Department of life sciences

Internship Report

Department of Life Sciences

School of Science
University of Management and Technology,
Lahore, Pakistan
2019

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Test zone laboratory Lahore

Soma Imran F2016231047
BS-biotechnology
Semester 7
University of management and technology Lahore

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Dedication:

I would like to dedicate my all work to my mother. And then I would like to dedicate my work to
my family, friends and teacher due to their hard work and support I was able to work at this
platform with so many experienced teachers and staff. i would like to thanks sir Shan for their hard
work.

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Acknowledgment:

First of all, i would like to thanks Allah almighty that He mercy us with strength to accomplish
our internship. Without Him I would not be able to learn anything.

Move forward i would like to thanks Mam Ayesha, Sir Sohail Afzal and other staff of my
department for their corporative behavior, their hard work and dedication made me work with
passion.

I would like to thanks my mother, family and friends. Without my mother I would not be able to
study at such a big institute and work with so many experienced people. My friends gave me moral
support which helped me in enhancing my confidence.

At the end I would like to thank the staff of test zone laboratory who were very friendly and
specially Sir Shan Yusuf Ali for their support and time. Without Sir Shan I would not be able to
learn any technique. His full support gave me confidence to learn techniques easily.

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List of Abbreviations:
1. WBCs (white blood cells)
2. RBCs (red blood cells)
3. Hb (hemoglobin)
4. ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
5. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)
6. PT: (prothrombin)
7. APTT: (active partial thrombo plastin)
8. LFT (renal function test)
9. ALT (alanine amino transferase)
10. AST (aspartate amino transferase)
11. ALP (alkaline phosphatase)
12. Gamma GT (glutamyl trans peptidase)
13. HDL (high density lipoprotein cholesterol)
14. LDL (low density lipoprotein cholesterol)
15. VLDL (very low density lipoprotein cholesterol)
16. AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
17. CPK (creatine phosphokinase)
18. CKMB (creatine kinase-muscles/blood)
19. LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
20. RFT test (renal function test)
21. BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
22. CRP (C- reactive protein)
23. ICT (immune chromatography technique) method
24. VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory)
25. TBHA (tuberculosis)
26. MP (malarial parasites)
27. H (helicobacter) pylori
28. HbS AG (hepatitis B surface antigen)
29. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
30. TFT (thyroid function test)
31. LH (luteinizing hormone)
32. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
33. CA (cancer antigen)
34. Beta-HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)
35. PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)
36. CBC (complete blood count)

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Executive summary:
Test zone laboratory was established in 2004 by Muhammad Nasar and Ahsan khan. it was
consisted of one room only. Due to the determination and dedication of workers, it was shifted to
Faisal town Lahore. After 15 years of hard work, recently it is shifted in front of Jinnah hospital
Lahore. Test zone laboratory (Regd) is a fast growing, well reputed network of laboratories. Test
zone laboratory is equipped with state of the art instruments. Test zone laboratory is providing
Health Care Services to Patients at their door step, too.
Test zone laboratory work on many policies. Before hiring any internee, they check the degree of
the student and their lab experience. You need to put lab coat all day regularly. Every student has
authority to work in a friendly environment. Every student can use their instruments without any
restrictions.
Test zone laboratory has many competitors such as chugtai lab, PCSIR, agha khan laboratory
Shaukat Khanam laboratory and many others because of their highly equipped lab and accurate
results.
there are many experienced workers that are working in test zone laboratory. Each department
have different staff working on machines. And their head is Sir Shan Yusuf. Two members are the
CEO of test zone laboratory listed as Sir Muhammad Nasar and Ahsan khan.

CEO CEO
Muhammad Nasar Ahsan khan

Lab manager Lab manger

Sir Faheem Sir Shan Yusuf

Sir Numan Sir Bilal Sir mazhar Miss Saba

Sir Sir Sir Miss Sir Sir Miss Sir

Waqas Azeem Raza Fiza Shakel Hamza Abida Azeem
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Test zone laboratory is only situated in front of Jinnah hospital lahpre.it has no main office.it has
no branch as the test zone laboratory building is very big and highly equipped.
Test zone laboratory has many departments. Its departments consist of hematology which deals
with blood, clinical chemistry which deals with sugar patients, tumors markers, micro lab special
chemistry, X rays, ELIZA, PCR and ICT screenings. They have many machines for single test
only. They use many machines for the confirmation of manual tests performed.

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For me this organization helped in building my confidence. It was really a good experience for
me. To work as an intern in this lab, gave us profound knowledge about techniques. Staff was very
cooperative and humble. Staff helped us in every section of lab. They gave us minor details about
techniques.
1. I learnt many techniques. First I worked at hematology department. The very first machine
I worked on was mindray BC 5000. It is used for the test called CBC test. It is 5-part
machine i.e. It can measure all the types of WBCS (neutrophils, basophil, eosinophil,
monocytes and lymphocytes) three reagents are used in this machine (1) LH lyse (2) diff
lyse (3) diluent. It works on 3 major principles (i) Light scattering (ii) Electrical impedance
(iii) Spectrophotometer.
2. Second test I worked on was slide preparation. Slide is performed when any of the
parameter of blood cells are below or high of the given amount. It is due to any infection
in the body. It is manually performed in the lab. Put a dot of blood on a slide and let it to
dry. Slide is put in methanol so the stain is fixed. Make a dilution of 1 ratio giemsa stain
and 3 ratio water. Pour this solution on the slide and stand for 1 minute. Wash the slide and
observe under microscope.
3. ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is a rate at which blood particles settle down in a
ESR tube. Its rate is mainly high in leukemia, TB and other diseases. It is identified by
making a solution of 4 ratio blood and 1 ratio ESR solution. Put a solution of ESR solution
and blood in ESR tube and hang it on the ESR stand for an hour. Normal value in female
is 10 to 15 mm/hour and in male is 10 to 12 mm/hour.
4. Humanex A1c machine is used for the test of Hb1. It will tell the three months’ record of
sugar level in the patient. It will give results in percentage. It works on the principle of
HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography).
5. Tosho G8 and biored D10 work on the same principle as human X A1C.i.e. HPLC (high
performance liquid chromatography). This test is required for thalassemia patients.
6. Huma clot is a machine used to observe blood clotting factor in the body. Two tests are
performed.PT (prothrombin) test is performed any major operation. APTT (active partial
thrombo plastin) is a test performed for comma patients to check that either their blood is
clotting in body or not. It is performed for heart patients.
7. After that I worked in clinical chemistry department where I performed many tests for
sugar and many other components. Slectra pro M is a machine that has a router which is
used to perform test mainly incubation of test. It works in the principle of
spectrophotometry based on color. many tests are performed in this machines. LFT test
includes ALT, AST, ALP, Total protein Albumin and Gamma GT. RFT test includes Urea,
BUN and Creatinine. Lipid profile includes Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL,
VLDL and Total lipid. Cardiac enzymes tests include AST, CPK, CKMB and LDH. Single
test includes Glucose, Uric acid, Calcium, Phosphorous Iron, Magnesium LDH, CKMB,
CRP (C- reactive protein) and RA factor (bone fever).

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8. E- light plus machine is used to measure the salts in the body. This machine is used for
electrolyte. Normal values of salts in body are Sodium 134/145 mEq/L, Potassium 3.5/5.0
mEq/L, Chloride 2.2/2.5 m.mol/L and HCO3 (carbonate) 22/26 mmHg.
9. ICT is a screening test. It is performed via strips. Serum is used. Major tests performed
through this screening are HCV, HbS AG, HIV, Aids, Syphilis, TBHA, MP, Typhoid dot
and H pylori.
10. Beckman coulter access 2 machine work on the principle of chemiluminescence immune
assay. Tests performed in this machines are TFT, T3, T4, TSH, FT4 and FT3
11. Vitros Johnson and Johnson is a machine on same principle as Beckman machine. This
machine is used to perform test for male and female hormones. other tests are LH, FSH,
Prolactin, Testosterone, Progesterone and Thyroid.
12. Abbot architect I 100 SR is a machine that work on a principle of chemiluminescence
immuno assay. Tests performed through this machine are CA 125 (tumor marker), Alfa
feto protein (cancer), CA 99 (tumor marker), Insulin (sugar test), Tropnin-1 (heart attack
patients), Beta-HCG (pregnancy) and Vitamin D3.
13. Further test I performed in micro lab. I also worked on blood group tests.
14. I only observed the techniques like PCR, ELIZA as they are highly sensitive department.

From these techniques I am now able to perform any test in any laboratory. This lab helped
me build my concepts. I learned about many techniques which helped me gain knowledge
practically and theoretically. Now I am able to do any job related to these techniques. But
still I need improvement in many areas of laboratory as I had vey less time to cover other
departments. I had covered as many department as I could but due to lack of time I am still
unable to perform many tests. I developed many skills in the area of hematology, clinical
chemistry and special chemistry. I am now able to perform this test in any lab any time.
This work will help me in future research work.

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Chapter 1
Hematology
Hematology is the branch of medical science in which we study about the blood.
The complete hematology revolves around three basic components:

RBC WBC Platelets

The RBCs are basically originated from erythroid. WBC are originated form myoblasts. And
platelets are originated from megakaryoblasts.
In hematology department we identify causes, prognosis, treatment and prevention related to
blood.
It will tell the specific disease in the body related to blood, and involve treating the disease.
1. CBC test:
it is a complete blood test to check the amount of cells that make up the blood of the body. Doctor
usually recommend this test to check following diseases:
 Anemia
 Reason of weakness
 Fever
 Bruising
 Feeling tired
 To check the effect on blood after chemotherapy
 Rotinue blood check up
CBC is done my taking blood form patient vein and send it to laboratory for further test.
This test measures many components. These are following:
1. White blood cells:
These help fight infections. If your white blood cell level is high, you will tell your doctor
that there is inflammation or infection in some part of your body. If the temperature is low,
there is a risk of infection. The normal range is 4,500 to 10,000 cells per cell (cells / mcL).
(The amount of a microliter is very small: one millionth of a liter).
2. Red blood cells:
This is the number of red blood cells you have. These are important because they deliver
oxygen throughout your body. They also help transport carbon dioxide. They also help
carry a car. If your red blood cell count is too low, you may have anemia or other diseases.
(If you have anemia, the red blood cells in the blood will be less than normal). The normal
range for men is 4.5 million to 5.9 million cells / mcL; The normal range for men is 7.5
million / mcL. For women, it is 4.1 million to 5.1 million cells / mcL.
3. Hemoglobin:
This is a protein in the blood that can absorb oxygen. The normal range for men is 14 to
17.5 grams per deciliter (gm / dL); for women, it is 12.3 to 15.3 gm / dL.
4. Hct (hematocrit):
This value provides information about the number of red blood cells in the blood. A low
score on the range scale may shows that you have very little iron, and iron is a mineral that

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helps in the production of red blood cells. A high score shows that you are dehydrated or
have other diseases. The normal range for men is 41.5% to 50.4%. For women, the range
is between 36.9% and 44.6%.
5. MCV (mean corpuscular volume):
This is the average size of your red blood cells. If they are larger than normal, their MCV
will increase. This can happen if your levels of vitamin B12 or folic acid are low. If your
red blood cells are small, you may have anemia. The normal range of MCV scores is 80 to
96.
6. Platelets:
These shows the blood clotting. This test is use to indicate the amount of platelets in the
blood. The normal ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets / mcL.
7. MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin):
This test tells us the amount of hemoglobin present in our red blood cell. It carries oxygen to
the organs and tissues of our body.
8. MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration):
It will tell the concentration of hemoglobin in a given amount of blood.
9. RDW (red cell distribution width):
This tell will tell the different variation in the blood cells of the body according to their size.
10. Reticulocyte Count:
This test will tell how much new red blood cells are forming in the body.
11. MPV (mean platelet volume):
This tell with indicate the average size of the platelets in the blood.
12. PDW (platelet distribution width):
This will tell the variation in size of the platelets.
13. White Blood Cell Differential:
It will tell the concentration of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
CBC Machine:

Figure 1: CBC test machine “mindray BC 5000”

Machine I used for CBC test was mindray BC5000. This machine work on three main principles:
 Light scattering: when we suck the blood through sucker pipe, the blood will pass through
light scatter, it scatters the blood in the form of light.

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 Electrical impedance: it will detect the disperse light. Electrical impedance for a way
through which light cannot pass through. This hurdle form due the way will detect the cell
type according to their size.
 Spectrophotometer: it is based on color. It will detect the amount of hemoglobin. And we
can see in on the screen as a graph, which will show different colors.
Features of machine:
1. 5-part machine
2. 3 histograms
3. 3 scatter gram
4. Large storage capacity
5. 40 samples per hours.
6. It can tell the exact amount of basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and
neutrophils.
7. It has two compartments RBCs and WBCs.
Reagents used in the machine:
1. LH lyse:
it will measure the hemoglobin in the blood.
2. Difflise:
it will differentiate leucocyte count(DLC). These are the types of WBCs i.e. basophils,
monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes and neutrophils.
3. Diluent:
It will dilute the blood.
Working of machine:
BC 5000 contains the touch screen with the user friendly software. The power status indicates
the working status of it. the users can load sample through the sample probe after press the
aspirate key. You can switch on the BC 5000 from the rear where it has diluent inlet and the
waste outlet. The waste sensor can monitor the liquid level and gives earlier than waste is full.
The diff lyse and LH lyse are located in the left door.
 We use clean anticoagulant tubes to collect venous blood samples.
 Be sure to collect 0.5Ml of blood every time.
 You may enter the patient information including sample ID, name, age, gender,
etc.
 Select the whole blood mode accordingly.
 Mix the sample well and run it through the sample probe.
 Remove the sample tube after you hear the beep sound.
Reading the test results:
if the parameter is followed by “H” and “L” it means the analyses result has exceeded the upper
and lower limit of the given reference range. If the parameter is followed by an “R” it means the
analysis result is questionable. If you see ****, as opposed to the result it means the result is
invalid.
The DIFF scatter gram gives lymphocyte, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophil results. The
basophils histogram gives the results of basophils as well as the total WBC count. The RBC
histogram Abn flag indicated the possible presence of microcytes, macrocytes, anisocytosis,
RBC agglutination and dimorphic histogram.

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2. ESR test: erythrocytes sedimentation rate measures the distance of red blood cells
fall along the length of vertical tube at a given time. Although it is a nonspecific
phenomenon, it is clinically used in certain chronic disorders for example the rheumatoid
arthritis, tuberculosis and multiple myeloma as an index of progress of the disease.
ESR is the rate of fall of RBCs in diluted plasma and and is influenced by number of interacting
factors. Basically it depends upon the difference in specific gravity between red cells and plasma
but the actual rate of fall is influenced very greatly by the extent to which the RBC form Rouleau
which sediment more rapidly than single cells.
Other factors which effects sedimentation
 The ratio of red cells to plasm
 Plasma viscosity

Reagents:
1. Westergran tube with internal diameter of 2.5 millimeters. These can be disposable or
made of glass. A glass tube is graded from 0 to 190 whereas a plastic tube which has a
white collar at the lower end is graded from 0 to 120.
2. Westergran rack
3. Timer
4. ESR vacutainers with black top which contains 3.8% Na citrate.
5. Make a solution of 1 volume of sodium citrate solution and mixed it with 4 volumes of
blood in the vacutainer.
Working:
 Open the vacutainer gently.
 The sedimentation pipette is inserted into the tube right to the bottom of the tube. The
mixture is thus forced upward and due to the zeroing system the column falls exactly to the
0 millimeters position.
 Place the tube with the pipette into the stand provided maintaining the serial number of the
sample.
 Set the timer for one hour.
 Exactly after one hour note the level to which the red cell column has fallen.
 Report the result in terms of millimeters at the end of hour.

Figure no 2 : ESR tubes

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Figure no 3: westergran tube filled with mixture of blood and ESR solution.

Results:
The references range of ESR for males and females are as follows:

AGE NORMAL RANGES IN MM/HOUR

MEN 17-50 years 10 or less
51-60 years 12 or less
>70 years 30 or less
WOMEN 17-50 years 12 or less
51-60 years 19 or less
61-70 years 30 or less
>70 years 35 or less
Table no 1: the ranges of ESR for males and females
In childhood and adolescence, the ESR is the same as for men below 15 years with no difference
between boys and girls.

3. Slide preparation:
Blood smear is used to check the abnormalities in blood cells after the CBC test is performed.
There are three main cells which are checked through blood smear:
 White blood cells
 Red blood cells
 platelets
This test provides information about the number and shape of these cells and can help doctors
diagnose certain blood diseases or other medical conditions. Irregularities in the number or shape
of red blood cells can affect how oxygen travels in the blood.
These abnormalities are usually caused by a lack of minerals or vitamins, but may also be caused
by hereditary diseases such as sickle cell anemia. White blood cells are an integral part of the
body's immune system, which is a network of tissues and cells.
They can help your body fight infections. Too much or too little white blood cells may indicate a
blood disorder. Diseases that affect these cells often cause the body to fail to eliminate or control
infection or other inflammatory problems.

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The abnormal shape or number of white blood cells may be a sign of platelet abnormalities. Platelet
disease affects the ability of blood to clot, which can lead to excessive or prolonged bleeding or
blood clotting. They usually occur when the body produces too many or too few platelets.
The blood smear test is done to check diseases:
1. jaundice
2. anemia
3. bruising
4. flu-like diseases
5. weight loss
6. infection
7. bone pain
8. fever
9. headache
The blood smear is easy to verify. A doctor who specializes in blood sucking is a person who has
been specially trained to draw blood. First, the injection site is cleaned with a bactericide and
sterilized. Then, they tied a strap around the vein to draw blood. This will cause your veins to swell
due to blood. Once they have found the vein, the blood collection doctor will insert the needle
directly into the vein and draw blood.

Most people experience severe pain when they first enter the needle, but as the blood is absorbed,
the pain disappears quickly. After a few minutes, the blood doctor takes out the needle and asks
you to apply pressure on the area with gauze or cotton balls. Then, sell the wound with a bandage
and then you can leave.

If the blood cell amount become exceed or lower than the given range, we make blood smear to
check the diseases like leukemia, fever, cancer or any other chronic or acute disease.

Figure no 4: blood smear drops

How to prepare blood smear?
 Take a well-mixed unclouded EDTA tube.
 Mix the blood in the tube gently. Avoid shaking it.
 Take an applicator stick and run it through your sample, if there are any clots, it
will adhere to thee applicator stick.
 Make sure you have beveled edge microscope slides for making good blood smears.
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 Take a very tiny drop of blood which results in a very tiny smear.
 Hold your spreader at about 45 degrees. You might alter that a little bit depending
on the PCV off your patient.
 Anchor your side with your index finger. Don’t put whole arm.
 Hold it on the either side of about ¾ of the way down and as soon as the blood
crosses the spreader to a reasonable amount, push it out as faster as you can.
 Let the slide air dry.
 After the slide is air dry, put it in the methanol for some minutes so that the blood
sticks the slide very well.
 Than we do giemsa stain. Make the dilution of giemsa stain. Mix giemsa stain and
water by 1:3.
 Cover the slide with this solution drop by drop and let it for 1 minute.
 After one-minute wash it until pinkish color appear.
 Save it for further analysis.
Results:
Red blood cells disorder may include:
1. Iron deficiency anemia
2. Sickle cell anemia
3. Hemolytic uremic syndrome
4. Polycythemia rubra Vera
White blood cells disorders may include:
5. Leukemia
6. Lymphoma
7. HIV
8. Hepatitis c
9. Pinworm
10. Candidiasis
11. Multiple myeloma
Platelets disorder may include:
12. myeloproliferative disorders
13. thrombocytopenia

fig no 5: results of blood staining

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4. HumaNex A1c:
This test is used for HbA1C.
HbA1c: HbA1c is a marker that determines the average blood glucose levels (glucose) in the last
three months, which means that it can be used to assess the quality of diabetes control and
diagnose diabetics and diabetes. Also known as glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c or
abbreviated A1c. The term "Hb" refers to hemoglobin, which refers to a portion of red blood
cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. The amount of sugar directly associated with blood
sugar is proportional at any time, so this reading can be used to accurately reflect the average
blood sugar level. If you have high blood sugar last month, the HbA1c level will be higher.
Normal HbA1c value:
The HbA1c test was measured as a percentage or mmol/mol.
Next, I included what is considered normal for the HbA1c group and what values are considered
abnormal (pre-diabetes or pre-diabetes):

HbA1c % Mmol/mol
Normal Below 6.0 percent Below 47mmol/mol
Pre diabetic 6% To 6.4% 42-47 mmol/mol
diabetes 6 ½ % or above 48 or above mmol/mol

Table no 2: ranges of HbA1c

Measurement of HbA1c:
The hemoglobin A1c test is based on the chemical charge (charge) in the HbA1c molecule,
which differs from the load on other components of hemoglobin. The size of the HbA1c
molecule is also different from other components. HbA1c can be separated from other
components of hemoglobin A in the blood by load and volume through a process known as high
pressure (or throughput) liquid chromatography. The HPLC mixture (e.g., Blood) is added to a
special liquid, then the mixture is separated into different components under pressure by passing
it through a column filled with a material capable of separating the mixture into molecules of
different components.
The blood sample was tested for HbA1c. Since HbA1c is not affected by short-term fluctuations
in blood glucose concentration (for example, due to meals), it is possible to perform blood tests
for HbA1c without considering the eating time. No blood test is required for fasting.
HbA1c can in increases falsely and may cause many diseases such as
 Uremia
 Chronic excessive alcohol intake
 Hypertriglyceridemia
HbA1c decrease in body may cause diseases like
 Blood loss
 Sickle cell anemia
 Thalassemia

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Figure no 6: HumaNex A1c

HumaNex A1c:
This machine is used to measure the sugar level in the body. It will tell the three-month
record of sugar in the body. This machine works on the principle called HPLC (high
performance liquid chromatography).
HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography):
High liquid chromatography is the form of liquid chromatography, so the carrier which
actually bring those sample molecules with each other or inside it is known as liquid.it is the
liquid phase of molecule that act as a carrier. Mobile represents to mostly the phase that
carrier presenting so the mobile phase for HPLC is also the liquid. Because liquid is carrying
all the dissolved substances that we want to separate from each other. The chemical solvents
must be dissolved in the liquid. There are two type of solvents, first is organic solvent and the
aqueous solvent. Aqueous solvents are those which are hydrophilic but all those occur in
inorganic molecules solubilized. On the other hand, all the other organic molecules are
hydrophobic in nature. Solubility and polarity are the main characteristic of HPLC. It could
be either polar or it could be hydrophobic. these two characters help them to separate the
chemical compounds using the interaction between the mobile and stationary phase. The
stationary phase used in case of HPLC could be solid or liquid. Example of solid stationary
in HPLC is silica.

Figure no 6: mechanism of HPLC

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Let’s look at the instrumental process (fig.6) it starts with the mobile phase and ultimately
ends with the detector. While detector is connected to a computer and computer is attached to
the mouse, computer detects the date from the detector and put it in the graph that is which
will give us the idea about separation. Mobile phase in this case (fig.6) is the liquid. Solution
chamber contain the liquid. A tube is connected to the chamber. Chamber contain the solvent
which will ultimately carry all the sample with each other through the tube. Organic solvent
cannot directly flow through the tube. We need some sort of pump that will derive this
solvent from the chamber to the tube.so we place a pump at the middle of the tube, which
will help to start the flow. Right after the pump we have a sample chamber where we inject
the sample. Sample mostly used are protiens, lipids and any other organic and cellular
molecules. The sample will interact with the stationary phase. the most important is the
interaction between the mobile phase and stationary phase. the movement of sample if they
have same features like the stationary phase tends to slow in the movement. If the sample is
hydrophobic but the stationary phase is polar that there will be high and past movement.
Because the hydrophobic molecule will not interact with the polar stationary phase.
Reagents of machine:
1. H reagent
2. B regent
3. A reagent
Working of machine:
 2 ml EDTA blood is required.
 Main screen is touch. Pencil is given to use the screen.
 To run the sample of the patient got to the option ‘analysis’. Select the option ‘ID
edit’, enter the ID of the patient, and click “return”. And select option “run”.
 Pressure should be above 1.
 Machine will initialize.
 Sample will go to the sample unit.
 From one side the sample will enter and from the other side sample will exit.
 After the initialization of the machine, sample will exit giving the results after less
than 3 minutes.
 Measuring range start from 4% to 17% Hb1Ac.
 50 sample capacity.

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