TERM PAPER

OF

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

TOPIC: Applications of multiplexer in communication

engineering

Submitted by: Swati Rana

Roll no.:A04
Section:M6901
[Link].:10905670
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the
possibility to complete this term paper.

I am deeply indebted to my subject teacher Asha mam. whose help,

stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the
time of research for and writing of this TERM PAPER.

I am thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have

been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive
environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us
during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult
for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework.

Name –SWATI RANA

[Link]-10905670

Rollno.RM6901A04
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Applications
 Application areas
INTRODUCTION

Multiplexer

A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that is given a certain number

(usually a power of two) data inputs, let us say 2n, and n address
inputs used as a binary number to select one of the data inputs. The
multiplexer has a single output, which has the same value as the
selected data input.

In other words, the multiplexer works like the input selector of a

home music system. Only one input is selected at a time, and the
selected input is transmitted to the single output. While on the music
system, the selection of the input is made manually, the multiplexer
chooses its input based on a binary number, the address input.

A 2n-to-1 multiplexer sends one of 2n input lines to a single

output line.

A multiplexer has two sets of inputs:

• 2n data input lines

• n select lines, to pick one of the 2n data inputs

The mux output is a single bit, which is one of the 2n data

inputs.
The simplest example is a 2-to-1 mux

Q = S’ D0 + S D1

The select bit S controls which of the data bits D0-D1 is chosen:

– If S=0, then D0 is the output (Q=D0).

– If S=1, then D1 is the output (Q=D1).

APPLICATIONS

In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (also

known as muxing) is a process where multiple analog message signals
or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared
medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in
telecommunications, several phone calls may be transferred using one
wire. It originated in telegraphy, and is now widely applied in
communications.

The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel,

which may be a physical transmission medium. The multiplexing
divides the capacity of the low-level communication channel into
several higher-level logical channels, one for each message signal or
data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known as
demultiplexing, can extract the original channels on the receiver side.

 Space-division multiplexing

In wired communication, space-division multiplexing simply implies

different point-to-point wires for different channels. Examples include
an analogue stereo audio cable, with one pair of wires for the left
channel and another for the right channel, and a multipair telephone
cable. Another example is a switched star network such as the analog
telephone access network (although inside the telephone exchange or
between the exchanges, other multiplexing techniques are typically
employed) or a switched Ethernet network. A third example is a mesh
network. Wired space-division multiplexing is typically not
considered as multiplexing.

In wireless communication, space-division multiplexing is achieved

by multiple antenna elements forming a phased array antenna.
Examples are multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), single-
input and multiple-output (SIMO) and multiple-input and single-
output (MISO) multiplexing. For example, a IEEE 802.11n wireless
router with N antennas makes it possible to communicate with N
multiplexed channels, each with a peak bit rate of 54 Mbit/s, thus
increasing the total peak bit rate with a factor N. Different antennas
would give different multi-path propagation (echo) signatures,
making it possible for digital signal processing techniques to separate
different signals from each other. These techniques may also be
utilized for space diversity (improved robustness to fading) or
beamforming (improved selectivity) rather than multiplexing.

 Code-division multiplexing

Code division multiplexing (CDM) is a technique in which each

channel transmits its bits as a coded channel-specific sequence
of pulses. This coded transmission typically is accomplished by
transmitting a unique time-dependent series of short pulses,
which are placed within chip times within the larger bit time.

Code Division Multiplex techniques are used as an access technology,

namely Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), in Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard for the third
generation (3G) mobile communication identified by the ITU.
Another important application of the CDMA is the Global Positioning
System (GPS).

However, the term Code Division Multiple access (CDMA) is also

widely used to refer to a group of specific implementations of CDMA
defined by Qualcomm for use in digital cellular telephony, which
include IS-95 and IS-2000. The two different uses of this term can be
confusing. Actually, CDMA (the Qualcomm standard) and UMTS
have been competing for adoption in many markets.
 Application areas

 Telephony

In telephony, a customer's telephone line now typically ends at the

remote concentrator box down the street, where it is multiplexed
along with other telephone lines for that neighborhood or other
similar area. The multiplexed signal is then carried to the central
switching office on significantly fewer wires and for much further
distances than a customer's line can practically go. This is likewise
also true for digital subscriber lines (DSL). Fiber in the loop (FITL) is
a common method of multiplexing, which uses optical fibre as the
backbone. It not only connects POTS phone lines with the rest of the
PSTN, but also replaces DSL by connecting directly to Ethernet wired
into the home. Asynchronous Transfer Mode is often the
communications protocol used. Because all of the phone (and data)
lines have been clumped together, none of them can be accessed
except through a demultiplexer. This provides for more-secure
communications, though they are not typically encrypted. The
concept is also now used in cable TV, which is increasingly offering
the same services as telephone companies. IPTV also depends on
multiplexing.
 Video processing
In video editing and processing systems, multiplexing refers to
the process of interleaving audio and video into one coherent
transport stream (time-division multiplexing). In digital video,
such a transport stream is normally a feature of a container
format which may include metadata and other information, such
as subtitles. The audio and video streams may have variable bit
rate. Software that produces such a transport stream and/or
container is commonly called a statistical multiplexor ormuxer.
Adem ux er is software that extracts or otherwise makes
available for separate processing the components of such a
stream or container.

 Digital broadcasting

In digital television and digital radio systems, several variable

bit-rate data streams are multiplexed together to a fixed bitrate
transport stream by means of statistical multiplexing. This
makes it possible to transfer several video and audio channels
simultaneously over the same frequency channel, together with
various services. In the digital television systems, this may
involve several standard definition television (SDTV)
programmes (particularly on DVB-T, DVB-S2, and ATSC-C),
or one HDTV, possibly with a single SDTV companion channel
over one 6 to 8 MHz-wide TV channel. The device that
 accomplishes this is called a statistical multiplexer. In several of
these systems, the multiplexing results in an MPEG transport
stream. The newer DVB standards DVB-S2 and DVB-T2 has
the capacity to carry several HDTV channels in one multiplex.
Even the original DVB standards can carry more HDTV
channels in a multiplex if the most advanced MPEG-4
compressions hardware is used. On communications satellites
which carry broadcast television networks and radio networks,
this is known as multiple channel per carrier orMCPC. Where
multiplexing is not practical (such as where there are different
sources using a single transponder), single channel per carrier
mode is used. In digital radio, both the Eureka 147 system of
digital audio broadcasting and the in-band on-channel HD
Radio, FMeXtra, and Digital Radio Mondiale systems can
multiplex channels. This is essentially required with DAB-type
transmissions (where a multiplex is called anensemble), but is
entirely optional with IBOC systems.

 Analog broadcasting

In FM broadcasting and other analog radio media, multiplexing is a

term commonly given to the process of adding subcarriers to the
audio signal before it enters the transmitter, where modulation occurs.
Multiplexing in this sense is sometimes known as
MPX, which in turn is also an old term for stereophonic FM, seen on
stereo systems
since the 1960s.