Dorothea Elizabeth Orem Person- Having physical, emotional, social needs

Health- state mutually exclusive of illness

Self-care theory
Environment- home for community Nursing-
 Concept of Practice
helping profession
 Member of a curriculum subcommittee at
Catholic unit
 Mid-range theory Orem’s conceptual Jean Watson
Framework: Theory of Human Caring
 Orem’s self-care- identify the  The nurse is also cared of
demand if higher/lower  The model emphasizes humanistic aspects
 Self-care demands- ability to meet  Middle-range theory focuses on
demands interconnectedness of patient and nurse
 Nursing Agency- deficit Orem’s  Carative factors- guides the care of nursing
model and the nursing process Metaparadigm
 Assessment
 Person- subjective and unique
 Evaluation
 Environment- crucial to holistic healing
 Planning
 Health- unity between physical, social,
Implementation Metaparadigm
mental and spiritual
Person- integrated as “whole”
Health- state of wholeness Environment-  Nursing- connective bond
encompasses the elements external to man
Nursing- art, a helping serving and a technology Dorothy Johnson
Behavioral System Model
Virginia Henderson  Based on Nightingale’s belief that nursing’s
Nursing Need Theory goal is to help individuals prevent from
 Modern legend in nursing disease
 Foremost nurse of the 20th century Nursing Functional requirements for BSM
Unique function of nursing is to assist  Protection
Metaparadigm  Nurturance
 Person- have basic needs that are component  Stimulation
of health Subsystems- interrelated parts that function together
 Environment- unique pattern of living to form a whole
 Health- function independent Attachment Subsystem- most critical
Dependency Subsystem- promotes helping
Fay Glenn Abdellah behavior
Injective- has to do with what, how much, how
21 Nursing Problems Eliminate- when, how and under conditions
 Country’s leading researcher in health Sexual- dual functions
 Based on problem- solving method Achievement- to control an aspect of self o
 Patient Centered care- required you to take Aggressive-protective- protection and preservation
active role Metaparadigms Person- behavioral system with
 10 steps to identify client’s problem patterned
 Nursing skills- observation of health status Nursing- external force that acts to preserve the
skills of communication organization
 Identification and Classification of Environment- consists of factors that are not part of
Problems- typology of 21 nursing problems BMS

Metaparadigm Sister Callista Roy

Roy Adaptation Model  Entropy- process of energy depletion
 Adaptation- a conceptual framework for  Flexible LOD- protective
nursing Considered a “systems” model  Normal LOD- usual state of LOD
Defines:  LOR- Line of Resistance -series of
 Adaptation- process and outcome concentric circles Stressors- environmental
whereby thinking and feeling persons factors
 Nursing- health care profession that  Prevention- primary nursing intervention
focuses on human life processes Defines:
 Nursing science- developing system  Person- multidimensional being
of knowledge  Environment- totality if the internal and
 Nursing practice- essential services external forces
 Health- equated with wellness
 Goal of Nursing- promotion of adaptation  Nursing- unique profession concerned with
for individuals and groups in 4 adaptive all variables
models
Imogene King
4Adaptive Models Goal Attainment
 Physiological- physical and chemical
 Founder of king international group
processes
Goal Attainment Theory 3 Frameworks
 Self-concept- focuses on psychological and
Personal- how the nurse views
spiritual integrity
Interpersonal- how the nurse interrelates
 Role function- roles that individuals occupy
Social- how the nurse interacts
in society Action- means of behavior
 Interdependence- close relationship of Response- reacting
people and their purpose Interaction- deals with the clients
Defines: Open system- absence of boundary existence
Person- holistic human adaptive system Preposition- if goals are achieved, satisfaction
Health- state and process of becoming integrated happens
and a whole
 3 health needs
Environment- stimulate the person to make adaptive
1. Information
responses
2. Care for illness prevention
3. Total care
Metaparadigm
Betty Neuman
 Person- existing in open system
Systems Model Theory
 Health- ability of person to adjust stressors
 LOD- Line of Defense
 Environment- process of balance
 Primary Prevention- reduction of possible
risk factors  Nursing- interacts and communicate with the
client
 Secondary Prevention- reduce the noxious
effects
 Tertiary Prevention- adjustment of
processes

Major Concept of her Theory

 Content- comprise the whole client system Ida Jean Orlando
Deliberative Nursing Process Culture Care Diversity and Universality
 motion by the behavior of patient Theory
5 stages  Mid-range theory
1. Assessment-completes a holistic assessment of Metaparadigm
patient’s needs  Person- caring and capable of being
2. Diagnosis- uses clinical judgement about health concerned about basic needs
problems  Environment- Not defined
3. Planning- problems identified in the diagnosis  Nursing- a learned humanistic and scientific
4. Implementation- uses the nursing care plan profession focused on human care
5. Evaluation- looks at the progress of the patient phenomena
Goal: Professional Nursing Care- formal and cognitively
 nurse to act deliberately rather than learned professional care knowledge
automatically Culturally Congruent (Nursing)
Metaparadigm Ethno-nursing- the study of nursing care beliefs
 Human- an individual in need Transcultural Nursing- evolving knowledge and
 Health- being without physical or emotional practices related to new field
discomfort
 Environment- occurs when there’s a nurse Joyce Travelbee
patient contact Human to Human Relationship Model
 Nursing- distinct profession  an experience or series of experiences
between a nurse and the recipient of his or her
Hildegard E. Peplau care.
Theory of Interpersonal Relations Interactional Phases
 Nursing is therapeutic Original Encounter- first impression by the
 Middle Ranged theory nurse of sick person
Roles of Nurse in Therapeutic Relationship Emerging Identities- the time when relationship
Stranger- offering the client the same assistance o begins
Resource- providing specific answers to questions o Empathy- the ability to share in the person’s
Teacher- helping the client to learn formally or experience
informally Sympathy- the nurse wants to lessen the cause of
Leader- offering direction patient’s suffering
Surrogate- substitute Rapport- describes as nursing interventions
Counsellor- promoting experience Metaparadigm
Metaparadigm  Person- human being
 Person- developing organism  Health- subjective and objective
 Environment- existing forces  Environment- human condition and life
experiences encountered by the patient
 Health- word symbol that implies forward
 Nursing- interpersonal process
movement
 Nursing- significant therapeutic
interpersonal process

Madeleine Leininger