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Key Metrics in Preventive Medicine

This document discusses several key health indicators and concepts: 1. Disability adjusted life expectancy (DALE) provides more information than infant mortality rate (IMR) when comparing population health, but is more difficult to calculate. For countries with limited resources, IMR may be more suitable. 2. The simplest index that incorporates both morbidity and mortality is Sullivan's Index of Disability-Free Life Expectancy (DFLE). 3. Case fatality rate (CFR) represents the "killing power" of a disease and is calculated as the total number of deaths from a disease divided by the total number of cases. CFR is expressed as a percentage.

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158 views1 page

Key Metrics in Preventive Medicine

This document discusses several key health indicators and concepts: 1. Disability adjusted life expectancy (DALE) provides more information than infant mortality rate (IMR) when comparing population health, but is more difficult to calculate. For countries with limited resources, IMR may be more suitable. 2. The simplest index that incorporates both morbidity and mortality is Sullivan's Index of Disability-Free Life Expectancy (DFLE). 3. Case fatality rate (CFR) represents the "killing power" of a disease and is calculated as the total number of deaths from a disease divided by the total number of cases. CFR is expressed as a percentage.

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mohan
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Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

## Also Remember

• Disability adjusted life expectancy [DALE]: DALE brings more information than infant mortality rate (IMR) when comparing
the overall health status of different populations. But, DALE is quite difficult to compute and to precisely understand.
For countries with limited resources that require an easily calculated measure of population health, IMR may remain a
suitable choice.
• UNICEF considers U5MR or CMR as ‘single best indicator of socio-economic development and well-being’ (even better
than IMR)

37. Ans. (a) Life free of disability  [Ref. Park 21/e p25, Park 22/e p23]
• The simplest index of health which incorporates morbidity as well as mortality is Sullivan’s Index of Disability-Free
Life Expectancy (DFLE)

## Also Remember

• Chandler’s Index: Hookworm eggs/gm of stool


• Standard of living [WHO]: Income and occupation, standards of housing, sanitation and nutrition, level of provision of
health, educational, recreational and other services
• Pregnancy rate per HWY: Pearl Index (Failure rate of Contraceptives)

38. Ans. (c) Case fatality rate  [Ref. Park 21/e p54, Park 22/e p55]
CASE FATALITY RATE (CFR):
• CFR represents ‘killing power of a disease’
Concepts of Health and Disease

– It is ‘closely related to virulence of organism’


Total no. of deaths due to a disease
CFR = ×100
Total no. of casees due to a disease
• CFR is a Proportion: Always expressed in percentage
• CFR is the ‘complement of Survival Rate’, thus CFR = 1 – Survival Rate
• Limitations of CFR:
– Time interval is not specified
– Usefulness is limited for chronic diseases [CFR typically used in acute infections]
– CFR for the same disease may vary in different epidemics
39. Ans. (b) Human Poverty Index  [Ref. K. Park 21/e p17-18, 25-26, Park 22/e p23, 24]
40. Ans. (d) Years lost to premature death and years lived with disability adjusted for severity of disability  [Ref. K. Park
21/e p26, Park 22/e p24]
41. Ans. (d) Proportional mortality rate [Ref. K. Park 22/e p23]
42. Ans. (d) 20% [Ref. K. Park 22/e p23]
43. Ans. (a) IMR [Ref. K. Park 22/e p23]
44. Ans. (b) 1 lost year of healthy life [Ref. K. Park 22/e p24]
45. (c) HALE [Ref. K. Park 22/e p24]
46. Ans. (c) 10 per 1000 [Ref. K. Park 22/e p22-23]
47. Ans. (a) Secondary attack rate [Ref. K. Park 22/e p96]
48. Ans. (c) Measures life expectancy adjusted without disability or free of disability [Ref. K. Park 22/e p24]
49. Ans. (a) Slightly positive [Ref. Financial and Business Management for the Doctor of Nursing Practice, KT Waxman,
1/e p61]
• Bed turn over interval: Amount of time beds at hospital are unoccupied until next patients’ admission following a
patients’ discharge
– Negative values: Indicate over 100% occupancy, scarcity of beds, over-utilization of services
– Positive values: Indicate vacant beds, underutilization of services due to defective admission process or poor
quality medical care
– Slight positive values: Indicate optimum utilization of services

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