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Chapter 1 PDF

This document discusses different types of structures and loads. It introduces common structural elements like beams, columns, trusses and frames that make up structures. It also outlines different types of loads that structures must be designed to withstand, such as dead loads from structural mass, live loads from occupancy/environment, and other loads like wind, snow, earthquake, and hydrostatic pressure. Finally, it mentions that structural design codes specify load combinations that must be considered to ensure safety.

Uploaded by

Joylyn Agapay Loren
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Velocity Pressure,
  • Dead Load,
  • Economic Issues,
  • Material Properties,
  • Snow Load,
  • Design Requirements,
  • Load Types,
  • Building Codes,
  • Building Design,
  • Surface Structures
293 views22 pages

Chapter 1 PDF

This document discusses different types of structures and loads. It introduces common structural elements like beams, columns, trusses and frames that make up structures. It also outlines different types of loads that structures must be designed to withstand, such as dead loads from structural mass, live loads from occupancy/environment, and other loads like wind, snow, earthquake, and hydrostatic pressure. Finally, it mentions that structural design codes specify load combinations that must be considered to ensure safety.

Uploaded by

Joylyn Agapay Loren
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Velocity Pressure,
  • Dead Load,
  • Economic Issues,
  • Material Properties,
  • Snow Load,
  • Design Requirements,
  • Load Types,
  • Building Codes,
  • Building Design,
  • Surface Structures

Chapter 1

Types of Structures
& Loads

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 1


Introduction
• Structure refers to a system of connected
parts used to support load, such as
Buildings, Bridges, towers, …………….
• Engineers should account for structures
safety, esthetics and serviceability,
economic and environmental issues.

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 2


Structural Elements
Any structure comprises a
number of elements
• Tie Rods

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 3


Beams
• Type of Beams

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 4


Columns

• Columns

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 5


Type of Structure
• Trusses

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 6


Cables and Arches

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 7


Cables and Arches

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 8


Frames
• Frames members are subjected to axial, shear and
moment

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 9


Surface Structures

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 10


Loads
 Codes
General Building Codes
Specify the requirement of minimum design load on
structures
1. ASCE
2. UBC
3. IBC

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 11


Loads
 Codes
Design Code
Used to establish the requirement for the actual
structural design
1. ACI
2. AISC
3. AASHTO

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 12


Dead Load
Consist of the weight of the various structural members
and weight of any object that permanently attached to the
structure

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 13


Dead Load

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 14


Live Load
Can vary both in their magnitude and location
• Building Loads
• Bridge Load

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 15


Wind Load
Wind pressure
qz  0.613 K z K zt K dV 2 I (N/m2 )
V The velocity of the wind measured 10 m above the ground
I Importance factor depends upon nature of the building
Kz The velocity pressure coefficient which is function of height
Kzt a factor that account for wind speed increases due to hills and
escarpments for flat ground Kzt=1.0
Kd a factor account for direction of wind when subjected to load
combination

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 16


Wind Load
Wind pressure for Enclosed Building
p  qGC p  qh (GC pi ) (N/m2 )

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 17


Wind Load

Design wind pressure for Signs


F  qhGC p Af

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 18


Snow Load
F  0.7CeCt Ip g

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 19


Earthquake Load

Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 20


Hydrostatic and Soil
Pressure

Other natural Loads


Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 21
Structural Design
• LRFD (Load and resistance factor design)
Load combination example:
1.4 Dead Load
1.2 Dead Load +1.6 Live Load
1.2 Dead Load +1.6 Live Load + 0.5 Snow
Load
1.2 Dead Load + 1.5 Eq. Load + 0.5 Live Load
Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 22

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