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Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley

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 ■

Starter The verb to be - The verb hove Unit 10 Present perfect - Present perfect vs
got -this/these - that/those - Past simple .................................... p. 68
there is/there ore - some/any -
Exploring Grammar v (Unit 10) ............. p. 74
Prepositions of place/movement/
time - Plurals -Pronouns - Revision v (Units 1-10) ............................. p. 75
Possessives - Possessive case -
Question Words............................. p. 4
Unit 11 Future tenses................................. p. 76
Unit 1 Present simple - Adverbs of
frequency - Present continuous - Unit 12 Conditionals - Types 0, 1 & 2 ...... p. 80
Present simple vs Present Exploring Grammar vi (Units 11-12) .... p. 84
continuous .................................... p. 16
Revision (Units 1-12)................................. p. 85
Exploring Grammar i
(Starter - Unit 1) ..................... p. 26
Unit 13 Comparisons.................................. p. 86
Revision (Starter - Unit 1) ....... P- 27
Unit 14 too-enough ................................. p. 83

Unit 15 Relative pronouns/adverbs - Relative

Unit 2 Past simple (regular and irregular
clauses........................................... p. 94
verbs).............................................. p. 28
Exploring Grammar vii (Units 13-15) ... p. 98
Unit 3 used to............................................. p. 32
Revision (Units 1-15)................................ p. 99
Unit 4 Adjectives - Order of adjectives .... p. 34

Exploring Grammar ii (Units 2-4) ......... p. 36

Unit 16 Passive voice .................................. p.100
Revision (Units 1-4)................................... p. 37
Unit 17 Question tags ................................ p.104
Unit 18 Reflexive/Emphatic pronouns ....... p.106
Unit 5 Past continuous - Past simple vs Past
continuous .................................... p. 38 Unit 19 some/any/no/every &compounds... p.108

Unite Adverbs - Order of adverbs........... p. 46 Exploring Grammar viii (Units 16-19) .. p.110

Exploring Grammar iii (Units 5-6)........ p. 48 Revision (Units 1-19)................................. p.111

Revision (Units 1-6)................................... p. 49

Further Practice Material

Unit 7 Countable/Uncountable nouns - Revision of tenses ........................................ p.112

o/an - some/any/no - every -
Multiple choice questions...... •.................... p.114
The definite article "the" -
Quantifiers..................................... p. 50 Multiple choice cloze texts .......................... p. 117

Unit 8 The infinitive/-ing form ................. p. 58 Open doze texts............................................ p.119

Unit 9 Modal verbs................................... p. 62

Exploring Grammar iv(Units 7-9)........ p. 66 Irregular Verbs

Revision (Units 1-9) ............................... p. 67

 Affirmative . I'm, He/She/lt's, We/You/They're ■f
Negative I'm not, He/She/lt isn't, We/You/They aren't
Interrogative Am I?, Is he/she/it?, Are we/you/they?
Yes, I am. Yes, he/she/it is., Yes, we/you/they are.
Short Answers
L No, I'm not. No, he/she/it isn't., No, we/you/they aren't.
I
We normally use the long form of the verb to be (am, is, are) when we write. Barry is from England. He is English.
We normally use the short form of the verb to be ('m, 's, 're) when we speak. How are you? I'm fine, thanks.
In short answers we do not repeat the whole question. We use Yes or No, the subject pronoun and the t
verb form am/'m not, is/isn't, are/aren't. Is she your sister? Yes, she is. (NOT: Yes, she is mysister.)
We use the long form of the verb to be in affirmative short answers. Are you fifteen? Yes, I am. (NOT: Yes, l-m.)
We use the short form of the verb to be in negative short answers. Is blue your favourite colour? No, it isn't.
(NOT: No, it is-not.)

a) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of

the verb to be.
Long form Short form
1 He /s from Turkey. He's from Turkey.
2 She........ my best She........ my best Hi,
friend. friend. I 1) 'm Fabio. I 2)......... 16 years old and I 3).........
We........ in the Italian. My birthday 4)......... on 28th January. My
3 We........ not in the
best friend and I 5)......... in the same football team
same job. same job.
but he 6)......... as fast as me. His name 7).........
4 I........ 18 years old. I........ 18 years old Marco. He 8)......... 17 years old. His birthday
5 They........ nurses. They ... .... nurses. 9)......... on 21st April. What about you?
6 He........ not a doctor. He...... .. a doctor. Where 10)......... you from? Who 11)......... your
best friend?
7 You........ creative. You.... .... creative.
Write soon,
8 It........ my mobile It........ my mobile Fabio
phone. phone.
b) Look at Ex. 3a. Find all forms of the verb
Look at the table and answer the questions. to be. How do we form the affirmative/
interrogative/negative of the verb to be?

Jessica Canada 25 secretary Speaking

Alberto Spain 35 lawyer Look at the prompts. In pairs, ask and
Frank the UK 40 vet answer questions, as in the example.
Cathy America 40 lawyer
• What/your/name? • Where/you/from?
1 Is Cathy British? • How/old/you? • When/your/birthday?
No, she isn "t. She’s American.
• What/best friend’s/name?
2 Is Frank a lawyer?
A: What's your name?

3 Is Jessica 35 years old? B: My name is Emily. What's your name? etc

Writing
4 Are Alberto and Cathy vets?
Write an email to your new pen pal telling
5 Is Alberto from Canada? them about you and your best friend. Use
Ex. 3a as a model.
6 Is Jessica a teacher?

7 Are Frank and Cathy 30 years old?

I'm Angela. I'm 16 years old ...
4
 - . ', .• . Ai\aa^i^i^ > uSs-t

zp
' йШй
The verb have дот WE

■ /У"
The verb hove got
Affirmative l/We/You/They've got. He/She/lt's got.
Negative I/We/You/They haven't got. He/She/lt hasn't got. I
Interrogative Have i/we/you/they got? Has he/she/it got? I

Yes, I/we/you/they have. Yes, he/she/it has. .

Short Answers
No, I/we/you/they haven't. No, he/she/it hasn't, i
Use I
We use the verb have got: Notes: i
• to show that something belongs to someone. • In short answers we do not use got. i
We've got а dog and a parrot. Have you got a bike? No, I haven't.
• to describe people, animals and things. (NOT: No, I haven't got.)
I've got blue eyes and fair hair. • She's a teacher. (She is)
• to talk about relationships. She's got a tablet computer. (She has)
Have you got any brothers or sisters? • We use got more in the present tense and not
• with the following expressions: I've got a headache/ so often in the past tense.
stomach ache/toothache, etc, I've got a temperature, He had a goldfish when he was ten.
I've got a cough, I've got a cold, I've got a problem. (NOT: He had got a ... - it is less common)

Choose the correct item.

1 ...... James got a new watch?

(A) Has B Have C Is
sunglasses camera 2 My friend Luigi...... from Milan, Italy.
TV A are B is C has
mobile guitar 3 My sister...... got a very big bedroom.
3lke phone MP3 p|ayer A is B 've C 's
4 ...... Lucas and Rebecca friends?
A Are they B They are C Are
1 Jimmy's got a laptop. 5 The boys......from Spain. They're French.
A aren't B isn’t C haven't
2 Alice..............................got a TV.
6 They...... a pet dog; they have got a cat.
3 They..............................got a mobile phone.
A hasn't got B have got
4 Jimmy.......................... got a guitar. C haven’t got
5 They..............................got a CD player.
6 Alice..............................got a camera. • J? I a) Fill in the gaps using the correct form of
.... J the verbs be or have got.
. I Look at the table and write sentences, as in
■ J the example.

Brenda & David &

Amy Tim
Kathy Elaine
TV / / / X
bike X X / /
camera / / X /

1 Amy has got a TV and a camera. She

hasn't got a bike.
2 .........................................................................

3 .........................................................................
 this/these - that/those - there is/there are - some/any

this/these - thcsi/those
We use this/these: We use that/those:
for people, animals and things near us. for people, animals and things far from us.
This is а computer. These are computers. That is a plane./Those are planes.
to introduce people. when speaking on the phone to ask who the
Belinda, this is Sheila! other person is.
to introduce oneself on the phone. Hello. This is jane Philips. Who's that, please?
Hello? This is Mona Brown speaking. to refer to something mentioned before.
"I can sing really well." "That's fantastic!"
We can also use this/these and that/those in wh-questions. We answer these questions with it or they.
What's this/that? It's a spider. (NOT: -T-his/J-hat is a spider.)
What are these/those? They are spiders. (NOT: These/J-hose are spiders.)

Fill in the gaps with this, these, that or those. ; io') I Complete with this, that, these, those.

1 Who’s that girl over there? Is she your friend?

2 Hello.................... is Wyatt Granger. Who’s
................. please?
are sunglasses. 3 Look at.................. birds in the sky! They are
beautiful!
4 Good morning everyone.................... is
Adam and he’s new to the company.
5 Is................ your new bike outside?
is a television and 6 ................ jeans are too small. I need a
bigger size.
7 ................ new computer is great! Look
ITS?
what I can do on it.
8 "I really like painting."
3 are books and are pencils. “....................... ’s great!"

there is/there are some/any

Affirmative Negative Determiners Countable Uncountable

Long Form Short Form Affirmative some some
There is There is not There isn't Negative not any/no not any/no
There are There are not There aren't Interrogative any any

Interrogative Short Answers • We use some in affirmative sentences with:

Yes, there is. a) plural countable nouns.
Is there ...? There are some tomatoes in the fridge.
No, there isn't.
Yes, there are. b) uncountable nouns.’
Are there ...? There is some honey in the jar.
No, there aren't.
• We use any in negative and interrogative
We use there + be to mention something for the
sentences with:
first time or to say that something or someone
a) plural countable nouns.
exists. Are there any strawberries in the basket?
We use it + be to give more details about
b) uncountable nouns.
something or someone that has already been There isn't any milk in the coffee.
mentioned.
There is some apple juice in the fridge. It is for you. Note: We can use no instead of not any in
negative sentences. There is no tea in the pot.
(=There isn't any tea in the pot.)

6
 Complete the dialogue with there is/are, Look at the pictures. Use the nouns in the
there isn’t/aren’t or is/are there. list to write about what there is/are,
isn't/aren't in each picture, as in the
example.
A: Hello. I’m new to the neighbourhood. 1) Is
there a supermarket nearby? • sofa • armchair • carpet • coffee table
B: No, 2)........................... but 3).......................... • stairs • cupboard • curtains • lamp
some grocery shops for fresh fruit and
• plant • fireplace
vegetables.
A: Great, thanks. 4).................................... ... any
restaurants?
B: 5)......................... many, but 6).............
an Italian restaurant on Smith Street, If you
like Japanese food, 7).......................... ...... a
Japanese restaurant in the next town.
A: That sounds interesting. 8)................ a
bus that goes there?
B: Yes, 9)...........................the number 5.
Ю)............... buses every 10 minutes.
A: Thanks!
*'?»

Underline the correct word, as in the

example.

A: What do we need to make a cake?

B: Well, we need 1) any/some butter. Is there
2) any/some in the fridge?
A: No, there isn’t. There are 3) no/any eggs either. =
B: We’d better buy 4) some/no then. What about
flour? Is there 5) some/any in the cupboard?
A: Yes, there is. These is also 6) any/some
sugar so we don’t have to buy 7) any/some.
B: Great! And we can use 8) some/no of this
chocolate for the icing.

Use the prompts to ask and answer

questions, as in the example. Use there
is/are and some or any/no.
There is a sofa in both picture A and picture B.
1 milk/in the fridge? - No
There are some armchairs in picture A, but there
A: Is there any milk in the fridge? aren't any armchairs in picture B...............................
B: No, there isn't. There isn't any/is no milk
in the fridge.
2 plates/on the table? - Yes
A: .................................................................
B: .................................................................
3 coffee/in the cupboard? - Yes
A: .................................................................
B: .................................................................
4 flowers/in the vase? - No
Л •
 Prepositions of place/movement/time

Prepositions of pSace

11 f **1
1 1 ■ o ®O
in/inside at on above under below near next to/by/beside

© ® ©
©®®
® o©
oo
0®O
° /
(W ®®@© / -
o o
o
opposite in front of behind between among (a)round on top of against

We use prepositions of place to say where somebody or something is. These include: on, under, in front
of, behind, beside/by/next to, near, at, in, between, (a) round, among, opposite, above, below, on
top of and against.
Note: We use between to say that somebody or something is in the middle of two other things or people.
We use among to say that somebody or something is in the middle of three or more things or people.
We use at:
• in the expressions: at school/university/college, at work, at home, at the top of..., at the bottom of..., at
the station, at the airport, at Mary's (house), at a party/concert/football match, at the bus stop, at the door,
at one's desk
• with addresses when we mention the house number, at 6 Oxford Street BUT in Oxford street

We use in:
• in the expressions: in the middle, in the air, in the sky, in bed, in hospital, in prison, in a newspaper/
magazine/book, in a street, in the world, in a photograph/picture, in a car, in a taxi
• with the names of cities, countries and continents, in London, in England, in Africa

We use on:
• in the expressions: on the left/right, on the first/second, etc floor, on a bus/train/plane/ship, on a horse/
bicycle/motorbike, on a chair BUT in an armchair

Note: by + car/bus/train/taxi/plane/boat BUT on foot

When there is an article (a/an, the), a possessive adjective (my, your, etc) or a possessive case before the
means of transport, we don't use by.
on the train (NOT: by4he-&am) in my car (NOT: by-my-car)
on the 7 o'clock bus, in lack's car, in a taxi, on the bus, on the plane

Prepositions of movement

—-
z 4
1 Г
i i L? □

onto off into out of over around through along

( —

s'-
&
I
IO ----- ГЯЧ J J
across U|3 down past from to towards

We use prepositions of movement to show the direction in which someone or something is moving.
These include: along, across, up, down, into, out of, over, from ... to, around/round, onto, through,
past, towards, off.
 Prepositions of place/movement/time

Prepositions of time
We use prepositions of time (on, in, at) to say when something happened, happens or will happen.

AT IN ON
time: at 2 o'clock months: in May days: on New Year's Eve
holidays: at Christmas, seasons: in the winter/spring/summer/outumn dates: on 19th August
at Easter years: in 2014, in the 1980s (2008)
in the expressions: at the centuries: in the 19th century specific part of a certain
moment, at present, at dawn, in the expressions: in the morning/afternoon/ day: on Sunday morning
at noon, at night, at midnight, evening, in an hour, in a minute, in a week/few adjective + day: on a hot
at lunchtime, at the weekend days/month/year, in the past, in the future day

Note:
• We use from ... to, and during to show duration. During goes before a noun. She has a dance lesson
from 5 to 7. The resort is empty during winter.
• We do not use prepositions of time:
a) with the words today, tomorrow, tonight and yesterday. / have an English lesson today.
b) before the words this, last, next, every, all, some, each, one and any. He goes to work at 9 o'clock
every day.
• in time/on time:
a) in time = early enough We should make sure we arrive in time for the fireworks display. It's amazing!
b) on time = at the right time Sheila is always on time. She is never late.

Complete the sentences with: behind, Choose the correct item.

around, on, between, in or under.
1 I go to work in the morning by/on foot.
2 My dog comes to meet me every day when
I come over/through the door.
3 Walk across/along the street when you
get to the cinema, the chemist’s is the next
shop.
4 I won't be long, I’m just going to run into/
1 The flowers are in 2 The carpet is
onto the shop for a few things.
the vase.
the coffee table. 5 Can you hold the bottom while I climb
up/out of the ladder, please?
6 My uncle travels across/from London to/
towards Paris for work every week.
7 Be careful you don't knock that cup onto/
off the table!
8 The race is about to end as the athletes
are running through/towards the finish
3 The people are 4 The boys are line.
9 I can't catch the ball! It's rolling down/over
the hill.
10 I walk along/past the museum every day
on my way to work.
11 You should turn right when you come
through/out of the tunnel.
12 It's very easy to get to the cinema by/on bus.
13 Let's go for a walk past/along the river.
14 Go through/over the bridge and the park
the table. Laura and Katie. is on the left!
 Prepositions of piace/movement/time

Complete with at, on, in.

1 A: Is Chloe at college today? 1 I have an important meeting

B: No, she's home........ bed with the flu. ...... 11 o’ clock this morning.
2 A: Where are the Wilsons? A on B in ©at

B: They are........ a concert. 2 “What’s wrong with my

3 A: Who’s that........ the photograph? mobile phone signal?"
“Don’t worry. We’re going
B: My best friend Sheila!
...... a tunnel. It's normal."
4 A: What do you do........ Christmas?
A through B over
В: I open my presents. C across
5 A: Where is the petrol station?
3 The new clothes shop is......
B: It's........ the right after the supermarket. Watson Street.
A on B at C in
Underline the correct preposition 4 I usually visit my grandparents
......the holidays.
A from B in C during
Karen: Hi, Jacob. What lecture have you got 1)at/in the
moment? 5 There’s a new restaurant......
Jacob: I have a History lecture. It starts 2) in/on ten minutes. the cinema.
How about you? A opposite B along
Karen: I only have one lecture 3) on/at Fridays, English C between
literature 4) at/from ten 5) on/to eleven thirty.
6 My brother’s birthday is ......
Jacob: That's good, it means you can study 6) at/in the
New Year's Eve.
afternoon.
A in B at C on
Karen: Yes, I usually write my essays then.
Jacob: Lucky you! I get home 7) in/at six. So I do mine
later. Well, I have my seminar now. I'd better go so I
Speaking
am 8) on/in time. See you!
Look at the map in Ex. 18. In
pairs, ask for and give
Complete the directions to Sam’s house with: past, directions from and to the
out of, over, into, to, across, along, from. following places:

• Sam's house - school

• post office - park
• train station - supermarket
1
• school - cinema
• supermarket - Sam’s house
• Sam’s house - post office

A: How do I get from Sam's

house to the school?
B: Go down Park lane ...

Hey Jake, Writing

I'm so happy you're coming to see my new house. To get 1) from the You want to invite your friends
train station 2)........... my house, turn left once you come 3)............ to a birthday party at your
the train station. Walk 4)........... Regent Street until you get to the post house. Write a short email 3
office. Walk 5)........... the road and 6)............ the bridge. There is a giving directions from the
park on your left. Go 7)........... the park and turn right at the cinema nearest bus/train station to
8)........... Park Lane. My house is at the end of the street on the right. your house. Draw a map. Use
See you tomorrow, Ex. 18 as a model.
Sam
4
10
 : .. •
Plurals
iting • Most nouns take -s to form the plural. Irregular Plurals
ing. • Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, and -o take -es to form the plural. Singular Plural
K bus -» buses, dress -» dresses, toothbrush -» toothbrushes, deer deer
my match -> matches, box -» boxes, potato -» potatoes fish fish
BUT Some nouns ending in -o take only -s. sheep sheep
□ing photo -» photos, video -» videos, hippo -» hippos, rhino -► rhinos, foot feet
radio -> radios tooth teeth
• Nouns ending in a vowel + y take -s in the plural, toy -► toys goose geese
• Nouns ending in a consonant + y drop the -y and take -ies in the plural. man men
lady -> ladies
... i • Nouns ending in -f or -fe drop the -f or the -fe and take -ves in the
woman women
child children
plural, leaf-* leaves, knife-* knives mouse mice
BUT Some nouns ending in -f or -fe take only -s. ox oxen
snts giraffe -» giraffes, cliff -» cliffs, roof -> roofs person people

ing

Write the plural. Choose the correct item.

□g Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 I usually serve this dish with.......

7 person A potatos (B) potatoes C potato
1 tree trees
2 My baby sister has got a lot of.......
2 box 8 book
A toys B toyes C toies
3 play 9 class
3 Look! There's snow on all the......
4 tooth 10 cliff
A rooves B roof C roofs
5 wife 11 radio I 4 The old.... in the village love to talk about
6 berry 12 ox the old days.
A mans B men C mens
5 I can't believe that Michael has got pet....
Rewrite the sentences in the plural.
in his bedroom.
A mouse B mice C mouses
6 My .... hurt because I am wearing new
shoes.
A feet B feets C foots

1 It is a flower. They are flowers.

e
z u Circle the odd one out. Explain why.

1 dress - brush - bench - fish

fish - the plural is the same as the singular
2 baby - story - play - city
2 It is a paintbrush. 3 tomato - mosquito - potato - photo
4 giraffe - knife - wife - thief
5 child - sheep - foot - mouse
ds
Speaking
3 It is a sheep.
Use the plural form of the circled words
from Ex. 23 to make sentences.

1 There are many different types of fish in the

aquarium.

4 She is a woman.
11
 Pronouns - Possessives - Possessive case

fi i
Subject/Object pronouns

We use personal subject pronouns before verbs: Subject pronouns Object pronouns
• instead of nouns. This dress is beautiful. It has I me
got nice colours. (It = the dress) you you
• instead of names, lames is from Scotland. He is he him
Scottish. she her i.
it it
We use object pronouns after: we us
• verbs. I've got two cats. I love them very much.
• prepositions. Look at her!
you you
them
\
they

Possessive adjectives - Possessive proiniouns

Possessive adjectives show: Possessive Possessive

a) that something belongs to someone. T/iis is her bike. adjectives pronouns
b) the relationship between two or more people. They are our parents. my mine
O We put possessive adjectives before nouns. This is your cup of tea. your yours
his his
Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone. her hers
Compare: That is our house, (possessive adjective) its —
That house is ours, (possessive pronoun) our ours
Possessive pronouns are not followed by nouns. your yours
their theirs
Notes:
its = possessive adjective
a) There is no possessive pronoun for the personal pronoun it.
Look at my puppy. Its fur is soft.
b) We use the patterns a friend of mine/yours/his, etc to mean
it's = it is or it has
one of a number of friends.
I like your new mobile phone! It's cool!
Brenda is a friend of mine. (NOT: a friend of me)
Are lames and lack friends of yours? (NOT: friends of you) (it is)
My new bike is fantastic! It's got a nice
Mary is out with a friend of hers. (NOT: a friend of her)
colour! (it has got)
l

1
To show possession: Other possessive forms
we add 's after names and singular nouns. 1 We use of to talk about things and
I Kevin's tablet PC is new. The woman's dress is beautiful. parts of things. The roof of the
o we add ' to plural nouns ending in -s. The boys' hots are blue.
house is red. (NOT: t-he-house^s roof
o we add's to an irregular plural noun.
because the house is a thing.)
These are the children's toys. 2 To refer to a place (shop/ business/
when the same thing belongs to two or more people, we house, etc) we add an apostrophe
add 's to the last noun. T/?/s is Karen and Tom's car. (The car + s. Ion is at Ben's. (= Ben's house)
belongs to Karen and Tom.) Cathy is at the baker's. (= the shop)
o when two or more things belong to two or more people and
3 We also use the possessive case to
we want to show that each person has his/her own thing, we refer to time. Our university is ten
add 's to each noun. Those are Sarah's and Claire's uniforms. minutes' walk from the bus station.
(Sarah has got a uniform and Claire has got a uniform, too.) It's two hours' drive to the city centre.

Note: We can use the possessive case without a noun after it.
These sunglasses aren't mine. They're lack's. (= jack's sunglasses)

12
 Pronouns Possessives ~ Possessive case

Fill in the gaps with: me, you, us, they, he, Choose the correct item, as in the example.
her.
1 This is my.....laptop.
1 My little sister can ride a bike. Look at her\ A fathers' B fathers (C) father's
2 The players have got new football kits....... 2 "Is this your mobile phone?" "No, it’s....... "
look really good in them. A Maria B Maria’s C Marias’
3 Can...... tell........ how to get to room B4? 3 “Whose jackets are these?" "They're
4 Eric is in a band......... plays the guitar. A Sam and Paul's
5 We always take our dogs on holiday with...... B Sam’s and Paul
C Sam’s and Paul's
Fill in the gaps with its or it's. 4 This is the.. . room.
A children’s B childrens' C children
1 This is a great book! It’s very funny!
2 "Is this your tablet?” "No......... my sister's." 5 Is there a .... in the area?
A butcher’s B butchers’
3 I love our new TV....... screen is really big.
C butchers
4 This phone is really cool! ...... got a great
camera. 6 Which is..... house?
5 Look at that puppy......... face is so cute. A Bob and Irenes'
B Bob and Irene’s
Fill in the appropriate possessive C Bob and Irenes
adjectives/pronouns, as in the example. 7 The..... bikes are in the garden.
A boys B boy’s C boys’
1 A: Is this your (you) new laptop?
B: Yes, isn’t it great!
2 A: Who is that with your brother?
B: That's Bill. He’s a friend of................ (he) 1 It’s a hike of three hours to the mountain.
3 A: This is my best friend............... (she) It’s three hours' hike to the mountain.
name is Paula. 2 The theme this year for the party is famous
B: Pleased to meet you. films.
4 A: I can’t find............. (I) backpack.
B: Don’t worry. It’s with..............(we) in the 3 It’s a drive of forty minutes to get to
attic. Brian’s house.
5 A: Does this mobile phone belong to you?
B: No, it isn’t............ (I). 4 The offers this week are very reasonable.

Fill in the gaps with: /, me, my, mine, you, 5 It’s only a walk of a few minutes to the
your, she, her, we, our, they, their. cinema from my house.

Hi bloggers! ' : '

1) My name is Belinda. Speaking

2) .................... am seventeen years In pairs, ask and answer questions about
old. Here is a picture of 3)............... your best friend and tell the class.
3 with two friends of 4).....................
5)................. names are Sarah and • name • age • country ° hobbies
Claudia. 6).................. are 7)................... best friends.
Sarah is from London. That's 8)................. on the left. A; What’s your best friend’s name?
9) ..................is really pretty! Claudia is from Spain, but B: My best friend's name is ...
10) ................. lives in Edinburgh now. 11).................. go
J to the same school and 12)................ all love listening to | Writing
music, but 13)................... favourite hobby is shopping!
What about 14).................. ? Tell 15)...................... about Now using your answers from the Speaking
16)....................friends! activity post your comment to Belinda’s
blog.
13
 Question words

We use question words to ask about someone or something:

___
• who/whose (people) • how long/how tall (size)
"Who is John?" "He's my brother." "How long is a giraffe's neck?"
"Whose car is this?" "Whose is this car?" "About 1.8 metres." Е
"It's lack's." (possession) "How tall is your sister?" "She's 1.70 m."
Е
• which/what (things) ■
• how much (quantity) I
Which is used to ask about a limited choice of things.
"How much money have you got?" "€10." f. Е
Which dress do you like best - the blue or the red one? (You
have to choose between these two dresses, so the choice
is limited.) • how many (number)
Е
"How many brothers have you got?" "Two." Е
What is more general. It is usually used to ask about an
unlimited choice of things.
• how (manner)
Е
What kind of music do you like? (There are many kinds of
music such as pop, rock, jazz, so the choice is unlimited.)
How do you make pancakes? Е
• why (reason) i
Е
"Why are you upset?" "1 can't find my mobile 1.
• where (places)
phone." (The answers sometimes begin with I
"Where is Sam?" "At school." а
because.) "Because 1 can't find my mobile
phone." b
• when/how long (ago)/how often/what time (time) • how old (age) 1 с
"When is your birthday?" "Next week." "How old is your best friend?" "Eighteen." d
i
"How long is the concert?" "2 hours." • how far (distance) е
"How often do you go to the cinema?" "Twice a month." "How far is it from your house to school?" f
"What time is it?" "It's 7 o'clock." "About a fifteen-minute walk."

1 A: Whose/Who’s your favourite actor?

322
B: James McAvoy. 1 A: Why are you so excited?
G.
2 A: What/Which time is your lesson? B: Because I've got a new job!
Ri
B: At half past six. 2 A: ......................... far do you travel to get to G
3 A: How/What long does this meeting last? work? R,
B: Two hours. B: About 10 kilometres. G
3 A: ......................... do you prefer, strawberry R.
4 A: Where/Why do you work?
or chocolate ice cream? G
B: At the local cinema.
B: Chocolate.
5 A: What/Who is your favourite sport?
4 A: ......................... is your birthday?
B: Football.
B: On 10th April. R
6 A: Why/When does the programme start?
5 A: ......................... do you go shopping?
B: In 20 minutes. G
B: Once a week.
7 A: Whose/Who’s bag is this?
6 A: ......................... do you live?
В: I think it's Janice's. R
B: In Athens.
8 A: How often/far do you practise playing
7 A: ....................... is your favourite kind of G
the piano?
food? F
B: Every day.
B: Italian.

14
 ... . ------ ■■ ■
[

Complete the quiz with how many, what, Write questions to which the words in bold
how tall, which, who, where, how long, when. are the answer.
Then match the questions (1-8) to the
answers (a-h).
This is Rachel Brown.
She is from Edinburgh
Who stars in the film Edge to Tomorrow? in Scotland. She is
........................ children has the Queen of 19 years old and her
the UK got? birthday is on 3rd
team does Rodriguez play March. She lives
with her parents.
is the Coliseum? She has got 2
is the main colour of the brothers. She is a student. She is studying
Chinese flag? Science. Her favourite aclor is Gerard Butler
....................... is the Eiffel Tower in Paris? and her favourite film is How to Train Your
......................... is American Dragon.
Independence Day?
......................... is the film Gone with the 1 Who is this?
Wind?
2 ................................................................. ?
301 metres. 3 ................................................................. ?
Rome. 4 ................................................................. ?
Four. 5 ................................................................. ?
3 hours and 58 minutes. 6 ................................................................. ?
Tom Cruise. 7 ................................................................... 9
Red. 8 .................................................................. 9
Real Madrid.
On July 4th. Speaking
How well do you know your classmates?
Complete the questions. In pairs, ask and
answer the questions as in the example.
Fill in: what, why, when, who, how.
1 Where are you from?
I'm from Sheffield, England.
Gordon: Hello? 2 ............................. old are you?
Richard: Hi, Gordon. It’s Richard.
Gordon: Oh hi, Richard. 1) how are you?
Richard: I’m fine. 3 ............................. is your birthday?
Gordon: 2)..................... are you doing tonight?
Richard: Nothing special, 3)..................... ? 4 ............................. is your best friend?
Gordon: Would you like to go to a concert with
me? I have some free tickets. They’re
5 ............................. is your favourite subject?
Tony’s, but he can’t go because he
isn’t feeling well.
Richard: 4)..................... is playing at the 6 ............................. are your hobbies?
concert?
Gordon: A singer called Jeff Morris. He's
fantastic.
Writing
Richard: That sounds good. 5) do
you want to meet? Write a short paragraph about your partner
Gordon: In an hour? using the answers to the questions in the
Richard- ПК Spp \/ni i thon Qгллo lxiгл/-1 /i+v t
 Present simple
• ,!?Г-ГТТ”* '

They have breakfast Simon usually doos his Sarah works in a What time does the
at 7:30 every coursework in the hospital. She is a train leave? It leaves
morning. evening, but tonight he doctor. at 5 o'clock.
doesn't hove any.
Affirmative I work, He/She/lt works, We/You/They work.
Negative I don't work, He/She/lt doesn't work, We/You/They don't work.
Interrogative Do I work?, Does he/she/it work?, Do we/you/they work?
Yes, I do. Yes, he/she/it does. Yes, we/you/they do.
Short Answers
No, I don't. No, he/she/it doesn't. No, we/you/they don't.
I 'AM**• У t*.*>**»** *.*•**“*■ '•тгч*.* •*^***’ ~^ ’ c ■*»*• V—- « - « •

Spewing: 3rd person singuSar Pronunciation

Most verbs take -s in the third person singular. -s/-es in the third person singular is
/ read - he reads, I dance - she dances pronounced:
Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x and -o take -es. /s/ with verbs ending in /f/, /к/, /р/
/ /dss - he kisses, I brush - he brushes, I teach - she teaches, and /t/ sounds, kick - kicks
I mix - she mixes, I go - he goes /iz/ with verbs ending in /s/, /J/,
Verbs ending in a consonant + y drop the -y and take -ies. /tf/, /<J3/ and /z/ sounds.
/ study - he studies wish - wishes
Verbs ending in a vowel + y take -s only. /г/ with verbs ending in all other
/ play - he plays sounds, stay-stays

VYe use the present simple for:

daily routines He starts work at 8 every morning. Time words/phrases used with the
habits She has dance lessons in the evenings. present simple: always, usually, on
permanent states ]ames lives in New York. He is a businessman. Mondays/ Tuesdays, etc, in the morning/
timetables and programmes (buses, trains, etc) The film afternoon/evening, every day/week, etc,
starts at 9 o'clock. at night/the weekend, etc
general truths and laws of nature The Moon moves around the Earth.
’f'TT'

Look at the pictures (A-E) and underline all the verbs, yb Y, Write the third person singular
J of the verbs in the correct box,
a) Which tense is this? How do we form the affirmative,
negative and interrogative of this tense? as in the example. Then read
the verbs aloud.
b) What are the spelling rules for the third person
singular of this tense? • walk • catch • win ° jump
c) Which of the uses of this tense does each verb show? ° hit • dance • clean • cough
• wash • lead ° sing ° paint
• show • arrange • eat • choose
Write the third person singular of the verbs below.
, , walks, .........................................
1 write writes 6 go ......................... /s/
2 miss .......................... 7 fly ......................... , , catches, .....................................
3 stay .......................... 8 mix ......................... /iz/
4 watch .......................... 9 read ......................... , , wins, ..........................................
/z/
5 arrive .......................... 10 wish .........................
 Present simple

Underline the correct item. Complete the dialogue with the present
simple of the verbs in brackets.
1 Jane dance/dances really well.
FCS
2 Does/Do you come here very often?
A: What time 1) do you get up (you/get up)
3 The bus leaves/leave at 4 pm every
every morning?
afternoon.
B: At 7 o’clock. Then I 2)................. (have) a
4 Emily has/have breakfast with her family shower and 3).................. (eat) breakfast.
during the week.. A: What time 4).................. (you/go) to work?
5 We doesn’t/don’t go to the gym at the В: I 5)...................(leave) the house at 8 o'clock.
weekends. A colleague usually 6)................. (give) me a
' 6 Frank works/work at a bakery. lift but he 7)................. (not/work) on Fridays
so then I 8)................. (catch) the bus.
7 In France, people drives/drive on the right.
A: What time 9)...................(you/finish) work?
8 What time does your English class B: At 6 o'clock. Then it 10)................. (take) me
start/starts? about an hour to get home.
9 My brother live/lives in London. He's a A: What 11)................. (you/do) in the evening?
doctor. В: I 12)...................... (not/do) anything really
10 The children wake up/wakes up at 8 special. I just 13)................. (relax) with my
o'clock in the morning. flatmates. We usually 14)................. (watch)
TV.
25

Fill in: do, does, don't or doesn't. Put the words in the correct order to form
questions. Then, answer them.
1 A: Do you have a large family?
B: Yes, I..................I have 3 brothers and 1 father/does/work/to/drive/your?
2 sisters. A: Does your father drive to work?
2 A: ............... they live in the country? B: Yes, he does./No, he doesn't.
B: No, they................... They live in the city. He catches the bus.
3 A: ............... your friend play a sport? 2 you/your grandparents/close/live/do/to?
B: Yes, she.................. A: ............... :............................................
4 A: ............... your brother have a laptop? B: .............................................................
B: No, he.................. 3 your family/holiday/every year/on/go/does?
5 A: ............... your family go abroad on A: .............................................................
holiday every year? B: .............................................................
B: No, they................... They usually go to 4 play/musical/you/do/a/instrument?
Cornwall.
A: .............................................................
6 A: Why................. Brendan look so happy?
B: .............................................................
В: I............... know.
5 pet/best friend/have/does/your/a?
7 A: ............... you surf the Net?
A: .............................................................
B: Yes, I..................
B: .............................................................
8 A: ............... Mrs Smith still work?
6 play/sport/do/a/you?
B: No, she................... She’s retired.
A: .............................................................
9 A: I............... have any change for the
B: .............................................................
bus. Do you have any?
7 your friend/do/often/you/and/go out?
B: Yes,I ..................
A: .............................................................
10 A: Sam.............. look very well.
B: .............................................................
В: I think he's ill but he ............... want to
go to the doctor. 8 have/do/any/you/brothers/sisters/or?
A: ......................................... ...................
B: .............................................................
17
 Adverbs of frequency

I've never flown before and

Adverbs of frequency
I'm a bit afraid. Do these
• Adverbs of frequency show us how often something
happens. They are the following:
always (100%) sometimes (25%) hardly ever (5%) A
usually (75%) rarely/seldom (10%) never (0%) B
often (50%)
We use adverbs of frequency:
a) before the main verb.
They often visit their grandparents at the weekend.
b) after the auxiliary verbs be, have and do and the modal Carnrn
verbs such as can, will, must, etc. is a n
She is never late for school. childr
You must always wear a seatbelt while driving. at a
Note: The adverbs rarely/seldom/hardly ever and never 3)....
have a negative meaning and they are never used with childr
the word not. He seldom watches TV in the morning. in ba
Sam is sometimes late for work.
(NOT: He doesn-tseldom watch TV...) 5)....
(care]
hours
i/’d Look at the words in bold in the pictures, a) What do these words show? b) Where do we put (belie
adverbs of frequency in a sentence? every
10)..
(like)
Tick (/) the appropriate gap to show the Make sentences using the adverbs of
any r
correct position of the adverb of frequency. frequency from the key, as in the example.
volun
1 We / go ..... for ice cream after class, KEY
(sometimes)
always ***** sometimes
2 My dad ..... reads ..... the newspaper on
usually **** rarely/seldom *
Sunday mornings, (usually)
often never 0
3 Hurry up! The bus..... is....... late, (rarely)
4 I..... do.......my homework as soon as I get
home from school, (always) 1 Maria/drink/coffee/in the evening (0)
5 We..... watch.......a film on Saturday night, Maria never drinks coffee in the evening.
(often) 2 l/get up/at 7 o'clock/in the morning (“*“)
6 My brother believes he ..... is ..... wrong,
(never) 3 Bqb/be/late/for work (*)
7 He ..... sees ..... his friends from his old
neighbourhood, (seldom)
4 Do/you/walk/home/from work? (****)
8 Students ..... must ..... cheat during their
exams, (never)
5 l/have/a sandwich/for lunch (***)
9 My friends and I ..... meet ..... after class,
(sometimes)
10 I like designer clothes, but I ..... buy ..... 6 Alice/work out/at the gym/on Fridays (****)
them, (seldom)
11 We ..... eat ..... out on a Friday night. 7 l/take/the dog/for a walk/in the afternoon
(often) (“)
12 Gary..... doesn’t....... work at the weekend.
(usually) 8 Do/you/go/to/the cinema/at the weekend?

18
 /

. -G... V|_

p| In pairs, ask each other how often you: Complete the sentences
about yourself.
• go to the cinema • tidy room • play computer games
• read the newspaper • get up late ° ride a bike I never gel up (get up) early
at the weekend.
A: How often do you go to the cinema?
My father ..............................
В: I rarely go to the cinema. How often do you ...? etc.
(watch) TV in the evenings.
We .............................. (live)
Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple. in a quiet neighbourhood.
I ........................... (visit) my
relatives at the weekend.
Carmen Brooks 1) is (be) a special person. She
My family ..............................
is a nurse. She usually 2)........... (work) at a
(eat) together every evening.
children's hospital in the city, but now she is
at a clinic in Africa. At the clinic, she I .................................. (help)
my flatmate with the chores.
3)................. (look) after sick children. The
children 4).................................. (live) My best friend ....................
in bad conditions and unfortunately they (speak) two foreign languages.
5).......... (get) all kinds of illnesses. Carmen 6) My mum ..............................
(care) a lot about the children and 7)................. (spend) twelve (start) work at 8 o'clock.
hours a day seven days a week at the clinic. She 8)................. My granddad........................
(believe) that happy children are healthy children. For this reason, (enjoy) going to the theatre.
every Friday she 9)................. (dress up) as a clown and I .............................. (have) a
10)................ (perform) magic tricks. She 11)................. shower in the morning.
(like) to hear the children laugh. She 12)................... (not/get)
Speaking
any money for the job. She 13)................ (do) all this as a
volunteer. But she 14)........................ (not/complain), she Imagine you are a reporter.
really 15).................. (enjoy) helping the children and they really Interview your partner about a
16)................. (love) her. person they admire and their
gJpj'[Link].- " —— ___ ____ _________ _____—r. ■ — job. In pairs, ask and answer
questions, using adverbs of
Imagine you are interviewing Carmen Brooks. In pairs, frequency where appropriate,
ask and answer questions, as in the example. about:

you/work at a children's hospital? o what/job/do

A: Do you work at a children’s hospital? o time/get up
B: No, I don't. I work at a clinic in Africa. o what do/morning/afternoon/
you/look after sick children? evening
© why/admire
A: What job does he do?
the children/live in good conditions? B: He’s a fireman.
A: What time does he usually
get up?
B: He always gets up at 6
you/get time off at the weekend?
**** o 'clock. In the morning ..

Writing
noon you/like your job? Use your partner’s answers
from the Speaking activity to
write about the person they
admire.
you/get paid?
A: ................ The person I admire is a fireman
B: ................ He always gels up at 6 o'clock. ..
19
 Present continuous

What are you doing at the\

moment? Are you studying?]

______ Jggg
No, I'm not. I'm Л Sue is working very She is travelling to Rome You're always making
listening to music. L hard these days. in an hour. noise late at night!

Affirmative I'm reading, He's/She's/lt's reading, We're/You're/They're reading.

Negative I'm not reading, He/She/lt isn't reading, We/You/They aren't reading.
Interrogative Am 1 reading?, Is he/she/it reading?, Are we/you/they reading?
Yes, 1 am. Yes, he/she/it is. Yes, we/you/they are.
Short Answers
No, I'm not. No, he/she/it isn't. No, we/you/they aren't.

• Most verbs add -ing to the base form of the main We use the present continuous:
verb. • for actions happening now, at the moment of
talk - talking, watch - watching, look - looking !
speaking, or actions happening around the
• Verbs ending in -e, drop the -e and add -ing. time of speaking, (temporary situations)
ride - riding, make - making He is reading a book now. (action happening
• Verbs ending in a vowel and a consonant, now).
double the consonant and add -ing. She is practising for a concert these days, (around
swim - swimming, get - getting the time of speaking).
• Verbs ending in -ie, change the -ie to -y and add • for fixed arrangements in the near future.
-ing. lie-lying He is meeting his friends at the cinema. (He has to
• Verbs ending in -1, double the -1 and add -ing. be at the cinema in a hour.)
travel - travelling • with always to express our annoyance at
Time words/phrases used with the present actions happening too often.
continuous: now, at the moment, at present, these You're always leaving your clothes on the floor.
days, tomorrow, tonight, next week, etc

Look at the pictures (A-D). Add -ing to the verbs below and put them in the correct
Underline all the verbs. What box.
tense is this?
° talk • bake • die • quarrel • type • shake • run • try
a) How do we form the
• hope • forget • tie • write • cook • stop • sleep • have
affirmative, negative and
interrogative of this tense? 3 I
talking, ....
+ing
b) Which of the uses of the
tense does each verb show?
baking, ....
-e -» ing

dying.......
-ie -> y + ing

quarrelling,
double consonant + ing

20
 ^1 Fill in the correct verb from the list in the ' Jl It is Bob and Alice’s wedding anniversary.
present continuous. Which sentences refer Put the words in the correct order to find
to actions happening now (N), temporary out what they are doing.
situations CD, fixed arrangements in the
near future (F) and annoyance about 1 anniversary/today/their/celebrating/Bod
actions happening too often (А)? and Alice/are
Bob and Alice are celebrating their
• take • read • shop • meet anniversary today.
• work • stay • move • study 2 are/with/friends/later tonight/having/they/
Sue and Emma are shopping for dinner/their
some new shoes. N
I.......................... Joanna at the 3 the/a/Bob/moment/is/at/table/booking
shopping centre in an hour.
Joe.......................... in his father’s 4 dinner/is/Alice/dress/for/the/new/for/
company these days. shopping/a
We.......................... into our new
house at the weekend. 5 flying/Madrid/weekend/they/at/to/the/are
You.................... always...................
my things without asking!
6 trip/friend/the/paying/present/a/their/as/
Karl............................for his exams for/best/is
right now.
I..........................a really interesting
7 weather/hoping/for/they/the/nice/are/stays/it
book at the moment.
I.......................... with my aunt and
uncle this week.

Look at the pictures and use the phrases to

ask and answer questions, as in the example. g j Fill in the gaps with the present continuous.

• watch television • read a book • wash dishes 1 We are going (go) to the theatre at the
• ride a bike weekend.
2 I ............................... (take) my driving test
Julie/listen/music on Friday.
A: Is Julie listening to music? 3 What book ............................... (you/read)
B: No, she isn't. She's reading at present?
a book. 4 Billy............................................. (not/work)
on the computer now.
5 Toby.............................. (study) engineering
Brian/have/dinner at university at the moment.
6 Jenny ....................................... (pack) her
suitcase now.

nave 7 We ........................................ (use) public

transport this week because our car is in
they/surf/Net the garage.
8 Please be quiet! The baby..........................
(sleep).
9 You ............................... (always/interrupt)
me when I’m talking!
he/play/football 10 Darren...................................... (not/wear) a
jacket because it’s so hot outside.
11 What ..................................... (you/have) for
dinner tonight?
21
 Look at the pictures and find the Answer the questions about yourself.
differences. Write sentences using the J 1 Are you learning a foreign language?
verbs from the list.
Yes, I am. I'm learning French and English.
° water • cut ° jog ® carry ° wash 2 Is your best friend going on holiday this
° push • ride • drive • wear year?

3 Is your mother cooking right now?

4 Are you doing anything at the weekend?

5 Are you listening to music at the moment?

6 Is your father working now?

7 Are you studying for your exams at present

: I Put the verbs in brackets into the present

J continuous.

Dear Christine,
Greetings from Edinburgh! I 1)'m spending
(spend) the holidays with my aunt and uncle here
The city is really beautiful in winter, but can you
believe that it 2)..................... (snow) right
now! Everyone 3)..................... (wear) hats and
gloves because it's so cold. I 4)........................
(not/enjoy) the cold weather. I 5)....................
(sit) in a cafe waiting for my cousins. I
6)..................... (drink) hot chocolate to keep
warm while they 7)...................... (shop). Later,
tonight we 8).....................(watch) the firework
display at Edinburgh Castle. I 9).................
(come) home next week, so I can show you my
photos then. 10)...................... (you/have) a nice
time at the moment?
See you soon,
Mary

In picture A, Helen is watering the flowers. In

picture B, Helen isn't watering the flowers.
Speaking
She's cutting the grass.
Work in pairs. Find a picture in a magazine
and describe it to your partner. Say what is
happening, what the people in the picture
are doing, what they are wearing, etc.

In this picture, there is/are ...

Writing
Write a short text describing your picture.
Clara
22
 Present simpSe vs Present continuous

lay this t

Use
nent? ?
I We use the present simple for: We use the present continuous for:
0 daily routines, habits, repeated actions usually • actions happening at the moment of speaking.
I with adverbs of frequency (usually, always, etc). She is making dinner at the moment.
Sharon usually goes to work at 9 am.
esent? I • permanent states.
T
• temporary actions happening around the time of
jV She lives in Paris. She is a teacher. J. speaking. David is studying for his exams these days.
• timetables and programmes (buses, trains, etc). • fixed arrangements in the near future.
sent
The concert starts at 7 o'clock. They are taking the train to Rome in 30 minutes.
• general truths and laws of nature. • With always to express our annoyance at actions
The sun rises in the east, (law of nature) happening too often.
■■■I
You're always using the computer! Let me have a turn!

ending Time words/phrases used with the present simple: Time words/phrases used with the present
e here, every hour/day/week/month/summer/year, etc, usually, continuous: now, at the moment, at present, these
in you always, every morning/afternoon/evening/night, in the days, tomorrow, etc
right aw
I'4’
morning/afternoon/evening, at midday, at night, etc
...v i . - I .
ffi
ts and ----- —•
Stative Verbs
____________________
r' j ■ Some verbs don't have continuous forms because they describe a state, not an action. Some of these are: like,
■ love, hate, want, know, need, believe, understand, remember, forget, sound, cost. / like your new friend.
' (NOT: Idmliking your new friend.') I believe the play starts at 8. (NOT: l-m-believing the play starts at 8.) I need a
\ piece of paper. (NOT: l-m-needing a piece of paper.) Do you remember Kevin? (NOT: Are-you-r-emember-ing Kevin?).

>u my
з nice q Look at pictures (A-E) and underline all the verbs, a) Identify the tense of each verb, b) Which use
of the tense does each verb show?

3J Clara is on holiday. Her daily routine is different. Look at the pictures and use the prompts to tell
your partner what Clara usually does and what she is doing now.

in the morning in the afternoon in the evening at night

• get up at 7:00 go to lessons do her homework go to bed early
• sleep till 10:00 hang out with friends play computer games stay up late

Clara usually gets up at 7:00 in the morning, but today she is sleeping till 10:00.
23
 Present ssmpSe vs Present continuous

Underline the correct form of the verb. Complete the exchanges with the present
simple or present continuous.
1 We go/are going shopping every Saturday.
2 Andrew washes/is washing the car at the 1 A: Are you going (you/go) on holiday this
moment. summer?
3 I cut/am cutting the grass every week. B: Yes,I .............. (fly) to Barbados
4 I am cooking/cook dinner at the moment. on Saturday.

5 They pay/are paying a cleaner to tidy the 2 A: What.............. .. (you/look) for?

house. B: I...................... (need) some sugai
6 We paint/are painting the spare room for this recipe.
tomorrow afternoon. 3 A: Excuse me! How much
7 I’m watering/water Carol’s plants while (this T-shirt/cost)?
she is in Australia this month. B: It's £10.
8 Susan redecorates/is redecorating her 4 A: What (you/do) righ!
house because she wants to sell it. now?
9 Adam is hanging/hangs out the washing B: I....... . (type) up my report,
right now. 5 A: (you/like) action films?
10 We always are cleaning/clean the house B .. (hate) them!
together.

ST?)] Choose the correct item.

Underline the correct item.

1 He.....his dog every morning.
(A) walks B is walking C walk
1 Be quiet! The students are taking/take an
exam at the moment. 2 What time.....outside the theatre tomorrow?
2 Donald and Eleanor get/are getting A are we meeting B do we meet
married at the weekend. C we are meeting
3 The cafe opens/is opening at 7:30 every 3 My best friend.....to Spain next month.
morning. A moves B is moving C move
i. •
4 I usually am studying/study in the library 4 I usually.... work at 6 o’clock in the t
after class. evening. £
5 What time do we have/are we having A am finishing B finish C finishes
dinner tonight?
5 Do you.....the instructions?
6 How often are you going/do you go to the
A understand B understanding
gym?
C understands
7 We look/are looking for a new house
these days. 6 They ..... a wonderful time at the beach
right now.
8 Emma sometimes cries/is crying at sad
A are having B has
films.
9 What time is your class beginning/does 7 What time.....in the morning?
your class begin? A is the train leaving B the train leaves
C does the train leave
10 We are renting/rent a lovely little cottage
for our holiday this year. 8 Julie.....to watch this film. It's really
11 The River Danube flows/is flowing through interesting.
ten different countries. A is wanting B wants C want
12 I don’t play/am not playing football today 9 It.....seven years of studying to become a
because I have a terrible headache. doctor.
A take B is taking C takes
10 She.....joining us for dinner tonight.
A doesn’t B aren't C isn’t

24
 Present simple vs Present continuous

isent Underline the correct item. Write sentences about yourself. Use the
following time expressions: on Saturdays,
1 How often/never do you order a takeaway? always, in the morning, often, at the moment,
ay this 2 We are going grocery shopping in the these days.
morning/every morning.
rbados 3 Nathan is eating more healthily these 1 / go horse riding on Saturdays.
days/sometimes. 2 ..............................................................................
for? 4 Doctors suggest eating fruit and 3 ....................................................................................
> sugar vegetables every day/at the moment. 4 ....................................................................................
5 I rarely/always have time to cook because 5 ....................................................................................
I work so many hours.
6 ....................................................................................
6 Barbara is shopping at the market at the
weekend/at the moment. Speaking
>) right 7 Janet and Kevin sometimes/at present go
Look at the pictures and the prompts. In
out to eat on Friday night.
pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the
oort. 8 She has breakfast at 8 o’clock every
example.
films? day/these days.
fc1
waiter
serve food
take an order
Complete the text with the present simple
or present continuous. What's his job?
He's a waiter.
What does he usually do at work?
He serves food.
.Ik
Is he serving food right now?
row? From: Naomi@[Link] No, he's taking an order.
set To:| rose05@[Link] |

s. Hi Rose,
• shop assistant
ve How 1) are (be) you? 2)........................ (you/like) • help customers
your new college? I 3)................... (love) mine! All • talk on the phone
the students in my class are really nice, but my best
friends are Julia and Elly. We always 4)...................
>hes
(have) lunch together and after our lessons we
usually 5).....................(do) our homework at Julia's
iding house because she 6)..................... (live) next to the
college. • nurse
each Tomorrow is Saturday and I 7)............................... (go) • examine patients
ice-skating with Elly. Julia 8).................................. • wash hands
(not/come) because she 9)......................... (visit) her
cousins in London. I 10)............................................
aves (not/go out) on Sunday mornings because I always
11).................... (help) Mum with the chores, but in
• cook
the afternoons, 112)..........................(play) basketball
fj • • cook food
with my college team. Practice 13)..........................
• put the food on a plate
(start) at 3 o’ clock and 14).....................(finish) at 5.
t i
I have to go now-Mum 15)..........................(call) me.
le a t She 16)........................................... (always/ask) me
to do something when I'm using the computer!
Writing
s 17).................................... (you/still/come) to see me Write an email to your English speaking
next weekend? I can't wait! friend about your daily routine and what
Naomi you are doing this weekend. Use ex. 31 as
a model.
25
 \МЙг Exploring Grammar (Starter - Unit 1)
I
be/have got, Possessive adjectives Present simple vs Present
& pronouns continuous
! a) Read the dialogue. Circle all forms of the a) Read the dialogue again. Underline all
verbs to be and have got. How do we form the verbs in the present simple and the
the negative and interrogative of the verbs? present continuous. How do we form the
negative and the interrogative of these
b) Read the dialogue again and highlight tenses?
two possessive adjectives. What are their
equivalent possessive pronouns? Where do b) Match the underlined verb forms to their
we put the possessive adjectives: before or uses:
after the noun? How do we use possessive • daily routines/habits/repeated actions
pronouns? Give examples. • permanent states
• actions happening at/around the time of
%
speaking
A: Good morning sports fans! Today I am talking
to football player Josh Jackson, who plays for
Silvertown FC. Josh, welcome! c) What is a stative verb? Find an example
B: Hi, I’m excited to be on the show. in the text. Give three more examples of
A: So, Josh. Where are you from? stative verbs.
В: I'm from Seattle, in the United States. But I’ve
got a family in England, and I love the football
d) Highlight all the adverbs of frequency in
here. It's great that I'm playing in the English
the dialogue. Where do we use them in a
league now.
A: Which English teams are your favourite? sentence?
B: Well, of course Silvertown FC! But England
has got amazing teams and players. I'm often e) Find a sentence in the dialogue where
amazed at the level here, so I always train the present continuous is used with future
hard for every game. meaning. Can the present simple be used
A: So, what do you do when you aren’t playing?
with future meaning? Give an example.
B: Well, I have got a family. So I usually spend
time with my children. My wife takes them to
the stadium, and her parents watch my Subject/Object pronouns
games on TV too, back in America. J a) Which subject/object pronouns can you
A: When's your next game?
find in the dialogue in Ex. 1 ? Write S for
B: We’re playing Riverview Rovers next week.
A: Great! Good luck Josh, and thank you for subject and O for object pronouns.
your time.
B: Thank you! b) Look at the dialogue again and ML») JW

complete the sentences. Ijy/’. •

a We use.................... pronouns before verbs,

Fill in: am/is/are or have/has. b We use ................... pronouns after a verb
or a preposition.
1 Tim and his brother................ members of
the college basketball team. Question words/Plurals
2 Stephen.................. got a new car.
;\^j a) Find all the question words in the
3 I................ a student at Leeds University.
dialogue. What are they used to ask about?
4 “................ Bob a friend of yours?" Give examples of question words which are
"Yes, I know him very well." used to ask about people, age, place and
5 Jeff and his wife.................. got three reason.
children.
6 ............ your neighbours at home right now?
b) Find all the plural forms in the dialogue.
7 Caroline.................. got long wavy hair. How do we form the plural of regular
8 I................ got a computer in my room. nouns? Give examples.
26
 Revision (Starter - Unit 1)

Choose the correct item.

e all 1 Caroline.... going out today because she’s 18 The bird is making a nest so it can lay....
ne ill. eggs.
the A 'm not B isn’t C aren’t A it’s B its C it
e 2 She.... got a brand new car. 19 .... season do you like better, summer or
A 've got B ’ve C 's spring?
A What B Which C Who
3 .... a lot of ingredients in this recipe.
> their 20 The train to London .... at 2:30 in the
A They are B There are
C These are afternoon.
ns A leave B is leaving C leaves
4 There’s.... sugar in the cupboard so I can’t
5 Of make a cake. 21 Terry.... to go on holiday to Portugal.
A no B any C some A is wanting B wants C want

5 Make sure you brush your .... before you 22 The bus stop is not far; it’s.... from here.
nple go to bed. A ten minutes’ walk
of A tooth B teeth C tooths B ten minute walk
C ten minute's walk
6 Bob doesn't use.... mobile phone at work.
A he B his C him 23 The news agent’s is .... the bank and the
'y in baker's.
7 I.... my new neighbourhood. There are so
ia A among B between C in
many things to do there.
A love B loves C am loving 24 "Whose keys are these?"
“They’re...... ’’
8 It's my sister’s birthday and she.... a party
re A Tom B Toms’ C Tom’s
today!
:ure
A have B is having C has 25 Julie never.... cola or sports drinks.
:ed
A drinks B drink
9 .... bike is that outside your house?
C doesn’t drink
A Who B Whose C Who’s

Ж', ■
10 It is.... too late to learn a new language.
A always B usually C never
you
11 She.... stay up late during the week
because she gets up early in the mornings. Complete the gaps with the correct word,
A hasn’t B doesn’t C isn’t choose the correct word or put the words
in brackets into the correct form.
12 Jerry is studying hard for his exams......
A usually B these days Graham Hendry 1)......................... (enjoy) the
C always same things that boys 2)......................... age
!rbs.
like to do, but he 3)......................... (not/be)
verb 13 Walk along Archer Avenue and the post
your average 16 year old boy. That’s because he
office is.... the right.
4) ......................... (work) in a circus! He
A on B at C in
5) ......................... (perform) with his family as
14 The cinema is.... to the supermarket. they fly through the air 6) on/in the trapeze.
A next B near C beside Every day he goes 7) to/from his school lessons
iUt? and 8)......................... (do) his homework, but
15 I know a shortcut .... the park. then 9)......................... begins his training. At
are A over B across C through the moment, his family 10).........................
d
16 Give me six... .., please. (practise) for a big show 11).............................
A tomatoes B tomatos c tomato the weekend. 12)................... are planning a new
trick for the show. Graham 13).........................
ie. 17 We.... a flight to Toronto in the morning. (love) his job. He says 14) it’s/its very tiring but
A catch B catches he 15)..................................... (not/want) to do
C are catching anything else!
27
 Past simple (regular and irregular verbs)

Affirmative I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They visited/went. Irregular verbs

Irregular verbs do not form the past
Negative I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They didn't visit/go
simple by adding -ed.
Interrogative Did l/you/he/she/it/we/you/they visit/go?
come - came, see - saw, break - broke
Yes, l/you/he/she/it/we/you/they did. (See the list of irregular verbs at the
Short Answers
No, l/you/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't. back of the book.)

Spelling rales Pronunciation

Verbs ending in -e take only -d. The suffix -ed is pronounced:
like - liked /id/ when the verbs end in /t/ or
Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and take -ied. /d/ sound, posted, needed, wanted
fry - fried /t/ when the verbs end in /к/, /s/,
Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -ed. play - played /tj7, /J/, /f/ and /р/ sounds.
o
Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants, booked, missed, matched, brushed,
double the last consonant before the -ed. plan - planned coughed, stopped
BUT open - opened, fix - fixed /d/ when the verb ends in any
Verbs ending in -I, double the I before they take -ed. other sound, opened, arrived,
travel - travelled bowed, scrubbed

Use
' We use the past simple to talk about:
• actions which happened at a particular time in the past. • people who are no longer alive.
The time is either mentioned or implied. Elvis Presley was a great performer.
They went fishing last week. (When? Last week - the time is (Elvis Presley is dead.)
mentioned)
They caught a lot of fish. (When? When they went fishing -
the time is implied) Time words/phrases used with the
actions that happened immediately one after the other. past simple: yesterday, the day before
First she had a shower and then she made breakfast. yesterday, last week/month/year, two
past habits. In this case we use adverbs of frequency hours/days/weeks/months/years ago,
(always, often, usually, every day/month, etc). when, then, in 2008, etc.
My friends and I played football every day when we were
young. (But we don't play football any more.)

28
 I ijvr
Past simple (regular and irregular verbs) ' w

Щ Look at the story on p. 28. Underline all the jFj a) Complete the table with the past simple
verbs, a) Which tense is this? How do we of the following verbs. Check the list of
form the affirmative, negative and irregular verbs at the back of the book.
interrogative of this tense? b) What are the
spelling rules for regular verbs in this buy • send • climb • fry » wear • watch
add ° park • go • bake ° finish • take
tense? c) Which of the uses of this tense о miss ° draw ° swim • ride
appear in the story? What other uses of
this tense do you know? Give examples. regular irregular
bought

Complete the table with the following verbs

in the past simple.

• call • move • delay • beg • control

• hope • quarrel • start • reply » dial
• carry • stir • employ • jump • play
• stop • copy • save

called,
turn - turned b) Now complete the sentences with verbs
from Ex. 4a in the past simple.
type-typed
1 The Browns bought a new car at the
weekend.
2 Alice...... a delicious cake
stay - stayed yesterday.
3 I .......................................a really interesting
mop - mopped
BSaW. documentary on TV last night.
- modelled 4 Jenny........................to Canada on holiday.
5 He...............................the car at the station
and then........................the train to work.
6 I........................ my blue dress to the theatre
I Write the past simple form of the verbs last night.
below then put them into the correct
7 We ........................ to the top of the Eiffel
category. Tower when we were in Paris.
admit admitted 7 argue 8 He................. ...... his homework two hours
ago.
look ............... 8 wash
9 Emily............ ............... a beautiful picture of
change ............... 9 end
a butterfly in art class.
shop ............... 10 help
10 She............... ................ the onions and then
visit ............... 11 laugh . the eggs.
enter ............... 12 shout 11 My penfriend ................................ me a letter
yesterday.
12 Carrie........... ..................her bus so she had
admitted lo walk to class.
13 I .................. ..... in the sea every day last
summer.
14 The girls..... ...................... their bikes
around the park yesterday afternoon.

29
 Past simple (regular and irregular verbs)

JP I Look at the questions about

Robert. Put the verbs in
brackets into the past simple. 1 house/their/two days ago/moved/they/into/new
Then match the questions to they moved into their new house two days ago.
the answers. 2 slept/during/the/we/on/cruise/the/boat

Where did Robert live 3 safari/see/when/went/you/did/what/you/on/the?

(Robert/live) when he was
younger? 4 work/to/go/didn't/why/Alice/today?
Ш Why...........................................
(he/move) to the UK?
5 when/at/Frank/passport/his/the/was/market/lost/he
m What..........................................
(he/study) at university?
6 my/night/booked/last/online/flights/l
m How long..................................
(he/stay) in the UK?
m Where did................................. 7 sea/the/l/every day/when/swam/l/Greece/in/visited
(he/go) when he left?
m Why........................................... 8 was/because/buy/it/didn't/we/too/car/the/expensive
(he/travel) there?
m When........................................ 9 Kim and Sarah/their/hang/with/didn’t/out/friends/last
(he/meet) his wife? Saturday
m When.........................................
(they/get) married? 10 you/the/news/listen/the/to/radio/did/on?

a Engineering, e In Spain,
b To study. f Five years.
c Last year, g Two months
Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple. E■
d To America. ago.
h For a job. 1 A: Did you go (you/go) to the cinema last night?
B: No, I................... (stay) home and...................... (read)
a book.
Look at what Patricia 2 A: These biscuits are delicious.........................................
did/didn’t do last Saturday and (you/make) them?
make sentences. B: No, I...........................(buy) them at the bakery.
3 A: What...........................(you/do) last weekend?

• get up early X В: I........................... (visit) my friend at his country house.

« have breakfast / 4 A: ............................ (Greg/drive) to work today?
• go to class X B: No, he............................ (catch) the bus.
• do her project / 5 A: ................... (you/hear) about the earthquake in China?
• meet friends /
B: Yes, I did. It...........................(cause) a lot of damage.;
• surf the Net /
6 A: ................................... (Kate/enjoy) her trip to America?
B: Yes, she.............................(say) she............................
(see) a lot of amazing things.
Last Saturday ...
7 A: ...................................... (Peter and Julie/visit) Niagara
1 Patricia didn't get up early. Falls when they...........................(be) in Canada?
2 ................................................. B: Yes, and they ........................... (take) some amazing
3 ................................................. photographs.
4 ................................................. 8 A: Where.............................................(you/stay) when you
5 ................................................. ......................... (go) to Scotland last summer?
6 ................................................. B: We..................... (rent) a little cottage in the highlands.

30
 Choose the correct item. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple.

1 George ..... the washing-up

at the moment.
A does B did
© is doing
History remembers Charles Lindbergh
2 Eddie..... video games when as the courageous man who 1) made
he was younger. (make) the first non-stop solo flight
A played B is playing across the Atlantic Ocean. Born in
C plays Detroit, USA on February 2nd 1902,
Lindbergh always 2)............. (have) an
3 Karl.....with his grandparents
this summer.
interest in flying and 3).................
A is staying B stayed (decide) to become a pilot. In 1919, a hotel owner 4)..................
(offer) a prize to the first pilot to cross the Atlantic. Over the next few
C stays
years, many pilots 5)..................... (try) and 6)................................
4 My mum..... on a farm when (fail). In 1927, Lindbergh 7)................. (build) a special plane and
she was a girl. 8) ..................(name) it the Spirit of St. Louis. Later that same year, after
A is living a journey of more than 3,000 miles and 33 and a half hours, Lindbergh
B lived 9) ................. (land) safely in Paris. Lindbergh 10)....................(change)
C lives the way people thought about flying forever!
5 I.... on my first driving lesson
yesterday. b) Expand the sentences to form questions about
A 'm going B went Charles Lindbergh. Then write short answers.
C go
1 Charles Lindbergh/make/first solo flight/across the Atlantic?
6 My father..... sport at the
Did Charles Lindbergh make the first solo flight across
weekend. the Atlantic?
A often watches
Yes, he did.
B often watched
C often is watching 2 Lindbergh/offer/prize/fly/across/Atlantic?

7 ".... on the Orient Express?"

"Yes, we did. It was an amazing
experience." 3 he/build/special plane?
A Do you travel
B Are you travelling
C Did you travel
4 Lindbergh/fly/across/Atlantic/in 1927?
8 I usually cycle to work but
yesterday I..... my car.
A drive B drove
5 Lindbergh/take off/from/Paris?
C drives

Write sentences about yourself.

—J Use the time expressions. Speaking
In pairs, ask and answer questions about what you did
• last year • yesterday
last Sunday.
• two weeks ago ° in 2013
• the day before yesterday A: What did you do last Sunday?

1 I went on holiday to Majorca B: In the morning, I took my dog for a walk and then ...
last year.
Writing
2 .....................................................
Use your partner’s answers to write about what he/she
3 .....................................................
did last Sunday.
4 .....................................................
Last Sunday, Gregory took his dog for a walk then ...

31
 Used to is always a past form. It has no
present form. It has the same form in all
persons, singular and plural, in the affirmative.
/ used to go camping when I was 16 years old.
The question form is Did (you) use to ...?
Did Laura use to work long hours?
The negative form is (I) didn't use to ... • o
Bob didn't use to Lake the bus to university. • d
• v
Affirmative l/You/He/She/lt/We/You/They used to play tennis. Sandra used to play the piano • e
Negative when she was young. She r<
I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They didn't use to play tennis.
didn't use to like performing in • s
Interrogative Did l/you/he/she/it/we/you/they use to play tennis?
front of people, but now she is
Yes, l/you/he/she/it/we/you/they did. a singer in a band and she
Short Answers
No, l/you/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't. really enjoys it!

Use

Used to is used to talk about past habits and things that happened regularly in the past, but no longer
happen.
He used to exercise a lot when he was young. (He doesn't exercise any more.)
We also use used to for things that were true, but they are not true any more.
Amy used to have short hair when she was a child. (Now she has long hair.)
We can use the past simple instead of used to with no difference in meaning.
He used to live in London. (= He lived in London.)
BUT She bought a new car last month. (NOT: used-to-buy - single past action)

___ j Look at the pictures above and the words in bold.

a) What is the affirmative, negative and interrogative form of used to?

b) When do we use used to?

: j Match the verbs (1-6) with the words/phrases (a-f), then write sentences
about Alex when he was younger. Use used to/didn’t use to.

ПТИ live a abroad on holiday

m have b his grandparents every weekend
m not go c eggs
BO play d a pet dog
BD visit e in America
BO not like f video games

1 Alex used to live in America.

2 ...............................................

32
 ago Caroline was a student. Now Put a tick (/) next to the sentences where
is a successful business woman. Use ‘used to + main verb’ can replace the past
phrases to ask and answer questions simple.
her, as in the example.
1 Jacoline lived on a farm
when she was a little girl. / (used to live)
2 Steven went on holiday
with his family last
own flat summer.
car 3 I sent an email to my
smart clothes friend in New Zealand
то at last night.
4 I didn’t wear glasses
g in when I was a child.
! iS 5 We watched a film at
the cinema yesterday.
6 My dad rode a
• eat meals at home motorcycle when he
transport • go to bed early was a student.
and T-shirts
j >-jl Use used to/didn’t use to to write
sentences about your past habits.
Did Caroline use to own her own flat?
No, she didn’t. She used to live at home. 1 / used to have long hair.
2 ..................................................................
3 .........................................................................
the dialogue and fill in the gaps with
4 .........................................................................
correct form of used to and the verbs in
5 .........................................................................

Speaking
A: Grandma, 1) Did you use to listen
(you/listen) to music when you were young?
In pairs, ask and answer questions about
Yes, I did. But we 2).......................................... things you used to/didn’t use to do when
(not/own) personal music players. We you were younger. Use the ideas below
3)..................................... (play) our favourite and/or your own ideas.
songs on a record player.
A: 4)......... (you/surf) the ° read comics • play the piano
Internet? • watch cartoons • go to the park
B: No, I didn’t. Not only was there no Internet, ° ride a bike ° write letters
but we 5)......................................... (not/have)
A: Did you use to read comics when you were
a computer. younger?
A: No computer! What 6).....................................
B: No, I didn't. Did you use to ...
(do) in your free time?
В: I 7)..................................... (read) books and
meet my friends. Writing
A: How 8)................................................................
(you/keep) in touch with people you didn’t Use your partner’s answers from the
see without the Internet? Speaking activity above to write a short
8: We 9).................... (write) letters paragraph about what he/she used
to each other. to/didn’t use to do.
A: Wow! It 10)............ (be) very
different back then! Jacob didn 'I use to read comics when he was
younger but he ...

33
 Adjectives ~ Order of adjectives

Adjectives

Adjectives describe nouns. They have the

same form in the singular and the plural. Look at this small village.
a small house - small houses It looks so peaceful.
I Adjectives go before nouns. It has got some charming old
a pretty woman houses.
o
They can also be used alone after the rThe day of my
verb to be, or other verbs such as look, graduation was
smell, sound, feel, taste, etc. ^Do you like my big new' amazing! I was so
lames is tall. You look sod. choir? It's green! It's my excited!
There are two kinds of adjectives: favourite colour.
opinion adjectives {beautiful, good, etc),
which show what a person thinks of
somebody or something, and fact
adjectives {long, strong, young, etc)
which give us factual information about
the age, size, colour, etc of the noun.

Order of adjectives
Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives, a nice silk dress
opinion fact
o
When there are two or more fact adjectives in a sentence, they usually go in the following order:
size age shape colour origin material noun
Li. small old square purple French silk scarf

■ • We do not usually have a long list of adjectives before a single noun. A noun is usually described by one,
two or three adjectives at the most. She bought an expensive, red, Persian carpet last week.
Adjectives ending in -ed/-ing
• Adjectives ending in -ing express what something is • Adjectives ending in -ed express how we feel about
like. The film was boring. (What was it like? Boring.) something. We were bored. (How did we feel? Bored.)

Look at the pictures A-C and Put the adjectives in the correct order.
the adjectives in bold. J
1 a yellow/bright/plastic bucket
a) Which adjectives come
a bright, yellow, plastic bucket
before a noun?

b) Which of the adjectives

2 a red/new/shiny sports car
appear after a verb and why?

c) Which are opinion

adjectives and which are fact
adjectives'? What is the order
3 a(n) green/glass/antique jug
of opinion and fact adjectives
in a sentence?

d) In picture C, which
4 a(n) round/ltalian/big pizza
adjective describes how a
person feels and which
describes what something is
like? How are they formed? 5 a white/young/cute puppy

34
 Adjectives - Order of adjectives

Underline the correct adjective. Which adjective best completes each

exchange? What type of fact adjective is
1 We had a very relaxing/relaxed holiday in
each?
France.
2 He was exciting/excited when we got to Paris. ° antique • yellow • silk ° short
3 We saw some amazed/amazing sights in the 1 A: Those trousers are too short, (size)
city. В I know. I need to buy a new pair.
4 We found the tour of the Louvre extremely
2 A: This is quite an expensive shop.
interesting/interested.
В: I know, but they only sell .....................
5 Climbing up the Eiffel Tour was very tiring/
products.
tired but the view from the top was worth it.
3 A: This room is very bright, isn’t it?
6 My mum didn’t come with us because she
В: I know, the warm ..................................
is very frightened/frightening of heights.
walls make you feel happy, don't they?
4 A: I need to buy a(n) ..................................
scarf for my grandmother.
Fill in the correct adjective from the list.
Then write whether they are opinion (O) or В: I can give you one of mine. I’ve got
three.
fact (F) adjectives.
• delicious • smart • generous • young I Read the letter and put the adjectives in
• beautiful • small brackets in the correct order.
1 I think Amy looks beautiful in her new
dress. O Dear Sir/Madam,
2 That’s a very.................................. suit you're I am writing to ask about an item I left on one of
wearing....... your buses. On Tuesday 21 January, I was on the
3 My grandmother has a................................ 501 bus from the city centre to Abbots Road. I
cottage in the country....... i got off the bus at Russ Square and I think I left my
4 Our guide at the castle was very ■ 1) new, blue, sports (new, sports, blue) bag on one
...................... but she was extremely helpful of the seats.
and gave us a lot of information........ It has got a 2)......................... (white, big) label on
5 My mum baked me a cake for my birthday the front and a 3)........................... (little, teddy
and it tasted.......................................... bear, cute) key ring on the zip. The bag itself is not
6 Mr Jones was very........................ when he valuable but it contains my course books and a(n)
donated all that money to the charity........ 4).............................. (red, silk, expensive) scarf
that I got as a present.
Write the sentences in the plural. In the event that someone finds it and hands it in,
1 I bought a new cotton shirt yesterday. you can reach me on 07704052163. Thank you
I bought new cotton shirts yesterday. in advance.
Yours faithfully,
2 Do you know about the traditional custom
of the area?
Joan Dean
Do you know about the ...............................
.................................................. of the area?
Speaking
3 There's an antique vase on the top shelf.
Use the prompts below and your own ideas
There are........................................................
to tell your partner about five things or
on the top shelf.
items of clothing, as in the example.
4 This hotel has a comfortable chair in its
lounge. » new, denim jeans • comfortable bed
This hotel has ................................................ « big posters ° soft, woollen jumper
in its lounge. • black, leather jacket
5 That is a beautiful bracelet in the window.
/ love my new, denim jeans. They’re so
Those are.............................. in the window. fashionable.
35
 Exploring Grammar (Units 2 - 4)

Past simple
Put the verbs in brackets into the past
• j j l a) Read the text below. Circle all the verbs
simple.
in the past simple. Write (F?) for regular and
(/) for irregular? How do we form the 1 A: .....................(you/like) the film?
affirmative, negative and interrogative of B: Yes, I ..................... (think) the specie
the past simple? effects were amazing.
2 A: Where.....................(you/go) on holiday

Trie- SlUlttH-
----- r/7 last year?
B: We.................(visit) relatives in Spain, i
"Maiden 3 A: What ........................................ (you/do)
yesterday evening?
Once there was a woodcutter
who lived with his wife in the B: I ..................... (have) dinner and the-
forests of Northern Russia. They ..................... (watch) a film with m;

I
were happy together and didn't family.
complain, even in the long, cold 4 A: Where . (she/buy) that dress?;
nights of winter. But they were
B: She .... (get) it on sale at the
lonely because they didn't have
children. Every day, they collected market.
the forest. They cleared the snow from the ground, piled it used to
high and picked up the wood from the forest floor.
They used to leave the piles of snow where they stood until | A' a) Look through the text and highlight an
one day, they decided to use the snow to build a snowman example of a past habit.
in the shape of a young girl. Father Frost, the winter god,
saw them and took pity on them. He decided to create a
b) What is the negative and interrogative
child for them. And so their snowman became a beautiful
young girl. She had pale skin, long blonde hair and bright form of this structure?
И'' '
blue eyes. The couple loved their new daughter and she
loved them. c) In which case can the past simple replace
But the girl was cold and, as the weather warmed up, she used to without a difference in meaning?
got ill and weak. Finally, when spring arrived, the girl
melted. The couple were sad when this happened but their . j Complete the sentences with the correct
hearts were now warm because of the girl. Since then, on
form of used to and the verb in brackets.
the first day of winter people say the Snow Maiden returns
with Father Frost to warm the hearts of the people 1 My grandparents ............................ (tell)
through the cold winter days. stories about fairies and elves when I was little!рЖ
2 I .................................. (not/travel) by ca';
b) Look at the circled verb forms and because I..................................(get) sick a’ Г
match them to their uses: the time.

• actions that happened at a specific lime in 3 Where ...................................... i(you/go) or

holiday when you were a child?’ Вйр
the past where the time is either implied or
mentioned 4 He .................................. (live) in the cityi.
.................
• actions which took place one after the other. before he retired to the country.
ite
Adjectives
I Read the text again and write short
answers. I Underline the adjectives in the text. Which !
are opinion adjectives (o) and which ones
1 Did the woodcutter live alone? are fact adjectives (f)?

2 Did he want something he didn’t have? Put the adjectives in the correct order.

1 a(n) leather/beautiful/old wallet

3 Did Father Frost build a snowman? 2 a German/big/modern car
3 a sandy/quiet beach
4 Did the girl get better after winter? 4 a(n) porcelain/antique/expensive vase h ■
fe.

5 a red/soft/silk scarf E.
 Revision (Units 1 - 4)

st Choose the correct item.

What.... you do last night? 18 I have an appointment.....10 o’ clock.

A does B did C do A on B in C at
special There are.... eggs so I can't bake a cake. 19 Bob is on holiday with..... best friend.
A any B no C some A him B he C his
holiday
3 Excuse me! Is this wallet? 20 I.....time to do the shopping yesterday.
A you B yours C your A didn't have B don't have C hadn't
Spain,
ou/do) .... is that loud noise? 21 Where.....you when I called last night?
A Who B What C Which A be B were C was
d then She.... to see her cousins because they 22 All of us.....by bus to France last year.
'th my lived too far away. A travelled B travels
A didn't use B don't C not C used to travel
tress?
.... paintings really brighten up the room. 23 Our Maths teacher, Mr Grey,.....last month.
at the
A These B That C This A retires B retired
C used to retire
The .... changing rooms are down the
corridor on the right. 24 That's Mr and Mrs Cox. The car outside is
A men B men’s C man’s
A their B theirs C them
go to dance class every week when I
was younger. 25 This.... vase is extremely beautiful.
A used to B use to C uses to A big, blue, Venetian, crystal
B blue, big, crystal, Venetian
I.... go above the speed limit because it’s
C Venetian, crystal, big, blue
against the law.
A sometimes B always C never

Amy cleaned her teeth and then.... to bed.

A used to go B went C go

I bought a(n) ..... table from that antique

I) me shop over there. Complete the gaps with the correct word,
; little. A small, Italian, wooden choose the correct word or put the words
• car B Italian, wooden, small in brackets into the correct form.
sk all C wooden, small, Italian
A One day 1)..................... January 2011, the
12 How long.... did you make the coffee? USA experienced some very 2) surprised/
)) on A then B ago C now surprising weather. Every state apart from
13 Walk.... Brown Street and turn left. one 3)..................... (report) snow on the
city ground. The only state that didn’t get
A past B along C over
4) no/any snow was Florida.
i 14 Amy.... Law and got a great job when she B The city of Spearfish, South Dakota,
graduated. 1) ..................... (hold) a very strange weather
A is studying B studies C studied record. In January 1943, the temperature
2) ....................................... (rise) from -20°C
Г.. 15 The bus from York at 11:30 every day. 3) ..................... 7°C in just 2 minutes. That's
A arrived B arrives C is arriving the fastest rise in temperature 4).....................
16 Did you ..... to watch a lot of television history.
when you were a child? C Siberia in Russia gets very low temperatures.
A used B using One man 1)..................... (demonstrate) this
C use
when 2)..................... threw a pot of boiling
17 George.... the window open even when I water 3) off/on a balcony. He filmed the water
ask him to close it. as it 4)..................... (freeze) instantly into a
A always leaves B is always leaving cloud of ice.
C always left
37
 Past' continuous

Were they jogging He was cooking on the He was crossing the

yesterday evening at 6 barbecue while his wife street when he ran
o'clock? was laying the table. into an old friend.
No, they weren't. They
were working out in the
gym.

form

was/were + verb + -ing

Affirmative l/He/She/lt was talking. We/You/They were talking.

Negative I/He/She/It wasn't talking. We/You/They weren't talking.
Interrogative Was l/he/she/it talking? I Were we/you/they talking?
Yes, l/he/she/it was Yes, we/you/they were.
Short Answers
No, l/he/she/it wasn't. No, we/you/they weren't.
........ rj

„ .'Й
Use
We use the past continuous: for a past action which was in progress when
for an action which was in progress at a another action interrupted it. We use the past r-
stated time in the past. We do not know when continuous for the action in progress (longer L
the action started or finished. action) and the past simple for the action L
Sandra was having dinner at 7 o'clock yesterday. which interrupted it (shorter action).
(We do not know when she started or when she They were watching TV when the doorbell rang.
finished.) to give the background information in a story. j"
for two or more actions which were It was a beautiful warm day. The sun was shining r
happening at the same time in the past, and the birds were singing. t
(simultaneous actions). Time words/phrases used with the past
Andrew was listening to music while his brother continuous: while, as, when, all day/night/
was surfing the Net. morning, etc

when/while/as + past continuous when + past simple

(longer action in progress) (shorter action which interrupted the action in progress)
When/While/As he was having a bath, his mobile rang. We were walking in the park when it started to rain.

Look at the pictures (A-D) and the verbs in bold. What tense is this?
a) How do we form the affirmative, negative and interrogative of this tense?
b) Which of the uses of the tense does each verb show?

38
 Past continuous

Look at a page from Sandra’s diary listing ; What were they doing at 5 o’clock
the things she did yesterday. Write yesterday? Write sentences in the past
sentences saying what Sandra was doing continuous.
at the times mentioned below, as in the
1 Susan and Dan/paint their spare
example.
room
Susan and Dan were painting their
spare room at 5 o'clock yesterday.
8:30 - 8:45 pick Sohn up

:30 -11:00 call the London office

1:00 - 2:00 order lunch

4:30 - 5:00 buy groceries
5:00 - 5:30 meet Alexander at shopping centre

6:30 - 7:00 have dinner at Luigis's Restaurant

3 Brian and Carol/wait for the bus

Sandra was picking John up at 8:40.

Sandra at 10:50.
Sandra at 1:30.
Sandra at 4:40.
Sandra at 5:20.
Sandra at 6:50.

Match column A to column B to make

—.— complete sentences.
en t.l
Li
ast
11 p| They were going to the station ...
|er Й
on I I While she was drying the dishes ...
1 | At four o’clock yesterday afternoon ...
1 I He was typing his report...
*y. T ~| | The crowds were cheering ...
d ■I ■
<. 1 1 I She was shopping at the market...
i
I7| | They were jogging in the park ...
Tom was studying ...
I Use the past continuous to say what you
were doing...
while she was chatting on the phone.
I was taking the bus home. 1 at 3 o'clock yesterday.
when she bumped into an old colleague. / was checking my emails at 3 o’clock
yesterday.
when it started to snow.
2 last Monday morning.
someone came to the door.
as the winner of the race received his
medal. 3 five hours ago.
when Sam called yesterday.
h when a dog attacked them. 4 yesterday evening.

5 this time last year.

39
 ■ f|pj Look at the picture of some people at a cafe. What was each person doing yesterday afternoon?
Use the phrases below to correct the sentences.

» pay bill • serve food ° wash dishes • send text message • drink coffee • stand by the till

1 The waiter was sweeping the floor. 4 The old man was eating a slice of cake.
The waiter wasn't sweeping the floor. He .............................................................................................................................I'

was washing the dishes.

........................................................................ ................................. ................. i ■
2 The young couple were ordering something. 5 The young waitress was collecting dirty plates

....................................................................... *’•'
3 The girl was taking a picture. 6 The older waitress was talking on the phone..

—
Form questions and then answer them Join the sentences using as, while or when №

using the past continuous.

h•st
as in the example.
1 you/visit/a friend/7 o'clock/last night? - 1 I was driving to work. I got a flat tyre.
No/do homework
I was driving to work when I got a flat tyre. •
A Were you visiting a friend at 7 o'clock i
or As/While/When I was driving to work, I got,'
last night?
a flat tyre.
B: No, I wasn't. I was doing my homework.
2 She was sunbathing on the beach. She
2 they/stay with/relatives/last summer? - Yes saw a dolphin.
A: ................................................................. Я|
........................... ’................................................ i.
B: .................................................................
............................................................................. I
3 it/snow/while/you/shop? - No/rain
A: .................................................................
3 He was running to catch the bus. He
stumbled and landed on the ground.
- '•
B: .................................................................
I
4 you/work/4 o'clock/yesterday afternoon? F-t...

No/collect dry cleaning ....................................................K

A: .................................................................

B: .................................................................
40
 Past continuous

moon? Underline the correct word. Irfpi Fill in with the past continuous.

Kate was ironing the clothes when/while

there was a powercut.
Bob was mopping the floor after/while Sue On Sunday, my friends
was dusting the furniture. and I decided to go to
As/Before she was washing the dishes, the park for a picnic.
the phone rang. The sun I) iv<75 shining
They were tidying the house until/after late (shine) and a light
at night. breeze 2) ......................... (blow). There were
She was hanging out the washing other people in the park. Some teenagers
while/when she heard the thunder. 3) ........................... (play) football and a dog
4) ............................ (run) after the ball. A
young father 5)............................ (push) his
7j| Choose the correct tense. Then underline
daughter on the swing while his son
the correct word.
6).................... (climb) on the jungle frame.
I was drawing/draw a picture when/while It was a really nice day!
my sister was listening/listen to music.
I parked/was parking my car as/when
someone was hitting/hit me from behind.
As/When Sally walked/was walking to Yesterday afternoon, Mike and Andy met their
the gym, she tripped/was tripping and
friends at the funfair. When they arrived, Amber
twisted her ankle.
1)........................... (ride) the roller-coaster and Kate
I looked/was looking at some shoes
2).......................... (try) to win something at the
when/while Julie tried on/was trying on
fishing game. Bill 3)............................ (eat) a burger
some dresses.
and Susie 4)........................... (enjoy) some candy
I was doing/did my assignment
floss. Jerry was also there.
while/when my computer crashed/was
He 5)...................
crashing.
(test) his strength
at the strongman
game. All of them
i I Complete the dialogue with the past simple
J or the past continuous. 6)..........................
(have) a lot of fun!
77

A: How 1) did you hurt (you/hurt) your wrist?

В: I 2)...................... (write) a letter when the
/ got storm 3)...................... (begin) last night and
Speaking
all of a sudden the lights 4).......................
(go) out. In pairs, ask and answer questions about
A: What 5)........................ (you/do)? what you were doing yesterday at:
В: I 6)...................................... (know) there
•7:30 am ° 10:00 am • 12:30 pm
7)........................... (be) a torch in a drawer
• 3:30 pm • 7:00 pm • 9:30 pm
in the kitchen so I 8).................................
(creep) through the house in the dark to get it. A: What were you doing at 7:30 am?
A: So, 9) .................. (you/trip) over something В: I was sleeping.
in the dark while you 10)..........................
(get) the torch?
B: No, I didn't. As I 11)............................ (make) Writing
my way back to the living room, the lights
12).....................(come back on) and scared Now write a short paragraph about what
our dog. The dog 13)............ you partner was doing using their answers
(run) into me and I 14)............ from the Speaking activity.
(fall) over and sprained my wrist!
Alison was sleeping at 7:30 am yesterday.
41
 Past simple vs Past continuous

It was raining all day Last Friday, Brenda and Sarah were Yesterday, we did a history project in
yesterday, but working out at the gym all afternoon. class. The professor was helping
james and Kim visited the Eiffel When they finished, they had a Sarah while she was doing the
Tower. shower and then went out for coffee. exercise.

He was running when he fell He always played basketball It was a lovely day.
and sprained his ankle. when he was a child. The sun was shining and a soft wind
He was playing basketball was blowing.
i yesterday at 6 o'clock. Wendy went trekking through the forest.

Use

We use the past simple for We use the past continuous for
• an action which was completed at a stated or • an action which was in progress at a stated time
implied time in the past. in the past. We do not know when the action
They bought a new house last week. (When? Last started or finished. At 2 o' clock this afternoon, they
week.) were having lunch at an outdoor cafe. (We do not
know when they started or when they finished.)
0 actions that happened immediately one after two or more actions which were happening at
the other in the past. the same time in the past.
Tim woke up, had his breakfast and got ready for She was drinking coffee while her husband was
work. reading the newspaper.
• past habits. In this case we use adverbs of • a past acti6n~wlnich was~1п~ргодге$Г when
frequency (always, often, usually, etc). another action interrupted it.
/ often went camping when I was young. He was walking to work when he met a friend in the
street, (was walking - action in progress, met - action
which interrupted the action in progress)
• people who are no longer alive. : • to give the background information in a story.
Charles Dickens wrote many children's books. The wind was blowing and the sun was shining.
(Charles Dickens is dead.) It was a perfect day for windsurfing.

Time words/phrases used with the past simple: Time words/phrases used with the past continuous:
ago, yesterday, last month/week, in 1998, etc while, when, as, all day/night/morning, all day
yesterday, etc

Look at the pictures (A-F) and underline all the verbs.

a) Identify in which tense each verb is. Which use of these tenses does each verb show?
b) How do we form these tenses in the affirmative, interrogative and negative?
42
Ii
 Past simple vs Past continuous

[W Put the verbs in brackets into the past Put the verbs in brackets into the past
simple or the past continuous. Then match simple or the past continuous.
the sentences (1 -7) to the correct
1 It was snowing (snow) heavily last night
description (a-g).
when the car got (get) stuck.
2 Janet................................ (find) someone’s
. 11 191 As I was running (run) to catch the bus, I
wallet while she...............................(sit) on
dropped (drop) my mobile phone.
the train yesterday.
I 2 | | We................................. (arrive) at the
3 She ................................. (cycle) through
campsite.......................... (set up) our
the park when she .....................................
tent and.................... (build) a campfire.
(see) an old friend.
I 3 | | Elvis Presley............................................
4 We........................................ (travel) on the
(sing) a lot of hit songs in his life.
motorway when we.....................................
I ........................................... (listen) to (hear) the traffic announcement.
music at 8 o’clock last night.
5 We................................... (kick) the football
HD Joanne.......................... (set) the table around when Brian .....................................
while I........................... (cook) dinner. (smash) the window of a parked car.
6 I...............................(walk) to work when a
bus....................................(drive) through a
sky as the wind .................................... puddle and............................ (splash) me.
(howl) through the trees.
□ Shelley................................... (send) the
job application last week.
What happened to the people when
a actions which happened one after the Make sentences.
other in the past
1 Kim and Wendy/play/in the garden - start/
b to give background information to a
rain
story/narrative
Kim and Wendy were playing in the garden
c two actions which were happening at the
when it started to rain.
same time in the past
2 Angela/bake/a cake - burn/finger
an action which was completed at a
specific time in the past
to talk about people who are no longer
alive 3 Isabel/type up/report - computer/ crash
an action which was in progress at a
stated time in the past
an action which was in progress when 4 She/talk/on the phone - the battery/run out
another action interrupted it
<•

HI Underline the correct item. 5 Robert/watch TV - fall asleep

Carrie forgot/was forgetting her umbrella

and got/was getting soaked last night.
6 Mitchell/listen/music - doorbell/ring
They went/were going skiing every day
last winter.
Annie was wrapping/wrapped presents
while Justin was decorating/decorated 7 Brendan/run - sprain/his ankle
the tree.
Carmen was clearing/cleared the table
when she tripped/was tripping and 8 She/carry/some boxes - trip over/a cable
broke/was breaking all the dishes.
We were watching/watched the fireworks
display at 9 o’clock last night.
43
 Past simple vs Past continuous

Underline the correct item. ЗД|| Fill in: did/didn't, was/wasn't, were/weren't.

A A What 1) did you do/were you doing 1 A: How was your first day at your new job?
last night at 8 o’clock?
B: It ................. great. I ................. expect I®
В: I 2) was having/had a bath, why? have as much fun as I.................
A: I 3) was calling called you when I got 2 A: ........................you buy some eggs?
home but you 4) weren’t answering/
B: I’m sorry, there ...................... any left
didn’t answer.
when I got to the shop.
B A: How 1)were you getting/did you get
3 A: I thought your friend ................... .1
so wet?
coming with you.
B: The children in the neighbourhood 2) were
B: He ...................... feeling well so he’
throwing/threw snowballs at each other
stayed at home.
when I 3) passed/was passing by.
4 A: Where ...................... Julian going wher
A: 4) Did they hit/Were they hitting you?
you saw him?
B No, I 5) slipped/was slipping and
B: He...................... say but he.................. )
6) was falling/fell in the snow trying to
in a hurry.
avoid them.
C A: The rain 1) was/was being really heavy
last night. Read Carrie’s blog and put the verbs in
В: I know. It 2) was causing/caused some brackets into the past simple or the past
flooding. continuous.
A: It also 3) was closing/closed some
roads. Hi bloggers! □JX
D A: What time 1)were you going/did you I wanted to tell you about something that happened
go to bed last night? to me during my summer holidays.
B: At 10 o'clock, but the storm 2) woke/ I 1) spent (spend) my holidays with some friends in'
was waking me up at midnight. Scotland. They 2)...................(take) me everywhere.
We 3).................... (go) hiking in the highlands, i
Circle the mistake (A or B) then correct it.
4)................(tour) the museums and 5).................
1 I A was taking pictures when someone (explore) the castles. But the highlight of my stay:
(B)was grabbing my camera, grabbed was a trip to Loch Ness.
2 Nina A carried a tray of drinks when Jody It was a lovely day. The sun 6)...................... (shine)
B bumped into her....................... and a cool breeze 7)................... (blow). Welj
3 Everyone A cheered when James B was 8)....................(choose) a nice spot next to the loch:
scoring the winning basket........................ to eat our picnic, hoping that we might catch a!
4 I A was looking at the snowflakes falling as glimpse of Nessie, the monster that lives in the loch. I
we B drove along........................ At one point, I 9) ..................... (see) something. I
Ю)...................... (jump) up and 11).....................
5 I A was turning on the TV and B saw the
news about the drought........................ (shout) to my friends but it 12)................. (turn) out
to be just a log. Even so, the whole day was magical.
Complete the sentences with your own Before we 13)................ (leave), we 14).................
ideas. (visit) the gift shop and 15)................. (order)
some coffee at the cafe overlooking the loch. As we
1 I was doing my homework when my best 16)................. (sit) there, I 17).................... (think) I
friend called me. saw something moving out in the water but when I
2 I was going home last night when .............. 18)................. (look) again the water was still
Whatever it was it 19)................. (disappear) too
3 I was surfing the Net while........................... quickly, but I believe it was Nessie. I think she
20).................. (come) to say goodbye!
4 We were watching television when............. What about you? Post a comment and tell me about
something strange that you experienced.
5 I was shopping in town when .....................

44
■
 Past simple vs Past continuous

Speaking
j Put the verbs in brackets into the past
Look at the picture of some people on a
J simple or the past continuous. Then,
w job? boat tour of Loch Ness. In pairs, ask and
answer the questions based on the blog in
>ect to answer questions about what they were
Ex. 22.
doing/did when Nessie appeared, as in the
What time of year did Carrie go (Carrie/go) example. Use the prompts to help you.
to Scotland?
She went to Scotland in summer.
Where .........................................................
(her friends/take) her while she was there?

Where ........................
when (they/eat) their picnic?

How ........................... (Carrie/react)

when she saw the log?

What.....................................(she/do) when
she ................................ (think) she saw
something moving in the water?

Д| Choose the correct item.

Some types of trees their leaves in

winter.
A lost B are losing (6) lose
Chris had a part-time job while he .... for
his degree.
A is studying B was studying • guide/steer boat/wave at monster
C used to study • woman/talk to husband/scream
This service.... at the next station. • man/drink water/drop bottle
A terminated B terminates • teenager/play game on mobile phone/take
C is terminating picture of Nessie
• Nessie/swim in loch/smile for picture
I.... for the bus when it started to rain.
A was waiting B am waiting C wait A: What was the guide doing?
The wind was so strong last night that it B: He was steering the boat.
that tree down. A: What did he do when he saw Nessie?
A was knocking B knocked B: He waved at the monster.
C used to knock
They.... on their holidays tomorrow morning.
A are going B were going Writing
C went Now write a short paragraph about what
I.... a cat when I was a child but now I live was happening/happened that day on the
in a building that doesn't allow pets. boat tour. Use the picture and your answers
A was having B am having from the Speaking activity to help you.
C used to have
A group of people were on a boat tour of Loch
The bad weather .... a traffic jam three Ness when suddenly Nessie appeared. The
kilometres long last night. guide was steering the boat when he stopped
A was causing B is causing C caused to wave at the monster.

45
 Adverbs - Order of adverbs

Adverbs

An adverb can be one word slowly or a phrase in the

park. Adverbs usually describe verbs (talk slowly). They can
also describe adjectives (quite nice) or even other adverbs
(very well).
I
Formation of Adverbs
We usually form an adverb by adding -ly to the
adjective.
quick - quickly
Last summer I went whitewater rafting with my adjecti
Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y.
best friend. I really enjoyed the thrill of being on
terrible - terribly
the water. It's a hard sport. You have to think : adverb
Adjectives ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and quickly and work as a team but it's extremely
take -ily. happy - happily exciting! You always have to act carefully and adjecti
Adjectives ending in -I take -ly. careful - carefully sensibly and if you do, you reduce the risks and & adve
Some adverbs, however, do not follow the above rules. you can enjoy the river safely.

Irregular forms of adverbs

Adjective Adverb Note: There are some pairs of adverbs like hard - hardly and late - lately
I Pu
bo
good well which have different meanings.
fast fast She tried hard in order to succeed, (hard = with effort) o
hard hard They hardly go anywhere without their car. (hardly = almost never/ scarcely) ir
early early He arrived late for the meeting, (late = not on time) t(
late late I've read a lot of books lately, (lately = recently) n
tl
There are five categories of adverbs:
mannei
Adverbs of
manner He drives carefully. (How does he drive? Carefully.) ЖГ;г :' ''
•place
place Your bag is here. (Where is it? Here.) ...

time / went to the cinema yesterday. (When did you go to the cinema? Yesterday.) time
I frequency They sometimes go fishing at the weekend. (How often do they go fishing? Sometimes.)
■ .

She is extremely polite. (The adverb extremely shows to what extent (extremely) she is polite.) frequer

... .„r.n. ,r.,.r ,.r

Order of Adverbs
Adverbs of manner (carefully, nicely, etc) go: Adverbs of degree [(not) quite (/), very/really (//),
before main verbs. extremely (S//), etc] go:
She easily passed the exam. • before adjectives.
after auxiliary verbs. Mary is quite shy. (/)
He was anxiously waiting for her letter. She is very/really good. (//)
at the end of a sentence. Brenda is extremely good at ballet dancing. (///)
It was raining heavily. Note: When there are two or more adverbs in the same
sentence, they usually come in the following order:
Adverbs of frequency (always, usually,
manner place time
sometimes, never, etc) go:
after the verb to be. He worked hard in the garden yesterday.
She is never late for class.
after the auxiliary verbs. If there is a verb of movement (go, come, leave, etc) in the
She doesn't usually get up early at weekends. sentence, then the adverbs come in the following order:
before main verbs. place manner time
He often walks to college. She goes to work by bus every day.
 Adverbs - Order of adverbs

Look at the picture and the words in bold on p. 46. a) What do the adverbs in bold express?
b) How do we form adverbs? c) Where can adverbs appear within a sentence?

Put the words from the list into the correct Turn each adjective into an adverb and put
box. it into the correct sentence in the correct
place.
• loud • carefully • hard • slowly • happily
fast • bad • successful • well • quick usual • extreme • frantic • eventual
late • beautiful • thirsty • early • joyfully е
graceful ° serious • short

loud, 1 The ballerina - danced around the stage

gracefully.

carefully, 2 He ................... searched for his car keys

because he was late.....................
3 My best friend ............................. waits
(adjective
.& adverb for me after class.
4 We .... reached
our destination after
; Put the adverbs from the list in the correct being delayed for ten hours.
box. 5 You should take this test

• quickly • daily • everywhere • truthfully

6 I am ............................... grateful ...................
/) • inside • by car • very • in the street
for all your help on the project.
• today • sometimes • quite • never
• recently • often • last year • near 7 Take a seat, please. The doctor will
• extremely • always • noisily ...................see you.......................

quickly, ..................................................
manner Underline the correct words.

place

Dear Peter,
time
bSSiY.
How are you? I’m having a 1) great/greatly time
rjv;.
here. We’re staying in a 2) delightful/delightfully
frequency little hotel near the old town. There are so many
bit-r,- • 3) amazing/amazingly sights to see that we don't
degree have enough time. I could 4) happy/happily stay
here for two more weeks. We are 5) real/really
lucky that the weather is so 6) good/well and the
4'1 Underline the correct item. forecast is 7) fair/fairly for the rest of our holiday.
ft/: I
I'm taking lots of 8) nice/nicely pictures to show i
1 It is important to be honest/honestly and you.
tell the truth. See you when I get back,
2 The dog was lying lazily/lazy in front of the Josie
fire.
E 3 Julie did very good/well on the end-of-year
exam. Speaking
4 Grant plays the piano so beautifully/ In pairs, tell your partner about things you
beautiful that I can listen to him for hours. and your friends do. Use the prompts
5 The rain started so sudden/suddenly that below and appropriate adverbs.
everyone got soaked.
• eat food • dance • walk to college
6 I was late/lately leaving the house and
° wake up ° sing • run
missed the start of the film.
7 We had a wonderfully/wonderful holiday / eat my food quite quickly. My friend usually
in the south of France. walks to college in the morning.
47
 F

6) ИЗ.
IB ■
i?;:- •
tfc-
Past simple vs Past continuous K|
|| I a) Read the text below. Underline the 1 ) Fill in the gaps with when, while/as.
verbs in the past simple and circle the
1 We were eating dinner there was a'
verbs in the past continuous. ' knock at the door.
2 The mechanics repaired my car If
b) Which past simple verbs are regular (F?)? was waiting.
Which are irregular (/)? u
3 We were picking up litter ............. other:
volunteers were cleaning graffiti off the parkI
c) How do we form the negative and buildings.
interrogative of the past simple and the 4 The police were directing the cars ............
past continuous? the traffic lights stopped working.
5 ............. I was waiting at the bus stop, aI
1) Last summer, I decided to do some voluntary friend drove by and offered me a lift to1 fe.' ■
work overseas before starting my university work. В':
degree. I thought I was signing up for a kind of
working holiday. I was in for a shock, though. iT;T,| Put the verbs in brackets into the past
fe
I was one of a group of volunteers that travelled to a " simple or the past continuous.
little village in the north of Africa. 2) The whole
1 (you/take) lots of photos
III
village was waiting for us when we arrived that first
when you .................. (go) to Niagara
morning because they needed us to build them a
Falls?
school. And when I say build it, I mean actually
2 She ........ .............. (peel) the apples,
build it from the bottom up. 3) We poured cement
....... (slice) them and then
to make the foundations, built die frame on top of
(cover) them in sugar.
that, put up the walls and fitted die roof. We didn’t Ц
do the electricity or the plumbing, as they got 3 Who .......... (you/talk) to when I
........ (see) you outside the
ft
professionals from the next village for that, but we
did everything else.
supermarket?
4) While I was working on die school, I was staying 4 Where ............................. (you/live) when
widi die local teacher and his family. They made you............................. (be) a child?
me feel welcome and the home-cooked food was 5 Evan...........................(cut) the grass while
delicious. The whole experience was very hard work Julie ......................... (plant) some flowers
but rewarding and it wasn’t all work and no play. yesterday afternoon.
Every Saturday, the children organised a football
game and the whole village had a huge celebration Adverbs
for us in the main square before we left. a) Highlight the adverbs in the text. How
I didn’t want to leave. I had such a great time that I
do we form adverbs?
signed up for the program again. It was an
unforgettable experience! b) Which are adverbs of manner, place and
time?

d) Read the text again. Match the phrases c) Where do adverbs appear in the
in bold (1-4) to their uses (A-D). Which sentence?
—
other uses of the past simple and the past d) Underline the correct word.
continuous do you know?
1 Sue was working late/lately last night to
A actions that happened immediately one finish her report.
after the other in the past
2 The head tutor warm/warmly welcomed all
B an action which was in progress at a the first year students to the college.
stated time in the past 3 Annabel wasn’t feeling good/well so she
C| | an action which happened at a went home early.
particular time in the past 4 It doesn’t usual/usually rain so much this
D two or more actions which were time of year.
happening at the same time in the past 5 She hard/hardly ate a thing at dinner last
night.
48
■

I Choose the correct item.

when I called yesterday so I left a 19 We.... have a dishwasher in our old house.
message. A didn’t use to B did not used to
A slept B is sleeping C don’t use to
C was sleeping 20 I bought a(n).... table from the antique shop.
We left the house, walked down the street A round, old, wooden
and.... Edmund waiting for us. B old, round, wooden
A see B were seeing C wooden, old, round
C saw 21 He.... kicked the ball after it broke his pot.
What .... Albert doing outside the cinema A angry B angrily C very angry
yesterday afternoon? 22 She was opening the door when she.... a
A were B is C was strange noise.
We all.... to go away this summer. A was hearing B hear C heard
A want B wants C wanted 23 Annie was mopping the floor while Jimmy
"Why.... ?” “I was cutting onions!" .... the furniture.
A you cry B are you crying A was dusting B dusted
C you crying C used to dust
.... time does the next train leave? 24 Can you believe this vase .... during the
A What B Which C How earthquake?
Where did you.... go to school when you A didn’t move B don’t move
were little? C doesn't move
A use to B used to C used 25 William.... me a lift to work in the morning.
The car rolled .... the hill because the A is giving B give C gives
brake was off.
A through B past C down
I always take lots of.... on holiday.
A photoes B photo C photos
Look at.... cute lambs over there.
A these B this C those Complete the gaps with the correct word,
I.... dinner at 6 o’clock yesterday evening. choose the correct word or put the words
A was having B had C have in brackets into the correct form.
.... neighbours invited us to a barbecue. A Earthquakes are a destructive force of nature.
A Our B Ours C Us 1) ................ April 1st 2014, an earthquake
During the storm last night, a tree.... and 2) ................ (rock) the coast of northern
blocked the road. Chile. 3)................ caused landslides and
A was falling B fell C falls tsunamis. But this 4)................ (not/be) the
My roommate .... borrowing my things first time the Chileans felt the earth move.
They 5)............................ (regular) experience
without asking.
earthquakes. In fact, the country holds the
A are always B always is C is always
record for the largest earthquake measuring
I just got a(n).... kitten from the pet shop. 9.5 6) which/when happened in 1960.
A little, adorable, white B Volcanoes don't just cause problems on the
B white, little, adorable ground. 1).................................. 2010, a huge
C adorable, little, white volcanic eruption in Iceland brought chaos
Tour buses are a.... good way to see a city. across the skies of Europe 2) while/when a
A extremely B very C quite giant ash cloud disrupted air traffic.
Thousands of people across the continent
We moved into our new house a month......
who 3)................................(plan) to fly found
A ago B before C last
their flights cancelled. Volcanic ash is
Aileen was blowing up balloons while the 4)................ (extreme) hazardous to plane
other girls.... decorations. engines. It can damage 5)...................... in
A were making B made C makes mid-air making it 6).................. (danger) to fly.
 Countable/Uncountable nouns - a/an - some/any/no ~ every

CoimtabBe/Uncountablle nowns
- .....
Countable nouns
Uncountable nouns
Singular Plural
Affirmative There is an orange. There are some oranges. There is some orange juice.
Negative There isn't an orange. There aren't any oranges. There isn't any orange juice.
Interrogative Is there an orange? Are there any oranges? Is there any orange juice?

Uncountable nouns A: I'm hungry. What's there to

cheese, meat, butter, eat?
food honey, jam, salt, pepper, B: How about making an
sugar, flour, etc omelette?
milk, water, tea, A: OK. What do we need?
liquids B: Well, we need some eggs to
lemonade, petrol, oil, etc
start.
gold, iron, silver, wood,
materials A: We've got five.
paper, plastic, glass, etc
B: Great. Do we have any milk?
abstract beauty, love, happiness,
A: Yes, we have got two cartons
nouns etc
of milk. But there is no butter.
hair, money, news, snow,
B: That's okay. We've got some
others furniture, weather, advice,
oil for frying in the cupboard.
information, etc A: Good. Would you like some tomatoes in the omelette?
B: Yes, are there any onions?
A: No, there aren't any.
B: Never mind. Let's get cooking.

Countable nouns are nouns which we can count and We use some in affirmative sentences with
have both a singular and plural form. plural countable nouns and with
one book, two books, four books uncountable nouns.
Uncountable nouns are nouns which we cannot count She bought some bananas and some apple
and they usually have no plural form. juice.
water (NOT: one-water/watersj Note: We can use some in interrogative
However, we can use uncountable nouns, as well as sentences to make offers or requests
plural countable nouns, after phrases of quantity/ Would you like some tea? (offer)
partitives: a can/jar/bottle/glass/carton/cup/bowl/ Can I have some milk, please? (request)
packet/slice/loaf/kilo/bar/lump/tin/piece, etc + of. o We use any in negative and interrogative
/ usually drink four glasses of water during the day. sentences with countable nouns in the
I need to buy two cartons of milk. plural and uncountable nouns.
We use a/an in affirmative, negative and Are there any tomatoes in the fridge? No, there
interrogative sentences with countable nouns in the aren't any tomatoes.
singular. Is there any sugar? No, there isn't any sugar.
There is a desk. There is an apple. Is there an apple? We can use no instead of not any in the
We can use a/an when there is an adjective before a negative.
noun. We don't use a/an before adjectives if they are There aren't any eggs. There are no eggs.
not followed by a noun. We use every before singular countable
This is our car. It's fast. It is a fast car. It is also an nouns.
expensive car. Every teenager has got their own mobile phone.

a) Look at the dialogue and underline all the nouns. Which are C (countable) and which are U
(uncountable)? b) Now look at the words in bold in the dialogue. When do we use a/an -
some/any/no?

50
 Countable/Uncountable nouns - a/an - some/any/no - every

Fill in : a, an or some. Mark which ones are countable (C) 1-. I Match the words. In pairs, use
or uncountable (U) "" the completed phrases to act
out short exchanges.

1 I d I a carton of...
a jar of...
a slice of...
a glass of...
a pineapple ice cream grapes
a tin of...
a bar of...
7 I I a cup of...
a bowl of...

a soup e water
orange nuts 8 ......potato b tuna f jam
c tea g ham
d milk h chocolate
Put the nouns in the correct column. Then, add two
more nouns in each column.
A: Can you buy a carton of milk at
• beef • pasta • time • ice • advice • burger • lobster the supermarket?
• happiness • sugar • peach • apple juice • news B: Certainly. Do we need any
flour?
• cereal • cake • lemon • money
A: Yes, we do.
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

Read the note Tina left for

Mike and fill in the gaps as in
the example.

Mike,
I have basketball practice until 4.
Can you do the shopping, please?
Use the nouns in the list in the correct form to complete Here's what we need:
the dialogue. Some sugar (bag)
one bag of sugar
• carton ° loaf • packet • bag • slice • bar
2 Some bananas (kilo)
two..................................
3 Some cereal (packet)
one.................................
4 Some olive oil (bottle)
two..................................
5 Some cola (can)
six ..................................
6 Some salmon (tin)
three..............................
Thanks,
Tina
 а/ап - some/any/no - every

Jv. l Look at the picture and then use the words g'J Circle the uncountable noun in each group
to make sentences, as in the example. Use:
cookies -(Honey)- milkshakes - bananas
some or any.
steak - chicken - lobster - pasta
• water • pickles • ketchup • salad • chips nose - tooth - hair - eye
• napkins • sugar ° salt • cola • ice cream
chair - furniture - pillow - table
cherry - strawberry - melon - lemonade

Look at the shopping basket. Fill in some,

any ora. Underline the correct verb.

1 There isn't any water on the table.

2 There are some pickles on the plate.

There is/isn’t any cola in the basket.

There are/aren't.......... bananas.
There is/isn’t.......... loaf of bread.
There are/aren’t.......... biscuits.
There is/isn’t........ lettuce.
There is/isn’t.......... meat.
Look again at the picture from Ex. 7 for a
minute. Then close your books and take
turns asking your partner questions, as in Complete the exchanges with: some, any
the example. every, a/an.
A: Is there any butter on the table? 1 A: Did you buy any clothes at the shopping
B: No, there isn 't. centre?
A: Is there any ...? etc. B: Yes, I got T-shirt and great
shoes.
2 A: Do you want to watch a DVD and have
\o i Choose the correct item.
.......... popcorn?
1 Would you like any/a/some cake for B: Sure. Is there.......... cola to drink?
dessert? 3 A: It might rain. Take.......... umbrella with
2 Do you have any/some/no information on you.
the sports camp? B OK. Thanks.
3 There is some/any/no bread. Can you go 4 A: Did you join sports clubs this
to the bakery? year?
4 There isn’t some/any/no apple juice left. B: No. I don't have .......... free time after
5 There is a/some/any flour in the cupboard. work.
6 Are there some/any/an apples for the pie? 5 A: I read......... page in this book and I still
don’t know how to make a website.
7 Can I have a/any/some glass of water
please? B: Why don't you get.......... advice online? '
52
 а/ап - some/any/no - every

ip. Underline the correct item. ^/-i| Kevin and Marla are going to an outdoor
J concert. Complete the conversation with a,
some, any or no.
Carla: Let’s make a list for the supermarket.
Julie: OK. We need 1) some/a fruit. Let's buy a
2) packet/kilo of oranges and
3) an/some grapes.
Carla: Sure. How about 4) any/some cheese?
Julie: There isn't 5) some/any. Also, there is
6) no/some sugar. We need to buy a
7) tin/bag.
Carla: OK. Is there 8) any/some coffee?
Julie: Yes, we still have 9) a/some coffee. I
don't think we have 10) some/any
biscuits or sweets.
Carla: Then let’s buy 11) a/some chocolate.
Julie: Sure. Let's get two 12) bars/cartons.
Don’t forget we also need 13) a/some
bread.
Carla: Yes. Two 14) slices/loaves so we can
make sandwiches tomorrow. Is that Speaking
everything?
Julie: Yes, I think so. You and your partner are going to the
supermarket. Look at the list below and
decide what you need to buy. Use the
dialogue from Ex. 13 as an example.
Choose the correct item.
bread X tea.....
1 I have.....great news to tell you. sugar / cereal.....
A any B a (.C.) some jam..... pasta.....
2 Would you like .....apple juice? milk.... tuna.....
A some B any C an olive oil.... meat.....
3 Sorry, there is ...... cake left; we ate it all. A: Let's make our list for the supermarket.
A no B any C some
B: Well, we've got two loaves of bread, so we
4 I don't want .... . jam on my toast. don't need to buy any. But we definitely
A some B any C no need some sugar.
5 He checked.... tomato to find the best one. A: OK. Have we got any tea?
A every B an C any Writing
6 He doesn't have.....information about the What do you need from the supermarket?
■;1 school trip. Write a note to your flatmate. Use ideas
A no B any C an
from the Speaking activity above.
7 Did you try.....piece of lemon pie?
A some Ba C any Hi Gordon,
Can you do the shopping this afternoon please?
8 Can I have.....money to go to the cinema,
Here’s what we need:
please?
A any B every C some - a bag of sugar
9 Tim bought.....expensive smartphone.
A any B some C an
. it 10 There is.....wood outside for the fireplace.
A no B any C a

Thanks,
53
 The definite article "tbe"

The definite article "the"

lane and Kate are best friends. They

are studying Drama at the University
of Leicester. In the mornings, they go
to class but in the afternoons, they
are usually in the library. At the
weekend, they like going to the
cinema or a concert.

Use
We use the: \Ne don't use the:
• with nouns when we talk about something specific, • with uncountable and plural countable nouns
that is, when the noun is mentioned for a second when we talk about them in general, that is, when
time or it is already known. In other words, when we we cannot answer the question 'who?' or 'which?'
can answer the questions 'who?' or 'which?'. The Dolphins are very intelligent animals. (Which
headteacher will speak to the students about health and dolphins? All dolphins in general.)
safety. (Who will speak to the students? The • before proper names. This is Kevin.
headteacher.) There's a car in front of the house. The car • before names of countries (England), cities
is a BMW. (Which car? The one in front of the house.) (London), mountains (Mount Fuji), islands (Malta),
• with nouns which are unique, the Moon, the Sun, lakes (Lake Victoria) and continents (Africa).
the Earth, the Acropolis • before the names of meals (dinner) and games/
• before names of rivers (the Nile), seas (the sports (basketball).
Mediterranean), oceans (the Atlantic), deserts (the • before the word television/TV. What's on TV tonight?
Gobi desert), mountain ranges (the Alps). • with the words this/that/these/those. this pen
• before the names of musical instruments, the guitar • with possessive adjectives and the possessive
• before the words morning, afternoon and evening. case This isn't my pen. It's George's.
in the evening • with the words school, church, bed, hospital,
• before the words cinema, theatre and radio. She prison and home, when we refer to the purpose
usually goes to the theatre at the weekend. for which they exist. Ben is in hospital. (= He is a
• before nationality words (the French) and families patient.) james went to the hospital to see Ben. (=
(the Browns). James visited Ben. He isn't a patient.)

Pronunciation
The is pronounced /ба/ before words which begin with a consonant sound, the chair
The is pronounced /di:/ before words which begin with a vowel sound, the orange

Look at the picture and the words in bold in the text, a) When do we use the definite article the?
b) In which cases do we not use the? Give examples.

1 Jim plays football/the football after the 5 Tina went to the hospital/hospital to visit
school/school. her sister.
2 Tina is going on a trip to the Rocky 6 Pattersons/The Pattersons, who live next
Mountains/Rocky Mountains in the door, invited us for dinner/the dinner.
Canada/Canada. 7 We took some great pictures in front of the
3 Nancy wants to learn to play guitar/the Eiffel Tower/Eiffel Tower.
guitar. 8 Susan found the Spanish/Spanish very
4 Our favourite film is on the television/ friendly on her trip to the Madrid/Madrid.
television tonight.
54
Ir
 Fill in the or Fill in: a/an/the or-.

1 Do you mind if we listen to the radio? 1 They went skiing on - Mont Blanc.
2 We eat ........ breakfast late on ........ 2 This.... afternoon we should go to...... art
Sunday mornings. gallery that's just opened.
3 This is........college where Jean is studying. 3 There is.... Thai restaurant near my house.
4 Can you see........ sun with this telescope? 4 Kelly has .... art lesson every Saturday
morning.
5 Corinne is studying ........ Italian in ........
Venice. 5 Can you book.... table at...... French bistro
on Carlton Road?
6 We went on an amazing rafting trip down
........Noce River. 6 Our class is going for.... picnic in...... park
on Grosser Avenue.
7 Do you know how to play........ cricket?
8 Georgia wants to visit ........ America this
summer.
9 What time does........play start?
10 The programme tries to protect........tigers
from extinction.
11 This is........car that I want to buy when I
have enough money.

1 - gorillas sleep 14 hours a day?

2 ..... Dead Sea is 365m below sea level?
Jj Fill in: a/an/the or-.
3 ......Sun is 300,000 times larger than our planet?
1 A: What are you doing - this evening? 4 ..... Mount Everest is ten times taller than....... Burj
B: I’m going to..... theatre with Jack. Khalifa, the world’s tallest building in Dubai?

2 A: There is..... old bookshop in the city 5 ..... Amazon River is 6,400 kilometres long?
with great books. 6 New Zealand is home to 70 million sheep? z
B: Is it..... bookshop next to the train
station?
3 A: Do you like..... hockey?
В: I love it! I even got tickets for..... game
at the sports centre tonight. Fill in the or -.
4 A: When does..... concert start?
B: In just..... few minutes.
5 A: Can I have..... glass of orange juice
please? I’m having a great time in 1)- Phoenix, Arizona!
B: Sure. There's a whole carton in..... Yesterday, we went to 2)... Grand Canyon. We
fridge. went on a long hike through 3)... canyon. In 4).....
6 A: We want to go on..... sailing trip this afternoon we went rafting down 5)... Colorado
summer. River. It was incredible! Tomorrow we are driving
through 6)... Mojave Desert to 7)... Los
B: You should go to..... Ionian Sea; it's so
beautiful. Angeles. We are planning to stop at 8)... Lake
Havasu for 9)...
7 A: Is this..... Kim's handbag?
lunch. We might
B: No, that's mine. even have a swim
8 A: Look at my photos from France! in 10)... lake and
B: Is that James standing under..... Arc cool off from the
de Triumph? desert heat! How's
your holiday?
Jake

55
 How many carrots Sophie has got a few Sophie has got (very) How much flour has Kim has got (very)
has Sheila got? carrots. She can few carrots. She Kim got? little flour. She can't
Sheila has got a lot make a carrot cake. can't make a carrot Kim has got a little make a pizza.
of/lots of carrots. cake. flour. She can make a
pizza.

Quantifiers

Countable Uncountable
Positive a lot (of)/lots (of) a lot (of)/lots (of)
(a) few/(too) many (a) little/(too) much
Negative (not) many (not) much
Interrogative (how) many (how) much

A lot of/Lots of - Much - Many

We normally use a lot of/lots of in positive sentences with plural countable nouns and uncountable
nouns. We omit of when a lot/lots is not followed by a noun. Laura's got a lot of/lots of DVDs.
BUT Have you got many books? Yes, I've got a lot/lots. (NOT: a-lot-of/lot-s-of)
We normally use much and many in questions and negations.
Much goes before uncountable nouns and many goes before plural countable nouns. Is there much tea
in the teapot? There isn't much jam left in the jar. I haven't got many photos. They can also go after too to
show that there is more of something than is wanted or needed. There are too many cars in the street.
There's too much salt in the soup.
o We use how much and how many in questions.

How much + uncountable noun (amount) How much cheese do you want? Not much./Only a little./А lot.
How many + countable noun (number) How many tomatoes are in the fridge? Two/Not many./A few./A lot.

A few/few - A Iittle/little
o
We use a few (= not many, but enough)/few (= hardly any) with plural countable nouns (apples, pears,
etc). I've got a few lemons. I'll make some lemonade. (= not many, but enough) There are few biscuits in the
i;’-
box. It's almost empty. (= hardly any/almost none)
We use a little (= not much)/little (= hardly any) with uncountable nouns (milk, honey, water, etc). I've
got a little time. I can go shopping. (= not much, but enough) There's little coffee. There is not enough for all of Ku-
■
us. (= hardly any/almost no coffee)
We can use few and little after very. There are very few chocolates in the box. I've got very little sugar.

'^^1 Look at the pictures and the examples, a) Underline and identify all the quantifiers, b) How are
' ' they used in a sentence?

I:

56
 Quantifiers

Complete the sentences with much, many,

a lot of, how much or how many.
1 Clara has too many shoes; more than 200
1 A How much cereal do you usually eat in pairs!
the mornings? 2 Don't eat ................................ popcorn or
B: Not...................... Just a small bowl. you will get sick.
2 A: .................... CDs did you buy? 3 There is......................... sugar in my coffee.
B: Not............... . Only two. 4 There were ................................ people on
3 A:.................... money did you spend at the the train and I couldn't find a seat.
festival? 5 I can't study, there is ................................
B: About £20. We spent .................. noise in the library.
money on souvenirs. 6 Take the lift; there are.........................stairs.
4 A Were there...................students at the
career day? Complete the blog with a lot of, a few, a
B: Yes, there were more than 300. little, much or many.
5 A: You’ve got.................... food in the
kitchen. ■?: Hi bloggers! iiW □ X
B: Yes, I know. We're celebrating my I have just started a fantastic new diet! This year I want to be
graduation. very healthy so I am eating 1) a lot of fresh fruit and
6 A: .................... tomatoes are there in the vegetables. In the morning I eat 2)............... yoghurt with
fridge? some honey and 3)................ slices of banana. During the
B Not...................... We need to buy day I don’t eat 4)................ snacks, especially ones that
some. have 5)............... sugar in them. Eating too 6)................
unhealthy snacks can make you put on weight and can
cause 7)............... health problems. Instead, I try to have a
Fill in the gaps with (a) few or (a) little. proper lunch. I find that eating well during the day means I
don’t need to eat 8)................ in the evening. For dinner, I
1 A Where is Colleen? usually have 9)............. pasta or
B: She went skiing for a few days with her 10)............ pieces of chicken
friends. with vegetables. I really love my
2 A: Would you like ......... ice cream with healthy lifestyle and it makes me
your pie? feel great! What about you?
B: Sure, that would be great. Post a comment and tell me
3 A: Can you pack this in your bag, please? about your diet!
B: It won't fit. There is very.........room left.
4 A: We need to buy the concert tickets.
B: You're right. There are very.........
Use the following words to ask your
tickets at this price.
partner about their eating habits.
5 A: How many friends did you invite to the
game? • cola • apples ® eggs • cheese
B: Just........... ° glasses of water ° meat ° milk
6 A: Did you see Alex at the weekend? A: How much cola do you drink?
B No, I had very......... free time. B: Not much. Only about two cans a week.
7 A: Did you see anything you like in the
clothes shop? Writing
B: Oh, yes! There were......... dresses I Write a short paragraph about your eating
liked a lot. habits using Ex. 27 as a model. Write
8 A: Do you have......... minutes to help me about:
clean up?
• what you eat tor breakfast/lunch/dinner
B: Sure.
• how much/little of each thing you eat
• what you like about your diet
 \

Ljjr • The infjnitive/-ing form

The infinitive
The infinitive
Laura hopes to get fit. She can
The infinitive is the basic form of all run really fast and she goes
verbs. jogging every morning. She
There are two types of infinitives: also goes to the gym when she
a) to-infinitive to play is not too tired to work out.
...<7ГЛ . --*.7. . Laura doesn't let herself get out i
b) infinitive without to play
of shape and always manages
to find time for exercise.

Fo-Bnnmtive infinitive without to

We use to-infinitive: We use infinitive without to:
after the following verbs: advise, agree, ask, decide, • after the modal verbs (can, may, should,
expect, forget, hope, manage, need, offer, promise, etc). She can sing well.
refuse, seem, want, etc. He decided to travel abroad. after the verbs let and make.
after be + adjective (happy, nice, sorry, etc). It's nice to meet My flatmate lets me use his computer.
you! His mum always makes him tidy his room.
after verbs like know, learn, remember, ask, want to Note: We can use the infinitive without
know, when they're followed by the question words who, to or the -ing form after the verbs see,
what, where and how. She knows how to make a lemon pie. hear, feel and watch. Notice the
o with the adverbs too and enough. I'm too tired to go out. difference in meaning, however: / saw Kim
It isn't warm enough to go to the beach. park her car. (I saw the whole action - Kim
I
to express purpose. I'm going to the supermarket to buy finished parking the car.) I saw Kim
some milk. parking her car, as I was passing by. (I only
with would love, would like, would prefer. I'd love to go saw part of the action - Kim was in the
to the theatre tonight. process of parking the car.)

a he siinbjject of the infinitive

When the subject of the main verb and the subject of the infinitive are the same, then the subject of the
infinitive is omitted. They want to buy a new car. (The subject of the main verb (want) and the subject of
the infinitive (to buy) are the same: 'They'.)
When the subject of the infinitive is different from the subject of the main verb, then the subject of the
infinitive is not omitted. The subject of the infinitive can be a name (Jon), a noun (the girls) or an object
pronoun (me, you, them, etc), and goes before the infinitive. / would like Mary to come with me. Or / want her
to come with me. (The subject of the verb (want) is 'I'. The subject of the infinitive (to come) is 'Mary/ her.')

Look at the picture and the example. Underline the infinitive forms with and without ‘to’. Give
reasons for their use. Think of three more examples of uses of the infinitive.

I Write what the following words/phrases are followed by: with (to-infinitive) or without (infinitive
without to).

1 too + with 7 expect +

2 would like + 8 let +
3 must + 9 I'm excited +
4 agree + 10 might +
5 choose + 11 make +
6 learn + 12 remember +

58
 The mfiniteve/-mg form

Underline the correct item. Use the correct infinitive form to make
sentences. Make any other necessary
1 Have you got enough eat/to eat?
changes.
2 Don't forget to take/take your umbrella
today. 1 he/hope/go/on a cruise/this summer
3 My roommate never lets me borrow/to He hopes to go on a cruise this summer.
borrow her clothes. 2 she/promise/come/with/us/on holiday/
4 The Appletons invited us go/to go with when/l/speak/to her
them to their country house.
5 My boss asked me to finish/finish my 3 be/it/too/late/book/our/tickets/now?
report by the end of the day.
6 You mustn’t to talk/talk on your mobile 4 l/would prefer/stay/in the hotel/tonight
phone while you are driving.
7 The sales assistant refused give/to give me 5 what/you/want/see/today?
a refund without a receipt.
8 Can you to help/help me carry my luggage
out to the car? 6 we/must/leave/now/so/we/not miss/our flight

9 I would love to see/see Niagara Falls in

winter when the water freezes. 7 he/refuse/throw/his/old/suitcase/away
10 The doctor advised me get/to get some
rest after the accident. 8 the/tour guide/let/us/touch/one/of/the
exhibits

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

form (to-infinitive or infinitive without to). Complete the sentences about yourself.
1 A: Do you know how to make (make) Use to-infinitive or infinitive without to.
chocolate cake?
1 I would like to learn an instrument next year.
B: Yes. I can........................... (show) you if
2 I try ........................................... every week.
you like.
3 I forgot .... last night.
2 A: What time should we................. (leave)?
4 I shouldn't ... tonight.
B: Well, I arranged for us .........................
(meet) Alice at six. 5 I'd love............................................. tonight.
3 A: Would you like ......................... (join) 6 I may.........................................after dinner.
me for dinner?
B: Thank you but I already have plans. I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
4 A: Did you manage ......................... (find) form of the infinitive.
that book you were looking for?
Dear Patrick,
B: No, and I need it.........................
I felt I should 1) write (write) to you 2)............
(finish) my assignment.
(thank) you for your help yesterday. We were so
5 A: Can you........................... (pass) me the
happy that we didn't need 3).............. (cancel) our
paper, please?
event. It was very kind of you to let us 4)............
B: Of course. (use) your hall when the weather turned bad. I am
6 A: Where’s Judy? happy 5).............. (tell) you that the rest of the
B: She's gone to the chemist’s..................... day was a complete success. We raised enough
(buy) some cold syrup. money that we can now 6).............. (pay) for the
7 A: Joel seems..................... (be) very happy students' trip to the museum and we hope
at the moment. 7)............ (have) enough left over 8>).............
B: He's happy that he is finally learning how (buy) some new books for the university library.
......................... (drive). Thank you again.
Kind regards,
Angela Dishop

59
 a he infinitive/-ing form

The '-ing form

The -ing form is the form of Windsurfing is Kevin s favourite

the verb that ends in -ing. activity. In the summer, he enjoys
being, moving, listening spending hours performing freestyle
moves and looks forward to going to
the beach whenever he's free. ■

Use
We use the -ing form:
as a noun. Snowboarding is exciting. We use the to-infinitive, and not the -ing form,
with the following verbs: like, love, dislike, hate, after the expressions would love, would like,
enjoy, prefer. Sarah loves going to the cinema. would prefer.
o after the verb go when we talk about activities. I would love to watch a DVD tonight.
We usually go scuba diving in the summer.
after the verbs: start, begin, finish, stop, Note: We can use infinitive without to or the -ing
continue. It started raining half an hour ago. form after the verbs see, hear, feel and watch.
after the phrases: be busy, it's no use, it's no Notice the difference in meaning, however:
good, it's (not) worth, there's no point (in), I saw Kim park her car. (I saw the whole action - Kim
f can't help, can't stand. finished parking the car.)
/ can't stand listening to heavy metal music. / saw Kim parking her car as I was passing by.
after prepositions. She's good at playing the piano. (I only saw part of the action - Kim was in the I
o after the following verbs: avoid, admit, confess, process of parking the car.)
deny, look forward to, mind, regret, risk,
spend, suggest, etc.
/ suggest going out for dinner tonight.

Look at the picture and the example. Underline all the -ing forms. Give reasons fortheir use.
Think of three more uses of the -ing form.

» Match the two columns to j Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs below.
make correct sentences, as in
• talk • close • contact • press • create
the example.
• practise • get • type • fix • spend
I 1 | f I We prefer... 1 Do you know how to create a new file?
I 2 I | She should try... 2 I saw Julie .................... her presentation speech while I
I 3 | | Would you like ... was leaving yesterday.
I 4 I I I look forward to ... 3 Do you mind..................... the window? This office is really
I 5 | | I’d prefer... cold.
I 6 | | Could you ... 4 The IT department expects ....................the problem by
the morning.
I 7 | | The suspect denies ...
5 I regret .................... so much money on this desktop
I 8 | | He finished ...
computer.
6 Diane can .................... very fast. She types 80 words a
a to have fish for dinner.
minute.
b writing his report an hour ago.
7 I wanted.................... to you before the meeting started.
c meeting you tomorrow.
8 I would like to know who....................about applying for
d to have some cake?
a job.
e swimming to keep fit. 9 I prefer .................... out of the office at lunch time to
f watching sci-fi films. eating at my desk.
g pass me the salt, please? 10 It’s no use...................all the buttons; the printer is broken.
h being in the area that night.

60
 The infin stive/-! nq form

Choose the correct item. Complete the sentences about yourself.

’ Use the infinitive or -ing form.
1 I forgot .... the oven on so dinner isn’t
cooked. 1 I love eating ice cream in the evening.
A turning (B) to turn C turn 2 I have to .....................................................
2 I can.... the dog for a walk if you want. 3 I hope..........................................................
A take B taking C to take
4 I look forward to.........................................
3 Callum likes.... historic novels.
A to read B read C reading
. i j -I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
4 I agreed .... a hand organising the raffle ’I
this year. ~ infinitive or -ing form.
A to lend B lending C lend
5 My best friend can .... five different Malcolm is very artistic.
languages. He really enjoys
A speaking B to speak C speak painting (paint) and
6 A lot of people spend their holidays.... on 2) ..................... (make)
the beach. things with his hands.
A to sunbathe B sunbathing He is excited about
C sunbathe 3) ..................... (study)
7 I am tired of.... this old computer. Art at university with other people who love
A using B to use C use 4) ...................... (create) beautiful things. When he
8 The team continued .... after the rain finishes his course, he hopes 5).....................
stopped. (find) a job that lets him 6)...................... (use) his
A to play B play C playing talents.

Underline the correct item. Jemma wants 1).....................

(become) a doctor one day. She
1 A: I don't remember order/to has to 2)..................... (spend)
order/ordering this book. a long time at university and
B: You didn’t. I asked them sending/to 3) ..................... (learn) a lot of
send/send it to you as a gift. information. When she finishes
2 A: Can you pick/to pick/picking Laura up 4) .............. (study) she’d love
from the station? 5) ................. (get) a job
B: Of course. Is there anything else you overseas, where she could
would like me doing/do/to do? 6) ..................... (treat) sick
3 A: I really enjoyed to visit/visiting/visit the children.
Natural History Museum.
B: Me too. Maybe we could going/go/to Speaking
go to the Science Museum next Ask your partner questions about what he/
weekend?
she likes/loves/enjoys/can’t stand doing in
4 A: Would you like to come/coming/come his/her free time, and what he/she has
to the theatre with me tonight?
decided/is planning to do this weekend. Use
B: That sounds like fun. I enjoy watch/to the verbs below to help you.
watch/watching plays.
5 A: What do you want eat/to eat/eating ° play ° cook ° listen • watch °read ° surf
tonight? A: Do you like reading books in your free time?
B: Why don’t we eat out after we go B: No. not really. I love surfing the Internet,
shop/shopping/to shop? though.
6 A: It was really nice to see/see/seeing
Adam again.
Writing
В: I know, we shouldn’t wait/to wait/ Write a few sentences about your partner.
waiting so long to meet up with him My friend doesn’t like reading books in her
again. free lime, but she loves surfing the Internet. ...
61
 Modai verbs

Modall verbs: !

• don't take -s, -ing or -ed suffixes. • come before the subject in questions and are followed by not in
• are followed by the infinitive negations.
I without to. • do not form all the tenses. They usually have present or past simple, j

can/can't - could/couldn't
We use can't to:
express ability in the present. • express lack of ability.
She can sing well. (She is able to.) He can't run fast. (He isn't able to.)
ask for permission. • refuse permission. I'm sorry, you can't use the
Can I use your phone? (Is it OK if I ... ?) computer tonight. (You aren't allowed to ...)
give permission.
We use could/couldn't to:
You can take my car tonight. (You are allowed.)
• express general ability in the past. / could play
express possibility.

o
This can be the right answer. (It's possible to ...)
make a request.
Can you help me, please? (Will you ...?)
football when I was young. (I was able to; I had the
ability). She couldn't read when she was four. (She
wasn't able to.)
i
make a suggestion. Note: Can has only present and past simple. We
We can go out tonight. (Let's go ...) use be able to with all the other tenses. She will not
offer something. be able to finish on time.
Can I get you some water? (Would you like me to .?)

must/mustn't have to/don't have to/mustn't - tieedn't

We use must/mustn't to: We use have to to express obligation and necessity.
express obligation and duty. You George has to wear a suit and tie to work. (He's obliged to.) jon i
must listen to your teacher carefully. broke his arm so he has to go to the hospital. (It's necessary.)
(You are obliged to. It's your duty.) o We use don't/doesn't have to and needn't to express lack of;
o express very strong advice. You Li obligation and necessity. Kate doesn't have to go to work today.'
must see a doctor. (I strongly advise It's Sunday. (She isn't obliged to.) You don't have to/needn't\
you to ...) bring a camera. I have one. (It isn't necessary.)
express prohibition. You mustn't park We use mustn't for something that is against the rules. You mustn't\
[:■
here. (You aren't allowed to. It's against eat or drink in the library. (It is not allowed. It is forbidden.) If

the rules.) Note: Both must and have to express necessity, but we use them i
Note: Must is only used in the present differently.
simple. We use have to with all the We use must when the speaker decides that something is.
other tenses. I'll have to go on a diet. necessary. / must drink more water. (I believe it is necessary for •
(future) / had to work late yesterday. me to drink more water. This is my opinion.)
(past) G We use have to when somebody else and not the speaker
makes the decision. She has to wear a uniform al school.
(Somebody else has decided that.)

62
 i-; shouid/shouldn't - ought to/oughtn't to
; . We use should/ought to to give advice. You should/ought to eat more fruit and vegetables. (It is a good idea. I
advise you to.) You shouldn't/oughtn't to eat too much chocolate. (You had better not do it.)
_____ (__ ___________________ _____________________

may/might/could
---------------------------------------

V
t
We use may/might/could to:
• express possibility. He may/might/could go to the gym. (It is possible that he will go to the gym.)
• to ask for or give permission. May/Might/Could I borrow your pen? (Is it OK if I ...?)
Note: We can use could to make a request (when we want to be more polite.) Could you open the window,
please? (Do you mind ...?)
-----------------------------------------:----------------------------- --

Note the difference in the following questions. Can I use your mobile phone? (informal) Could I use your
mobile phone? (more polite than 'can') May I use your mobile phone? (formal)

• ; I Look at the pictures (A-E) on p. 62 and underline the modal verbs, a) Which modal verbs do we
‘ _ J use to express general ability in the present? lack of ability? strong advice? necessity? advice?
ask for permission? b) What are these modal verbs followed by?
—
------------------------

■ I Fill in the gaps with can, can't, could or ;../>! J Read the poster. Choose the correct word
J couldn't. J in each sentence.

1 Mike can't drive. He hasn’t got a driving

licence.
2 Colin........................ help you in Maths;
he’s good with numbers.
3 After spending six months in France, John
........................ now speak French.
4 Charles........................ cook until he Only members 17 years and older are
learned how to in college. allowed in the weight room.
5 We....................... go to the cinema unless Wear athletic shoes at all times.
we finish work on time. 3 No more than 15 minutes on each
6 ....................... you play tennis when you machine.
were 12? 4 Make sure to rest after each exercise.
5 No using heavy weights without a coach.
Drink plenty of water during exercise.
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of
have to or don't have to/needn't.

1 I can’t go swimming tonight. I have to work 1 You should/must be 17 years and older to
late tonight. use the weight room.
2 We....................... take our own equipment. 2 You must/mustn't wear sandals at the gym.
We can hire some when we get there. 3 You should/shouldn’t spend more than 15
3 Kevin ...................... wake up early every minutes exercising on a machine.
morning for training. 4 You shouldn’t/should rest after exercising.
4 All players on the team....................... wear 5 You mustn’t/shouldn’t use the heavy
the team uniform during matches. weights without a coach.
5 Albert...................... come jogging with us 6 You shouldn’t/should drink lots of water
if he doesn't feel like it. when you exercise.
63
 Look at the computer lab rules. Write sentences using у/'. Match the items in column A
can, must or mustn't. J to their synonyms in column B.

I 1 I c | it’s my duty ...

I 2 | | | advise you not to ...
I 3 | | She was unable to ...
• speak quietly /
• have a user account / I 4 | | It isn’t necessary for her...
• listen to loud music X I 5 | | it is possible that she ...
• shut down computer before I 6 | | | have the ability to ...
you leave /
I 7 | | Do you mind if ...
• access personal emails X
• eat or drink X
• play online games X a She couldn't ...
• ask computer teacher for b Could I ...
help / c I must ...
d You ought not to ...
1 You must speak quietly. e She might...
2 .......................................................................... f She needn't...
3 .......................................................................... g I can ...
4 ..........................................................................
5 ..........................................................................
[Link]-;.] Replace the words in bold
6 .........................................................................
7 with one of the modals from
the list.

Choose the correct answer. • shouldn't • can't • couldn't

• may • mustn't • needn’t
1 You offer to help your sister with her homework, but she
says it isn't necessary. 1 Jane is unable to go on the
(A) You don't have to help me. class trip.
Jane can't go on the class trip.
B You mustn't help me.
2 Students are not allowed to
C You can’t help me.
bring mobile phones to class.
2 You are looking for your mobile phone. You think you left Students................................
it in the living room, but you are not sure.
A It has to be in the living room.
3 It’s possible that we will
B It might be in the living room. attend his graduation.
C It needs to be in the living room. We .........................................
3 Your boss asked you to hand in your report tomorrow.
A I may hand in my report tomorrow. 4 Kate wasn’t able to run the
race.
В I could hand in my report tomorrow.
Kate .......................................
C I have to hand in my report tomorrow.

4 You weren't able to go shopping with your friends.

5 It isn’t necessary to take
A I didn't have to go shopping with my friends. notes in class.
В I couldn’t go shopping with my friends. You.........................................
C I needn’t go shopping with my friends.

5 You have a toothache. Your friend gives you some advice. 6 I advise you not to leave the
house without a coat.
A You can go to the dentist.
You.........................................
B You should go to the dentist.
C You may go to the dentist.
64
Replace the phrases in bold with the correct form of the ^|jl Complete the sentences with
modals in brackets. the modals in the list. Make
the sentences true for you.
1 It’s your duty to report an accident if you see one.
» must ° could ° don't have to
(must)
° should • have to 0 might
You must report an accident if you see one.
2 You’d better not eat in the computer lab. (should) 1 To be healthy, people should
eat more fresh fruit and
vegetables.
3 I advise you to see a doctor about your injury, (ought to)
2 At work, I ...............................

4 You are obliged to sign up in order to enter this website, 3 While driving, everyone ........
(have to)
4 This evening, I ......................
5 I wasn’t able to ride a bike when I was four, (could)
5 When I was five years old, I ..
6 Is it OK if I talk to you for a few minutes? (may)
6 This week...............................
7 It isn’t necessary to book tickets for the show in
advance, (have to) •Speaks Ei g
Read the information about a
8 Will you print out this document for me? (can) college sports day. In pairs,
ask and answer questions
using modals.

Complete the second sentence so that it means the

same as the first. Use up to three words.

1 The doctor said I ought to get more exercise.

The doctor advised me to get more exercise.
2 You mustn’t run at the swimming pool.
It’s ...................................................................................
to run at the swimming pool.
3 I have to finish this report by 5 pm.
It......................................................................................
me to finish this report by 5 pm.
4 Jack couldn't write at the age of six.
Jack ................................................................................
to write at the age of six.
A: Do we have to register at the
5 Susan doesn't have to come to the meeting. School PE office?
It...................................................................................... B: Yes, we have to register at
for Susan to come to the meeting. the PE office.
6 The students mustn’t take text books into the exam.
Writing
The students ...................................................................
to take text books into the exam. Write a short paragraph about
7 Can I borrow the car tonight? the college sport day using the
Is...................................................................................... information from the Speaking
I borrow the car tonight? activity.
8 I might go to the supermarket later. Do you need anything? When you arrive for the sports day
It....................................................................................... you have to register at the PE office.
I will go to the supermarket later. Do you need anything? All of the athletes must wear...
65
 /' Exploring Grammar {Units 7 9)

Countable/Uncountable nouns - Modal verbs

o.(n) - some/any/no/every/the/a lot I a) Read the text and match the highlighted
of- much - many - (a) few - (a) little
verb forms to their use.
I Read the blog and choose the correct
J words in bold. • strong advice • ability • advice
• lack of obligation • possibility • necessity
a) When do we use alan/some!any?
b) How can no replace any? Give an Hey Mary,
example. I’ve just found out about a great new evening class iL
c) How do a little/little, a few/few differ in at the community centre that I think you should
meaning? definitely sign up for. Its a pottery class and it I'
starts on Monday. I love making things with my I
hands so I pul my name down already but I'd Bi
prefer to go with you. You don't have to have any
'{■-
experience to join. They welcome beginners.
The only thing they say is that you have to wear

Joanne here! I've just eaten something really tasty old clothes because you might get dirty.
and I wanted to tell you about it. It's something But you mustn't let that worry you. Also, at the
called Yorkshire pudding. It's very well known in end of the course you can take whatever you make
Britain. But not 1) much/many people know about home with you.
it outside of the UK. 2) A lot/Lots of people find it a
Let me know if you decide to sign up. I think it's
little confusing because, unlike its name suggests,
worth giving it a go. What do you say?
it’s not 3) a/an dessert. In fact, it doesn't contain
4) no/any sugar, just 5) some/any flour, 6) a few/a Cleo
little eggs, 7) any/some milk and 8) a little/a few
salt. People eat it with the traditional Sunday roast b) Which modals do we use to: express
dinner. It's so popular that it even has its own day, ability in the present and past? give very
the first Sunday in February. strong advice? refuse permission? Give
Write a comment and tell me about a dish you like. examples.
......... ...................... ......... •. .
Hnfinitive/-ing
Hi Joanne,
a) Look at the text again. Circle the infinitive
I recently went to England, too and had
forms and underline all the -ing forms. Give
9) some/many Yorkshire pudding. You’re
reasons for their use. Think of three more
right, it is delicious. But did you try black
pudding while you were there? 10] Every/Any uses of the infinitive and the -ing form.
person I met told me to try it. It's not a
b) Write -ing form, to-infinitive or infinitive
dessert either but a kind of sausage that they
without to next to each word/phrase. Make
fry and eat with a cooked breakfast. It was
very tasty! sentences using them.
Penny 1 9 1 prefer..............................................................

2 ask how.........................................................
d) Look at the blog again and underline the
definite article the. Justify its use.
3 begin...............................................................
e) Fill in the gaps with the or - .
1 I am going to.....theatre tonight. 4 should............................................................
2 Susie just came back from a trip to .....
Australia. 5 would prefer..................................................
3 This is my best friend.....Michael.
4 I used to play.....violin when I was younger. 6 avoid...............................................................
5 Could you pass me.....TV remote, please?
66
 Revision (Units 1-9)
•I

. Choose the correct item.

1 There is .... coffee left so I have to go to 17 I .... a beautiful necklace for my friend’s
the shops. birthday.
A no B some C any A bought B buy C was buying

2 There were so.... people on the bus that I 18 May I.... your pen, please?
couldn't find a seat. A borrowing B borrow C to borrow
A much B many C few
19 Billy.... to see the new sci-fi film.
3 A is wanting B wants C want
20 She.... play the violin very well.
4 Would you like .... milk in your tea? A can B must C may
A some B any C every
21 Who's that.... you and Alice in the photo?
5 You .... have more fruit and vegetables in A among B at C between
your diet.
22 .... neighbours are moving house.
A can B should C may
A He B His C Him
6 Would you like.... to the cinema tonight?
23 Is there.... cheese pie left?
A going B go C to go
A many B a few C any
7 People using the gym have a valid
24 This is the author’s.... book so far.
membership card
A worse B worst C the worst
A must B could C can
25 The train from Paris.... at 4.30 every
8 I regret not Bob about the problem
afternoon.
sooner.
A arrives B arrived C arrive
A tell B to tell C telling
9 You.... pick me up, I can meet you there.
A don't have to B ought not
C might not
10 The theatre group let me their dress
rehearsal.
A watching B to watch C watch Complete the gaps with the correct word,
11 choose the correct word or put the words
Amanda ... at 8 o'clock last night.
A worked B was working in brackets into the correct form.
C used to work A 1) Much/A lot of people know that the Louvre
in Paris is 2)................... famous museum, but
12 I.... in the city until my family moved.
3)................ (you/know) that it 4)..............
A use to live B was living
(be) a fortress that protected the city? It was
C used to live once used as 5)................ castle for the kings
13 I’d love to climb Mount Everest. and queens of 6) the/- France until it became a
A a B the C - museum 7).................the summer of 1793.
B The museum has got 8)..................... of the
14 .... I please speak to the managing world's most famous art 9).................. display.
director? Although you 10)............................ take a
A Must B Could C Should photograph of the best known piece,
Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, you can
15 I suggest.... at 8 o’clock to catch the train.
11)....................(buy) a postcard of it at the
A to leave B leave C leaving gift shop. The museum is 12)...................
16 The Smiths.... to America next week. (real) well worth 13)..................... (visit) and
A are flying B fly C flew 14) could/should be on every visitor’s list.
f Y__________________________ _____________ )

67
 : Present perfect
Doctor, I'm very nervous. poisonous?
This is the first operation
I've ever had.
E1

Don t worry - this is They ve had two Because I have just

the first operation I've meetings today. They bitten my tongue
teacher since 2008. ever performed! y haven't had a break yet.

Form: subject + have/has + past participle

Affirmative Negative
Long Form Short Form Long Form Short Form
l/you have played/left l/you've played/left l/you have not played/left l/you haven't played/left
He/She/ll has He/She/lt's He/She/lt has not He/She/lt hasn't
played/left played/left played/left played/left
We/You/They have We/You/They've We/You/They have not We/You/They haven't
played/left played/left played/left played/left

Interrogative I Short Answers

Have l/you played/left? Yes, l/you have. No, l/you haven't.
Has he/she/it played/left? Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn't.
Have we/you/they played/left? Yes, we/you/they have. No, we/you/they haven't.

• We form the present perfect with the auxiliary verb have/has and the past participle of the main verb. He has
justpassed an exam. We form the past participle of regular verbs by adding -ed to the verb, plant - planted
• We form the past participle of irregular verbs differently, sit - sat (See the list of irregular verbs.)
• We form questions by putting have/has before the subject. Have you seen our new car?
• We form negations by putting not after have/ has. Kevin hasn't arrived yet.

!
We use the present perfect for: Time words/phrases used with the present perfect:
actions which started in the past and still already (normally in affirmative sentences)
continue in the present, /on has lived in I'm not hungry. I've already eaten lunch.
Manchester since 2008. (He still lives in yet (normally in interrogative and negative sentences) Has
Manchester.) Tom arrived yet? The bus hasn't left yet.
experiences. He has tried skydiving. just (normally in affirmative sentences to show that an
actions which have recently finished and action finished a few moments earlier) She has just finished
their results are visible in the present. cleaning the house.
He's tired. He has just finished typing his project. O ever (normally in affirmative and interrogative sentences)
actions which happened at an unspecified This is the best film I have ever seen!
time in the past. The exact time is not never (negative meaning) Brenda has never travelled abroad.
mentioned because it is not important. She's o for (= over a period of time) james has worked in this
bought a new mobile phone. (When did she company for five years.
buy it? We don't mention the exact time since (= from a starting point in the past) / haven't talked
because it is not important. What is important to jane since Monday.
is that she's got a new mobile phone.) recently (normally in affirmative sentences) They have
with today, this morning/afternoon, etc, recently moved to a new house.
when these periods of time still haven't so far (normally in affirmative sentences) She has written
finished at the time of speaking. / have taken five emails so far.
two tests this week. (The week isn't over.) this month/week/year / have read three books this month.

68
 Present perfect

have gone (to) - have been (to)

• We use have gone (to) • We use have been
to say that someone (to) to say that
went somewhere and is someone went
still there. somewhere, but
The girls aren't home. he/she has come back.
They have gone out Sally and Adam have
for lunch. been to the
supermarket.

pi'i I Look at the pictures (A-D) on p. 68 and the words in bold, a) What tense is this? b) How do we form
' the affirmative, negative and interrogative of this tense? c) Which uses of this tense does each verb
show?

Write the past participles of the following verbs. /i.'l Julia is in Rome at the moment.
Write what she has or hasn’t
1 do done 11 swim
done. Use already or yet.
2 dance 12 tell
3 think 13 build • visit the Colisseum /
4 take 14 send • buy souvenirs for her friends X
• take a walk to the Spanish
5 win 15 stop
Steps X
6 sing 16 write • send postcards to her friends /
7 need 17 grow • eat at Italian restaurant /
8 arrive 18 bring • tour the Roman Forum X
9 break 19 throw
10 try 20 hide 1 Julia has already visited the
Colisseum.
2 ...............................................
i ] Complete the sentences in column A with the correct
J form of the present perfect. Then match the sentences
3 ...............................................
(1 -8) from column A to column B (a-h), as in the
example.
4 ...............................................

1 I d | Joe hasn't played (not/play) 5 ...............................................

I 2 | | Jill...........................................(call)
I 3 I I I............................. (not/watch) a parade
I 4 I I We...........................................(be)
I 5 | | ...........................................(you/eat)
I 6 | | They............................................ (make)
I7 | | Mike......................................(just/finish) his homework
I 8 | |...........................................(you/live)

a since I was twelve. e and is relaxing now.

b to the carnival twice. f dinner yet?
c three costumes so far g three times this morning
this morning. h here a long time?
d the guitar for three years.
 Present perfect

. ф I a) Look at the table. Ask and answer I Make sentences using the words below, as
questions, as in the example. J in the example. Use for or since.

1 Jean/not attend/the carnival/1997

Jean hasn't attended the carnival since 1997.
2 We/not take/a holiday/three years

3 Jason/not win/the boat race/2003

4 Trudy/know/Kim/2008
1 David/play tennis
A: Has David ever played tennis? 5 l/not travel/abroad/many years
B: Yes, he has.
2 Carla/tennis? 6 Lucy/not speak/to Kate/ages
A: .................................................................
B: ................................................................. 7 Janice/be/lawyer/20 years
3 David and Carla/do judo?
A: ................................................................. 8 Sarah/read/five books/last week
B: .................................................................
4 David/try snowboarding? 9 James/win/several swimming medals/2010
A: .................................................................
B: ................................................................. 10 Kate/not visit/Mary/a long time
5 Carla/try snowboarding?
A: .................................................................
B: .................................................................

b) In pairs ask and answer questions, as in

the example. Then complete the table in
Ex. 5a. 1 She has lived in Paris since 2001.
(A) She still lives in Paris.
A: Have you ever played tennis?
B She doesn’t live in Paris anymore.
B: Yes, I have.
2 They have just cut the birthday cake.
i i j :| Put the verbs in brackets into the correct A They are cutting the cake at the moment.
form of the present perfect. B They finished cutting the cake a few
seconds ago.
1 A: Have you seen (you/see) the fireworks
at the festival? They're amazing. 3 We have been to the Venice carnival.
B: Yes, I have. A We are at the Venice carnival now.
2 A: ...................................(you/buy) a present B We once went to the Venice carnival.
for Helen’s birthday?
4 I have sold ten tickets to the dance so far
B: No, I............................................(not/find) this morning.
anything I like yet.
A The morning is not over and I may sell
3 A: Why is Jack so happy? more tickets.
B: He .......................................... (just/hear) B The morning is over and I will definitely
that he got into college. not sell another ticket.
4 A: Shall we get something to eat?
5 Anna has lost her wallet.
B: Not me. I............................ (already/eat).
A Anna has her wallet back now.
5 A: How long.................................... (you/live)
in this town? B Anna still hasn't got her wallet.

B: Since I was ten.

70
D
 Present perfect

Complete the following

questions using the verbs in
the list in the present perfect.
Then answer about yourself. Alex: Hi Joyce, have you seen Robert?
Joyce: I think he 1) has gone to the music festival.
• bake • drive • participate Alex: Lucky him. I 2).................... never.......................the
• celebrate • ride • eat music festival. Have you?
1 A: Have you ever baked a cake? Joyce: Yes, I went a few years back. My brother
3)....................the festival many times. He likes the
B: Yes, I have./No, I haven't.
local bands that play in some of the concerts.
2 A: .......................................... Alex: I’d really like to go tomorrow with my friends Darren
a car? and Nick but they 4)....................away for the
B: ......................................... weekend.
3 A: ......................................... Joyce: Oh really, where?
an unusual food? Alex: They 5)..................... Lake Pennington.
B: ......................................... Joyce: I 6)..................... there, it's lovely. Look, I wouldn't
mind going again to the music festival. How about
4 A: .......................................
we go tomorrow?
in a contest?
Alex: Sure. That would be great!
B: ..........................................
5 A: ..........................................
a horse? pTjl Complete the text with the correct form of the present
B: .......................................... ~~~ perfect.
6 A: ..........................................
your birthday with a huge 1) Have you ever heard (you/ever/hear) of the
party? Underwater Festival in Australia? It’s a photo
and video competition that 2)............................
B: .......................................... (become) very popular. Since 2007, top photos
and videos 3).......................................... (receive)
more than 100,000 USD in the competition.
Fill in the gaps with the The festival started as a local event lasting
correct words from the list. just a few days in Byron Bay. Today, it
4)..................................................... (grow) into a
• already • yet • just • ever 30-day event. The pictures and videos
• never ° for • since • so far 5)................................................. (not/just/help) promote diving in the
area but they 6)................................................ (also/attract) tourists
1 Gerald has been a tour guide
from around the world to see the winning shots.
for five years.
2 Terry has ................ seen a
skyscraper before. Speaking
3 Don't worry about buying a In pairs, ask and answer questions about yourselves.
present. I've.......................... Use the ideas below and the correct form of the present
bought one. perfect.
4 Tim is feeling sick. He has
................ eaten a whole bag 1 try/ever/skydiving?
of cookies. A: Have you ever tried skydiving?
5 How many people have you B: Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
called about the cleanup
2 swim/ever/in the ocean?
............................ ?
3 win/ever/a competition?
6 Has Jerry arrived from the
airport.................. ? 4 fly/ever/a kite?
7 I haven’t been to a concert 5 meet/ever/a famous person?
..................... I was 15.
Writing
8 Have you ..................... been
camping? Use your answers from the Speaking activity to write
sentences about what your partner has or has not done.
71
 Present perfect vs Past simple

Kim came first in Sarah and jenny They have just lames has read half He is happy Van Gogh
the ICT went to college graduated from of Agatha Christie's because he has created the
competition last together. They have Law School. crime novels this won a medal. famous painting
Saturday. been friends and week. He read two Sunflowers.
colleagues for ten more detective
years. stories last month.
T

Past simple
We use the present perfect for: We use the past simple for:
0 actions which happened at an unstated time in o actions which happened at a stated or implied

the past. time in the past.

|
She has bought a new car. (When? We don't know. Kim went to the cinema last Saturday. (When? Last
The time is not stated.) Saturday.)
actions which started in the past and still continue. actions which started and finished in the past.
Kevin has worked as an architect for 10 years. (Kevin Kevin worked as an architect for ten years. (He
is still working as an architect.) doesn't work as an architect any more.)
an action which has recently finished and its results an action that will not happen again. Beethoven
are visible in the present. He has cut his finger, so he wrote nine symphonies.
can't write.
3
Time words/phrases we use with the present Time words/phrases we use with the past simple u

perfect are: for, since, yet, already, just, etc. are: ago, yesterday, last week/month/year/Friday, etc.

Look at the pictures (A-F) and the examples. Identify the tense of the verbs in each sentence.
Which uses of these tenses does each verb show?

Match column A to column B. [Link] Underline the correct form of the verb.

1 Our class started/has started a book

| 1 I c I He went to England to exchange last September.
I 2 | | They haven't seen 2 Allison has met/met her friend last night at
I 3 | | The Whites have lived the cinema.
I 4 I I I bought a new laptop 3 They went/have gone shopping but should
I 5 | | We have travelled to
be back in a few hours.
4 Have you called/Did you call five minutes
I 6 | | Jenny hasn't spoken to me
ago?
I 7 | | John visited Montreal
5 Have you found/Did you find your car
I 8 | | | just talked to Heather
keys yet?

a a few minutes ago. e last spring. 6 We didn’t pay/haven’t paid for our tickets
yet.
b New York twice f abroad since 2002.
this year. 7 I fell/have fallen off my bike and have
g from the mall last
cut/cut my knee last night.
c visit his best friend, Saturday.
8 The Simpsons came/have come back
d the film yet. h for months.
from their trip to Mexico yesterday.

72
 Present perfect vs Past simple

jj ■<:] Put the verbs in brackets into the past Fill in the gaps with the time adverbs from
simple or the present perfect. the list below.

1 A: Did you talk (you/talk) to James at the • ever ° so far • ago • since • yet
meeting? o in 2008 • for ° already
B: No, I............................... (see) him there. 1 Monica hasn’t taken piano lessons since
2 A: .......................................... . (you/finish) the last year.
____________________

cake already? 2 Becky joined the team.....................................

B: Yes. It............................. (be) delicious!
3 I've known Belinda.................................. ages.
3 A: How long .................... 4 She left five minutes.........................................
(you/know) Stella?
5 We haven't met our new teacher...................
B Ever since we............ (be)
6 The team has scored three goals.................
children.
,
--- ------- -------------------- -------------- -------------- .---------------------- .------- .------------------------ ;__ ;________________________________

7 They have..................set up the decorations

4 A: Why are you laughing?
8 Have you.................. tried cliff diving?
B: Bob ................................ (just/tell)
me the funniest joke!
Complete the email with the present perfect
5 A: ............................................. (you/ever/eat) J or past simple of the verbs in brackets.
fried squid?
B: Yes,I ................. (try) it last
year on holiday. I
Hi Peter!
6 A .................................................... (you/hear)
Greetings from Fistral Beach in Cornwall. We 1) arrived
any news about the job you applied for?
(arrive) three days ago for the Boardmasters Beach
B: No, they................................ (call) me yet.
Festival. Jean and I 2)................................. (already/do)
7 A: When ........................................ (you/take) so many things. 13)............................(try) in-line skating
this picture? and surfing and Jean 4).............................. (ride) a BMX
B: A few weeks ago. bike in a competition yesterday afternoon. Since the start
8 A: ....................................... (Jessie/decide) if of the festival, we 5).....................................(see) some
he's coming camping with us? incredible DJ shows on the beach. This morning we
B: Not yet. 6)......................................... (watch) the men's surfing
[Link] waves 7)............................... (be) huge
and the surfing was amazing. I 8).................................
Choose the correct item.
(not/have) this much fun since we 9)...........................
1 Have you..... to Sarah yet? .....................(go) to the Nottingham Carnival last year. I
A speak B spoke (C)spoken 10).................................... (take) some great pictures
so far for you to see when I get back. See you soon!
2 I haven't been abroad..... 2009.
Tina
A on B for C since
3 How long..... did the film start? Speaking
A since B ago C already
In pairs, ask and answer questions using
—

4 Kate is exhausted; she..... for two days.

the prompts and ideas of your own, as in
A hasn’t slept B didn’t sleep
the example.
C doesn’t sleep
5 Joy..... to Paris many years ago. ° ever attend festival • try something new
A has gone B has been C went recently ° ever watch a parade • listen to a
band live ° take part in a competition
6 When..... you buy that new TV?
A do B have C did A: Have you ever attended a festival?
B: Yes, I have. I attended the Grange Hill
7 Francis joined the gym last month, but
Carnival last summer.
hasn't had the time to go.......
A yet B already C just Writing
8 Joel ..... me a bunch of flowers for my Write a paragraph about what your partner
birthday. has/hasn’t done. Use their answers from
A give B gave C given the Speaking activity to help you.

J
 Exploring Grammar (Unit 10)
-rwr-TT—r-*: .-'

Present perfect Present perfect vs Past simple

a) Read the dialogue and underline all the Look at the dialogue again. Circle all the
~ verbs in the present perfect. Which verbs verbs in the past simple. Which uses of the
are used to show: an action which past simple does each verb show? I'
happened at an unstated time in the past?
an action which started in the past and still jjgd Put the verbs in brackets into the present
continues in the present? an experience? perfect.

1 Brian....................... (go) to
b) How do we form the negative and Monaco for a week.
interrogative of this tense?
2 We ......................... (recently/move)
to a new area.
c) What time expressions go with this
3 (they/arrive) in
tense? Australia yet?
4 Jackson ........................ (not/have)
a holiday in three years.
A: Have you heard of the Highland Games? k
5 ............................................. (you/ever/see)
B: I've read about them and I've always
someone famous?
wanted to go but I've never been to one.
A: Well, I went to the Royal Highland Games in
Put the verbs in brackets into the present
Braemar when I was in Scotland last
weekend. perfect or the past simple.
B: Really, how was it?
1 We......... (watch) a great comedy
A: It was great! I started the day by watching
last night.
the Mass Pipe Band playing through the
village. You can’t imagine how spectacular 2 We......... (know) them since 2005.
they sounded surrounded by the hills. I've 3 (you/ever/meet) the Queen?
never heard anything like it! 4 She ....................... (finish) decorating the
B: What did you do after that? cake yesterday.
A: We watched some of the strongman events
5 The Andersons (buy) a new car
like the hammer throw, the tug-of-war and
last week.
the caber toss. I don’t think I’ve ever seen
so many big men in kilts before. Then we 6 ....................... (you/send) the email to the
watched the highland dancing competition sales department yet?
and listened to more pipe music. 7 The students ....................... (receive) their
B: Did you try any traditional food? diplomas and....................... (shake) hands i

A: Yes, have you ever tasted haggis? I didn’t with the university chancellor.
think I would like it but it was really tasty. 8 Brian......................... (be) to the Rio carnival
B: It sounds like a very special event. four times so far.
A: It is. And it’s even more special because it's
the only Royal games in the country. It’s had ; i'/^j Underline the correct item.
that honour since Queen Victoria visited the
games in 1848 and gave it the Royal title. 1 Have you ever/yet been to America?
B: I’d really like to go. 2 Isabel hasn't seen the new sci-fi film yet/
A: Maybe we can go together next year. already.
3 He has paid for everything on this trip yet/so
far.
4 She's already/just finished writing her new
book so no one has read it yet.
5 They have been friends since/for over twenty
years.
6 I have never/ever tried sushi before.
7 He has already/so far packed his suitcase.
8 We haven’t eaten at this restaurant
since/for it opened five years ago.
74
 Е 'mjuu*j ил* * **♦——

Revision (Units 1-10)

Choose the correct item.

I .... half the tourist attractions in the city 17 I.... to them yesterday.
so far. A speak B have spoken C spoke
A visit B have visited C visited
18 She.... never...... in a plane.
We .... football yesterday when the rain A has, flown B hasn't, flown
started. C didn’t, fly
A played B were playing C play
19 They .... on the flight from New York last
Kate.... to the Science Museum three night.
times already. A have arrived B arrive
A went B has been C has gone C arrived
I haven’t met my new neighbour...... 20 We are having a great time at the parade......
A yet B just C already A at the weekend B at the moment
C tomorrow
He.... to Paul since last weekend.
A didn't speak B hasn't spoken 21 Can you meet me.... twenty minutes?
C doesn’t speak A on B at C in
The Andersons decided.... overseas. 22 There is ...... reason to worry about the
A move B moving C to move weather.
You.... to eat a healthier diet. A not any B no C any
A should B ought C must 23 Judy.... for the company since 2008.
Andy.... work an hour ago. A has worked B works
A has left B left C worked
C was leaving 24 .... I help you with something?
We have lived in this house.... April. A Must B May C Might
A since B by C for 25 Sue.... at work yesterday. She was ill.
She.... a shower when the hot water ran out. A wasn't B weren’t C isn’t
A has had B was having
C is having
She has just bought a.... handbag.
rammar in Focus
A leather, beautiful, black Complete the gaps with the correct word,
B black, leather, beautiful
choose the correct word or put the words
C beautiful, black, leather
in brackets into the correct form.
Would you mind.... ? I’m afraid we have no
A 1)Any/Every year on Sth November, people
chairs left.
in 2).............. UK get together for bonfire
A stand B to stand C standing
night. They have celebrated it 3) since/for
.... what l‘m saying? 1605 when a group of men failed
A Are you understanding 4) ........................ (blow up) the parliament in
B Did you understand 5) the/- London, England. On the night,
C Do you understand people 6)........................ (light) bonfires and
watch firework displays.
.... the new detective show on TV yet?
B The origins of April Fool’s day are a bit of a
A Did you see B Do you see
mystery, although it 1)...................... (be)
C Have you seen around since Ancient Roman times. April first
Have you ever.... a sushi restaurant? is 2).......................... (traditional) a day when
A been B gone in C been to people can 3)..... ;................ (play) tricks on
their friends. Even big TV companies get in on
Eddie .... the garden yesterday afternoon,
the act. In 1957, the BBC 4)......................
that’s why he didn't hear the phone ring.
(run) a story about spaghetti trees in Italy.
A watered B has watered 5) Much/Many people believed the story until
C was watering the BBC revealed the whole thing was
k 6).............. joke.____________________
75
 Future tenses

Future tenses Would your friend like''

something like this?

'Are you going to'

go to Belgium No, I'm going to
this summer? visit my cousin in

They are going to go The plane to Paris leaves at 5:30,

scubadiving. so they are flying in thirty minutes.

Future simpBe Be going io

Form: will + main verb Form: be + going to + main verb
l/You/He/She/lt/We/ 1 am/'m going to try.
Affirmative
They will/'ll travel. Affirmative He/She/lt is/'s going to try.
l/You/He/She/lt/We/ We/You/They are/'re going to try.
Negative They will not/won't 1 am not/'m not going to try.
travel. Negative He/She/lt is not/isn't going to try.
Will l/you/he/she/it/ We/You/They are not/aren't going to try.
Interrogative
we/they travel? Am 1 going to try?
. .......... i Interrogative Is he/she/it going to try?
Yes, l/you/he/she/it/ Are we/you/they going to try?
we/ they will.
Short answers Yes, 1 am./No, I'm not.
No, 1/ you/he/she/it/ |
Yes, he/she/it is./No, he/she/it isn't.
1 we/ they won't. Short answers
Yes, we/you/they are.
______________ No, we/you/they aren't.
HJse
The future simple is used: Be going to is used:
• for on-the-spot decisions. I'm hungry. I'll make a sandwich. • for future plans and intentions.
• for future predictions based on what we believe or imagine Andrew is going to drive to Liverpool
will happen. One day he'll be a famous footballer. tomorrow morning.
• for promises (usually with the verbs promise, swear, etc), • for future predictions based on what we
threats, warnings, hopes (usually with the verb hope) and see or know (evidence). Look at that tree.
offers. I'll help you with your science project. It is going to fall down. (I have evidence
• with the verbs think and expect, certain expressions such as that what I'm saying is actually going to
I'm sure and I'm afraid and adverbs like perhaps, certainly happen).
and probably. I'm sure you will pass your exams.
 Future tenses

Notes:
• The present simple is used with a future The future simple is NOT used after while, before,
meaning for timetables/programmes. until, as soon as, after, if and when. We use present
The bus leaves at 9 o'clock. simple instead. I'll make a phone call while I wait for
• The present continuous is used with a future fames. (NOT: I'll-make-a-phone-Gall-while-l-will-waitr^Tr')
meaning for fixed arrangements in the near When (= at what time?) as a question word can be
future. They're leaving for Mexico tomorrow. followed by the future simple. When will you
• Will you ...? is used to ask someone to do return? (when = question word)
something for us (request). When (= at the time) as a time word can be
Will you post these letters for me, please? followed by the present simple. Please call me when
• Shall l/we ...? is used: you finish work, (when = time word)
a) to make an offer.
Time words/phrases used with the future simple and
Shall I help you clean your room?
be going to: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in a little
b) to make a suggestion.
while, in two/three day's time, next week/month/year,
Shall we go to the theatre tonight?
tonight, soon, in a week/month/year, etc.

i|. I a) Look at pictures (A-F) on p. 76. Underline and identify two ways of expressing the future. How
do we form the affirmative, negative and interrogative of these? Which uses of these forms does
each verb show? b) Look at picture F on page 76. How are the present simple and the present
continuous used to express the future?

Look at the pictures. Complete the

sentences using the words/phrases below
1 A: When will you pick me up for dinner?
and be going to or will, as in the example.
В: I........... be able to get there until after 7.
A: OK, no problem. I............ wait for you. • slip ® throw ® rain ° buy ° meet • get on
B: Great. See you then.

1 2 A: I hope everyone..............sign up for the

recycling programme.
B: I'm sure they..............
A: ............ you help me put up posters to
remind people? It............. take long. 1 He is going to throw] 2 They ......................
B: Of course. the ball. .................. the bus.

3 A: Where’s Kevin? He's late.

В: I............ call him to find out where he is.
A: Tell him to hurry or they ............ have
any seats left for the show.
В: OK, I............ let him know.

4 A: I need to go shopping. 3 'It s lovely! I .......... 4 It...........................

В: I ............ drive you to the shops if you ........................... it.' ..................... today.
like.
A: Great. That means, I ............ have to
take the bus.
В: I............ be ready in a couple minutes.

you after the game.' |

77
1
 /Д1 Underline the correct item. t: 5 : l Replace the words in bold with Will you,
"4 I
Shall I or Shall we, as in the example.
1 A: What are your plans for the weekend?
В: I am going to see/will see a film with 1 Why don’t we go bowling this afternoon?
my friends at the cinema. Shall we go bowling this afternoon?
2 A: Is that Mike ice skating? 2 Do you want me to collect the dry cleaning?
B: Yes. Oh no! He will fall/is going to fall!
3 A: I can't study; the TV is too loud. 3 Can you get me some bread from the
B: Oh, sorry. I will turn/am going to turn it bakery?
down.
4 A: I'm so nervous about presenting my 4 Why don’t we start a recycling campaign
project in class. in our neighbourhood?
B: Don't worry. I am sure you are going to
do/will do a great job.
5 Can you download this programme for me
5 A: Can Calvin come skiing with us this please?
weekend?
B: No. He will work/is going to work at
the weekend.
6 A: I don't think I will finish/am going to l Put the verbs in brackets into the present
finish my work in time to go to the game. J simple or the future simple.
B: As soon as I get home, I promise I am
going to help/will help you. 1 17/ see (see) you after you......................
(return) from the gym.
2 They...................... (meet) us when we
........................ (arrive) at the train station.
Use the prompts to make sentences using 3 I promise we........................(go) shopping
will or be going to, as in the example. as soon as I........................ (finish) work.
4 We........................(wait) in the entrance
1 A: Look at that car!
while you...................... (buy) the tickets.
B: It/crash into/that bus
5 I........................(book) a table at the cafe
It's going to crash into that bus!
before we........................(leave) the house.
2 A: It's freezing outside.
6 I am not sure when we........................(talk)
B: l/take/warm coat
to Peter again.
—
j Fill in the gaps with will, be going to, the
3 A: What are Dale’s plans for the summer?
present continuous or the present simple.
B: He/work/summer camp
1 My class is going to visit (visit) the recycling
centre next month.
4 A: What do you think about global 2 They don’t know when the shelter
warming? ............................. (reopen) to the public.
B: l/believe/it/cause/most/the polar ice to
3 I’m afraid that Nora............................
melt (not/attend) the graduation party.
4 The meeting ............................ (start) at 8
o'clock sharp, so don’t be late.
5 A: They are the best football team in town.
5 Everyone....................(meet) this evening
B: Yes/l/sure/they/win/the championship at my house at 8 o'clock to watch the big
game.
6 You can use the phone when she
6 A: Look at this mess. .................... (finish) her call.
B: l/help/you/clean/it/up 7 Look at that car! It..................................
(crash) into the postbox.

78
 Choose the correct item.
Answer the following
1 My band.... at the concert tonight at 10 o'clock. questions about yourself
A will play B plays (C) is playing using I think/l hope/l expect, I'm
sure/Гт afraid and I'll/I won't as
2 I believe we.... enough money for the rainforest project.
in the example.
A will raise B are going to raise C are raising
3 Jane.... to New York tomorrow morning. 1 Where will you be at 8 pm
A is travelling B will travel C travels tonight?
I expect I'll be at home.
4 Karen.... law at university in September.
2 What will you do after you
A is studying B is going to study C studies
finish school?
5 .... please help us at the beach clean-up?
A Will you B Are you going to C Do you
6 The film.... at 9 pm. 3 When will you own a car?
A will end B is ending C ends
7 There is nothing to eat. I.... a takeaway.
4 Where will you go at the
A ’ll order B ’m ordering C order
weekend?
8 Make sure to sign in at the reception when you ..
A will arrive B are arriving C arrive
5 Where will you spend your
summer holidays?
ij Put the verbs in bracket into be going to, will,
present continuous or present simple.

6 Who will you go on holidays

Jerry: What 1) are you doing (you/do) at with?
.1 the weekend Kate? Do you have any
plans?
Kate: Yes. I 2)...................... (see) the new
exhibition at the Science Centre.
Speaking
Jerry: Oh really? What is it about?
Kate: It’s all about recycling and reusing everyday rubbish in Tell the class about your:
new and practical ways. I'm sure it 3).....................
• plans for this summer/after
(be) amazing.
you finish school
1 Jerry: Oh yes, I read something about it online. I think they
a ° ambitions for the future
fl 4)..................... (have) robots made from rubbish.
° hopes/fears about the future
•j Kate: Yes. That's right. They 5)..................... (also/put on)
° predictions about your future
interactive exhibits about the latest ways to save
energy and recycle in your home. Tanya and I I'm going to work at a research
6)..................... (meet) at the entrance on Saturday centre this summer.
I morning. Do you want to come too? I am going to study Chemistry
Jerry: Sure. I 7)................................ (join) you. It sounds when I finish school, etc
interesting. What time?
Kate: Well, the first robot show 8)..................... (begin) at
1.'J Writing
4 10. So we should be there at 9:30 to get tickets. I
expect the tickets 9)...................... (sell out) quickly. Use your answers from the
Jerry: Can you buy me a ticket because 10) I ..................... Speaking activity to write a
(probably/be) a bit late. I don’t know what time the diary entry about your future
bus 11)...................... (stop) near my house. plans and ambitions as well as
Tanya: No problem. I 12)...................... (get) you a ticket. your hopes/fears about your
Jerry: Thanks. See you on Saturday. future.
ГК,':

79
 ConditionaSs - Types 0, 1 & 2

''Billy, if you found 10p'

Cos?djtjoinia!s - Types 0, 1 &2 [ What would you do if ]
in one pocket and
10p in another, what
r If the baby wakesл__ Why do doctors wear you were in my shoes?
would you have?
up during the night, masks when they operate?
L who gets up? 7/

The whole So that nobody will Someone else s

neighbourhood! recognise them if ^trousers, Miss Iy L
^something goes wrong!
form
A conditional consists of two parts: the if-clause When the if-clause comes before the main clause,
(hypothesis), which begins with the word if, and we separate them with a comma. When the main
the main clause, which shows the result of the clause comes before the if-clause, we do not use a
hypothesis. comma.
If you study hard, you will pass your exams. If it rains, we won't have a picnic. We won't have a
r
picnic if it rains.
if-clause (hypothesis) main clause (result)

If-clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result) Use

If/When + present simple present simple something which is always true;
Type 0: law of nature
general truth
If/when you mix red and white, you get pink.
If + present simple future simple, imperative, something real - likely to
modals (can/must/may/ happen in the present or future
Type 1: should)
real present If he is late, we'll go without him.
If you don't feel well, call the doctor.
If 1 finish work early, we may go to the cinema.

If + past simple would/could/might + imaginary situation in the

Type 2: bare infinitive present; also used to give advice
unreal present If 1 had more free time, 1 would take up a hobby.
If 1 were you, 1 would tell her the truth.

Use ■

• Type 0 conditionals express something which is Notes:

always true. If you heat water, it boils. (It is a • We can use unless instead of if ... not in the if-
natural phenomenon/law of nature.) If you don't clause of type 1 conditionals. The verb after
sleep, you feel tired. (This is always true.) unless is always in the affirmative. Unless she gets
• Type 1 conditionals express something which is here soon, we'll have to start the meeting without
likely to happen in the present or future. If I her. If she doesn't get here soon, we'll have to start
finish work early, I'll give you a hand. the meeting without her.
• Type 2 conditionals express: • We can use were instead of was for all persons in
a) an imaginary situation in the present. If I had the if-clause of type 2 conditionals. If Jack were
a good voice, I would become a singer. (But I don't here, he would tell us what to do.
have a good voice so I can't become a singer.) • We use if I were you ... in the if-clause of type 2
b) advice. If I were you, I would get the tickets conditionals when we want to give advice. If I
online. were you, I would apply for this job.

80
 Conditionals - Types 0,1

a) Look at the pictures and the examples on p. 80. Identify the different types of conditional
clauses, b) How is each conditional formed and what does it express?

Use the phrases to make Type 0 /Л : Terry is always complaining about

conditional sentences. ’’ something. Match the phrases to find out
what he is complaining about and write
1 you/mix/blue and yellow - you/get/green
exchanges, offering him advice. Then, in
If/When you mix blue and yellow, you get pairs act out the dialogues.
green.
2 you/heat/ice - it/melt I 1 I C I ... feel hot a go to bed earlier
|2| I ... be thirsty
b take a painkiller
3 you/cut/your finger - it/bleed | 3 I I ... feel ill c open a window
H I ... have a d drink some water
4 you/stay up/late - you/get/tired headache
e visit the doctor
| 5 | | ... be tired
5 you/boil/water - it/produce/steam
1 A: I feel hot.
B: If you feel hot, open a window.
6 you/not wear/sun cream - you/get/burnt
2 A:
B:
3 A:
Read the statements and use the phrases B:
to make Type 1 conditional sentences, as 4 A:
in the example. B:
5 A:
1 I don't want to take ■ B:
an umbrella.
(you/get/wet) z ••gii Rewrite the sentences about a clean-up
If you don't take an umbrella, you'll get wet. d ay. U se if o r unless.

1 If we don’t clean up the lake, the wildlife

2 I don’t want to go i there will die.
to bed now. s Unless we clean up the lake, the wildlife
there will die.
(you/be tired/tomorrow)
2 If we don't get enough volunteers, it will
take a long time.

3 Let’s leave in thirty 3 If you don't have any gloves, you should buy
minutes. some.
I
I (we/miss/the train)
I
I 4 You should wear old clothes if you don’t
want to ruin your outfit.

5 Unless we install litter bins, people will

(you/put on/weight) continue to throw their rubbish on the
ground.

81
 / Conditionals - Types 0, 1 & 2

; (£ 1 Read the advertisement for a charity event. Read the questions and use the prompts to
Then, complete the sentences. write Type 2 conditionals.

1 A: Is Adrian coming on the class trip?

B: No. (give us a lift)
If Adrian were coming on the class trip,
he could give us a lift.
* Then you'll love our show.
2 A: Do you have the textbook?
* Marvin the Magician will B: No. (answer the question)
amaze and delight you
with his mind blowing
tricks! j
3 A: Do you have your laptop with you?
* Afterwards, there is a
special show case B: No. (type my notes)
revealing the secrets u
behind the spectacle!
★ To get a front row 4 A: Will they build a new library?
seat for the show 'Ц B: No. (store more books)
book tickets now!
For every ticket sold, we \
will donate £1 to charity. . 5 A: Do you have Internet in your house?
B: No. (do my assignments at home)
1 If you want (want) to have some fun and
help a good cause, you will love our show.
2 If you come to our show, you....................... 6 A: Do you need to finish your report?
(see) amazing tricks. B: Yes. (go out tonight).
3 If you want to find out the secrets behind
the spectacle, you......................... (come) to
our special show case.
4 If you ....................... (book) your tickets 1Toy] Use the ideas to ask and answer questions
now, you will get a front row seat. ' ’ using Type 2 conditionals, as in the example.
5 If you buy a ticket, we .......................
(donate) £1 to charity. 1 get a pay rise?/buy a new car
A: What would you do if you got a pay rise?
B: If I got a pay rise, I would buy a new car.
Make Type 2 conditional sentences. 2 see an accident?/call an ambulance
A: ................................................................
1 I can’t drive, so I don’t have a car.
B: ................................................................
If I could drive, I would have a car.
3 meet a celebrity?/ask for their autograph
2 I don’t have time, so I can’t go to the theatre.
A: .................................................................

3 I don’t have his number, so I can’t call him.

4 find a wallet on the street?/give it to the police
A: ................................................................
4 I don’t speak French, so I can’t understand
what he’s saying. B: .................................................................
5 have a garden?/plant flowers
5 I don’t feel well, so I won’t go out tonight. A: .................................................................
B: .................................................................
6 They don’t sell tablets in this shop, so I 6 get a promotion?/celebrate with friends
can’t buy one. A: .................................................................
B: .................................................................

82
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
tense.
1 We..... our flight unless we leave now.
1 A: If you could (can) travel anywhere, A miss B 'd miss (Cl 'II miss
where....................(you/go)? 2 If you.....water, it boils.
B: If I............................. (have) the money, A will heat B heated C heat
I.......................... (fly) to New Zealand.
3 If I were you, I..... for the job.
2 A: Can I try this dress on in a size 10, A would apply B will apply C applied
please?
4 Amanda ..... better marks unless she
B: If you.................................. (give) me a studies harder.
minute, I..........................(get) it for you.
A wouldn’t achieve B won’t achieve
3 A: My stomach really hurts. C doesn't achieve
B: If I ...................................... (be) you, I 5 If you want to leave a message....... after
.......................... (see) a doctor about it. the tone.
4 A: What time is the train? A would speak B will speak C speak
B: 11.30. So, if we .................................... 6 Unless we combat climate change, the
(not/want) to miss it, we....................... planet.....hotter.
(leave) now. A would get B gets C will get
5 A: What....................................(happen) if I
........................... (mix) yellow and red?
Complete the sentences using Type 1 or 2
B: If you....................(combine) those two
colours, you................... (make) orange. conditionals. Make them true for you.

6 A: I think I’ll be a bit late tonight. 1 I will get good marks if I study hard.
B: That's OK. If you............................... (be) 2 If I had more money.....................................
late, I.............................. (wait) for you.
7 A: What time does the lecture start? 3 My friends would be happy if.....................
B: 10 o'clock, but if we...............................
(meet) at 9, we ..................................... 4 If I could live anywhere................................
(have) some coffee first.
8 A: I can’t decide what to have. 5 When I feel ill................................................
B If I.....................(be) you, I.....................
(order) the lasagne, it’s delicious. 6 If I go to bed late.........................................

Look at the sentences below and then offer Speaking

solutions, as in the example.
In pairs, use the prompts below and your
1 I'm cold, (put on a jumper) own ideas to discuss how you could help the
If I were you, I'd put on a jumper. environment and what the results might be.
2 These trousers are worn out. (buy a new ° turn the lights off when you leave a room
pair) ° have a shower instead of a bath
° recycle rubbish
3 I'm exhausted, (take a break) ° use public transport instead of taking the car
° join a conservation group
4 I want to move to Spain, (learn Spanish) A: We could help the environment if we turned
the lights off when we left a room.
B: Yes, if we did that, we would save energy.
5 I have a toothache, (see a dentist)
A: We could also ...

6 I'm unfit, (take up a sport) Writing

Now write a short paragraph about ways to
7 I’m bored, (start a hobby) help the environment using your answers
from the Speaking activity.
83
 be going to - will - Present Conditionals
continuous a) Read the email again. Underline the
;j • I a) Read the email and circle all the future conditional sentences. Which express:
J verb forms. Which expresses: a future something which is always/generally true?
intention/plan? a hope? a prediction based something which is likely to happen in the
on what we think or imagine? a fixed present or future? an imaginary situation in
arrangement in the near future? the present?

b) When can we use unless?

Hi Michael,
I just wanted to let you know about a special event , c) Think of one Type 0,1 & 2 conditional
that's happening this weekend. We are going to sentences of your own.
clean up the beach next to the pier and I was hoping
you might be free to help us. When summer comes,
the beach becomes a popular attraction. We get a
lot of visitors but also lots of rubbish. Unfortunately,
visitors aren't always that careful. If they stopped ■
leaving their rubbish everywhere, we wouldn't need
1 I I If she went to a our natural
to do this.
Paris, resources will run
The clean-up starts at 9 am on Saturday but I am
2 I | If she had more out.
going at 8.30 to help set up. If you don’t want such
an early start, you can get a lift from Janet. She is money, b they will arrive on
3 | | If she finishes time.
also coming. I think there will be a good turnout of
volunteers and I hope you will be one of them. Let work early, c she could see
me know if you can make it. 4 | | Unless we stop the Eiffel Tower.
Speak to you soon, being so d I can come to
Emily wasteful, the charity event.
5 | | If I am free e she will do the
tomorrow, shopping.
b) Which tense do we use: to express on-
6 | | If I am late, f I would tell you.
the-spot decisions? to make predictions
7 | | Unless they get g just go without
based on what we see or know? Give
stuck in traffic, me.
examples.
8 | | If I knew the h she would buy
answer, her own house.
c) Find an example of the present
continuous and the present simple with
a future meaning in the email. i; I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
L.j

— tense. What type conditional is each

LjgM Complete the gaps with will, be going to or sentence?
J the present continuous.
1 If you........................ (want) to lose weight,
you should exercise more.
1 I............................ (meet) Jane and Trudy at
the cinema at 6 o'clock. 2 When you have a shower instead of a bath,
you.......................... (save) water.
2 It’s cold in here. I ............................ (close)
the window. 3 If I ...........................(speak) Greek, I would
go to Greece.
3 Look at those dark clouds, it looks like it
............................ (rain). 4 Unless more people ....... (buy)
tickets, we will have to cancel the event.
4 I hope the event.............................. (raise) a
lot of money. 5 I would eat only organic food if it
...........................(not/be) so expensive.
5 I think Joanna..............................(be) a great
artist one day. 6 I would cycle to work if I ..........................
(have) a bicycle.
6 Look out! That sign.............................. (fall).

84
 Choose the correct item.
1 If I were you, I him the truth. 19 There.... any milk left in the fridge.
A tell B would tell C will tell A is B aren’t C isn’t

2 I expect David.... to the meeting tonight. 20 I will meet you .... front of the cinema
A will come B is going to come tonight.
C is coming A on B at C in

3 When you heat the butter in the pan, it...... 21 .... computer has just crashed and I lost all
A is melting B melted C melts the work I 've done today.
A Mine В My C Me
4 We will have a picnic tomorrow.... it rains.
A if B unless C if not 22 Robert .... . which course he wants to study
yet.
5 If I.... you, I would buy that dress. It really
A hasn’t decided B didn't decide
suits you.
C doesn’t decide
A am B have been C were
23 I’m afraid I .... able to make it to your
6 Billy usually.... the table for dinner.
retirement party next week.
A sets B is setting C set
A am not being B haven't been
7 .... mobile phone is this? C won't be
A Who’s B Who C Whose
24 If I had the money, I.... first class.
8 They moved into that house nine years...... A travelled B would travel C will travel
A ago B last C before
25 Be careful! That vase .. ...off the shelf!
9 Charles is going to stay with some friends A is going to fall B is falling
of.... for the holidays. C will fall
A him B his C he
10 I.... law at university next year.
A am going to study B study
C am studying Complete the gaps with the correct word,
11 When we.... this project, we will all go out choose the correct word or put the words
to celebrate. in brackets into the correct form.
A finish B are finishing C will finish A The World Wide Fund for Nature is 1)a/an
conservation group that works 2)..................
12 You.... eat less salt to protect your heart.
(protect) the planet and all the creatures that
A ought B should C have
live 3) in/on it. It 4).................. (begin) in 1961
13 I enjoy.... to music in my room. and since then it 5).................. (grow) into the
A listen B to listen C listening world’s largest independent conservation
organisation. 6) Unless/lf you support their
14 Have you ever.... the Grand Canyon? cause, 7)....................can make a donation or
A been to B gone to C gone become a volunteer. Either way, they
15 .... we go out for dinner tonight? 8).................. (welcome) any help you can
A Will B Shall C Do give.
B Greenpeace is an independent organisation
16 If you don't call me, I.... know what time to that 1)................... (campaign) to protect
meet you. 2) ................... environment. They carry out
A won't B wouldn't C couldn’t 3) peaceful/peacefully protests wherever
4) ...................believe the planet is in danger.
17 We.... the news when the storm hit. Whether 5) its/it’s stopping deforestation or
A watch B were watching preventing the dumping of radioactive waste,
C watched 6) their/theirs volunteers 7)................... (be)
18 We .... in the morning so you better pack there since the beginning and 8)...................
your suitcase.
(continue) to fight for the cause well into the
future.
A flew B will fly C 're flying
85
 Comparisons

This is the quickest way to This packet of biscuits

the museum even though is less expensive than
Comparisons the other one.
we'll walk further.

Sue is as o d as
Helen.

This is the least expensive This chocolate cake is Sarah s hair is much longer
bakery in the neighbourhood. very/really tasty! than Brenda's.

9 We use the comparative to compare two

Adjective Comparative Superlative
people, animals, things, places, etc. We can
one-/two-
use than with the comparative. Kelly is big bigger the biggest
younger than Kim. syllable
small smaller the smallest
adjectives
\Ne use the superlative to compare one
person, animal, thing, etc with more than two-syllable
busy busier the busiest
one person, animal, thing, etc in the same adjectives
easy easier the easiest
group, jessica is the youngest in the family. ending in -y
We use the ... of/in with the superlative. adjectives with
We use in with the superlative when we more than two difficult more difficult the most difficult
talk about places, John is the tallest student syllables
of all. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean
in the world. (NOT: of-ihe-world).

Form Spelling
• With one-syllable and two-syllable adjectives, we form • To one-syllable adjectives ending in
the comparative by adding -er, and the superlative by 1 -e, we add -r in the comparative and
adding -est. -st in the superlative form.
long - longer - longest, late - later - latest nice - nicer - nicest
• With adjectives of more than two syllables we form the • With one-syllable adjectives ending
comparative with more and the superlative with the most. in a vowel + consonant, we double
intelligent - more intelligent - the most intelligent the last consonant and add -er/-est.
. • With some two-syllable adjectives, such as friendly, thin - thinner - thinnest
clever, narrow, etc, we form the comparative and • With two-syllable adjectives ending
superlative either with -er/-est or with more/the most. in -ly, and -y, we drop the -y and add
friendly - friendlier - friendliest, -ier/-iest.
friendly - more friendly - the most friendly happy - happier - happiest

Aiks:

86
 ■1
/

Comparisons
-:i
3

•I

[■ Look at the pictures (A - G) and the words in bold in the examples on p. 86. a) How do we form
the comparative and the superlative of adjectives/adverbs? When do we use these forms?
b) Which types of comparison can you see? What does each show?

!1
Complete the table.
.. .. generous,
• early • generous • quickly adjective
• nervously • pretty • late
Ч • neat • hard • tall • carelessly . quickly, ...
adverb
• often • fast • softly • nice
• long • loud adjective/adverb еаг1У'

87
 Comparisons

Write the comparative and superlative form of the Underline the correct item.
adjectives/adverbs.
1 Julie is the tallest/taller
Adjective/adverb Comparative Superlative person in her family.

1 old older the oldest 2 The library is quieter/the

quietest place to study at
2 big
the university.
3 near
3 Today is luckier/the luckiest
4 far
day of my life!
5 exciting 4 Mike arrived the latest/later
6 famous than everyone else.
7 good 5 Read the questions more
8 noisy carefully/the most carefully
9 slowly next time.

10 many 6 That was more delicious/the

most delicious cake I've
11 quiet
ever eaten.
12 beautiful
7 My mobile takes better/best
13 sad pictures than yours.
14 fast 8 Patricia talks loudly/more
15 crowded loudly than any of my other
16 carefully friends.

I Fill in the comparative form of the adjectives/adverbs

Complete the fact file using of,
adding than, as in the example. than, in or the.
1 Tina is younger than (young) her brother.
2 Caroline is...................................... (friendly) her roommate
Betty.
3 Dean swims.................................... (fast) Mike and Jeff.
4 Charlie reads...................................... (quickly) Stacy.
• Elephants are the largest land
5 She dances................................. (beautifully) anyone else.
mammals 1) in the world.
6 The High Street is.......................................... on Saturdays
.................. (busy) on Sundays. • African elephants have bigger
ears 2)........................ elephants in
7 This book is................................ (interesting) that one.
Asia.
8 Fruit is................................. for you......................................
(good) chocolate. • The tiger is the largest species
3)..................... cats.
9 Sally drives................................ (carefully) Carla.
• Cheetahs are 4).......................
10 Kevin's cold is.............................. (bad) it was yesterday.
fastest land mammal. They can
speed up faster 5).....................
most cars.
Fill in the superlative form of the adjectives/adverbs
adding any necessary words. • The giraffe is 6).....................
tallest animal on land.
1 London is the largest (large) city in England. • The lion has the loudest roar
2 The English exam was.............................. (hard) of all the 7) ..................... all the big cats.
exams.
• The smallest mammal
3 That is.............................. (far) I have ever jumped. 8) ..................... the world is the
4 Barry is.............................. (fast) swimmer in the club. bumblebee bat. It is only 29 to 33
5 Nancy was................................ (good) singer of all. millimetres.
6 Jean is............................... (popular) girl in her class.
7 That is.............................. (bad) film I've ever seen!
Write questions using the comparative or Fill in: very/really or much.
superlative of the words in brackets. Then,
1 A: This is a very/really nice restaurant.
answer the questions using the fact file in
B: Yes, and the prices are.................. more
Ex. 7.
reasonable here than the other places in
1 elephant/giraffe (tall) our neighbourhood.
Is an elephant taller than a giraffe? 2 A: Did you like the film?
No. The giraffe is the tallest animal on land. B: Yes. Il was........................... better than I
expected.
2 land mammal/in the world (fast)
3 A: I thought the museum was.....................
interesting.
B: Yes, but I prefer the science centre
3 tiger/elephant (large)
........................... more.
4 A: It’s...........................cold outside.
B: It’s not that bad. It’s .........................
4 big cat/roar (loud)
warmer than yesterday.
5 A: The art show was...................................
larger than I expected.
5 mammal/of all (small)
В: I know and the exhibits were.................
unusual.
6 A: Gerald talks...........................fast. I can't
understand him sometimes.
Look at the picture and fill in
В: I know. I wish he would talk...................
with the correct form of the
slower.
adjectives.

1 Lucy is shorter than

Compare the animals using the adjectives/
(short) Jeff but
adverbs in the list.
............................ (tall)
Tim.
• small • slow • quickly ° dangerous • big
2 Tim is......................
(young) of the three.
3 Jeff is much............
(old) Tim.
4 Lucy isn’t as...........
(tall) as Jeff.

Put the adjectives in brackets into the

superlative form and write sentences about 1 The turtle is smaller than the rhinoceros,
your town/city. but the mouse is the smallest of all.

1 the (popular) place ...

The most popular place in my town is the
Coliseum.
2 the (big) shopping centre ...

3 the (old) building ... 4

4 the (busy) street ...

89
 Put the adjectives/adverbs into the Fill in the gaps with the comparative or
comparative or superlative form. Add any superlative form of the adjective in
necessary words. brackets.

1 A: What's your new job like?

Sue: How's your new house, Kyle?
B: It’s great but it’s further (far) from home
Kyle: It’s great, Sue. It is much 1) more spacious
than the last one.
(spacious) than our previous one. My
2 A: This dress is......................... (expensive)
bedroom isn’t as 2)............................. (big)
the others.
as my old one but it does have a very
B: Yes, but it’s......................... (pretty) dress 3)........................... (good) view of the
in the shop. garden. It’s much 4)...........................
3 A: David works....................... (quietly) (nice) than the factory I could see from my
Jeremy. old bedroom window.
B: Yes, but Jeremy works....................... Sue: And your neighbourhood? What’s it like?
(hard) anyone else in the office. Kyle: Well, we live on one of 5)............................
(old) streets in town. It’s
4 A: Jenny is......................... (talented) player
6) ............................ (peaceful) than my
on the team.
old street, which was much
B: She can run......................... (fast) 7) ............................ (noisy). I guess in
anyone else too. some ways it's less 8)............................
5 A: The Opera House is....................... (exciting) than my old neighbourhood but
(famous) building in the city. I don't mind.
В: I don’t know. I think the History Museum Sue: How far are you from the shops?
is ....................... (popular) the Opera Kyle: Not far at all. We’re 9)............................
House with visitors to the city. (close) to the High Street than we were at
my old house.
6 A: Did you know that......................... (large)
Sue: Lucky you!
aquarium in the world is in China?
Kyle: I know! We’re just five minutes from
B: Maybe. But I think Monteray Bay 10)............................ (busy) area in town.
Aquarium in California is....................... Sue: That’s great. I'm glad you like your new
(good) that I’ve been to. house.
Kyle: Why don’t you come for a visit on
Saturday? We can go to the High Street
afterwards.
1 Tammy is.....person I’ve ever met.
Sue: I'd love to.
A more kind B very kind (C) the kindest
2 Venice is..... in summer than in winter.
A very busy B busier Write sentences about you and two of your
C the busiest
friends using the comparative and
3 We'll get to the city.....by train than by car. superlative of the words in the list, as in the
A very quickly B more quickly example.
C quickly
• tall • friendly • funny « serious
4 This pie is the least.....of the three.
• young • quiet • polite • hardworking
A tasty B tastier C tastiest
5 .....mountain of all is Mount Everest. 1 Shelly is taller than me but Corrine is the
tallest of all.
A The higher B The very high
C The highest 2 .........................................................................
3 .........................................................................
6 Jessie can't cook as.....as Mark.
A well B good C better 4 ................................................. ;.......................................

5 .........................................................................
7 This popcorn is.......
A very salty B more salty C the saltiest 6 .........................................................................
7 .........................................................................
8 The traffic today is.....than yesterday.
A bad B worse C the worst 8 .........................................................................

90
 Speaking
Я Complete the blog entry with the
Look at the pictures of the three holiday
J comparative and superlative form of the
destinations. Use the adjectives below to
adjectives in brackets.
compare them.

• expensive • long • luxurious • exciting

• cheap • short

Hello fellow travellers! Ive just got back from an

incredible week in Barcelona, Spain. I can honestly say
that Barcelona has 1) the most fascinating (fascinating)
architecture I've ever seen. I’m from Paris and even
though we have some of 2)................... (famous)
buildings in the world, the buildings by the architect
Gaudf in Barcelona are 3)..................... (unusual) than
the classical styles in Paris.
Barcelona has also got lots of wonderful shops and
restaurants. I recommend Placa de Osca for
4)................... (good) and 5)....................... (cheap) food
in the city. I was in Paris six months ago and I must say,
I found Barcelona less 6)................... (expensive) than
Paris. The Spanish also seemed 7).................. (friendly)
to me than the Parisians. Barcelona is just as
8)........................ (crowded) as Paris but everything • Long weekend
moves 9)......................... (slowly) there. Its definitely a
• fun nightlife
10)..................(relaxing) city than Paris. So, if you want
to take it easy, then Barcelona is the place for you! • exciting shopping
Post a comment and tell me about where you have experience
been! • two-star hotel

Complete the second sentence so that it

means the same as the first. Use two to
five words, including the word in bold. One week

1 This suit was cheaper than the rest. AS tour of canals

and old city
This suit was not as expensive as the rest.
2 This new computer is more powerful than interesting
my last one. LESS architecture
My last computer ................................................
three-star hotel
..................................................................this one.
3 I have never slept in such a comfortable
bed. MOST The holiday in New Yorl< City is less expensive
than the one in Kauai. A week in Amsterdam is
This is ......................................................................
the least expensive of all.
bed that I have ever slept in.
4 Adrian is the quietest student in the class.
QUIET
Writing
No other student in the class is .................... Your friend is looking for a nice holiday that
...................................................................... Adrian. doesn’t cost too much. Write an email
5 The last film we watched wasn’t as scary comparing the places from the Speaking
as this one. MUCH activity giving your recommendation. Use
This film was......................................................... your answers from the Speaking activity to
.................................. the last one we watched. help you.
91
 too - е.

I 'm too tired Congratulations! You have

to finish this enough qualifications and are
experienced enough for this job.
too + adjective report tonight.
This coffee is too hot to drink.
too + adjective (+ for sb/sth) + to-infinitive
This dress is too short for me to wear.
adjective + enough + to-infinitive
I'm tall enough to play basketball.
enough + noun
Is there enough sugar in my tea?

Too comes before adjectives. It has a Enough comes after adjectives but before nouns. It has a
negative meaning, and is used to positive meaning, and is used to express that there is as much of
express that something is more than something as wanted or needed.
wanted or more than necessary. After adjectives
o too + adjective • adjective + enough + to- infinitive He is fast enough to win the race.
/ can't buy this watch. It's too • adjective + enough + for somebody/something + to- infinitive
expensive. The tea is sweet enough for me to drink.
too + adjective + to-infinitive This Before nouns
watch is too expensive to buy. • enough + noun There isn't enough flour.
too + adjective + for somebody/ (not) enough + noun + to-infinitive We haven't got enough
something + to-infinitive flour to bake a cake.
This watch is too expensive for me to (not) enough + noun + for somebody/something There isn't
buy. enough flour for the cake.

Note: We can also use enough on its own (without a noun) when the noun has already been mentioned
We need more flour. There isn't enough.

ji a) Look at picture A. What does too show? What is it followed by? b) Look at picture B. What
J does enough show? What are the patterns it is used in?

Use the pictures and the phrases to make Join the sentences to make one. Use too or
sentences using too and enough, as in the enough.
example.
1 I can't wear this dress. It’s too big.
1 this/box/lift This dress is too big for me to wear.
This box is too heavy to lift. 2 I can’t concentrate. It’s too noisy in here.
It's..................................................................
3 I can finish my project. I have enough
2 it/cold/go outside information.
I have..............................................................
4 We need more food. There's not enough
for everyone.
3 Casey/old/drive a car
There’s not ...................................................
5 We can't go for a picnic. It's too windy.
It’s ........................................... . .....................
4 bike/light/Billy/carry 6 I can’t drink this tea. It's too hot.
This tea isn’t .................................................

92
■ . . .. ■ ..................... ........ .... ——-- ..... —_
 Complete the sentences with too or Complete the exchanges using too or
enough. enough and the adjectives in brackets.

1 There’s too much milk in my coffee. I can't 1 A: Did you oversleep again?
drink it. B: Yes. My alarm clock isn’t loud enough
2 This plate isn't large.............. for the cake. (loud) for me to hear.
3 Don’t buy any bread because we have 2 A: Is your tea OK?
................ to make sandwiches. B: No, it isn't........................... (strong).
4 This is.............. spicy for me. I can’t eat it. 3 A: Why didn’t Fredrick come with you?
5 We don't have............... plates for everyone. B: He was ......................... (tired) so he
6 There were .............. many people in the stayed home.
restaurant and we couldn't find an empty 4 A: Shall I turn on the light?
table.
B: Yes, please. It's......................... (dark)
7 It's not warm.............. to have lunch in the in here.
garden.
5 A: How was the museum tour?
8 I thought the meal was............... expensive.
B: Fine. It was certainly.........................
9 I don't think Bob has................ experience (interesting) for all the students.
to be a chef.
6 A: Did Mathew join the basketball team?
10 The pan is .............. hot to touch; you'll
B: No, he didn't make it because he’s
burn yourself.
........................... (short).

j Look at the email and underline the correct

items.
Rewrite the sentences using too or enough
and the adjective in brackets, as in the
example.
Hi Gareth,
1 That dress is too expensive for me to buy. I’m so excited that you're coming for a visit. I'm
(cheap) going to show you round all the tourist attractions in
That dress isn't cheap enough for me to buy. my city. The only problem is that, there may be
2 Pam is not well enough to come to work, (ill) 1) enough/too many places to see and I’m not sure
we’ll have 2) too/enough time! We can start as soon
as you arrive if you're not 3) enough/too tired after
3 I’m too short to reach the top shelf of the your flight. I'm sorry you can't stay at my house but
bookcase, (tall) there just isn’t 4) too/enough room. But, don't
worry, there’s a good hotel nearby. If it's 5) too/
enough expensive for you, I'm sure we'll find you
something suitable.
4 The river is too deep for us to cross here, I can't wait to see you, it's been 6) enough/too long
(shallow) since we last saw each other. Let me know if there
is anything else you need.
Amanda
5 I'm not brave enough to go on the new ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ■

rollercoaster, (scared)
Speaking
In pairs, use the prompts to ask and
6 These shoes are too small for me. (big) answer questions.

• Alfie - old - fly in a plane alone (young)

° Susie - fast - run in the race (slow)
7 I can't hear what they’re saying. The volume
° the room - warm - you (cold)
on the TV is too low. (high)
A: Is Alfie old enough to fly In a plane alone?
B: No, he isn't. He’s too young
93
 Relative pronouns/adverbs

ReUative pronouns

A flight attendant is a Trudy is working on on This is Kevin, whose favourite 200S was the year when
person who/that looks assignment which/that hobby is photography. lames bought his first car.
after passengers on an is about popular
aeroplane. festivals in her country.
Relative pronouns (who, which, whose, that)
introduce relative clauses.
people who/that
objects/animals which/that She has lost her dog. Ben, look! That is the town
possession whose That's why she is sad. where we need to go!

We use who/that instead of subject pronouns Relative pronouns as subject or object

(I, you, he, she, we, you, they) to refer to people. • We do not omit who/which/that when
/ met a boy. He is from England. it is the subject of a relative clause, that
/ met a boy who/that is from England. is, when there is not a noun or subject
I
(
We use which/that instead of the subject pronouns it and pronoun between the relative pronoun
they to refer: and the verb.
a) to objects. I've got a new neighbour. She is from Spain.
Kim was reading a book. It was very interesting. I've got a new neighbour who/that is from
Kim was reading a book which was very interesting. Spain.
b) to animals. Note: We do not use any other pronoun
Giant pandas are animals. They live in Chino. like he/she or it after the relative
Giant pandas are animals which/that live in China. pronoun. ... a new neighbour who
she is from Spain.
We use whose instead of possessive adjectives (my, your,
his, her, its, our, your, their) to refer to people, objects or • We can omit who/which/that when it is
animals in order to show possession. the object of a relative clause, that is,
I That's Mr Brown. His wife is an architect. when there is a noun or subject pronoun
That's Mr Brown whose wife is an architect. between the relative pronoun and the
verb.
Notes:
That's the car. They boughtjtjn December.
That can be used instead of who, whom and which but is
never used after commas or prepositions. That's the car (which/that) they bought in
That's the girl who/that won the prize. December.
The Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris, is a popular tourist Note:
attraction. (NOT: -that is in Paris). • We do not use any other pronoun like
Do not confuse who's, the short form of who is or who he/she or it after the verb that follows the
has with whose, which expresses possession. relative pronoun.
]im is the boy who's sitting over there. (= who is) ... which they bought it in December
Tom is my friend whose sister is an actress.
«Т* -г-Г~.Ч------------

Relative adverbs
We use relative adverbs (when/where/why) to:
• refer to time. 2010 was the year when Kim graduated.
• refer to place. That is the restaurant where we usually go on Sundays.
• give reason. She has a lot of work to do, that's why she is stressed.

94
■
 Relative p ro nouns/adverbs

Look at pictures (A - F) on page 94 and the words in bold, a) Say which are relative pronouns and
which are relative adverbs, b) What does each word express?

Underline the correct relative pronoun or Use who, which, whose, when, where or why
relative adverb. to join the two sentences.

1 That’s Mr Carrington, whose/who dog I 1 That's the vase. I broke it.

walk at the weekend.. That's the vase which I broke.
2 Tuesday is the day where/when I have a 2 This is Ben. He comes from the US.
piano lesson.
3 This is a picture of the cottage which/where I
stayed in Ireland.
3 Giraffes are animals. Their necks are very
4 She slept through her alarm and that is long.
when/why she is late.
5 I've got a new car whose/which is really fast.
6 This is the restaurant where/when I usually 4 This is the letter. The postman delivered it
eat my lunch. this morning.
7 Mrs Anderson is the teacher who/which
encouraged me to go to university.
8 This is the book that/who Bob 5 Jack is tired. He didn’t sleep well last night.
recommended I read.
9 I am meeting my friend which/who is moving
to Australia.
6 I’ll always remember the day. My baby
10 I don’t know the reason why/where Jenny brother was born.
bought a new mobile phone.
11 This is my cousin who/whose parents live in
America.
7 This is the shop. You can find great deals
12 This is the MP3 player who/which Julie gave on electronics.
me for my birthday.

Fill in who's or whose.

j Fill in the correct relative pronoun. Then,
1 That's the man whose car I bought. write S (for subject) or O (for object).
2 Do you know the man......................wearing Finally, state if the relatives can be omitted
the green coat? or not, as in the example.
3 ......................mobile is this?
4 Peter........................ dad is the coach, is 1 The graduation which/that I went to was
also on the team. my cousin's. (O - omitted)

5 I work with someone .................... from 2 The girls over there are the ones................
Argentina. are going to the meeting..........................

6 Kim is a person .................... always there 3 I have a colleague........................ can speak

when you need her. five different languages..........................

7 That’s Ian........................job is to mend 4 This is the film......................... Jenny

cars. recommended I watch..........................
8 Craig is someone .................... never been 5 The tutor ....................... I like the best is
late for work. Professor Johnson...... :..................

9 This is Kostas,......................from Greece. 6 The computer ........................ I bought

doesn’t work..........................
10 Carla is the girl ................... painting won
first prize. 7 I bought a puppy......................... is only two
months old..........................
8 The woman......................... luggage I found
was from Madrid..........................
 Relative clauses

The man over there, who is wearing a grey G Excuse me, can I ask about"}
jumper, is my old classmate. He's really the job which is on the advert ~
changed but, I still recognise good old jim. i^^^d^he police station?^,

■ B ZuS л^ЗвЗчийя >

What job.

Л The one on the poster that says:

\ WOMAN WANTED FOR BURGLARY.

ReDatave clauses
Relative pronouns (who, which, whose, that) introduce relative clauses. We use relative clauses to identify the
noun in the main clause. The woman who owns the bookshop is a friend of mine, ('who owns the bookshop' is
the relative clause that identifies which woman we are talking about.

Defmimq - Non-defimnq ireHatsve cBauses

There are two types of relative clauses: defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.
A defining relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the main :
sentence. We do not put the clause in commas. Who, which and that can be omitted when they are the •
object of the relative clause. The man who/that lives next door is a doctor. (Which man? The one who lives :
next door. The relative clause is essential.)
A non-defining relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main ;
sentence. The clause is put in commas. We cannot omit the relative pronoun. We cannot use that instead of |
who or which. My friend Sarah, who lives in New York, is a lawyer. (Sarah is a lawyer - the meaning of the main j
clause is clear, so the relative clause - who lives in New York - gives extra information and is not essential.)

Look at the jokes above. Which sentence contains a defining relative clause and which contains
a non-defining relative clause? What is the difference between them?

|1 |d| Is that the girl ... a where I spent my holiday was in North Wales,
121 | Is this the computer... b who’s performing a friend of yours?
|3| | It was 2002... c why Jason left work early?
141 | The cottage ... d that won a gold medal in the Olympics?
151 | That’s the girl ... e when I last visited Paris.
|61 | Do you know ... f who was a famous writer, wrote many poems
|7| I Robert Burns, ... g which needed to be repaired?
181 | Is the boy ... h whose birthday is the same as mine.

96
D ....... ..... .. —----- ■
 Relative clauses

Fill in: where, which, who or whose. Put

commas where necessary. Write D (for
defining), ND for (non-defining) and whether
the relative pronoun can be omitted or not. A: Hi, June.
1 This letter, which the postman delivered this B: Oh hi, Derek. Are you coming to the concert
morning, is from my grandmother. ND tonight?
(Not omitted) A: I didn’t know there was one. Who's playing?
B: A new band named Footsie, 1) whose latest
2 This is Addison.... .’............... works at the
CD is selling out everywhere.
hospital......................
A: If they're new, that's probably the reason
3 This is the camera..................... I got for 2)............. I didn’t know about the concert.
my birthday...................... В: I only know about them because my best
4 The comer shop..................... my friend friend has a brother 3)............... is in the
works has great clothes...................... band. Anyway, the concert starts at 7
5 Julian.................... is older than me has o'clock.
his own car...................... A: I’ll have to check 4)............. my football
practice finishes.
6 This is Callum..................... latest book
B: Well if you can make it, the concert is in the
has become a best seller......................
Millennium Hall.
7 The tickets..................... I bought online A: Is that the one 5)............... is next to the
were very cheap...................... park?
8 This ruby ring..................... I inherited from B: No, it’s the one 6)............. we had our
my aunt is very old...................... graduation ceremony. You should come.
9 Adrian..................... bike I borrowed is in A: I'll try to make it.
my Philosophy class......................
10 The present..................... you bought Neil Speaking
is lovely...................... In pairs, ask and answer questions
11 The film..................... we watched explaining what each of the things/people/
yesterday was amazing...................... places in the list are, as in the example.
12 Jack Nelson..................... lives next door is Use the prompts to help you.
a firefighter......................
• washing machine • doctor • mechanic
Choose the correct item. • lawnmower » pilot « cinema • oven
1 This is the report .. ...I wrote last night. • watch a film e clean clothes • fix cars
A where ® which C who ° take care of sick people ° fly planes
2 I don’t know the time.... they have • cook food » cut grass
arranged to meet. A: What is a washing machine?
A who B where C when
B: A washing machine is a thing which/that
3 Can you tell me the reason .. ... Vicky is not cleans clothes.
at work?
C who
Writing
A which B why
Write true sentences about yourself using
4 That’s Grace .. ... in my aerobics class.
relative pronouns/adverbs. Use the
A who’s B who C whose
prompts and your own ideas.
5 This is the outfit ... .. I wore to my
graduation. • (thing)/always have with me
A which B who C where ° (place)/usually go on holiday
° (time)/go to bed
6 The clothes shop .... I bought this coat is
• (person)/admire most
having a sale.
B where C which » (animal)/like best
A when
• (sport)/play most
7 Ralph....... car is in the garage, is coming
with us. My mobile phone is the thing which/that I
A whose B who's C which always have with me.
 Exploring Grammar (Units 13 - 15)

Comparisons e) Fill in the sentences with as ... as, less,

a) Circle the comparative and superlative the least and the adjective in brackets.
forms in the travel blog. How do we form
1 The Nile River isn’t ................ (long) the
the comparative and superlative of
Amazon River.
adjectives and adverbs?
2 This is................ (expensive) hotel in
town.
b) Which word do we use with the 3 I think travelling by train is................
comparative form: very or much? (tiring) than driving.

too - enough
Off the Мщ® with Matt!
Which of the sentences below has a
My Secret Amazon!
positive/negative meaning? Find one more
Attention passionate travellers! I have found it; the
example in the blog.
best beach in the world, al least in my opinion! It’s got
pure white sand and the clearest blue sea I’ve ever a She is old enough to go on the trip by
swum in. Alter do Chao in Brazil is a beach town herself.............
where people come not only for its incredible beach
b He is too young to drive a car...............
but also for its location on a river in the Amazon
Rainforest. Across from the town is llha do Amor
(Love Island). The island, which is actually a sandbar, Complete the sentences using too or
is a very popular swimming and sunbathing spot. The enough.
dry season is a time when there is less water in the
river, so the island becomes much larger than normal, 1 They don’t have.............. money to go on
with an impressive beach. the cruise.
Alter do Chao is not as fancy as your average resort 2 George is............... young to travel alone.
town. It’s a town where people live more simply than 3 Be careful not to put................ much salt in
other holiday spots. I found the hotels and restaurants the soup.
very charming and also less expensive than other 4 Did you pack............... warm clothes for the
beach towns in Brazil. There is enough beachfront for trip?
everyone to enjoy. Occasionally, it can get too crowded
with Brazilians who want to take a weekend break. Relative pronouns - Relative clauses
After touring the most famous jungle in the world, i Щ I a) Look at the blog again. Find two
Alter do Chao was for me the perfect escape right in
examples of relative pronouns and two
the middle of the Amazon!
relative adverbs. Give an example of other
uses of relative pronouns.

c) Highlight other forms of comparisons in

b) Underline one defining and one non­
the blog. What does each structure
express? defining relative clause in the blog. In which
case have we omitted the relative pronoun?
Why?
d) Fill in the gaps with the comparative and
superlative form of the adjectives/adverbs Use who, which, whose, where or why to
in brackets. complete the sentences.

1 The trip through the desert was ................ 1 My cousin, ............. is a travel agent,
(difficult) than the journey we took by boat. booked the trip.
2 Tim planned his trip ................ (carefully) 2 The museum ...............we visited yesterday
than we did. was very interesting.
3 We rented ................ (beautiful) villa I’ve 3 Michael................. friend works at the
ever seen. theatre, got us the tickets to the show.

i
4 Joe is................ (experienced) traveller in 4 Susan likes to shop in areas..................... all
the group. the designer shops are.
5 The boat arrived................ (early) than we 5 I really don't understand.............they want
expected. to live in the countryside.
98
И?'--:-'-'
 Revision (Units 1-15)

Choose the correct item.

1 This hotel has.....rooms than the others. 19 If you.....more calories than you burn, you
i A good B better C the best gain weight.
A will eat B eat C ate
2 Let's stay at a place.....we can walk to the
beach. 20 .....shops are open until 9 pm tonight.
A which B where C why A Some B Every C Any

3 Jamie and Sheryl ..... a lot of problems 21 There isn’t...... room for everyone on the bus.
during their trip last month. A enough B too C quite
A had B have C has
22 Kate.... in her diary when her bus arrived.
4 My house is..... far from my school. A wrote B is writing
A much B really C more C was writing

5 It’s a very interesting book. I think you .... 23 There's a.... juice in the fridge if you're thirsty.
read it. A little B few C much
A can B could C should
24 Jackie is as .....as her older brother.
6 Mike knows more about camping.....me. A taller B tallest C tall
A from B of C than
25 Jane....... sister is in my class, works at the
7 I.....Ethan since he got back from his trip. library.
A haven’t seen B hasn’t seen A who B whose C which
C didn’t see

8 I’m sorry but it's ..... late to change your ► Grammar in Focus
ticket.
Complete the gaps with the correct word,
A as B too C enough
choose the correct word or put the words
9 I like.....by the lake in the morning. in brackets into the correct form.
A jogging B jog C to jog
A The Leaning Tower of Pisa has fascinated
10 That bus ride was even .... than the tourists 1)................ hundreds of years. The
journey to the island by boat. Tower is 2) more/most famous for its leaning
A bad B worse C the worst than its actual architectural style. It began to
lean during construction after soft ground on
11 I'm sure they.....have a fantastic trip. one side 3) shouldn’t/couldn’t support the
A are going to B will C shall building’s weight. Engineers expect that the
12 We..... a great time here in Mexico! tower 4).................... (fall) in the next 200
A are having B had C have years.
B Many people consider the Sydney Opera
13 That's the bus.....goes to the city. House the greatest architectural work 1) of/in
A which B whose C who the 20th century. The innovative design came
from architect Jorn Utzon, 2)................ was
14 My friend from Paris.....me every month.
unknown until his work won 3) an/any
A call B calls C is calling
international competition to design the opera
15 Walk along the street and the bank is.....to house. This masterpiece of modern
the bakery. architecture 4).................. (become) a symbol
A near B next C between of Australia since its creation.
C Fallingwater is quite 1)................ (possible)
16 Josie studies.....harder than her friends. the most famous home in the world. Designed
A very B much C as by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, the home
appears to be floating over a waterfall,
17 This is the.....expensive gym in the city.
explaining 2)........................... it's so popular.
A little B less C least
Every year thousands of tourists enjoy
18 The post office is the oldest ..... all the 3)........................... (visit) the home. It has
buildings in town. created so 4) much/many interest that the
A in B of C from house is now a historic landmark.

99
 Passive voice

The passSve
We form the passive with the The Coliseum is the largest
verb to be in the appropriate amphitheatre in the world and is
tense and the past participle located in the centre of the city of
of the main verb. Rome, Italy. It was built with
The telephone was invented by concrete and stone and is
Alexander Graham Bell. considered one of the greatest
works of Roman architecture and
engineering. It is visited by
millions of tourists every year.

Form
We form the passive of the present simple and past simple as follows:
Active Passive
Present simple Kim cleans the house twice a week. The house is cleaned by Kim twice a week.
Past simple Kim cleaned the house yesterday. The house was cleaned by Kim yesterday. .I

Changcng from active mto passive

a) The object of the active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive sentence. subject verb object
b) The verb changes from the active form into the Active Picasso painted Guernica.
passive form (the appropriate form of the verb to be Passive Guernica was painted by Picasso.
+ past participle of the main verb).
c) The subject of the active sentence becomes the
agent in the passive sentence. We introduce the
agent with by + person or with + object/instrument.

Use
I--------------- ------------------------------------ *---------- "

The Passive is used:

when the agent (= person who does the action) is unknown,
unimportant or obvious from the context. A painting was stolen
Q to put emphasis on the agent.
The TV was invented by ]ohn Baird.
•Ii
II

when the subject of the sentence

yesterday, (unknown agent / We don't know who stole it.) in the active is one of the
The invitations were sent last Saturday, (unimportant agent) following: people, one, someone/
The thief was arrested, (obviously by the police) somebody, they, he, etc
to make more polite or formal statements. The window was They finished the report yesterday.
broken, (more polite) (You broke the window - less polite) The report was finished yesterday.
when the action is more important than the agent, as in
Note:
instructions, processes, events, notices and news items. Passengers
When we want to find out who did
are asked to fasten their seatbelts during take-off. (instruction) First,
something, then the passive is
coffee beans are picked from trees and dried in the sun. (process) Lunch
formed as follows: Who wrote
is served al 1 o'clock, (notice) The medical conference was held in
Hamlet? (active voice) Who was
Zurich, (event) The new library was opened last week, (news item)
Hamlet written by? (passive voice)

Look at the picture and the example and underline all the passive forms.
a) How do we form the passive?
b) When do we use it?
c) How do we introduce the agent in a passive sentence? When do we use by/with?
100
ИВДЧЯИВ8ИЖЯВвВЙВИ1ВВИИЯИНИЯИМЯвЯИ1ИИИаЯВИЯВВЕвИИВИВМВШИПИЯИИИВВИЗВИИИНИИИ1
ii

[^1 Read the sentences about the film The Maze лТ-j How are films downloaded from the
1 Runner. Choose the correct item. Internet? Rewrite the sentences in the
present simple passive form.
1 The film The Maze Runner was/is released
in September 2014. 1 The user finds various legal film sites online.
2 This science fiction thriller was/is directed Various legal film sites are found online.
•H by Wes Ball. 2 The user compares prices of films from
i 3 The film was/is based on a popular book different sites.
also called The Maze Runner.
1 4 The novel, The Maze Runner, was/is 3 The user chooses a site.
written by author James Dashner.
5 The plot is about a group of boys who
were/are trapped in a green field.
4 The user creates an account on the site.

6 The field is/was surrounded by a maze.

7 Each day, certain boys, called Maze 5 The user picks a film.
Runners, were/are given the job to search
the maze for a way out. 6 The user pays for the film with a credit card.
8 Very few special effects were/are used in
the making of the film. 7 The user selects the video file format for
9 After its release, the film was/is praised by the download.
many critics for its strong plot and
characters.
8 The user downloads the film.
10 The Maze Runner is/was considered one
of the best science fiction films of 2014.

кДО Read the information about books and

Read the sentences about Radio City rewrite it in the past simple passive form.
Music Hall. Fill in: is, are or was. Use the agent where necessary.

1 Radio City Music Hall was built in 1932 in

New York City.
I 1 L. Frank Baum wrote The Wizard of Oz.
2 The building .......... designed by architect
Edward Durell Stone. The Wizard of Oz was written by L. Frank
Baum.
3 The musical hall .......... opened with a
spectacular stage show featuring famous 2 At first, publishers rejected J.K Rowling’s [
acts of the time. book Harry Potter.
4 Eventually, the hall .......... changed into a
film theatre that included a stage.
5 Every year top film premiers and concerts 3 They made The Hobbit into a film.
.......... held at Radio City Music Hall.
6 The music hall .......... equipped with over
6000 seats. 4 John Tenniel did the illustrations for the
7 Many famous works of art......... displayed book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
throughout the musical hall.
8 A popular Christmas musical..........
performed at the music hall every year. \ 5 C. S. Lewis released the first book of the
9 Today, many television shows........... filmed Chronicles of Narnia in 1950.
in the hall.
10 The Radio City Music Hall........ visited by
thousands of tourists each year. 6 They published the best-selling book The
Fault in our Stars in 2014.

101
 L^yl Read the sentences about a play. Fill in by I Put the newspaper headlines of the Arts &
or with. Entertainment Section into the past simple
passive.
1 The play was written by Shakespeare.
2 The play was produced........ a well-known MAN ARRESTED FOR STEALING PICASSO PAINTING
producer.
3 The set was designed........ the director.
FIRE DAMAGED FILM SET
4 The set was made........ wood and glass.
5 The costumes were made ........ the finest MERYL STREEP WON BEST
fabrics. ACTRESS AWARD
6 The lead role was played ........ a famous MAYOR OPENED NEW CONCERT HALL Ь
actor.
7 The stage was lit........ special lighting.
8 The music was performed....... an orchestra. MODERN SCULPTURE CREATED
IN TOWN CENTRE
Write sentences about the music industry BEYONCE'S LATEST CD
~ using the present simple or the past simple _ RELEASED AT THE WEEKEND
passive.
1 A man was arrested for stealing a Picasso
1 The album Thr/7/er/release/Epic Records painting.

The album Thriller was released by Epic 2 .........................................................................

Records. 3 .........................................................................
2 The song S/<y/a///first sing/Adele 4 .........................................................................
5 ........................................................................
3 The Grammy Awards/present/in Hollywood 6 ........................................................................
every year
■, j Use the prompts to write and answer
4 Some of the Beatles' songs/compose/Paul questions about the history of films, as in
McCartney the example.

1 the first film/invent? Eadweard Muybridge

5 Nowadays/most music/record/special
digital software Who was the first film invented by?
The first film was invented by Eadweard
6 MTV/create/in 1981 Muybridge.
2 the first film/show? 1892
When.............................................................?
i Read the sentences about a concert. Use
the verbs in the list in the present simple 3 the first film theatre/build? Buffalo, New York
passive or the past simple passive. Where.......................................................... ?

° show o write • play ° make up ° sell out

° fill 4 the first animated film/create? 1908
When............................................................?
1 Concert tickets were sold out a week ago.
2 The band........................... of five members.
5 the first 3D film /direct? Nat Deverich
3 All the band’s lyrics............................. by the
lead singer. Who...................................... •........................ ?
4 The band's last concert...................... on TV.
5 The band's music ........................... often 6 the first 3D films/make with? two cameras
............................. on the radio. filming at the same time
6 The concert hall............................. with What............................................................. ?
thousands of fans every year.
102
•1

Fill in the gaps with the present simple Put the verbs in brackets in the correct
passive or the past simple passive of the passive form.
verbs in brackets.
Guardians of the Galaxy is an action -
1 A: Did you take these pictures at the
packed science-fiction film that 1) was released
concert?
(release) in 2014. The film 2)...............................
B: No. They were taken (take) by a friend of (base) on the Marvel comic series. It
mine. 3)............................... (direct) by James Gunn and
2 A: Are we going to the art gallery on stars Chris Pratt, Vin Diesel and Bradley Cooper.
Saturday? A group of space criminals 4)..................................
(bring) together by space adventurer Peter Quill to
B: No. It.......................... (close) for repairs.
stop the evil villain Ronan from taking control of the
3 A: I really liked the scenery in the film. universe.
B: Yes. It.......................... (shoot) in Ireland. The brilliant plot 5)........................................(write)
4 A Do you know anything about the film by James Gunn and Nicole Perlman and it
festival in town? 6).................................... (fill) with lots of surprises.
Fantastic special effects 7)................................(use)
B: Yes. A different award-winning film in the film to create the stunning action scenes.
.........................(show) every night at Don't miss this incredible trip through the universe!
the cinema.
5 A: What happened to the museum?
B: It.......................... (damage) by a fire.
Speaking
In pairs, use the information and the
prompts below to ask and answer
Underline the correct item.
questions, as in the example.

Joel: Hi Monica! How was your weekend?

Monica: It was great, Joel. I went to an art
Super hero/action
exhibition at the City Gallery. Works by
(from the Marvel Comics seriesj^
local artists 1) are/were displayed at
Released: 2014
the gallery all weekend. It’s actually a
Director: Anthony Russo, Joe Russo ij
contest that 2) is/was held every year.
Writers: Christopher Markus,
Joel: Sounds interesting.
Stephan McFeely
Monica: It was. Different awards for best new
Main actor: Chris Evans
artist and for individual works
Plot: Captain America must I
3) were/are given out last night. You
battle a new threat, r
should go, the exhibition lasts until
a Soviet agent known I
Sunday.
as the Winter Soldier, j./l
Joel: 4) Are/Were only paintings shown in
~""."i—. '.7Й
the exhibition?
Monica: No, there are sculptures and • what/based on ° who/written
photography too. One of the sculptures • when/released » who/main
that won a prize 5) was/is made with » who/directed character played
parts from an airplane.
A: What is the film based on?
Joel: Really! I’d like to see the photography
exhibition. B: It is based on the Marvel Comics Series.
Monica: Yes, it’s really good. The winning
pictures 6) are/were taken in black Writing
and white and are very interesting. The
photographer 7) is/was interviewed in Using the information from the Speaking
this morning’s newspaper. activity write a short paragraph about the
Joel: I'll try and go this Saturday. film. Use Ex. 13 as a model.

Captain America: The Winter Soldier is a

super hero film that is based on ...
103
 Qtiestiom tags I

You have saved

it, haven't you? —r—Г This is a difficult
_2J [exercise, isn't it?

tt?s, of course.

Question tags are short questions that we put at the end of statements,

Form
• We form question tags with the auxiliary or the modal verb of the main sentence and the appropriate
subject pronoun. Sarah is studying, isn't she? Kim can't speak Italian, can she?
• When the verb of the sentence is in the present simple, we use do(n't)/does(n't) in the question tag. Kevin
works in an office, doesn't he?
I
• When the verb of the sentence is in the past simple, we use did(n't) in the question tag. You finished the i
report, didn't you?
• An affirmantive statement takes a negative question tag. He's been to Spain, hasn't he?
• A negative statement takes a positive question tag. They didn't play tennis on Saturday, did they?
• When the sentence contains a word with a negative meaning, like never, rarely, seldom and hardly the
question tag is positive. She never complains, does she?
• The following verbs and expressions form question tags differently.

I am -> aren't I? I'm right, aren't 1?

Imperative -»will/won't you? Close the door, will/won't you?
Don't -► will you? Don't forget, will you?
Let's -► shall we? Let's eat, shall we?
I have (got) (possession) -» haven't I? He has got a computer, hasn't he?
They have lunch al 3 o'clock, don't they? (= They eat lunch.)
I have (other meanings) -» don't I?
Brenda has a shower every day, doesn't she? (= She takes a shower.)
There is/are -> isn't/aren't there? There is a dog in the garden, isn't there?
This/That is -► isn't it? This is Kelly's car, isn't it?

Use and intonation

We use question tags in oral speech in order to:
• confirm something. In this case, our voice goes find out if something is true or not. In this case,
down because it isn't an actual question. (We're sure. our voice goes up. (We aren't sure. It's an actual
We're only inviting the listener to agree with us.) question.)
It's a lovely dress, isn't it? You didn't call me last night, did you?. (\_ =<)

Look at the pictures (A-D) and the words in bold. How are question tags formed? When are they
used?
104
I
 Question tags

Choose the correct question tag. Ш..1 Fill in the question tags in the dialogue.

1 Mike has a piano lesson on Saturday, US

hasn’t he/doesn’t he? Melanie: Hey, Ron. Let's go to the cinema

2 They never go to the cinema, don’t tonight, 1) shall we?
they/do they? Ron: Sure. Why not. There's a new thriller out
with Nicole Kidman. You like thrillers,
3 J. [Link] wrote The Hobbit, didn’t
2)................ ?
he/did he?
Melanie: Not really. How about that new comedy
4 Let's go to the musical, will we/shall we? about a family?
5 The museum is open today doesn’t it/isn’t Ron: That's the one with Adam Sandler,
it? 3)................. ?
6 You haven’t seen this film, did you/have Melanie: Yes, that's it. I think it's called Blended.
you? Ron: That's right. I’m sure it will be hilarious. I
7 I’m invited to the film premier, aren’t l/am I Adam Sandler makes the funniest
films, 4)................ ?
not?
Melanie: He sure does! I couldn't stop laughing
8 Book the tickets for the musical, do in his last film. It’s playing at the
you/will you? Cineplex at the mall ,5).................?
Ron: Yes. What time do you want to go?
Add question tags to the following
Melanie: Well, we've got class until 5:00,
statements. 6)................ ?
1 The theatre is next to the train station, isn't it? Ron: Yes.
Melanie: Why don't we catch the 7 o'clock
2 You are an actor,................... ?
show ?
3 She can dance..................... ? Ron: Sounds good. We have enough time to
4 The film isn't scary,...................? get something to eat before the film,
5 They haven’t got a TV,................... ? 7)................. ?
6 There is a sequel to the film.................... ? Melanie: I think so, yes.
i
Ron: Great. See you later.
7 You didn’t read the book.....................? да*

8 Let's watch a DVD,...................?

9 I’m singing in the show..................... ? Speaking
10 She will come to the party.....................? In pairs, form question tags using the
information below and respond to
Underline the correct item. them, as in the example.

1 A: The play starts at 8pm, does it/doesn’t

it? Christopher Paolini
B: Yes. We’ve got lots of time to get there. • He was born in California, USA
2 A: You haven't got an extra ticket to the • He graduated from high school at 15
show, have you/haven’t you? years old
• He started writing at the age of 16
B Yes, I’ve got one left.
• He wrote the best-selling book Eragon
3 A: You like science fiction films, do you/ at 18
don’t you? • Eragon is about a boy and his dragon
B Yes, of course I do. • He has written four bestselling books
• He lives on a farm in Montana
4 A: I'm not late, aren’t l/am I?
• He has got a cat and a dog
B: No. I’ve just arrived too. • He can play the drums
5 A: I can’t hear the film. Turn up the volume, • He is writing a science-fiction novel
will you/don’t you?
B: Sure. How's that?
6 A: I'm going to the book exhibition on Sunday A: Christopher Paolini was born in California,
morning, but I forgot to tell Sarah about it. USA, wash't he ?
B: She won’t be upset if you go without B: Yes, he was. He graduated from high
her, will she/won’t she? school at 15 years old, didn't he?
105
 7 Reflexive/Emphatic pronouns

The friends are enjoying She painted this picture herself. In biology class we always
themselves at the cinema. help each other.

Reflexive pronouns
We use reflexive pronouns: • We do not use reflexive pronouns with the verbs
with verbs such as behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, get up, rest, concentrate, meet and relax. She
introduce, kill, look at, teach etc when the subject finds it difficult to get up early in the morning when
and the object of the verb are the same person. she's tired. (NOT: She finds it difficult to get up
He hurt himself. herself early in the morning when she's tired.')
4
(subject) (object) Note: We do not normally use reflexive pronouns with
With the preposition by when we mean 'alone', verbs such as dress, wash and shave. However, we can
'without company' or 'without help'. use a reflexive pronoun with these verbs, when we
He painted the house by himself, (without help) want to show that someone did something with a lot
With the expressions: enjoy youself (have a good of effort. Beth is only four but she can dress herself.
time), behave yourself (be good), help yourself (Although she is very young, she can dress herself.)
(you're welcome to take something you want). • Each other means 'one another'. The two friends
tell each other everything.

Emphatic pronouns one/ones

We use emphatic pronouns to emphasise the noun or pronoun of We use one in the singular and ones in
a sentence. They usually come after the noun or pronoun they the plural to avoid repeating the noun.
emphasise, or at the end of the sentence. He wrote the song himself. / haven't got a cap. I'll buy one. 1 don't
(He, not someone else, wrote it.) He himself wrote the song. like these shoes. 1 prefer those ones.

Look at the pictures A and B and the words in bold. Which of the two pronouns in bold is a
reflexive pronoun? Which is emphatic? How are reflexive and emphatic pronouns used? What
does the phrase in bold in Picture C mean?

Look at the pictures. Fill in: themselves, Fill in one or ones.

himself, ourselves, herself.
1 Which play did you like more? I liked the
1 She signed the book herself. one based on Agatha Christie’s novel.
2 These CDs are quite expensive but the
........ from their site are cheaper.
3 “Did you read this book?" "No, I read that
2 They are making the film

4 “Do you want these seats near the stage?"

"No, I prefer the........ near the aisle."
3 We enjoyed ............... 5 All the films look very interesting. I can’t
at the amusement park. choose........ to watch.
6 I haven't got a ticket for the concert. Where
can I buy............ ?
4 Jimmy drew the picture 7 I don't like those trousers. I like these

106
 Fill in: myself, yourself, herself, himself, Put the verbs in the correct form with or
ourselves, themselves or each other. without the reflexive pronoun.

1 A: Did you enjoy yourselves at the theatre

last night? Marlene: How was your weekend, Courtney?
Courtney: It wasn’t so great.
B: Yes. We met the lead actress
Marlene: Really. Why?
..................... backstage.
Courtney: Tim and I went to the concert in the
2 A Do you know Mike Brown ? park. We were really 1) enjoying
B: We used to go to the same college but ourselves (enjoy) when it started to
we haven’t seen..................... for years! rain. We ran for shelter under some
3 A: Are you having a sit-down dinner? trees and I slipped and 2)................... ’
(fall).
B: No, I’m having a buffet so the guests can
Marlene: Oh no! Did you 3)..................(hurt)?
help.................... to anything they want.
Courtney: Yes, I sprained my knee. At first, I
4 A: Did you go to the film premier? couldn’t 4).............. (get up), but
B: Yes, we took pictures of ..................... after a few minutes I walked to our
with some of the stars! car.
5 A: Did the children help.......................with Marlene: How's your knee now?
their book reports? Courtney: Well, I stayed in bed and
B: I'm not sure, but I know Ben did his 5) ........................ (rest) during the I
book report....................... weekend so now it’s better.
Marlene: Good. Make sure you
6 A: A: I really like your band's new CD.
6) ..................... (take care of) so it ,
B Thanks. I wrote the lyrics....................... heals quickly.
7 A: Belinda and Sarah are best friends. Courtney: Thanks, I will.
B: Yes, and they always swap clothes with
Speaking
Imagine you are moving house next week.
In pairs, use the prompts below as well as
• i; Choose the correct item.
your own ideas to discuss the move. Use
1 She directed the play....... reflexive/emphatic pronouns.
A themselves (B) herself C itself • pack all things
2 He made .... at home and got something • move everything to the new place
to eat from the kitchen. ■ lift heavy objects/hire removal company
A himself B ourselves C - • ask brothers for help/they offer
° friend Joe can’t help/hurt during ski trip
3 They haven't spoken to.... in years. ° decorate new house
A themselves B ourselves
C each other A: How is your house move going?
B: Ok, I'm packing all my things by myself.
4 The children taught.... to ride a bike.
A ourselves B themselves C -
A: Are you moving everything to the new
place yourself?
5 Lyn got home, dressed.... in her gym B: No, I can't lift heavy objects by myself so I
clothes and left for the gym. hired a removal company, etc
A - B by herself C herself
Writing
6 We introduced.... to the film director. Now write a short email to a friend about
A ourselves B themselves C himself
moving to a new house.
7 We relaxed ., by watching a DVD. Hi Jenny!
A ourselves B our own C -
I'm finally moving house next week. I'm
8 Messi.....signed my football shirt. packing all my things by myself but I'm not
A himself B itself moving everything to the new place myself.
C by himself I've hired a removal company, as I can't lift
heavy objects by myself. ...
107
 some/any/по/every & compounds

some/any/no/every & compounds

When Kevin has some free time, he likes to go

somewhere in the countryside. Everywhere he goes
he always carries his camera. He likes taking
photos of just about anything in nature. He prefers
that there isn't anyone around and there is no
noise so he can take the perfect picture.

i Determiners
Affirmative
some
Interrogative
any
Negative
no/not any
no one/
every

someone/ anyone/ not anyone everyone/

people
somebody anybody nobody/ everybody
Pronouns
not anybody
nothing/
something anything everything things
not anything
nowhere/
Adverbs somewhere anywhere everywhere places
not anywhere

some
• \Ne use some and its compounds (someone/somebody, something, somewhere) in affirmative
sentences. We can also use them in interrogative sentences to make an offer, a request or when we
expect a positive answer. There is someone at the door. Can I get you something from the supermarket?
(offer) Can you get some bread for tonight? (request) Is there something wrong with the TV? I can't change
channels, (we expect a positive answer)

any
• We use any and its compounds (anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere) in negative and interrogative
sentences. There isn't anyone in the office, (negation) Do you need anything else? (question)
We can also use them in affirmative sentences meaning 'It doesn't matter who/which/ what/where, etc'.
When we use any, anyone/anybody, anything and anywhere in affirmative sentences, there is a
difference in meaning. You can call me any time you like. (It doesn't matter when.) Anyone/Anybody can
take part in the competition. (It doesn't matter who.) You can cook anything you want for dinner. (It doesn't
matter what.) I'Ve can go anywhere you wish. (It doesn't matter where.)

• We use no and its compounds (no one/nobody, nothing, nowhere) in negative sentences. There was
nobody home when I called. (There wasn't anybody home.)

every _________
• We use every and its compounds (everyone/everybody, everything, everywhere) in affirmative,
interrogative and negative sentences. We use a singular verb with these words. Is everything alright? (NOT:
Are-everything?) Not everybody liked the film. Everything is ready for the Christmas bazaar.

Look at the picture and the example.

a) When are some, any, no, every and their compounds used?
b) What is the meaning of the word anything in the example?
108
 some/any/no/every & compounds

j Underline the correct item. . Lj Choose the correct item.

1 Did anyone/someone/no one buy tickets 1 Is.... ready for the show to start?
for the cinema tonight? (A) everyone B someone C no one
2 We need to decide on somewhere/ 2 There is.... in the bookshop. It’s closed.
anywhere/nowhere to go this weekend. A nobody B anybody
3 We can do everything/anything/nothing C somebody
you like after school.
3 Can you help me with..... please?
4 There is nothing/any/no queue at the box A anything B something
office so we won't have to wait.
C everything
5 Please don’t say nothing/anything/
something to Sheila about the party. It’s a 4 The director didn’t have .... to say about
surprise. the bad film review.
A something B nothing
6 Can I ask you anything/something/
C anything
everything?
7 Someone/Nobody/Anybody can try out 5 The film was shot.... in Scotland.
for a part in the play. There is no age limit. A everywhere B anywhere
8 There wasn’t anyone/someone/no one C somewhere
interested in seeing the film. 6 You can choose.... songs from this list of
CDs to download; they’re all free.
Use: something, anything, everything, anybody, A every B any C some
everybody, nothing, nobody, somebody and 7 Did you finish.... in time for the exhibition?
the verbs in the list below to complete the A everything B something C nothing
sentences, as in the example.
Use some, every, any, no and their
• go • help • meet • do • watch » write ' compounds to complete the email.
• read » eat • need • join
1 There is always something to do at the
adventure park. Hi Terry!
How was your weekend? Did you go 1) anywhere? I
2 I'm starving. Is there......................... to
had a great weekend. On Saturday night, I saw a
........................ in the fridge?
fantastic film that I think 2)............. should see. It's
3 Unfortunately........................... can called Interstellar. It's directed by Chris Nolan and stars
..........................to the museum today. They Mathew McConaughey. The plot is about how Earth in
have got exams. the near future is overcome by drought and famine.
4 Don’t worry, Jake. Tim and........................ 3)............. is slowly being destroyed by climate
else will........................ you with the change. There isn't 4).............. that can be done to save J
costumes for the play. the planet so a group of explorers travel across the
solar system in search of 5).............. new to live. This
5 There is........................ good to
film has got amazing visual effects. Don't miss it! It’s
......................... at the Cineplex. Let’s rent a
better than 6).............. other sci-fi film I've ever seen.
DVD instead. George
6 Are you looking for........................
interesting to........................ ? I recommend
this book.
7 I can't think of......................... to
........................ about for my essay.
8 John, there is......................... I'd like you to
.......................... Her name is Lucy.
9 I think........................ can.........................
the drama club at our college. It doesn’t
matter if you aren’t a student here.
10 Did you get.................... you...................... A: It’s somewhere you watch a film.
for the dinner party tonight?
B: It's a cinema.
109
 Exploring Grammas- (Units 16-19)

Question tags
Edge of Tomorrow (2014) • М,Т*-Й^пДддЦ^
a) Find an example of a question tag in the
Well, sci-fi fans, are you ready for something really blog. How do we form question tags?
different? It's the surprise film of the year for anyone
who likes an action-packed adventure with an b) Complete the question tags below.
unexpected twist. Edge of Tomorrow was directed by
Doug Liman. It stars everyone’s favourite action 1 We have met before.......................?
hero, Tom Cruise, and new to the action stage, Emily 2 She works at a film studio.......................?
Blunt. The story is set in the near future as aliens 3 You haven’t got this CD,.................... ?
are attacking Earth. William Cage (Cruise), an 4 They used to play in a band...................... ?
inexperienced soldier, is sent into battle. Cage is
killed by the aliens but somehow finds himself in a
Refiexive/Emphatic pronouns
time loop that makes him re-live the battle over and
over again, with nowhere to run. With each new a) Look at the blog and highlight one
battle, Cage gets closer and closer to defeating the example of a reflexive pronoun and one of
aliens before dying. Some of the amazing stunts in an emphatic. Name three more reflexive
the film were done by Cruise and Blunt themselves. pronouns.
The incredibly realistic action scenes were created
with advanced computer technology.
b) What’s the difference between a
Edge of Tomorrow kept me on the edge of my seat
reflexive and an emphatic pronoun?
from start to finish. That’s what makes a truly
entertaining science-fiction film, isn't it? I highly
c) Fill in the correct reflexive/emphatic
recommend it!
pronoun.

1 Everyone, please help....................to some

ТЬе Passive snacks before the show begins.
Ш a) Read the blog above and underline the 2 We introduced .................... to the artist at
the exhibition.
verbs in the passive. How do we form the
passive? When do we use the passive? 3 I wrote the article......................
4 Jim taught to play the piano.
b) How do we introduce the agent in a
some/any/no/every &. compounds
passive sentence?
a) When do we use some/any/no/every and
c) When do we use by/with? their compounds? Find examples in the
blog and circle them.
d) Fill in: by or with

1 The film was made.......... computer b) Which compounds are used for people,
animation software. things or places?
2 The new gallery was opened........ the mayor.
c) When any and its compounds are used
3 The stage was decorated........... balloons. I
in positive sentences, is there a difference
e) Turn the following sentences into the in meaning?
passive voice.
d) Choose the correct item.
1 Someone stole a Picasso painting from the
1 There is anyone/no one in the film that is
museum last night.
famous.
2 I couldn't find the book anywhere/
2 An underwater camera filmed the scenes in nowhere.
the ocean.
3 Is anything/everything OK? You look
worried.
3 A famous director teaches the acting class. 4 I like every/some film Leonardo DiCaprio
stars in.
4 They translated the film into many languages. 5 There wasn’t nothing/anything good on
TV last night.
110
 Revision (Units 1 -19)
I.

1 The poem.....by Robert Frost. 17 Please take.....you want from the buffet.
A wrote B was written A something B anything C any
C are written
18 I have got my license but my dad won't let
2 Leave your things..... you like. me.....to school.
A anywhere B anything C everywhere A driving B to drive C drive
3 She likes jazz music....... ? 19 This is the house ..... they used in the
A isn't she B doesn’t she horror film.
C hasn’t she A which B who C whose
4 Hundreds of films ..... at the studio each 20 Let's go to the planetarium today,.....?
year. A will we B shall we C are we
A are made B have made
21 The concert.....at 8 pm.
C were made
A is beginning B is going to begin
5 Did you make.....something to eat tonight? C begins
A you B your C yourself
22 There is ..... to stay in town; all the hotels
6 Every day, the Louvre..... by thousands of are booked.
tourists. A somewhere B nowhere C anywhere
A was visited B is visited C is visiting
23 She worked .....on her project and it won
7 We ..... three actors from the play so far an award.
tonight. A hard B harder C hardest
A have met B met C has met
24 She lives.....18 Temple Street.
8 Carl.....the Net while Jane was doing her A on B at C in
homework.
25 There is a bookshop on the high street...... ?
A is surfing B was surfing
A isn’t there B is there C isn't it
C has surfed
9 This is a great price for a TV, I.....it!
A am buying B going to buy
C will buy
10 The boy.... recorded the award-winning Complete the gaps with the correct word, i
video. choose the correct word or put the words
A he B himself C him in brackets into the correct form.
11 All of the shoes are so beautiful, but I would A Amelia Atwater-Rhodes wrote her first fantasy
like the blue....... novel 1)when/which she was 13. The book,
A ones B one C - called in the Forests of the Night, 2)...................
(publish) two years later. It was 3)...................
12 We ..... sit down immediately; the show is
instant bestseller. Since then, Amelia has written
starting.
more than 10 books, won various writing awards
A must B can C could
and graduated 4)................... university. All that
13 It often .....in the mountains near my town. before 5) the/an age of 25!
A will snow B snows B Mary Shelley is best-known 1) for/as writing
C is snowing the classic novel Frankenstein. Mary
2) ................. (write) the novel after she was
14 The theatre tickets were cheap.....for us to
challenged by the famous writer Lord Byron,
buy.
3) who/whom asked her to create a ghost
A too B enough C as
story. The story 4) herself/itself started out
15 Jerry is.....older than his sister. as a few pages, but her husband, the poet
A more B very C much Percy Shelley, encouraged 5).......................to
develop it into a book. It was published in
16 Our house.....built by my grandfather.
1818, when Mary was only 20 years old.
A was B is C will V_____________________ _____________________ )

111
 Revision of tenses

Present simple/Present continuous Past simpie/Past continuous

Underline the correct item.
1 George is working/works al the bank. 1 Does the film start/ls the film starting at
2 Our school's band doesn’t play/isn’t 9 pm?
playing in the concert tonight. 2 I wasn’t buying/didn’t buy you a ticket to
3 Does Julie live/ls Julie living in a flat near the show, I forgot/was forgetting.
High Street? 3 It was snowing/snowed when I left the
4 We leave/are leaving for London in the house this morning.
morning. 4 He didn’t watch/wasn’t watching a DVD at
5 Mary is in the kitchen; she is cooking/ 8 pm last night, he was on the phone with me.
cooks dinner. 5 Corrine typed/was typing her report while
6 The butcher opens/is opening at 9 am. Jane was talking/talked on the phone.
7 My brother isn’t attending/doesn’t attend 6 Did it rain/Was it raining while they drove/
football practice on Saturdays. were driving home?
8 Tina is liking/likes this CD very much. 7 I got/was getting ready to go to bed when
9 I usually am reading/read the news online the phone rang/was ringing.
after dinner. 8 Martha broke/was breaking her leg skiing
10 They hardly ever go/are going to the yesterday.
cinema. 9 The girls were eating/ate dinner and
11 Jane and Rachel train/are training hard for went/were going to bed early.
the semi-finals these days. 10 Charlie and Sarah were standing/stood
12 Is James listening/Does James listen to on the corner when the accident was
music now? happening/happened.
11 Did you play/Were you playing video
games as a child?
Put the verbs in the brackets into the 12 What were you and Keith laughing/did
present simple or present continuous. you and Keith laugh about all night?

1 A:............. your friends..................................

Put the verbs in brackets into the past
(help) at the festival today?
simple or past continuous.
B Yes, they are. They........................... (sell)
tickets at the entrance this afternoon.
Ann: Sue, 1)..................................(you/study) in
2 A: Where........................................ (be) you?
the library yesterday at around 8 pm?
В: I.................................. (shop) at the mall. Sue: Yes, I was. Were you there too, Ann?
3 A: What time ............. Tim ............................ Ann: Yes. I 2)............................. (think) that was
(get up) in the morning? you. I 3)..................................... (go) to the
B; He .................................... (always/wake computer room when I 4)............................
up) at 7 am. (see) you at the information desk.
Sue: What 5).................................... (you/do) in
4 A: ............. you...........................(need) help?
the computer room at that time?
B: Yes. I ................................... (take) these Ann: Just some final research. I 6)......................
books to the office. Can you carry some (stay) late and 7)...................... (finish) my
for me, please?
history essay last night.
5 A: Jean....................................... (look) tired. Sue: Good for you. I 8)........................................
B: She.................................. (not/sleep) well (write) my English essay when suddenly I
these days. 9) .................................. (not/feel) well. So, I
6 A: What............. you................................(do) 10) .................................(pack) up my books
this weekend? and 11)................................. (leave).
Ann: Are you OK? What about your essay?
B: Not much. I ..................................... (not/
Sue: I'm fine. I 12)...............................................
usually/do) anything at weekends.
(complete) it early this morning. I
7 A: Please be quiet! I ................................. 13)...............................................(hand) it in
(try) to do my homework. half an hour ago.
B: Sorry!
112
 Revision of tenses

Present perfect/Past simple will/be going to/Present simple/

Present continuous
Underline the correct item.
Choose the correct item.
1 Jim has lived/lived in this town since he
was born. 1 I think I will visit/am visiting my cousins
2 Ben visited/has visited Spain last summer. this weekend.
3 I worked out/have worked out at the gym 2 The bus to the beach will leave/leaves at
every day last week. 4:00.
4 Rachel sent/has sent five emails so far. 3 I'm going to see/seeing Shakira live. Here
5 Carla has gone/went out. Do you want to are the tickets.
leave a message? 4 Mike will/is going to attend university in
6 We haven’t tried/didn’t try sailing before. the autumn.
7 Cindy has hurt/hurt her leg in the race and 5 The scientist is speaking/speaks at the
went to hospital. university in an hour.
8 I didn’t see/haven’t seen you for years. 6 Oh no! Tina will /is going to slip on the ice.
How are you? 7 Unemployment in the city probably
9 Has the game started/Did the game start a becomes/will probably become worse in
the next few years.
few minutes ago?
10 They haven’t moved/didn’t move to their 8 I’m hungry. I am going to/’ll order pizza.
new house. 9 Call me when you will arrive/arrive at the
11 Did you watch/Have you watched the new airport.
detective series last night? 10 Nora is having/going to have dinner with
12 Kim hasn’t flown/didn’t fly to Paris last Paul at 7 pm.
night. She missed her flight.

Put the verbs in brackets into the future

simple, be going to, present simple or
Put the verbs in brackets into the past present continuous.
simple or present perfect. 1 Don’t worry! I ................................... (help)
1 A: Where is Pete? I ..................................... you with the washing up.
(call) him three times so far this morning. 2 I’m afraid Philip .........................................
B: He........................ (go) to the doctor's. (not/finish) his project on time.
2 A: Why is Julia so tired? 3 Be careful! You ................................... (fall
off) the ladder.
B: She ..................................... Qust/write)
her final exam. 4 The plane.....................................(arrive) at
the gate at 7 o' clock.
3 A: ........................... (you/meet) my friend
Nancy yet? 5 I'll send you an email as soon as I
................................... (get) there.
B: Yes, we................................ (attend) the
same university five years ago. 6 Our football team ...................................
(play) in the final at the weekend.
4 A: ........................................ (they/leave) for
their holiday yet? 7 I loved the film. I’m sure it
................................... (win) an award.
B: Yes. They...........................(fly) to Rome
this morning. 8 It's hot in here. I................................ (open)
the window.
5 A: I ..................................... (not/speak) to
Jamie for ages. 9 Charlotte ................................... (move) to
the city after graduation.
В: I ........................... (see) him last week
at a concert. 10 The children ................................... (sing)
in the school show this Saturday.
6 A: Our team ........................... (win) the
game on Sunday. 11 I expect John .............................................
(come) to the house soon.
B: Great! How long............................ (it/be)
since you last beat Leads? 12 Kim and I ....................................... (meet)
outside the cinema at 9 o' clock.
113
 Multiple choice questions

Choose the correct item.

1 A writer.....book won an award is speaking 20 I left my wallet . .... the table.

to our class today. A on B at C in
A who B whose C which
21 Charles hasn’t played the piano.... years.
2 Tanya didn’t ... .. work at the weekends. A since B for C -
A used to B use to C use
22 There is.... food left over from the party.
3 You.... be over 18 to vote. A many B a few C a lot of
A should B need C must
23 Our teacher let us.... class early today.
4 Can you get a .....of milk please? A to leave B leave C leaving
A can B carton C packet
24 We.....to the grand opening of the gallery.
5 I was sleeping .....the phone rang. A are invited B invited C invite
A while B when C as
25 Linda is the..... person I know.
6 My new flat is ..... to the town centre than A caring B more caring
my old flat. C most caring
A closer B the closest C close
26 There aren’t ... .. vegetarian dishes on the
7 If we recycle more, we ..... decrease the menu.
amount of rubbish in the city. A some B any C much
A will B must C would
27 She.... on a cruise last Saturday.
8 We'd like.....the afternoon tour, please. A was going B had gone C went
A taking B take C to take
28 This is the best restaurant.... town.
9 Nelly is.....popular in her class. A at B of C in
A too B enough C very
29 Kate has visited the museum twice.......
10 Not.....liked the concert. A already B yet C ever
A anyone B everyone
30 I don’t like this jacket. I prefer that
C someone
A one B ones C
11 You're late. The show has started.
31 If I had the money, I.... a laptop.
A already B since C yet
A will buy B would buy C buy
12 Can we have ice cream for dessert?
32 They.....to London three times so far.
A few B a few C some
A have been B have gone C went
13 Let's take a walk....... ?
33 It was raining.....we were walking home.
A will we B won't we c shall we
A just B while C until
14 The curtains were made silk.
34 He usually.... his laundry on Saturdays.
A by B with C in I
A is doing B has done C does
15 This isn't my ticket. It's ...
35 David..... be a policeman.
A your B yours C
A would B used to C use to
16 George.....to become a pilot.
36 She dances than the other students in
A has wanted B is wanting C wants
the class.
17 The students enjoyed on the school trip, A gracefully B most gracefully n
A themselves B ourselves C itself C more gracefully

18 The dog.....bit me belongs to my 37 We will go hiking.....it rains.

neighbour. A unless B since C if
A who B that C whose
38 You.....cook dinner; I brought takeaway.
19 Karen swam in the race. A mustn't B can’t C needn't
A good B well C best

114
 Multiple choice questions

39 Melanie.... watching documentaries on TV. 58 You can ask me.... you want.
A loves B is loving C love A everything B something
C anything
40 He suggested .... the tickets online for a
better price. 59 The jeweller's is.... the bank and the
A booking B to book C book newsagent's.
A between B next C across
41 Have you.... seen an opera before?
A ever B already C yet 60 Jeff.... and can’t talk right now.
A drives B is driving C drive
42 I can’t find my wallet......
A nowhere B anywhere 61 Julia is the youngest.... her class.
C somewhere A of B from C in
43 They.... at an animal shelter this summer. 62 ".... mobile is this?"
That’s their plan. "It’s mine."
A volunteer B will volunteer A What B Who’s C Whose
C are going to volunteer
63 We haven’t got.... flour to make a cake.
44 You are.... young to drive. A some B enough C many
A really B enough C too
64 Jack.... with us for a few days.
45 We.... Janice since last week. A stays B is staying
A don’t see B didn't see C has stayed
C haven’t seen
65 Look at all the traffic! We.... late.
46 They decided.... on a boat tour of the lake. A are being B will be
A go B to go C going C are going to be
47 My friend Jessica is 20 years old and I.... 66 Jessica isn't as.... as her sister.
nineteen. A friendlier B friendly
A am B are C is C friendliest
48 Carol introduced.... to the group. 67 I don’t know ... .. she’s angry with me.
A themselves B herself C - A what B when C why
49 The trip is.... shorter by train than by car. 68 "Do you read the news online?"
A less B very C much "Yes, I.... do."
A already B sometimes C ever
50 When I.... nuts, I get sick.
A will eat B eat C ate 69 It’s.... cold outside.
A much B a lot C very
51 They go to a school.... uses solar energy.
A that B where C who 70 It's worth.... that film.
A seeing B to see C see
52 They.... be at the cinema but I'm not sure.
A must B can C might 71 She walked .... . to the bus stop.
A slow B slowly C slower
53 There's.... salt in the soup.
A nothing B no C no one 72 Did you repair your laptop.... ?
A yourself B itself C you
54 I.... on the beach when it started to rain.
A relaxed B have relaxed 73 On Saturdays, I.... basketball with my
C was relaxing friends.
A am playing B use to play C play
55 We were asked.... the teacher to clean up
the classroom. 74 Did Max.... live in the countryside?
A by B with C from A used to B use to C used
56 I don't know when the show...... 75 Anna is the.... artist I've ever met.
A will start B is starting C starts A more talented
B very talented
57 I'm older than you...... I?
C most talented
A am B aren't C am not
 Multiple choice questions

76 You.....see a doctor about your cough. 94 The souffle was made ..... broccoli and
A should B ought C need cheese.
A with B by C in
77 Don't worry! I.... drive you to the train station
A drive B 'll drive 95 If I had free time, I.....out at the
C 'm going to drive community centre.
A would help B will help C help
78 Can I have .. ... rice with my chicken
please? 96 I like living in London but there's.....like
A any B a few C a little home.
A anywhere B nowhere
79 These are the ...... books.
C everywhere
A girls' B girls C girl

80 97 I'm certain she.... a prize for her painting.

Kim bought a ... .. dress.
A will get B is going to get
A pretty, black, silk
B black, pretty, silk C is getting
C silk, black, pretty 98 You.....help me with my essay. I've already
The building.... by a famous architect. finished it.
81
A shouldn't B mustn’t
A was designed
C don't have to
B was designing
C has designed 99 How.....longer is the bus trip?
82 This is the .... . popular island in the country. A many B much C more
A less B lesser C least 100 I’d love.....China one day.
83 I've never..... a horse before. A to visit B visit C visiting
A ride B ridden C rode 101 Manchester is.....crowded as London.
84 There wasn't .... interest from the students A much B not as C more
to start a photography club. 102 Whose books are.....?
A too B so C enough A this B these C that
85 Would you like some cake? 103 What ..... you ..... last night at 6 o' clock
No, thanks. I'd prefer.....sandwich. when I called you?
A the B an C a A are, doing B have, done
C were, doing
86 Joe..... dinner when the lights went out.
A was making B has made C made 104 It is colder outside today.... yesterday.
A than B from C of
87 Kate has got..... books in her collection.
A a lot of B much C a little 105 I’m tired. I.....a nap.
A 'm taking B 'll take
88 You have time to eat something....... ?
C 'm going to take
A haven’t you B don't you
C aren't you 106 We.....while it was snowing.
A are skating B used to skate
89 I.....to Mike two days ago.
C were skating
A have spoken B spoke
C would speak 107 Are there.....seats available for the tour?
A some B few C any
90 We were..... for the show.
A late B later C lately 108 .....your home address?
A How's B Who's C What's
91 Let's go to the cafe.....Sam works.
A that B when C where 109 "Are these keys.....?”
"No, they are Annie's.
92 The art class is.....Saturday morning.
A you B yours c your
A at B in C on
110 The Eiffel Tower.....up every night.
93 I saw smoke..... from the kitchen.
A is lit B was lit C is light
A come B to coming C coming

116
д . .... .. НИЯИ—ВДДНВ^ЯИИ
 [
Multiple choice cloze texts

Big Hero 6 is the 0) B animation adventure from Disney studios.

The film, 1).... is based on a little-known Marvel comic, 2)......
set in the fictional city of San Fransokyo. The story centres around
Hiro, a 14-year-old child with 3).... interest in robotics, who
forms a special bond with a lovable robot, Baymax. 4)....
tragedy strikes, Hiro accidentally awakens Baymax and, together
with their friends, 5).... set out to create a team of superheroes
to find a supervillian. This film 6).... be an animation, but it is
definitely not just for kids. Young and old alike 7).... the
characters and will be cheering for the heroes 8).... start to
finish.

0 A late B latest C later

1 A which B what C where
2 A are B is C am
3 A the B a C an
4 A Before B During C After
5 A they B them C theirs
6 A may B can C could
7 A are going to love B are loving C love
8 A for B of C from

: Yy Read the information about a tourist attraction. Choose the best

answer (A, B or C) for each space.
“wk Y
/■' n . <1 (I i|T* И
Кж д 1 t v/A
wa д 1 1 1 f L_N a.

The world famous Jorvik Viking Centre in York, England, is a 0) C tourist attraction
and a must-see for 1).... visitor to the city.
Built on the site of an amazing archaeological discovery, the remains of 1,000-
year-old houses are 2).... beneath your feet. The location of the visitor centre
3).... you the chance to see 4)......the people of the time lived. Take a ride in one
of our time capsules and see, hear and smell how the Vikings lived as you travel
5).... the streets of Jorvik. Everything in the centre is based on archaeological
facts, allowing visitors to experience this amazing period in the 6).... history.
The centre is open all year round including Christmas and New Year’s Day. For
information on opening hours and ticket prices go to 7).... website at jorvik-
[Link] where you 8).... also find a list of our upcoming events.

0 A more popular B most popular C popular

1 A any B some C many
2 A reveal B revealed C reveals
3 A gives B has given C gave
4 A why B what C how
5 A through B over c across
6 A citys' B cities c city's
7 A ours B our c us
8 A must B can c have to

117
 Multiple choice cloze texts

Read the information about house safety. Choose the best answer (A, B or C) for each space.

0 A go B went C gone
1 A at B on C in
2 A would attack B will attack C attack
3 A a B an C one
4 A to protect B protect c protecting
5 A where B when c whether
6 A few B all c little
7 A never B hardly ever c ever
8 A they B theirs c their

Read the information about rooftop gardens. Choose the best answer (A, B or C) for each space.

Legend says that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders
of the Ancient World, 0) B by a king for his queen 1).... missed the green
mountains of 2).... homeland. Whether this is true 3).... not, they have
inspired a modern wonder.
Rooftop gardens don't sound very exciting, but in a big city 4).... peaceful area
of green is a welcome sight. These gardens don't just make urban areas look
better, they also help 5).... environment. Turning the roof of a building green
has 6).... benefits. Rooftop gardens take in heat, lower carbon dioxide levels,
soak up rain water and reduce the need for air-conditioning. Also, certain plants
can 7).... the air by absorbing pollution, making the city a cleaner place to live.
All in all, the addition of rooftop gardens to any city is a positive step. And, who
knows, like the queen they might make the inhabitants a bit 8)....., too.

0 A built B were built C have built

1 A which B when C who
2 A her B she C hers
3 A and B or C but
4 A little B few C any
5 A - B an C the
6 A more B much C many
7 A clean B to clean C cleaning
8 A happy B happier C happiest
118
н
 Open cloze texts

Complete this letter. Write ONE word for Complete these emails. Write ONE word for
each space. J each space.

I II L/UU^ICIO,

Dear Sir or Madam, I'm writing to confirm the details of the guest
I 0) am writing to complain about a product I speaker 0) who is coming here on Tuesday. Mr
bought in 1)............... shop. Two weeks ago, I Brown 1)...................... arriving on the 5 o'clock train
purchased a bedside cabinet but when 2) ...................................... London. I would appreciate it
2)............... took it home I discovered that some 3) ........................you could collect 4)..............................from
parts 3)................. missing. I returned to the shop the station and take him to his hotel. I 5)......................
the next day and 4)................ given the parts only already confirmed the booking 6)......................
to discover that 5)................ were the wrong ones. organised a taxi to bring him here in the morning.
I went back to the shop again and the shop Could you let me know if you can manage?
assistant that served 6)................ was quite rude. I Thanks,
got the correct parts this time but, 7)............... I Percy
put the product together, 8)................ fell apart. I . "J. I.".1

went to the shop a fourth time 9)................ ask for 1-1 Percy,
Hi
a refund and was told that I could only get store I have a busy day 7)................................ Tuesday, but I
credit. I am very unhappy about the service I should finish everything in time 8)........................ get to
received and would like 10)............... full refund the station at five. The only problem is that my car
for the item. is in the garage so I don't have 9)......................
Yours faithfully, I;
transport. It would help if I could borrow a
Mrs Joan Adams company car, especially if Mr Brown has a lot
10)........................ luggage. Otherwise, I will get a taxi.
Douglas
V 'T

Complete this letter. Write ONE word for

each space. Complete this email. Write ONE word for
each space.

Dear Editor,
I read 0) your recent article about building new
parks and green spaces in the city. I wanted to
write to you to tell you what I think.
While I agree with 1)................ the article said, I
think it would be better for us to clean up the bedroom as well. But 2)..................... best thing
green areas 2)................ already have first. about the house is the garden. There 3).....................
I live near Hill Park and I 3)................ to play a huge garden 4)..................... front of the house
there when I 4)................ younger. I with 5)..................... of trees and flowers. Our dog
Unfortunately, vandals 5)................ painted loves running around on 6)..................... grass. The I
neighbourhood is also really nice. We 7)....................... I
graffiti and damaged some of the buildings.
6)................ the council spent some time and met our neighbours and they invited 8).....................
money cleaning the place up and repairing the to a barbecue al the weekend to meet other people
buildings, it 7).................. be a beautiful place to in the area. There are a 9).......................shops nearby,
visit again. but other than that, it's a really quiet place, a lot
We do need green places to help 8)................ quieter than where we 10)........................to live. You
relax, but 9)..................think we should work on should come and visit some time. It would be good
the ones we already have instead 10)................ to see you.

L
building new ones. Speak to you soon,

Yours sincerely,
Karl Jones
Jessica

■a ■ ■

119
 Open cloze texts
—-

н Complete this blog. Write ONE word for

Complete this report. Write ONE word for
each space. each space.
| У Good Eats
REPORT
To: Alistair Fraser
Hey bloggers,
From: Bill Hickson
Samantha here, and I’ve got a treat for you today.
Subject: Venue for graduation dinner
Most of 0) my recent postings 1)............... been
about savoury meals, but today I thought I'd write Introduction
about something sweet. I’m 2).................very keen The purpose of this report is to assess the choice of
on desserts 3)............... there’s one thing I can't venue for the graduation dinner.
say no to 4)............... it comes to puddings. Regent Hotel
Banoffee Pie! It’s my favourite! I don’t mind ; The Regent Hotel is 0) in the city centre close to the
5)............... it’s made with a biscuit 6)...................a i metro. It has a function room 1)................is available
pasty base, I can’t get 7)............... of it. Whoever for up to 100 people. The menu has got 2)..............
thought of mixing toffee with bananas 8)............... wide range of dishes and 3)............... charge £15 per
putting whipped cream on top of 9)................ was a j person for a three-course meal.
genius. It's a simple way to finish any meal. Highburgh Lodge
Post a comment and tell 10)................. about your Highburgh Lodge doesn't have a function room but
favourite dessert.
4)............restaurant seats 80 people. The menu has
four main dishes 5)................. a three-course meal
costs £12 per person. It 6)................ located outside
Complete these memos. Write ONE word the city and is 10 minutes 7)............... the nearest
for each space. bus stop.
Recommendation
I 8).................... recommend the Regent Hotel.
Although the meal is 9)...................expensive than at
To: All staff From: Mr Scott the lodge, there is a wider choice of dishes and the
Subject: Boardroom meeting Date: 25 January venue is bigger. Moreover, being in the city centre
means 10).................. transport would not be a
I am planning the annual company meeting 0) to
problem.
discuss our new product range. The meeting is on
Monday 20th 1)............... 11 o'clock and it should
last for two hours. I have checked 2)............... Complete this postcard. Write ONE word
holiday list and no one is scheduled to 3)............... for each space.
absent that day, but 4)............... for some reason you
cannot attend, 5)................ please inform my office so i
I have 6)................ accurate list of numbers.
Thank you. Hi Peter,
Mr Scott, Managing Director Greetings from Scotland! I'm visiting 0) my
cousins in Edinburgh 1)............... the moment.
I've already seen the castle and Holyrood
Palace, 2)...................... Queen's official residence in
Scotland. Tomorrow, we're 3)................................. to
climb Arthur's Seat, 4)...................... extinct
To: Mr Scott From:John Wilson volcano in Holyrood Park, 5)......................... is a
Subject: Boardroom meeting Date: 25 January huge green area 6).................. the middle of the
city. There's so 7).................to see and do here
I’m afraid I won't be able to attend the meeting. I have
and right now, as the city 8)...............................hosting
a doctor's appointment in the morning 7)............... I
its world famous festival. There are shows in
cannot reschedule and then I 8)............... meeting
venues all over the city and even on the streets!
some clients at lunchtime. I will make sure that
I'm having the best time!
9)............... assistant is there and he can pass on any
I can't wait 9)................ show you all the pictures
important information to 10).................
I 10)................ taken.
John Wilson
See you when I get home,
Owen
120
 П7
Infinitive Past Past Participle I Infinitive Past Past Participle
1
be /bi:/ was /woz/ been /bi:n/ leave /li:v/ left /left/ left /left/
bear /Ьеа/ bore /bo:/ born(e) /1)з:п/ lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/
beat /bin/ beat /bi:t/ beaten /biaan/ let /let/ let /let/ let /let/
become /Ьгклш/ became /bi'keim/ become /ЬГклш/ lie /lai/ lay/lei/ lain /lem/
begin /begin/ began /bi'gxn/ begun /1)Гдлп/ light /Ian/ lit /lit/ lit/In/
bite /ban/ bit /Ini/ bitten /Ьноп/ lose /lu:z/ lost /lost/ lost /lost/
blow /bbu/ blew /blu:/ blown /blaun/
break /breik/ broke /brack/ broken /Ьгаикап/ make /metk/ made /nieid/ made /tnetd/
bring /brnj/ brought /Ьгаа/ brought /Ьгаа/ mean /mini/ meant /mem/ meant /ment/
build /btld/ built /bill/ built /bilt/ meet /mia/ met /met/ met /met/
burn /Ьз:п/ burnt (burned) burnt (burned)
/Ьз:п( (b3:tid)/ /l)3:nt (Ьз:пс!)/ pay /pei/ paid /peid/ paid /peid/
burst /baist/ burst /b3:st/ burst /b3:st/ put /put/ put /put/ put /put/
buy /l>ai/ bought /baa/ bought /baa/
read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/
can /кхп/ could /kud/ (been able to /bin ‘etbal tn/) ride /raid/ rode /naud/ ridden /ridan/
catch /krctj/ caught /кза/ caught /каа/ ring /ng/ rang /raerj/ rung /глд/
choose /tju:z/ chose /tjauz/ chosen /tjnuznn/ rise /raiz/ rose /muz/ risen /rizan/
come /клт/ came /keim/ come /клт/ run /глп/ ran /псп/ run /глп/
cost /kosi/ cost /kosi/ cost /kost/
CUt/kAl/ cut /кл1/ cut /кл1/ say /sei/ said /sed/ said /sed/
see /si:/ saw /so:/ seen /si:n/
deal /did/ dealt /deli/ dealt /deli/ sell /sei/ sold /sauld/ sold /sauld/
dig /dig/ dug Л1лд/ dug /dAg/ send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/
do /du:/ did /did/ done Л1лп/ set /sei/ set /set/ set /set/
draw /dra:/ drew /dru.7 drawn /drain/ sew /sau/ sewed /saud/ sewn /soon/
dream /dri:m/ dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) shake /Jcik/ shook /Juk/ shaken /Jctkan/
/dremt (dri:md)/ /dremt (dri:md)/ shine /Jam/ shone /Jun/ shone /Jon/
drink /driijk/ drank /drxtjk/ drunk /[Link]/ shoot /Jli:t/ shot /Jot/ shot /Jot/
drive /draiv/ drove /drauv/ driven /drivan/ show /Jou/ showed /Jaud/ shown /Joun/
shut /Jai/ shut /Jai/ shut /Jai/
eat /ia/ ate /си/ eaten /iaan/ sing /sig/ sang /sairj/ sung /sai]/
sit /sit/ sat /sail/ sat /sait/
fall /fad/ fell /fel/ fallen /fadan/ sleep /sli:p/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
feed /fi:d/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/ smell /smcl/ smelt (smelled) /smelt smelt (smelled) /smelt
feel /fid/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/ (smeld)/ (smeld)/
fight /fait/ fought /[Link] fought /faa/ speak /spi:k/ spoke /spauk/ spoken /spaukan/
find /famd/ found /found/ found /fatind/ spell /spel/ spelt (spelled) /spelt spelt (spelled) /spelt
fly /flai/ flew /flu:/ flown /flnun/ (speld)/ (speld)/
forbid /fo'bid/ forbade /fabeid/ forbidden /fa'btdan/ spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/
forget /foget/ forgot /fo'gDt/ forgotten /fagotan/ stand /stxnd/ stood /stud/ stood /stud/
forgive /fa'gtv/ forgave /fa'geiv/ forgiven /fn'gtvnn/ steal /slid/ stole /stool/ stolen /staulan/
freeze /fri:z/ froze /frauz/ frozen /frauzan/ stick /stik/ stuck /ялк/ stuck /stAk/
sting /stirj/ stung /stAtj/ stung /siaij/
get /get/ got /got/ got /got/ swear /swca/ Swore /swa:/ sworn /swaai/
give /giv/ gave /gciv/ given /givan/ sweep /swi:p/ swept /swept/ swept /swept/
go /дои/ went /went/ gone /gon/ swim /swim/ swam /swtem/ swum /swAm/
grow /дгои/ grew /gru:/ grown /дгаип/
take /tcik/ took /tuk/ taken /teikan/
hang /lioiij/ hung (hanged) /Iiaij hung (hanged) /Iiaij teach /tiaj/ taught /taa/ taught /taa/
(lixqd)/ (htcqd)/ tear /tea/ tore /ta:/ torn /taai/
have /lixv/ had /lta:d/ had /ha:d/ tell /tel/ told /tauld/ told /tauld/
hear /Ina/ heard /lt3:d/ heard /li3:d/ think /Oujk/ thought /Оаа/ thought /Оаа/
hide /liaid/ hid /Ind/ hidden /Indan/ throw /Огаи/ threw /Om:/ thrown /Огаип/
hit /htt/ hit /lnt/ hit /hit/
hold /liauld/ held /held/ held /held/ understand understood /.Atida'stud/ understood Mnda'stud/
hurt /Ьза/ hurt /11з;|/ hurt /[Link] /.Ando'stxnd/

keep /ki:p/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/ wake /wetk/ woke /wnuk/ woken /waukan/
know /паи/ knew /nju:/ known /naun/ wear /wen/ wore /wa:/ worn /wa:n/
win /win/ won /WAIl/ won /wao/
lay /lei/ laid /leid/ laid /leid/ write /ran/ wrote /rout/ written /ritan/
lead /li:d/ led /led/ led /led/
learn /!з:п/ learnt (learned) torn learnt (learned) /1з:м
(bind)/ (b:nd)/