Anseriformes

Anseriformes is an order of birds that

comprise about 180 living species in three
families: Anhimidae (the 3 screamers),
Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and
Anatidae, the largest family, which
includes over 170 species of waterfowl,
among them the ducks, geese, and swans.
Most modern species in the order are
highly adapted for an aquatic existence at
the water surface. With the exception of
screamers, all have phalli, a trait that has
been lost in the Neoaves. Due to their
aquatic nature, most species are web-
footed.
 Anseriformes
Temporal range:
Late Cretaceous-Holocene, 71–0 Ma
PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K PN
g

Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves
Clade: Anserimorphae
Order: Anseriformes
Wagler, 1831

Extant families

Anhimidae
Anseranatidae
Anatidae

Range of the waterfowl and allies

Evolution
Anseriformes are one of only two types of
modern bird to be confirmed present
during the Mesozoic alongside the other
dinosaurs, and in fact were among the
very few birds to survive their extinction,
along with their cousins the galliformes.
These two groups only occupied two
ecological niches during the Mesozoic,
living in water and on the ground, while the
toothed enantiornithes were the dominant
birds that ruled the trees and air. The
asteroid that ended the Mesozoic
destroyed all trees as well as animals in
the open, a condition that took centuries to
recover from. The anseriformes and
galliformes are thought to have survived in
the cover of burrows and water, and not to
have needed trees for food and
reproduction.[1]

The earliest Cretaceous anseriform found

so far is Vegavis, a goose-like waterfowl
thought to have lived as long as 99 million
years ago.[2] Some members apparently
surviving the KT extinction event, including
presbyornithids, thought to be the
common ancestors of ducks, geese,
swans, and screamers, the last group once
thought to be galliformes, but now
genetically confirmed to be closely related
to geese. The first known duck fossils
start to appear about 34 million years ago.

Waterfowl are the best-known examples of

sexually antagonistic genital coevolution
in vertebrates, causing genital adaptations
coevolve in each sex to advance control
over mating and fertilization. Sexually
antagonistic coevolution (or SAC) occurs
as a consequence of sexual conflict
between males and females, resulting in
coevolutionary process that reduce fit, or
that functions to decrease ease of having
sex.[3]

Taxonomy
The Anseriformes and the Galliformes
(pheasants, etc.) are the most primitive
neognathous birds, and should follow
ratites and tinamous in bird classification
systems. Together they belong to the
Galloanserae. Several unusual extinct
families of birds like the albatross-like
pseudotooth birds and the giant flightless
gastornithids and mihirungs have been
found to be stem-anseriforms based on
common features found in the skull region,
beak physiology and pelvic
region.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The genus Vegavis for a
while was found to be the earliest member
of the anseriform crown group but a recent
2017 paper has found it to be just outside
the crown group in the family
Vegaviidae.[10]

Below is the general consensus of the

phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem
relatives.[4][5][6][7][8][10]
Odontoanserae †Pelago
    (pseudo
  birds)

Anserimorphae †Gasto
   
 

  †Drom
  
  (mihi
    †Ve
   
  Ans
  (sc
and
 wa

Systematics …

Anatidae systematics, especially regarding

placement of some "odd" genera in the
dabbling ducks or shelducks, is not fully
resolved. See the Anatidae article for more
information, and for alternate taxonomic
approaches. Anatidae is traditionally
divided into subfamilies Anatinae and
Anserinae.[11] The Anatinae consists of
tribes Anatini, Aythyini, Mergini and
Tadornini. The higher-order classification
below follows a phylogenetic analysis
performed by Mikko's Phylogeny
Archive[12][13] and John Boyd's website.[14]

Order Anseriformes
 ?†Conflicto Claudia P. Tambussi et
al. 2019
†Naranbulagornis Zelenkov 2019
Suborder Anhimae Wetmore &
Miller 1926
Genus †Chaunoides de
Alvarenga 1999
Family Anhimidae Stejneger
1885 (screamers)
Genus Anhima (Linnaeus
1766) Brisson 1760
[Anhima minuta;
Palamedea cornuta
Linnaeus 1766] (Horned
screamer)
Genus Chauna Illiger 1811
Suborder Anseres (true
anseriformes)
Superfamily Anseranatoidea
Family Anseranatidae
Sclater 1880
Genus †Anserpica
Mourer-Chauviré,
Berthet & Hugueney
2004
Genus †Eoanseranas
Worthy & Scanlon
2009 (Hand's dawn
magpie goose)
Genus †Anatalavis
Olson & Parris 1987
[Nettapterornis
Mlikovsky 2002;
Telmatornis Shufeldt
1915] (Late
Cretaceous/Early
Paleocene – Early
Eocene)
 Genus Anseranas
(Latham 1798)
Lesson 1828
[Chenogeranus Brown
1842; Choristopus
Eyton 1838] (Magpie
goose)
Superfamily Anatoidea
Family †Presbyornithidae
Wetmore 1926 (wading-
"geese")^
Genus †Teviornis
Kuročkin, Dyke &
Karhu 2002
Genus †Telmabates
Howard 1955
Genus †Headonornis
(Lydekker 1891)
Harrison & Walker
1976 [Agnopterus
hantoniensis Lydekker
1891; Ptenornis Seeley
 1866; ?Presbyornis
isoni (Dyke 2001)]
Genus †Presbyornis
Wetmore 1926
[Nautilornis Wetmore
1926; Coltonia Hardy
1959]
Genus †Wilaru Boles
et al. 2013
Family †Paranyrocidae
Miller & Compton 1939
 Genus †Paranyroca
Miller & Compton
1939 (Rosebud Early
Miocene of Bennett
County, USA)

Anatidae

Family Anatidae Leach

1820 (almost 150 species)
Subfamily
†Romainvilliinae
Lambrecht 1933
Genus
†Romainvillia
Lebedinský 1927
(Late
Eocene/Early
Oligocene)
Genus
†Saintandrea
 Mayr & De Pietri
2013
Subfamily
Dendrocygninae
Reichenbach 1849–
50
Genus
Dendrocygna
Swainson 1837
(whistling ducks)
Genus
Thalassornis
 Eyton 1838
(White-backed
duck)
Subfamily
†Dendrocheninae
Livezey & Martin 1988
Genus
†Dendrochen
Miller 1944
Genus
†Manuherikia
 Worthy et al.
2007
Genus †Mionetta
Livezey & Martin
1988
Subfamily
Stictonettinae
Genus Stictonetta
(Gould 1841)
Reichenbach
1853 (Freckled
duck)
Subfamily Anserinae
Vigors 1825 sensu
Livezey 1996 (swans
and geese)
Genus
†Anserobranta
Kuročkin & Ganya
1972
Genus †Asiavis
Nesov 1986
Genus
†“Chenopis” De
Vis 1905
Genus †Cygnavus
Lambrecht 1931
Genus
†Cygnopterus
Lambrecht 1931
Genus
†Eremochen
Brodkorb 1961
Genus
†Megalodytes
Howard 1992
Genus
†Paracygnus
Short 1969
Genus
†Presbychen
Wetmore 1930
Genus
†Cnemiornis
Owen 1866 (New
Zealand Geese)
Genus Coscoroba
(Molina 1782)
Reichenbach
1853 [Pseudolor
Gray 1855]
(Coscoroba
swan)
Genus Cereopsis
Latham 1801
(Cape Barren
goose)
Genus Cygnus
Garsault 1764
[Archaeocygnus
De Vis 1905;
Cygnanser Kretzoi
1957; Euolor
Mathews &
Iredale 1917;
Palaeocygnus
Oberholser 1908;
Chenopis Wagler
1832]
Genus
†Afrocygnus
chauvireae
Louchart et al.
2005
Genus Branta
Scopoli 1769
[Brenthus
Sundeval l1872
non Schoenherr
1826; Bernicla
Oken 1817;
Geochen
Wetmore 1943;
Nesochen
Salvadori 1895]
Tribe Anserini
Vigors 1825
Genus Anser
Brisson 1760
[Chen Boie
1822;
Chionochen
Reichenbach
1852;
Exanthemops
Elliot 1868;
Cygnopsis
Brandt 1836;
Eulabeia
Reichenbach
1852;
Philacte
Bannister
1870;
Heterochen
Short 1970;
Marilochen
 Reichenbach
1852]
Subfamily Tadorninae
Reichenbach 1849–
50 (shelducks and
sheldgeese)
Genus
†Australotadorna
Worthy 2009
Genus
†Brantadorna
Howard 1964
Genus
†Centrornis
Andrews 1897
(Malagasy
sheldgoose)
Genus
†Miotadorna
Worthy et al.
2007 (St. Bathans
shelduck)
Genus
†Nannonetta
Campbell 1979
Genus
†Pleistoanser
Agnolín 2006
Genus
Plectropterus
(Linnaeus 1766)
(Spur-winged
goose)
Genus
Merganetta Gould
1842 (Torrent
duck)
Genus
Chloephaga Eyton
1838 [Foetopterus
Moreno &
Mercerat 1891]
Genus Neochen
Oberholser 1918
Genus Cyanochen
(Rüppell 1845)
Bonaparte 1856
(Blue-winged
goose)
Genus Tadorna
Boie 1822
[Vulpanser
Keyserling &
Blasius 1840;
Zesarkaca
Mathews 1937;
Gennaeochen
Heine &
Reichenow 1890;
Casarca
Bonaparte 1838;
Nettalopex Heine
1890]
Genus Radjah
Reichenbach,
1853
Genus Alopochen
Stejneger 1885
[Mascarenachen
Cowles 1994;
Proanser
Umans'ka 1979a;
Anserobranta
Kuročkin & Ganya
1972; Chenalopex
Stephens 1824
non Vieillot 1818]
Genus Cairina
(Linnaeus 1758)
Fleming 1822
(Muscovy duck)
Genus
Hymenolaimus
(Gmelin 1789)
Gray 1843 (Blue
duck)
Genus
Sarkidiornis Eyton
1838
Genus Tachyeres
Owen 1875
[Micropterus
Lesson 1828 non
Lacépède 1802;
Microa Strand
 1943] (Steamer
ducks)
Subfamily Anatinae
Vigors 1825 sensu
Livezey 1996
Genus Aix Boie
1828
[Dendronessa
Wagler 1832]
Genus Callonetta
Delacour 1936
(Ringed teal)
Genus
Chenonetta von
Brandt 1836
(Australian wood
duck)
Genus Biziura
Stephens 1824
(musk ducks)
Genus Pteronetta
(Cassin 1860)
Salvadori 1895
(Hartlaub's duck)
Genus
Marmaronetta
(Ménétries 1832)
Reichenbach
1853 (Marbled
duck)
Genus Asarcornis
(Müller 1842)
Salvadori 1895
(White-winged
duck)
Genus Netta Kaup
1829 [Callichen
Brehm 1830;
Mergoides Eyton
1836; Netta
(Rhodonessa)
Reichenbach
1852]
Genus Lophonetta
(King 1828) Riley
1914 (Crested
duck)
Genus
Amazonetta
(Gmelin 1789)
von Boetticher
1929 (Brazilian
teal)
Genus
†Dunstanetta
Worthy et al.
2007
(Johnstone's
duck)
Genus †Lavadytis
Stidham & Hilton
2015
Genus
†Pinpanetta
Worthy 2009
Genus
†Tirarinetta
Worthy 2008
Tribe Oxyurini
Swainson 1831
(stiff-tailed ducks
and allies)
Genus
Heteronetta
(Merrem
1841)
Salvadori
1865 (Black-
headed
duck)
Genus
Nomonyx
(Linnaeus
1766)
Ridgway
1880
(Masked
duck)
Genus
Oxyura
Bonaparte
1828
[Erismatura
Bonaparte
 1832;
Plectrura
Gistl 1848;
Gymnura
Nuttall 1834]
Genus Nettapus
von Brandt 1836
[(Cheniscus)
Eyton 1838;
Anserella Gray
1855 non Selby
1840; ;
Microcygna Gray
1840; ] (Pygmy
geese)
Genus
†Anabernicula
Ross 1935
Genus
Malacorhynchus
Swainson 1831
(Pink-eared duck)
Genus
Salvadorina
Rothschild &
Hartert 1894
(Salvadori's teal)
Genus
Speculanas (King
1828) von
Boetticher 1929
(Bronze-winged
duck)
Tribe Mergini
Rafinesque 1815
(eiders, scoters,
mergansers and
other sea-ducks)
Genus
†Chendytes
Miller 1925
Genus
†Shiriyanetta
Watanabe &
Matsuoka
2015
Genus
Histrionicus
Lesson 1828
[Cosmonessa
Kaup 1829;
†Ocyploness
a Brodkorb
1961]
(Harlequin
duck)
Genus
†Camptorhyn
chus (Gmelin
1789)
Bonaparte
1838 [Anas
labradorius
Gmelin 1789]
(Labrador
duck)
Genus
Clangula
Leach 1819
(Long-tailed
duck)
Genus
Polysticta
stelleri
(Pallas 1769)
Eyton 1836
[Eniconetta
Gray 1840;
Stelleria
Bonaparte
1842]
(Steller's
Eiders)
Genus
Somateria
Leach 1819
[Platypus
Brehm 1824
non Shaw
1799 non
Herbst 1793;
Erionetta
Coues 1884;
(Lampronetta
) Brandt
1847]
(Eiders)
Genus
Melanitta
Boie 1822
[Phoenonetta
Stone 1907;
Ania
Stephens
1824 non
Stephens
1831;
Maceranas
Lesson 1828;
Macroramph
us Lesson
1828;
Pelionetta
Kaup 1829;
(Oidemia)
Fleming
1822]
(Scoters)
Genus
Bucephala
Baird 1858
[Charitonetta
Stejneger
1885;
Clanganas
Oberholser
1974;
Glaucion
Kaup 1829
non Oken
1816;
Bucephala
(Glaucionetta
) Stejneger
1885]
Genus
Mergellus
Selby 1840
(Smew)
Genus
Lophodytes
(Linnaeus
1758)
Reichenbach
1853
(Hooded
merganser)
Genus
Mergus
Linnaeus
1758 non
Brisson 1760
[(Promergus)
Mathews &
 Iredale 1913;
(Prister)
Heine &
Reichenow
1890]
Tribe Anatini
Vigors 1825
sensu Livezey
1996 (dabbling
ducks and moa-
nalos)
Genus
†Matanas
Worthy et al.
2007
(Enright's
duck)
Genus Anas
Linnaeus
1758
[Boschas
Swainson
1831; Dafila
Stephens
1824; Nettion
Kaup 1829;
Phasianurus
Wagler 1832;
Trachelonetta
Kaup 1829;
Anas (Dafila)
Stephens
1824; Virago
Newton
1871; Macera
Swainson
1837;
Penelops
Kaup 1829;
Mareca
(Notonetta)
Roberts
1922; Mareca
(Chaulelasmu
s) Bonaparte
1838;
Chauliodus
Swainson
1831 non
Bloch 1801;
Ktinorhynchu
s Eyton 1838;
Mareca
(Eunetta)
Bonaparte
1856;
Horizonetta
Oberholser
1917; Anas
(Melananas)
Roberts
1922; Anas
(Afranas)
Roberts
1922; Anas
(Polionetta)
Oates 1899
non Rondani
1856; Anas
(Virago)
Newton
1872;
Elasmonetta
Salvadori
1895;
Xenonetta
Fleming
1935; Anas
(Paecilonitta)
Eyton 1838;
Aethiopinetta
Boetticher
1943; Anas
(Dafilonettio)
Boettischer
1937]
Genus
Sibirionetta
(Georgi
1775) (Baikal
teal)
Genus
Mareca
(Stephens
1824)
Genus
Spatula Boie
1822 [Anas
(Pterocyanea
) Bonaparte
1841;
Querquedula
Stephens
1824;
Rhynchaspis
Stephens
1824;
Rhynchoplatu
s Berthold
1827;
Cyanopterus
Bonaparte
1838 non
Haliday
1835;
Clypeata
Lesson 1828;
Anas
(Micronetta)
 Roberts
1922;
Adelonetta
Heine &
Reichenow
1890]
Tribe Aythyini
Delacour and
Mayr, 1945
(diving ducks)
Genus Aythya
Boie 1822
[Aristonetta
Baird 1858;
Dyseonetta
Boetticher
1950; Marila
Oken 1817;
Fulix
Sundevall
1836;
Nettarion
Baird 1858;
Fuligula
Stephens
1824;
Zeafulix
Mathews
1937;
Ilyonetta
Heine &
Reichenow
1890; Aythya
(Nyroca)
Fleming
1822]
Some fossil anseriform taxa not
assignable with certainty to a family are:

†Proherodius (London Clay Early Eocene

of London, England) –
Presbyornithidae?
†Garganornis ballmanni Meijer 2014

Unassigned Anatidae:

†"Anas" albae Jánossy 1979 [?Mergus]

†"Anas" amotape Campbell 1979
†"Anas" isarensis Lambrecht 1933
†"Anas" luederitzensis
†"Anas" sanctaehelenae Campbell 1979
†"Anas" eppelsheimensis Lambrecht
1933
†"Oxyura" doksana Mlíkovský 2002
†"Anser" scaldii ["Anas" scaldii]
†Ankonetta larriestrai Cenizo & Agnolín
2010
†Cayaoa bruneti Tonni 1979
†Eoneornis nomen dubium
†Eutelornis
†Aldabranas cabri Harrison & Walker
1978
†Chenoanas deserta Zelenkov 2012
†Cygnopterus alphonsi Cheneval 1984
[non Cygnavus senckenbergi Mlíkovský
2002]
†Helonetta brodkorbi Emslie 1992
†Loxornis clivus Ameghino 1894
†Mioquerquedula minutissima Zelenkov
& Kuročkin 2012 [Anas velox Milne-
Edwards 1867]
†Paracygnopterus scotti Harrison &
Walker 1979
†Proanser major Umanskaya 1979
†Teleornis Ameghino 1899
†Protomelanitta Zelenkov 2011
†Nogusunna conflictoides Zelenkov
2011
†Sharganetta mongolica Zelenkov 2011
Metopiana Bonaparte 1856 [Metopias
Heine & Reichenow 1890; Phoeonetta
Delacour 1937; Netta (Phoeoaythia)
Delacour 1937]
†Bambolinetta (Portis 1884) Mayr &
Pavia 2014 [Anas lignitifila Portis 1884]
†Heteroanser vicinus (Kuročkin 1976)
Zelenkov 2012 [Heterochen vicinus
Kuročkin 1976; Anser vicinus (Kuročkin
1976) Mlíkovský & Švec 1986]
†Sinanas Yeh 1980
†Talpanas Olson & James 2009 (Kaua'i
mole duck)
 †Wasonaka Howard 1966
†Chelychelynechen Olson & James 1991
(turtle-jawed moa-nalo)
†Ptaiochen Olson & James 1991 (small-
billed moa-nalo)
†Thambetochen Olson & Wetmore 1976

In addition, a considerable number of

mainly Late Cretaceous and Paleogene
fossils have been described where it is
uncertain whether or not they are
anseriforms. This is because almost all
orders of aquatic birds living today either
originated or underwent a major radiation
during that time, making it hard to decide
whether some waterbird-like bone belongs
into this family or is the product of parallel
evolution in a different lineage due to
adaptive pressures.

"Presbyornithidae" gen. et sp. indet.

(Barun Goyot Late Cretaceous of Udan
Sayr, Mongolia) – Presbyornithidae?
UCMP 117599 (Hell Creek Late
Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, USA)
Petropluvialis (Late Eocene of England)
– may be same as Palaeopapia
Agnopterus (Late Eocene – Late
Oligocene of Europe) – includes
Cygnopterus lambrechti
"Headonornis hantoniensis" BMNH PAL
4989 (Hampstead Early Oligocene of
Isle of Wight, England) – formerly
"Ptenornis"
Palaeopapia (Hampstead Early
Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England)
"Anas" creccoides (Early/Middle
Oligocene of Belgium)
"Anas" skalicensis (Early Miocene of
"Skalitz", Czech Republic)
"Anas" risgoviensis (Late Miocene of
Bavaria, Germany)
†"Anas" meyerii Milne-Edwards 1867
[Aythya meyerii (Milne-Edwards 1867)
Brodkorb 1964]
†Eonessa anaticula Wetmore 1938
{Eonessinae Wetmore 1938}
Phylogeny …

Living Anseriformes based on the work by

John Boyd.[14]
 
    Anhima
 
Anhimae Anhimidae
   
  Chauna
 
Anseres
  Anseranatidae   Anseranas
   
Anatidae
    Dendrocy
Dendrocygninae  
 
  Thalassor
 
 
  ?Plectropt
 

Stictonet
 
 
 
Crested screamer (Chauna torquata)

Magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata),

sole surviving member of a Mesozoic
 sole surviving member of a Mesozoic
lineage

Cast of Dromornis stirtoni, a mihirung, from

Australia.

Molecular studies
Studies of the mitochnodrial DNA suggest
the existence of four branches –
Anseranatidae, Dendrocygninae, Anserinae
and Anatinae – with Dendrocygninae being
a subfamily within the family Anatidae and
Anseranatidae representing an
independent family.[15] The clade
Somaterini has a single genus Somateria.

See also
List of Anseriformes by population
List of Anseriformes
References
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2. The Delaware River: History, Traditions
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3. Brennan, Patricia L.R.; Prum, Richard
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9. Louchart, A.; Sire, J.-Y.; Mourer-
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10. Agnolín, F.L.; Egli, F.B.; Chatterjee, S.;
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Cited texts

Wikimedia Commons has media

related to Anseriformes.
The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a
page on the topic of: Anseriformes

Agnolin, F (2007). "Brontornis

burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, un
Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del
Mioceno Medio de Patagonia,
Argentina". Revista del Museo Argentino
de Ciencias Naturales. 9: 15–25.
doi:10.22179/revmacn.9.361 .
Clarke, J. A.; Tambussi, C. P.; Noriega, J.
I.; Erickson, G. M.; Ketcham, R. A. (2005).
"Definitive fossil evidence for the extant
avian radiation in the Cretaceous".
Nature. 433 (7023): 305–308.
doi:10.1038/nature03150 .
PMID 15662422 .
Livezey, B. C.; Zusi, R. L. (2007). "Higher-
order phylogeny of modern birds
(Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on
comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and
discussion" . Zoological Journal of the
Linnean Society. 149 (1): 1–95.
 doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x .
PMC 2517308 . PMID 18784798 .
Murray, P. F. & Vickers-Rich, P. (2004)
Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal
Flightless Birds of the Australian
Dreamtime. Indiana University Press.

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