, if all the decision variables are restricted to take integer
values, then it is referred as pure integer programming. If some of the variables are allowed to
take integer values, then it is referred as mixed integer integer programming.

9. Explain the importance of Integer Programming?

In linear programming problem, all the decision variables allowed to take any non-
negative real values, as it is quite possible and appropriate to have fractional values in many
situations. However in many situations, especially in business and industry, these decision
variables make sense only if they have integer values in the optimal solution. Hence a new

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procedure has been developed in this direction for the case of LPP subjected to additional
restriction that the decision variables must have integer values.

10. Why not round off the optimum values in stead of resorting to IP? (MAY ’08)
There is no guarantee that the integer valued solution (obtained by simplex method) will
satisfy the constraints. i.e. ., it may not satisfy one or more constraints and as such the new
solution may not feasible. So there is a need for developing a systematic and efficient algorithm
for obtaining the exact optimum integer solution to an IPP.

11. What are methods for IPP? (MAY ’08)

Integer programming can be categorized as
(i) Cutting methods
(ii) Search Methods.

12. What is cutting method?

A systematic procedure for solving pure IPP was first developed by [Link] in 1958.
Later on, he extended the procedure to solve mixed IPP, named as cutting plane algorithm, the
method consists in first solving the IPP as ordinary [Link] ignoring the integrity restriction and
then introducing additional constraints one after the other to cut certain part of the solution space
until an integral solution is obtained.

13. What is search method?

It is an enumeration method in which all feasible integer points are enumerated. The
widely used search method is the Branch and Bound Technique. It also starts with the continuous
optimum, but systematically partitions the solution space into sub problems that eliminate parts
that contain no feasible integer solution. It was originally developed by [Link] and [Link].

14. Explain the concept of Branch and Bound Technique?

The widely used search method is the Branch and Bound Technique. It starts with the
continuous optimum, but systematically partitions the solution space into sub problems that
eliminate parts that contain no feasible integer solution. It was originally developed by [Link]
and [Link].

15. Give the general format of IPP?

The general IPP is given by
Maximize Z = CX
Subject to the constraints
AX ≤ b,
X ≥ 0 and some or all variables are integer.

16. Write an algorithm for Gomory’s Fractional Cut algorithm?

1. Convert the minimization IPP into an equivalent maximization IPP and all the
coefficients and constraints should be integers.
2. Find the optimum solution of the resulting maximization LPP by using simplex
method.
3. Test the integrity of the optimum solution.

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4. Rewrite each XBi

5. Express each of the negative fractions if any, in the kth row of the optimum simplex
table as the sum of a negative integer and a non-negative fraction.
6. Find the fractional cut constraint
7. Add the fractional cut constraint at the bottom of optimum simplex table obtained in
step 2.
8. Go to step 3 and repeat the procedure until an optimum integer solution is obtained.
17. What is the purpose of Fractional cut constraints?
In the cutting plane method, the fractional cut constraints cut the unuseful area of the
feasible region in the graphical solution of the problem. i.e. cut that area which has no integer-
valued feasible solution. Thus these constraints eliminate all the non-integral solutions without
loosing any integer-valued solution.
18.A manufacturer of baby dolls makes two types of dolls, doll X and doll Y. Processing of
these dolls is done on two machines A and B. Doll X requires 2 hours on machine A and 6
hours on Machine B. Doll Y requires 5 hours on machine A and 5 hours on Machine B.
There are 16 hours of time per day available on machine A and 30 hours on machine B.
The profit is gained on both the dolls is same. Format this as IPP?
Let the manufacturer decide to manufacture x1 the number of doll X and x2 number of
doll Y so as to maximize the profit. The complete formulation of the IPP is given by
Maximize Z = x1+x2
Subject to 2 x1 + 5 x2 ≤16
6 x1+ 5 x2 ≤30
and ≥0 and are integers.

19. Explain Gomory’s Mixed Integer Method?

The problem is first solved by continuous LPP by ignoring the integrity condition. If the
values of the integer constrained variables are integers, then the current solution is an optimal
solution to the given mixed IPP. Else select the source row which corresponds to the largest
fractional part among these basic variables which are constrained to be integers. Then construct
the Gomarian constraint from the source row. Add this secondary constraint at the bottom of the
optimum simplex table and use dual simplex method to obtain the new feasible optimal solution.
Repeat this procedure until the values of the integer restricted variables are integers in the
optimum solution obtained.

20. What is the geometrical meaning of portioned or branched the original problem?
Geometrically it means that the branching process eliminates portion of the feasible
region that contains no feasible-integer solution. Each of the sub-problems solved separately as a
LPP.
21. What is standard discrete programming problem?
If all the variables in the optimum solution are allowed to take values either 0 or 1 as in
‘do’ or ‘not to do’ type decisions, then the problem is called standard discrete programming
problem.
22. What is the disadvantage of branched or portioned method?
It requires the optimum solution of each sub problem. In large problems this could be
very tedious job.

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23. How can you improve the efficiency of portioned method?

The computational efficiency of portioned method is increased by using the concept of
bounding. By this concept whenever the continuous optimum solution of a sub problem yields a
value of the objective function lower than that of the best available integer solution it is useless
to explore the problem any further consideration. Thus once a feasible integer solution is
obtained, its associative objective function can be taken as a lower bound to delete inferior sub-
problems. Hence efficiency of a branch and bound method depends upon how soon the
successive sub-problems are fathomed.
[Link] are the condition of branch and bound method
[Link] values of the decision variables of the problem are integer
[Link] upper bound of the problem which has non-integer values for its decision variables
is not greater than the current best lower bound
3. The problem has an infeasible solution
25. What are Traditional approach to solving integer programming problems.

 Feasible solutions can be partitioned into smaller subsets

 Smaller subsets evaluated until best solution is found.
 Method is a tedious and complex mathematical process

PART-B
1. Find the optimum integer solution to the following LPP.
Maximize Z = X1 + X2
Subject to the constraints
3 X1 + 2 X2 ≤ 5
X2 ≤ 2
X1, X2 ≥ 0 and are integers.
2. Solve the following ILPP.
Maximize Z = X1 + 2X2
Subject to the constraints
2 X2 ≤ 7
X1 + X2 ≤ 7
2X2 ≤ 11
X1, X2 ≥ 0 and are integers.

3. Solve the following ILPP.

Maximize Z = 11X1 + 4X2
Subject to the constraints
-X1 + 2X2 ≤ 4
5X1 + 2X2 ≤ 16
2X1 - X2 ≤ 4
X1, X2 ≥ 0 and are non negative integers.
4. Solve the integer programming problem.
Maximize Z = 2X1 + 20X2 - 10X3

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Subject to the constraints

2X1 + 20X2 + 4X3 ≤ 15
6X1 + 20X2 + 4X3 ≤ 20
X1, X2, X3 ≥ 0 and are integers.
5. Solve the following mixed integer linear programming problem using Gomarian’s cutting
plane method.
Maximize Z = X1 + X2
Subject to the constraints
3 X1 + 2 X2 ≤ 5
X2 ≤ 2
X1, X2 ≥ 0 and X1 is an integer.
6. Solve the following mixed integer programming problem.
Maximize Z = 7X1 + 9 X2
Subject to the constraints
-X1 + 3X2 ≤ 6
7X1 + X2 ≤ 35
and X1, X2, ≥ 0, X1 is an integer.
7. Solve the following mixed integer programming problem.
Maximize Z = 4X1 + 6X2 + 2X3
Subject to the constraints
4X1 - 4X2 ≤ 5
-X1 + 6X2 ≤ 5
-X1 + X2 + X3 ≤ 5
and X1, X2, X3 ≥ 0, and X1 , X3 are integers.
8. Use Branch and bound algorithm to solve the following ILPP
Maximize Z = 11X1 + 4X2
Subject to the constraints
-X1 + 2X2 ≤ 4
5X1 + 2X2 ≤ 16
2X1 - X2 ≤ 4
X1, X2 ≥ 0 and are non negative integers

9. Use Branch and bound algorithm to solve the following ILPP

Maximize Z = X1 + 4X2
Subject to the constraints
2X1 + 4X2 ≤ 7
5X1 + 3X2 ≤ 15
X1, X2 ≥ 0 and are integers.
10. Use Branch and bound algorithm to solve the following ILPP
Maximize Z = 2X1 + 2X2
Subject to the constraints
5X1 + 3X2 ≤ 8
X1 + 2X2 ≤ 4
X1, X2 ≥ 0 and are integers.

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UNIT-IV
CLASSICAL OPTIMISATION THEORY
Unconstrained external problems, Newton – Ralphson method – Equality constraints –
Jacobean methods – Lagrangian method – Kuhn – Tucker conditions – Simple problems.
PART-A
1. Discuss the different types of nonlinear programming problems.
 Price elasticity
 Product-mix problem
 Graphical nillustration
 Global and local optimum
2. Explain the application areas of nonlinear programming problems.
 Transportation problem
 Product mix problem
 NP Problems
3. State the Lagrangean model.

4. What is Newton Ralphson method?

Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a method for finding successively better approximations
to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function
5. State the equality constraints.

6. Define Jacobean method.

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7. State the Kuhn-Tucker conditions.

[Link] constraint qualification.
[Link] independence constraint qualification (LICQ):
[Link]–Fromovitz constraint qualification (MFCQ):
[Link] rank constraint qualification (CRCQ):
[Link] positive linear dependence constraint qualification (CPLD):
8. Define nonlinear programming.
Nonlinear programming is the process of solving an optimization problem defined by a
system of equalities and inequalities, collectively termed constraints, over a set of
unknown real variables, along with an objective function to be maximized or minimized,
where some of the constraints or the objective function are nonlinear.

[Link] the general format of non linear programming

Let n, m, and p be positive integers. Let X be a subset of Rn, let f, gi, and hj be real-
valued functions on X for each i in {1, …, m} and each j in {1, …, p}.

A nonlinear minimization problem is an optimization problem of the form

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[Link] the format of Newton Ralphson method

[Link] re the optimisation problems

 Constrained optimisation problems
 Un Constrained optimisation problems

PART-B
1. Solve the following non linear programming problem using Langrangean multipliers method.
Minimize Z=4X12+2X22+X32-4X1X2

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Subject to
X1+X2+X3=15
2X1-X2+2X3=20
X1,X2 AND X3 ≥0
2. Solve the following non linear programming problem using Kuhn-Tucker conditions.
Maximize Z=8X1+10X2- X12-X22
Subject to
3X1+2X2≤6
X1 and X2≥0
3. State and explain the Lagrangean method and steps involved in it with an example.
4. Explain the Kuhn-Tucker method and steps involved in it with an example.
5. Explain the Newton-Raphson method in detail and justify how it is used to solve the non
linear equations.
[Link] is Jacobian method? Explain the steps how Jacobian matrix is generated

UNIT-V
OBJECT SCHEDULING: 9
Network diagram representation – Critical path method – Time charts and resource leveling –
PERT

1. What do you mean by project?

A project is defined as a combination on inter related activities with limited resources
namely men, machines materials, money and time all of which must be executed in a defined
order for its completion.
2. What are the three main phases of project?
 Planning, Scheduling and Control

3. What are the two basic planning and controlling techniques in a network analysis?
 Critical Path Method (CPM)
 Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

4. What are the advantages of CPM and PERT techniques?

 It encourages a logical discipline in planning, scheduling and control of projects
 It helps to effect considerable reduction of project times and the cost
 It helps better utilization of resources like men,machines,materials and money with
reference to time
 It measures the effect of delays on the project and procedural changes on the overall
schedule.
5. What is the difference CPM and PERT
CPM
 Network is built on the basis of activity
 Deterministic nature
 One time estimation
PERT

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 An event oriented network

 Probabilistic nature
 Three time estimation
6. What is network?
A network is a graphical representation of a project’s operation and is composed of all
the events and activities in sequence along with their inter relationship and inter dependencies.
7. What is Event in a network diagram?
An event is specific instant of time which marks the starts and end of an activity. It
neither consumes time nor resources. It is represented by a circle.
8. Define activity?
A project consists of a number of job operations which are called activities. It is the
element of the project and it may be a process, material handling, procurement cycle etc.
9. Define Critical Activities?
In a Network diagram critical activities are those whose if consumer more than estimated
time the project will be delayed.
10. Define non critical activities?
Activities which have a provision such that the event if they consume a specified time
over and above the estimated time the project will not be delayed are termed as non critical
activities.
11. Define Dummy Activities?
When two activities start at a same time, the head event are joined by a dotted arrow
known as dummy activity which may be critical or non critical.
12. Define duration?
It is the estimated or the actual time required to complete a trade or an activity.
13. Define total project time?
It is time taken to complete to complete a project and just found from the sequence of
critical activities. In other words it is the duration of the critical path.
14. Define Critical Path?
It is the sequence of activities which decides the total project duration. It is formed by
critical activities and consumes maximum resources and time.
15. Define float or slack? (MAY ’08)
Slack is with respect to an event and float is with respect to an activity. In other words,
slack is used with PERT and float with CPM. Float or slack means extra time over and above its
duration which a non-critical activity can consume without delaying the project.
16. Define total float? (MAY ’08)
The total float for an activity is given by the total time which is available for performance
of the activity, minus the duration of the activity. The total time is available for execution of the
activity is given by the latest finish time of an activity minus the earliest start time for the
activity. Thus
Total float = Latest start time – earliest start time.
17. Define free float? (MAY ’08)
This is that part of the total float which does not affect the subsequent activities. This is
the float which is obtained when all the activities are started at the earliest.
18. Define Independent float? (MAY ’07) (MAY ’08)
If all the preceding activities are completed at their latest, in some cases, no float
available for the subsequent activities which may therefore become critical.

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Independent float = free – tail slack.

19. Define Interfering float?
Sometimes float of an activity if utilized wholly or in part, may influence the starting
time of the succeeding activities is known as interfering float.
Interfering float = latest event time of the head - earliest event time of the event.
20. Define Optimistic?
Optimistic time estimate is the duration of any activity when everything goes on very
well during the project.
21. Define Pessimistic?
Pessimistic time estimate is the duration of any activity when almost everything goes
against our will and a lot of difficulties is faced while doing a project.
22. Define most likely time estimation?
Most likely time estimate is the duration of any activity when sometimes thing go on very
well, sometimes things go on very bad while doing the project.
24. What is a parallel critical path?
When critical activities are crashed and the duration is reduced other paths may also
become critical such critical paths are called parallel critical path.
25. What is standard deviation and variance in PERT network? (NOV ’07)
The expected time of an activity in actual execution is not completely reliable and is
likely to vary. If the variability is known we can measure the reliability of the expected time as
determined from three estimates. The measure of the variability of possible activity time is given
by standard deviation, their probability distribution
Variance of the activity is the square of the standard deviation
26. Give the difference between direct cost and indirect cost? (NOV ’07)
Direct cost is directly depending upon the amount of resources involved in the execution
of all activities of the project. Increase in direct cost will decrease in project duration. Indirect
cost is associated with general and administrative expenses, insurance cost, taxes etc. Increase in
indirect cost will increase in project duration.
PART-B
1. A project schedule has the following characteristics
Activity 0–1 0–2 1–3 2–3 2–4 3–4 3–5 4–5 4-6 5-6
Time 2 3 2 3 3 0 8 7 8 6

(i). Construct Network diagram.

(ii). Compute Earliest time and latest time for each event.
(iii). Find the critical path. Also obtain the Total float, Free float and slack time and Independent
float
2.A project schedule has the following characteristics.
Activity 1–2 1–3 2–4 3–4 3–5 4–9 5–6 5–7 6–8 7-8 8– 9-
10 10
Time 4 1 1 1 6 5 4 8 1 2 5 7

(i). Construct Network diagram

(ii). Compute Earliest time and latest time for each event.
(iii). Find the critical path. Also obtain the Total float, Free float and slack time and Independent
float.

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3.A small project is composed of seven activities whose time estimates are listed in the table as
follows:
Activity Preceding Duration
Activities
A ---- 4
B ---- 7
C ---- 6
D A,B 5
E A,B 7
F C,D,E 6
G C,D,E 5

(I). Draw the network and find the project completion time.
(ii). Calculate the three floats for each activity
[Link] the total float, free float and independent float for the project whose activities are
given below:
Activity 1–2 1–3 1–5 2–3 2–4 3–4 3–5 3–6 4-6 5-6
Key 8 7 12 4 10 3 5 10 7 4
Find the critical path also.
[Link] the network for the following project and compute the earliest and latest times for each
event and also find the critical path.
Activity 1–2 1–3 2–4 3–4 4–5 4–6 5–7 6–7 7-8
Immediate Predecessor --- --- 1–2 1–3 2–4 2–4 4–5 4–6 6–7
&3- &5-
4 7
Time 5 4 6 2 1 7 8 4
[Link] following table lists the jobs of a network with their time estimates:
Job(I, j) Duration
Optim Most Pessimistic (tp)
istic likely(tm)
(to)
1–2 3 6 15
1–6 2 5 14
2–3 6 12 30
2–4 2 5 8
3–5 5 11 17
4–5 3 6 15
6–7 3 9 27
5–8 1 4 7
7–8 4 19 28

(i). Draw the project network.

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(ii). Calculate the length and variance of the Critical Path.

(iii). What is the approximate probability that the jobs on the critical path will be
completed by the due date of 42 days?
(iv). What due date has about 90 % chance of being met?
7.A small project is composed of 7 activities, whose time estimates are listed in the table below.
Activities are identified by their beginning (i) and (j) node numbers.

Job(I, j) Duration
Opti Most Pessimistic (tp)
misti likely(tm)
c (to)
1–2 1 1 7
1–3 1 4 7
1–4 2 2 8
2–5 1 1 1
3–5 2 5 14
4–6 2 5 8
5–6 3 6 15

(i). Draw the project network and identify all the paths through it.
(ii). Find the expected duration and variance for each activity. What is the expected
project length?
(iii). Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the project length. What is the probability
that the project will be completed atleast 4 weeks earlier than expected time?
[Link] following table lists the jobs of a network along with their time estimates.
Activity 1–2 1–3 2–4 3–4 3–5 4–9 5–6 5–7 6–8 7-8 8– 9-
10 10
Time 4 1 1 1 6 5 4 8 1 2 5 7

(i). Draw the project network.

(ii). Calculate the length and variance of the critical path after estimating the earliest and
latest event times for all nodes.
(iii). Find the probability of completing the project before 41 days?
9. The time estimates (in weeks) for the activities of a PERT network are given below:
Job(I, j) Duration
Opti Most Pessimistic (tp)
misti likely(tm)
c (to)
1–2 1 1 7
1–3 1 4 7
1–4 2 2 8
2–5 1 1 1
3–5 2 5 14
4–6 2 5 8
5–6 3 6 15

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(i). Determine the expected project length.

(ii). Calculate the standard deviation and variance of the project.
(iii). If the project due date is 19 weeks, what is the probability of not meeting the due date?

[Link] following table lists the jobs of a network along with their time estimates
Job(I, j) Duration
Opti Most Pessimistic (tp)
misti likely(tm)
c (to)
1–2 2 5 14
1–3 9 12 15
2–4 5 14 17
3–4 2 5 8
4–5 6 6 12
3–5 8 17 20

Draw the network. Calculate the length and variance of the critical path and find the probability
that the project will be completed within 30 days

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