Chapter 2: Review of related literature

2.1 Sampaguita Garland Making

Sampaguita livelihoods of peri-urban Metro Manila, Philippines: key actors, activities,

benefits and constraints

According to the article written by Constancio C. de Guzman, the sampaguita

(Jasminum Sambac) was accorded as the Philippines’ national flower back in the year

1934. These white, dainty, and soothing fresh flowers are strung together into

garlands being used as religious and decorative ornaments in homes and churches,

offerings given to people during events as tokens of appreciation. Producing

sampaguita garlands is a staple in the economic landscape of the country as it is a vital

source of agricultural livelihood for some.

In the process of picking out the sampaguita flower, the person assigned to perform

the task is usually chosen by the farmer wherein the picker are usually children. It is

said that these children go to the farm early in the morning with a plastic container

tied around their waists. It is said that sampaguita flowers’ peak season are on the

months of March, April, May, and June.

The raw materials usually used for sampaguita garland making include abaca fibers

and these other flowers namely: ilang-ilang, camia, or champaca which are used as

hanging ornaments to go with the sampaguita.

In the article, it is said that the garland makers or in local terms, tagatuhog, string

together the sampaguita buds to form a garland or leis. Garlands are classified

according to the number of floral buds per abaca string. The terms used are “de dos”
for two buds of sampaguita flower, “de cuatro” for four buds, “de dies” for 10 buds

and so on.

Sampaguita garland making is a tradition that should be preserved. The process is a

part of the country’s national identity. The skills of garland making are passed on

from one generation to another which makes this industry thrive.

Figure 1: Sampaguita Garland

2.2 Sampaguita Flower

2.2.1 Common Parts of a Flower

Figure 2: Parts of a Flower

Peduncle - It supports or connects other parts of a flower, commonly it is called stalk.

Receptacle - This is the part where the other parts of the flower are attached and is

above the stalk.

Sepal - This surrounds the developing bud and located on the outer parts of the flower.

It appears to be leaf-like and often green.

Petal - The parts of a flower that has a flamboyant colour.

Stamen - The part that usually has a narrow filament which supports the anther and

the pollen producing part of a flower.

Anther - It is the portion where the pollen is produced and is a part of the stamen.

Pistil - The part of the flower where ovule producing happens. The stigma usually

topped the ovary that supports a long style. The mature ovary and ovule is dissimilar,

the mature ovary is a fruit while the mature ovule is a seed.

Stigma - This is where pollen is generates and is a part of the pistil.

Ovary - The portion of the pistil where ovules are produced. It is an enlarged basal

portion.

2.2.2 Symbol of Sampaguita Flower

Sampaguita flower comes in several symbolic meaning was created by civilization

that lived around it. Further, it was created by cultures that resider the tropical areas

where this grows and the most symbolic meaning love, divine hope, dedication, and

devotion.

 Love - Sampaguita flower, show love to someone. The beauty and tropical

appeal are going to the person who received the special bouquet with love.
  Divine hope - Where the color white of petals symbolic the meaning of

perfectly alignment to its presence that is going to filled the future with divine

hope and optimism.

 Dedication - In addition of being the symbol of love this flower dedicated to

someone who surrendering their soul to another person.

 Devotion - Desire to spend a lifetime with a person and offer endless love to

someone. It helps to transfer the message without even saying a word.

 Purity - This symbolized innocence, purity, and divine forces, which is the

reason where often use in baptism and religious ceremonies. However, the

sampaguita flower extremely important used as decorations in weddings and

baptisms.

2.2.3 Characteristic of Sampaguita Flower

The sampaguita is a tropical flower, pure white, star-shaped blossoms that belong to

the broad variety of jasmines who has a scientific name, jasminum sambac. It serves

as a natural culture symbol for two countries - Philippines and Indonesia. Many

countries have adopted flowers as their natural culture symbol, the Sampaguita

Flower is the Philippine’s National Flower since 1934, it is also well known in Asia

for its different uses such as in teas and religious offerings. It commonly grows on a

woody vine, which reaches 1.2 meters in height and leaves are rounded which

measures 6 to 12 cm long. Sampaguita blossoms all through the year in either as

bundles or singly at the top of branches, because both leaves and flowers grow on

short stalks. The flowers open at night and easily less than a day wilt, cuttings are

necessary for the flowers because it does not bear seeds. The 2 stamens on the

sampaguita are included with a 2-celled ovary. Centuries ago the sampaguita flower
was imported in the Philippines from around the Himalayan areas, originally from

India, and has grown throughout the Philippines today.

Figure 3: Sampaguita Flower

2.3 Sampaguita Garland Industry

2.3.1 Local

A. Urban Agriculture in the Philippines: Initiatives, Practices, Significance, and

Threats

Based on the book ‘Sustainable Landscape Planning in Selected Urban Regions’ by

Constancio C. De Guzman, one chapter provides an overview of urban agriculture

(UA) in the Philippines. Such government’s initiative helped raised awareness in our

urban agriculture, which started this practice through conducting studies within Metro

Manila and also in a pre-urban livelihood system based on the jasmine species known

as sampaguita, flower that used to make garlands in San Pedro, Laguna, near Metro

Manila. By studying this, it has shown a positive impact in employment and income

generation and helped as well in promoting a positive social values. Still, the

government did not plot a policy regarding this matter, which contributed a lot hence,

the decline of this practice happened.

2.4 Flower Knitting Machine

According to the article authored by R. Anandhi, D. Kowsalya, and. N.Jerusha Chintu,

they have developed a flower knitting machine composed of three important elements,

a conveyor belt, a robotic arm, and a sewing machine. The conveyor belt is the main

transport system used to carry the flower from one point to another. The conveyor belt

that they are using is made up of a fiber material and the vibration is lessened so that

the flower cannot be damaged in the process. Two DC motors are used to power the

said conveyor belt. As stated, both DC motors can be driven concurrently moving in

both in a frontward and reverse direction. The robotic arm used in their design is fully

automated and is used to take the flower off the conveyor belt and place it in the

sewing machine. The sewing machine’s process is that first the needle descends to the

bottom of its stroke, and concurrently the shuttle slides, vibrates, or oscillates as far as

the end of its diffident movement. Enduring the movement of the balance wheel, the

needle begins to ascend, and the shuttle instantaneously after begins to move forward.

As the needle rises the material through which it is passing holds the needle flower

long enough to cause it to loop out behind the eye of the needle under the needle-plate.

The shuttle, still moving forward, enters this loop and passes through it, the necessary

amount of flower being supplied either by the “time" of the needle-bar or by then

check or take-up lever, according to the style of the machine. As the machine makes

the loop then the robotic arm places the flower in the sewing machine and hence it

tied.
2.5 Skewer

This is used to hold pieces of food together, it can be a metal or wood stick. It is

commonly used in culinary application such as grilling or roasting meats and fish.

Figure 4: Wooden Skewers

2.5.1 Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18

Based on the article of the Kong Shiang Engineering, skewering by hand takes up a

lot of time and because of that they designed a machine to reduce time and as well as

labour. The product meats are loaded onto the conveyor for skewering, there are

mould trayset provided which the meats are loaded manually, the mould tray set is

consist of 6 individual mouds.

The process in this system is repeated after every cycle. The cycle starts in skewering

6 pieces and stop, then the skewered tray set will be removed by the operator, after

this they will place an un-skewered set onto the conveyor and repeat again the process.

Each whole cycle of this process: covering, loading, skewering and unloading is

approximately done in 20 seconds.

The small design of this tabletop skewer machine does not need a vast space because

of the high rental cost. It is compact which means it can fit into any small space and

can be used at any location because it run on a single phase electrical supply.

Figure 5: Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18

2.6 Principle of Electromagnetic Field

 Consist of a soft iron piece, which an insulated copper wire is wound.

 It is a temporary magnet when the current through the coil switch off, the

arrangement refrain to be a magnet.

 The strength of electromagnetic depends on the number of coil and strength of

the electric.

 Increase in the number of turns of the coil, also increase the amount of the

current passed through the coil.

2.6.1 Electromagnets

For David Smith, Physicist (2016), Electromagnets can be created by passing electric

current through a looped wire. The loop allows the magnetic field to generate by the

current, if the current switch it off then obviously there is no electric current and no

induced magnetic field.

Two types of electromagnets:

A.) Bar magnet which the iron piece was in the form of a bar.

B.) U-shaped magnet which the iron piece was in U-shaped.

2.7 DC Motor

DC Motor is a device which transforms the electrical energy into mechanical energy.

The working principle is the interaction between magnetic field and the current to

produce a force within the motor. The motor principle is basically based on Faraday's

Law, states the conservation of electrical and mechanical energy.

2.7.1 Types of DC Motor

 Permanent Magnet DC Motor

Used to create field flux. This type of DC motor provides starting torque and

good speed regulation, but the torque is limited so they are found on low

horsepower applications. These types of motors are commonly used as a

starter motor in automobiles, windshield wipers, washers, and for blowers

used in heaters and air conditioned.

Figure 6: Permanent Magnet DC Motor

 Series wound DC Motor

Falls under the category of self-excited DC motors, and the fact that the field

winding in this case is connected internally in series to the armature winding.

Another interesting fact about DC series motor is that the field flux of any

other DC motor is proportional to field current. Also, the DC series motor has

very poor speed regulation. However, it is most applicable as starting motor

for industrial applications

Figure 7: Series wound DC Motor

 DC Shunt Motor or Shunt Wound DC Motor

A type of self-excited DC motor where the field windings are shunted or

connected in parallel to the armature windings of motor. The fact about the

DC shunt motor, is the ability to self-regulate its speed on the application of

the load to the shaft of the rotor terminals. Meanwhile, this special ability of

the shunt wound DC motor is to regulate the speed by itself on loading thus

it’s rightly called the constant flux / constant speed motor.

 Figure 8: DC Shunt Motor or Shunt Wound DC Motor

 Compound Wound DC Motor

Falls under the category of self-excited motors. DC Compound motors can

mainly classify as cumulative compound wound motors and differential

compound wound motors. Cumulative compound wound DC motors are good

for adjustable varying speed while differential compound wound DC motors

have constant speed and torque.

 Figure 10: Compound Wound DC Motor

2.7.2 Application of DC Motor

According to Eloise Augustine (2016), DC motors are used widely in Smart Home,

automobiles, medical devices, and electronic products.

 Smart Home - such as intelligent electric curtains, escort robot, oil fume wood,

and air conditioning.

 Automobile - such as electric positioning system, automobile panoramic

sliding skylight, seat headrest, and automobile power liftgate cables.

 Medical device - such as eye massage, insulin pump, smart medical injection

system, and minimally invasive linear cutting stapler.

 Electronic Product - such as full screen mobile phone camera, smart phone

photo printer, and electric toothbrush.

2.8 Rotational and Linear Motion

2.8.1 Rotational Motion

Based on the article authored by Carl E. Howard and R. J. Stephenson, rotational

motion is defined to be as the motion of a rigid body which takes place in such a

manner that its particles move in a circular motion over an axis consisting of a

common angular velocity. In addition, it is also defined as the rotation of a particle

about a fixed point in space. In analyzing rotational motion, imagine a rigid body that

is rotating about a fixed axis. This axis is at rest in some inertial frame and this axis

does not veer away relative to that frame.

Figure 9.1 shows a rigid body (the indicator needle of a speedometer is being shown)

rotating about a fixed axis. The axis passes through point O and is perpendicular to

the plane of the diagram. The plane is called as the xy-plane. One manner to describe

the rotation of this rigid body would be to select a select point “P” on the body and to

oversee the x- and y-coordinates of this point. This method isn’t a terribly convenient

to perform, since it takes two numbers (the two coordinates x and y) to specify the

rotational position of the body. Instead, we notice that the line OP is fixed in the body

and rotates with it. The angle that this line makes with describes the rotational
position of the body; we will use this single quantity as a coordinate for rotation. The

angular coordinate of a rigid body rotating around a fixed axis can either be classified

as positive or negative. If we choose positive angles to be measured counterclockwise

from the positive x-axis, then the angle in Fig. 9.1 is then deemed positive. If we

instead choose the positive rotation direction to be clockwise, then in Fig. 9.1 is then

deemed negative. When we considered the motion of a particle along a straight line, it

was essential to specify the direction of positive displacement along that line; when

we discuss rotation around a fixed axis, it’s just as essential to specify the direction of

positive rotation.

In describing rotational motion, the most natural way to determine the angle ϴ should

be in terms of radians, not in degrees. As shown in Fig. 9.2a, one radian (1 rad) is the

angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc with a length equal to the radius of

the circle. In Fig. 9.2b an angle ϴ is subtended by an arc of length s on a circle of

radius r. The value of ϴ (in radians) is equal to s divided by r:

An angle expressed in radians is said to be the ratio of two lengths, therefore it is

defined to be a pure number without any dimensions. The circumference of a circle or

the full arc length of a circle is said to be 2π times the radius. Therefore, it is said that

in one revolution:

The coordinate shown in Fig. 9.1 specifies the rotational position of a rigid body at a

given instant. We can describe the rotational motion of such a rigid body in terms of

the rate of change of ϴ. We refer this change in ϴ with respect to time simply as

angular velocity. Angular velocity is the instantaneous angular velocity not its average.

This angular velocity can either be positive or negative which depends on the

direction of the rotation of the rigid body. Angular velocity is the first derivative of an

angular coordinate with respect to time. Equation 9.3 shows the definition of angular

velocity.

When the angular velocity of a rigid body changes, this rigid body is said to undergo

angular acceleration. The instantaneous angular acceleration is defined to be as:

The usual unit assigned to angular acceleration is rad/s2. Angular acceleration is

defined to be as the second derivative of an angular coordinate with respect to time.

2.8.2 Linear Motion

Linear Motion is defined to be as rectilinear or uniform motion, or the motion in a

spatial dimension. As stated in Newton’s First Law or the Law of Inertia, a body with

no net force acting on it will either remain at rest or continue to move with uniform

speed in a straight line, according to its initial condition of motion. In addition to this,

Newtonian Mechanics states that there is no essential difference between the state of

rest and uniform motion in a straight line as they can be defined as the same state of

motion observed differently as on is moving at the same velocity of the particle, and

the other moving at constant velocity with respect to the particle. In understanding

linear motion, one must first understand the concept of displacement, time and

average velocity. Displacement as defined in mechanics, is the distance moved by a

certain particle or body in a specific direction. Time is defined to be a measured or

measurable period. It is said to be a continuum that doesn’t consist of spatial

dimensions. Average Velocity is defined to be as the change of displacement over the

change of time. It can be defined through the equation:

It is said that determining the average velocity of a particle is not enough to fully

define its linear motion and that one must solve for the instantaneous velocity of the
particle or body. Instantaneous velocity is defined as the velocity of a body or particle

at an instant of time along or specific point of the particle’s path. It is the limit of the

average velocity as the time interval approaches zero. It can be defined by the

equation:

Acceleration is defined as the change of velocity with respect to time. The average

acceleration of a particle is defined to be as the change of the component of velocity

divided by the time interval. It is defined through the equation expressed through a

particle’s path on the x-component:

Instantaneous acceleration on the other hand, is defined to be the limit of the average

acceleration as the time interval approaches zero. Instantaneous acceleration is equal

to the derivative of velocity with respect to time. It can be shown through the

equation:

2.9 Slider-crank Mechanism

As defined by the authors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, a slider-crank mechanism is

an arrangement of mechanical parts that are designed to transform rotary motion to

linear or straight-line motion or vice versa. Some concrete examples that uses this

kind of mechanism are reciprocating piston engines or pumps.

 Figure 11: Slider-crank Mechanism.

The figure above depicts the basic nature of a slider-crank mechanism. The lightly

shaded elements in the figure are said to be moving parts of the mechanism. The fixed

frame or the block of the mechanism is the darkly shaded element of part 1. Part 1 of

the figure also contains a cylinder which is shown in cross section by its walls

assigned as DE and FG, wherein the piston, in part 4 of the mechanism, slides back

and forth. The small circle at point A represents the main crankshaft bearing of the

mechanism wherein it is also in part 1. The crankshaft, in part 2 of the figure, is

depicted as a straight member stemming from the crankpin bearing at point B

extending to the wristpin bearing at point C, which then joins it to the piston, assigned

as part 4 of the figure, represented as a rectangle. The three circles at points A, B, and

C are bearings that allows the joined members to freely rotate with respect to one

another. The path of point B is defined to be a radius AB; when point B is going to be

at point h, point B will then be at position H, and when point B will be at point j,

similarly its position will be in position J.

Slider-crank mechanisms are also defined as four bar linkages configurations. A

common examples of machine that uses this mechanism are internal combustion
engines wherein the process of combustion involves a cylinder that creates pressure

that drives a piston in the said engine. It is said that the use of slider-crank

mechanisms for power generation go way back to the 18th century as it was integrated

with the steam engine. The connecting rod is the mutual link of the mechanism that

converts the rotational motion at the crank. Shaking forces, by product of the

conversion process of motion, are said to impede the operation of the engine as these

forces are applied to the crank’s housing. In analysing the slider-crank mechanisms, it

is said that the factors one must consider are the position, velocity, acceleration, and

the shaking forces generated by the mechanism. In integrating this mechanism to a

design, these factors are to be essentially considered and interpreted especially in

producing credible experimental data.

2.10 Patent Searches

The researchers have found zero related registered patents by using

ESPACENET.com when “Sampaguita Garland Machine” was searched under the title

category.

Figure 12: Patent Search