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Health Data and Health Information
Unit 4 • Health care data
̶ Raw health care facts, generally stored as characters, words,
DATA MANAGEMENT symbols, measurements, or statistics
Faculty of Pharmacy • Health information
Department of Medical Technology ̶ Processed health data
First Term, A.Y. 2019-2020
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Data and Information
• Data
̶ Facts concerning people, objects, vents
or other entities. Databases store data. Where do health care data end
• Information
̶ Data presented in a form suitable for
interpretation.
and where does health care
• Knowledge information begin?
̶ Insights into appropriate actions based
on interpreted data.
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Knowledge Generation Data Management
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Health Care Data Management Big Data in Health Care
• Process of storing, protecting, and analyzing data pulled
from diverse sources.
• Managing the wealth of available healthcare data allows
health systems to create holistic views of patients,
personalize treatments, improve communication, and
enhance health outcomes.
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Health Data Hits All 4 V’s Benefits of Health Care Data Management
• Create 360-degree views of consumers, patients, and
households. Deploy personalized, guided interactions
by integrating data from all available sources.
• Enhance patient engagement with predictive modeling
and analysis based on healthcare data.
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Benefits of Health Care Data Management Data Sources for Health Care Quality Measures
• Improve population health outcomes in specific • Administrative Data
geographic areas by tracking current health trends and • Patient Medical Records
predicting upcoming ones.
• Patient Surveys
• Comments from Individual Patients
• Make informed, high-impact business decisions based
on data insights. • Standardized Clinical Data
• Understand physician activity and align them with the
organization’s goals
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Administrative Data Administrative Data
• Financial data • Financial data
• Logistic data ̶ Primarily public and private insurance claims.
o Managed care plans, hospital discharge datasets, and revenue
• Quality assessment cycle management organizations.
o Released by Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
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Administrative Data Administrative Data
• Logistic data • Quality assessments
̶ Care-team composition and staffing metrics ̶ Performance analyses of the service providers (i.e., reviews
̶ Resource utilization of clinician performance)
o Service metrics (inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department
visits) ̶ Patient satisfaction surveys
o Medication usage
o Performed diagnostic tests and procedure
̶ Hospital quality measures
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Advantages of Administrative Data Challenges of Administrative Data
• Available electronically. • Limited clinical information.
• Less expensive than obtaining medical record data. • Questionable accuracy for public reporting because the
• Available for an entire population of patients and across primary purpose is billing.
payers. • Completeness.
• Fairly uniform (and improving) coding systems and • Timeliness.
practices.
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Patient Medical Records Patient Medical Records
• A patient's medical history and care. • Advantages
̶ Rich in clinical detail.
̶ Viewed by providers as credible
• Increased the accessibility of patients’ files.
• Challenges
• To improve the ease and cost of using this information for ̶ Cost, complexity, and time required to compile data
quality measurement and reporting. ̶ Trained staff must manually abstract information.
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Patient Surveys Advantages of Patient Surveys
• Self-reported information from patients about their • Captures types of information for which patients are the best source.
health care experiences.
• Well-established methods for survey design and administration.
• Reports on the care, service, or treatment received and • Easy for consumers to understand and relate to survey results.
perceptions of the outcomes of care.
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Challenges of Patient Surveys Comments from Individual Patients
• Cost of survey administration. • Anecdotal information, include any type of information on health
care quality that is gathered informally
• Possibility of misleading results
̶ Questions are worded poorly,
̶ Survey administration procedures are not standardized • As private web sites make it possible for health care consumers
̶ Sampling bias to share their personal experiences with health plans, hospitals,
and, most prominently, physicians.
̶ Response bias
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Advantages of Patient Comments Challenges of Patient Comments
• Compelling to consumers to read about other people’s • Not an impartial assessment of health care quality
experiences. • Not representative of the patient population.
• Likely to have an undue influence on people’s health
• Efficient means for conveying information and care decision making.
influencing people’s decisions and behavior.
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Standardized Clinical Data Standardized Clinical Data
• Detailed information about the status of each patient at set time • Advantages
intervals ̶ Uses existing data sets.
• Minimum Data Set (MDS) ̶ Characterizes facility performance in multiple domains of
̶ required information for nursing homes care.
• Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS)
̶ data required by Medicare for certified home health agencies, store the • Challenges
data used in quality measures for these provider types.
̶ May not address all topics of interest.
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Other Types of Omics Data
Health Data • Broadly defined, omics represents the study of information
contained within an individual’s genome and the biological
derivatives of these genes
̶ Genes (genomics)
̶ Gene expression & RNA (transcriptomics)
̶ Proteins (proteomics)
̶ Metabolites (metabolomics)
̶ Lipids (Lipidomics)
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Omics Data Omics Data
• Pharmacogenomics has explored how omics data can
be utilized to identify the treatment efficacy of various
medications and medication dosages for a particular
individual
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Demographic Data Wellness Data
• Commonly Associated with Fitness Tracker
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Electronic Clinical Data
Medical Records
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Diagnoses Procedures
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ICD – 9 Codes DRG
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CPT Codes Medications
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Same Drugs, Different Names Clinical Notes
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Microbiology and Lab Results Chart Events
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Tracking a Patient Data Quality in Health Care
• PATIENTS: Every unique patient in the database
• ADMISSIONS: Every unique hospitalization for each patient
• ICUSTAYS: Every unique ICU stay in the database
• SERVICES: Clinical service under which a patient is registered
• TRANSFERS: Patient movement from bed to bed within the
hospital, including ICU admission and discharge
• CALLOUT: Information regarding when a patient was cleared
for ICU discharge and when the patient was actually discharged
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Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data
• Data accuracy • Data accessibility
̶ Data that reflect correct, valid values are accurate ̶ Data that are not available to the decision makers needing
̶ Typographical errors in discharge summaries and misspelled them are of no value to those decision makers.
names are examples of inaccurate data.
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Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data
• Data comprehensiveness • Data consistency
̶ All of the data required for a particular use must be present ̶ Quality data are consistent
and available to the user ̶ Use of an abbreviation that has two different meanings is a
̶ Even relevant data may not be useful when they are good example of how lack of consistency can lead to
incomplete. problems.
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Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data
• Data currency • Data definition
̶ Many types of health care data become obsolete after a ̶ Clear definitions of data elements must be provided so that
period of time current and future data users will understand what the data
̶ A patient’s admitting diagnosis is often not the same as the mean.
diagnosis recorded on discharge.
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Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data
• Data granularity • Data precision
̶ Sometimes referred to as data atomicity ̶ Precision often relates to numerical data
̶ That is, individual data elements are “atomic” in the sense ̶ Precision denotes how close to an actual size, weight, or
that they cannot be further subdivided. other standard a particular measurement is.
̶ Some health care data must be very precise.
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Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Data
• Data relevancy • Data timeliness
̶ Data must be relevant to the purpose for which they are ̶ Timeliness is a critical dimension in the quality of many types
collected. of health care data.
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End of Discussion ☺
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