Chapter1 Analytic geometry

Introduction……………………………………………………..1
1-Definition of Analytic geometry………………..…………….2
2-Types of Coordinates in analytic geometry…………………..2
2-1 Rectangular coordinates…………………………………3-4
2-2 Polar coordinates………………………………………...4-5
2-3 distance and angles……………………………………….5
3-Examples on analytic geometry ……………………………...5
Example 1…………………………………………………5-6
Example 2………………………………………………...6-7
4- Geometric application on life and examples …………..........7
5-conclusion…………………………………………………….8

Chapter 2 : Application of Differentiation and Integration

Introduction ……………………………………………………9
1- Utilization of Differentiation and integration……………10
2-Numerical integration ………………………………………..10
3- Geometric application on integration………………….11
3-1 Area between curves ……………………………….11
3-1-1 Example 1 ……………………………………………..11
3-2 Volume…………………………………………………...12
3-2-1 Example 1……………………………………………...12
4-Mechanical application on integration …………………….13
4-1 Curvilineal motion. Velocity…………………………..…13
4-2 Curvilinear motion. Accelerations…………………..
5- The definite integral……………………………………..   
5-1-1 Example 1 ………………………………………………
5-2 Application and properties of the definite integral …….
5-2-1 Example ……………………………………………………
6-Conclusion ……………………………………………………
References………………………………………………………
Introduction
Math is vital in our world today. Everyone uses mathematics in our day to day lives, and
most of the time, we do not even realize it. Without math, our world would be missing a key
component in its makeup.
Creating spending budgets, paying for groceries, buying things on sale, and cooking meals
all have to deal with math in some way or another. One has to be able to measure out
ingredients, count money, and determine limits when it comes to certain tasks like the examples
above. People never realize how much math is around them until they take a step back and
look  
Our world today would be lost without numbers. Without numbers people could not read
clocks, measure anything, call anybody, and much more. Everybody has been put into a
position where they were presented with different forms of data that must have been organized
in order to make decisions pertaining to the situation. One of the branches of math is Analytic
Geometry
Analytic Geometry is one of the most ancient branches of mathematics, concerned with the
properties of space and object – points, lines, angles, planes, surfaces and solids in space.
Generalization of geometry known as “Analytic Geometry,” and it was invented and first used
in 1637 by French mathematician and philosopher Rene Descarte (1596–1650 A.D). Analytic
geometry, also called coordinate geometry , mathematical subject in which algebraic symbolism
and methods are used to represent and solve problems in geometry. The importance of analytic
geometry is that it establishes a correspondence between geometric curves and algebraic
equations This correspondence makes it possible to reformulate problems in geometry as
equivalent problems in algebra, and vice versa; the methods of either subject can then be used
to solve problems in the other. For example, computers create animations for display in games
and films by manipulating algebraic equations. Without analytic geometry , we would not have
described complicated shapes such as motors, cars and aircraft designs with design programs
such as Catia or Unigraphics. All of these programs are based on the representation of any
geometrical form, with equations that may be simple or complex. Without studying analytic
geometry it would be pointless to talk about any of the designs we see from needle to missile.
Without this we would not have been able to talk about many CAM production and
manufacturing programs.
 1- Definition of Analytic geometry is the branch of mathematics, dealing with the
behavior and properties of configurations involving points, lines, curves, surfaces, and
solids by means of algebraic methods. If the figures are on a plane, the study is called
plane analytic geometry. Solid analytic geometry deals with figures in space.
Various methods in analytic geometry that are used to provedirectly many theorems of
classical Euclidean geometry are called analytic proofs.
The main principles of analytic geometry are coordinates, equations and curves , line and
planes, distance and angles .
2- Types of coordinates in analytic geometry
2.1 Rectangular Coordinates.
A- The position of a point on a plane may be determined by its distances from two
perpendicular lines, in what we call a rectangular coordinate system, Fig. 1.1.

B- A rectangular coordinate system is formed by drawing a pair of perpendicular lines X’X

and Y’Y, called the coordinate axes (or the X-axis and the Y-axis respectively),
intersecting at a point called the origin O. Perpendicular distances measured from the Y-
axis to the right (along OX) and from the X-axis upward (along OY) are positive, while
their opposites, from the Y-axis to the left (along OX’) and from the X-axis downward
(along OY’) are negative distances. The plane is divided into four regions called
quadrants.
C- The x-coordinate (or abscissa) of a point is its perpendicular distance from the Y-axis
and the y-coordinate (or ordinate) of a point is its perpendicular distance from the X-
axis. Together, these rectangular coordinates (the paired x-coordinate and y-coordinate
of a point) determine the position of a point in a plane. Point P for example, Fig. 1.1, is
located at (a, b).
D- The notation P(x, y) where x and y are variables, means that a point P has an x-
coordinate x, and a y-coordinate y in a rectangular coordinate system. Plotting is the
process of locating (by drawing or placing) a point on a plane when its coordinates are
known.
 E- A directed line segment A directed line segment (or directed distance) is a line
segment measured in a definite sense or direction (and it is either positive or negative),
Fig. 1.2. The tail end P1 of the arrow is called the initial point (or origin), and the head
P2 is called the terminal point (or terminus) of the directed line segment. If the directed
line segment joining the point P1(x1, y1) to P2(x2, y2), in that direction (written as P1P2
or d-, an arrow is placed above the letter if only one letter is used to represent the
directed line segment), is taken as positive, then the opposite of that direction, from P2 to
P1 (or the directed line segment P2P1), is equal to the negative of P1P2. If P1P2 was
initially negative, then P2P1 is the positive of P1P2. That is, directed line segments in
opposite directions have segments in opposite directions have opposite signs, or P1P2 =
- P2P1

2-2. Polar Coordinates

A- The position of a point on a plane may also be described by its distance from a fixed point
and its direction from a fixed line through the fixed point, in another system called the polar
coordinate system, Fig. 2.1.

B- A polar coordinate system is formed by drawing a reference line OX, called the initial line
or polar axis, in a horizontal direction to the right, starting from a fixed point O, called the pole
(or origin).

C- The radius vector of a point is its distance from the pole and the polar angle of the same
point is its direction (or angle) from the polar axis. The polar angle is positive when measured
counter clockwise from the polar axis, and negative when measured clockwise. The radius
vector is positive when measured from the pole to the terminal side of the corresponding polar
angle, and negative when taken in the opposite direction. Together, the polar coordinates (the
paired radius vector and polar angle of a point) determine the
position of a point in a plane. Point P for example, Fig. 2.1, is located at (ρ, α).

D-The notation P(r, θ), where r and θ are variables, means that a point P has a radius vector r,
and a polar angle θ, in a polar coordinate system. The same point P(ρ, α), Fig. 2.1, may be
described in a variety of ways using polar coordinates, for example P(-ρ, α, -π), P(ρ, α ,-2π ),
P(-ρ, α,+ π ), P(ρ, α, +2π and so on. Generalizing, the point P(ρ, α) may also be written as,

2-3 Distance and angle

In analytic geometry, geometric notions such as distance and angle measure are defined
using formulas. These definitions are designed to be consistent with the underlying Euclidean
geometry. For example, using Cartesian coordinates on the plane, the distance between two
points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is defined by the formula d=√ ( X 2−X 1 )2 + ( Y 2−Y 1 )2
ddd which can be viewed as a version of the Pythagorean theorem. Similarly, the angle that a
line makes with the horizontal can be defined by the
formula

ϕ= arctan(m) where m is the slope of the line.

In three dimensions, distance is given by the generalization
of the Pythagorean theorem: d=
2 2 2
√ ( X 2−X 1 ) +( Y 2−Y 1 ) + ( Z 2−Z 1 )

3- Example on Analytic geometry ,

It is called mathematical subject in which algebraic symbolism and methods are used to
represent and solve problems in geometry. The importance of analytic geometry is that it
establishes a correspondence between geometric curves and algebraic equations. This
correspondence makes it possible to reformulate problems in geometry as equivalent problems
in algebra, and vice versa; the methods of either subject can then be used to solve problems in
the other. For example, computers create animations for display in games and films by
manipulating algebraic equations.
Now we will discuss some example on using analytic geometry to find the distance between
two points

Example 1:
Find the equation of a line perpendicular to, and passing through the midpoint of, the segment
that has endpoints (-2, -3) and (4, 4).
Solution:.

1. It's helpful to plot the two given points on a graph (a sketch is all that's needed), and draw
the segment.
2. Then we'll need the midpoint of that segment, for which we'll employ the midpoint
formula (average the x-coordinates and average the y-coordinates)
3. Next we'll need to calculate the slope of our segment, then the slope of a line
perpendicular to it is the negative reciprocal of that.
4. finally, we have the slope of our new line and a point through which it passes, so we can
find its equation and put it into a pleasing form.

2. Find the midpoint

The midpoint of a segment can be found just by finding the
average of the x-coordinates and the average of the y-
coordinates.
I strongly suggest that you keep fractions as fractions in
these calculations. Often, doing so will help you to recognize
when simple numerators or denominators cancel to simplify
your work.

3. Calculate the slope

The slope of the segment with endpoints (-2,-3) and (4, 4) is
calculated here. As usual, the slope of a line is just the
change in y (Δ y) divided by the change in x (Δ x) between
two points.
The slope of our segment is 7/6, so the slope of a line
perpendicular to it has the negative reciprocal slope, m = -6/7.
4. Find the equation of the new line
Now that we have a point (the midpoint of the original
segment) and a slope (what we just calculated above),
we have enough information to find the equation of our
perpendicular line.
We can rearrange the slope-intercept form of the
equation of a line, y = mx + b, to
b=y−mxb=y−mx
and plug in our slope and midpoint (x, y) to find the y-
intercept, b:
b=12=67(1)=−514b=12=67(1)=−514
Put it all together to get the equation of our line:
y=−67x−514y=−67x−514
or 12x+14y=−512x+14y=−5
In that last step, I just multiplied everything through by 14 to get rid of the fractions. It makes
for a neater result. Here's a picture of the two lines.

4- Geometric application on daily life .

After above examples, we will know how the scientists use the Analytic geometry in our daily
life and how they translate engineering, architectural, artistic and other ideas into a language
that builders, machinists and machines can use to physically create the things of which we
dream.
The Boeing 777 aircraft, ubiquitous in the skies now as a passenger carrier, was the first such
plane that was entirely built and tested on computers before a prototype was manufactured.
Imagine trying to manufacture the complexly-shaped turbofan blades of the GE turbine engine
(left). Each contains complicated curves in each of the three dimensions that must be precisely
formed in hard metals that are likely difficult to work with. Parts like these are made by
programmed machines, and that programming is mathematical coordinates and equations that
specify every feature of the part, translated from an engineer's mind to his/her computer to the
machine.

General electric aviation of boeing 777 aircraft

Conclusion
Analytic geometry is the branch of mathematics, dealing with the behaviour of
configurations involving points, lines, curves, surfaces, and solids by means of and has
many types of coordinates ( rectangular, polar, distance and lines … etc).beside using it
in computers to create animations for display in games and films by manipulating
algebraic, using it also in aviation field.
 Application of Differentiation and Integration

Introduction

There was a big issue that the sailor faced, He could not identify the exact location of
his ship. There were not enough understanding of moving the Earth, planets and stars.
integration and differentiation were developed to improve how to understand these problems.
and how to use it in our daily life and engineering field specially mechanical field and electrical
field .IN electrical field, Electric Charges have a force between them that varies depending on
the amount of charge and the distance between the charges. We use integration to calculate the
work done when charges are separated Derivatives are met in many engineering and science
problems, especially when modelling the behaviour of moving objects. Our research includes
some general applications which we can then apply to specific problems. Such as Area under a
Curve and Area in between the two curves. Answer is by Integration. Volume of Solid of
Revolution explains how to use integration to find the volume of an object with curved sides,
1-Utilization of Differentiation and integration is helping everybody specially engineers
solving a lot of types of problems they face in the daily life. We use the derivative to identify
the min. and max. values of particular functions (cost, strength, amount of material which used
in a building, profit, loss, ….etc). Derivatives are met in many engineering and science
problems, especially in making the behaviour of moving objects.

2- Numerical integration
Numerical integration involves the approximation of numerical values that cannot be
integrated analytically It is sometimes referred to as quadrature which involves replacing the
area under a curve by an area of a square. Several numerical integration methods such as
Newton-Cotes, Romberg integration, Gauss Quadrature and Monte Carlo integration are
used to evaluate those functions that can’t be integrated analytically. Newton-Cotes
methods use interpolating polynomials. Newton-Cotes methods such as the Trapezium
rule, Simpson 1/3 rule, Simpson 3/8 rule and Boole’s rule the number of segments must be a
multiple of 4 and for Weddle’s rule the number must be a multiple of 6. The Newton-Cotes
formula is a frequently used interpolator function in the form of a polynomial. This formula
involves points N in the interval (a,b) with n-1order polynomial which passes through the
abscissas
X(i=0,1…….n) equally spaced. Approximating the area under the curve y=f(x) from x=a to
x=b, the =b and employs Lagrange interpolating when fitting polynomials. Letting
b−a
x0=a,xn = b and Δ= n
n
fn(x) =∑ f ¿ ¿xi ) Li (x)
i=0

where n in fn(x) stands for the order polynomial that approximates the function y = f(x)
given at n + 1
data points as (x0, y0), (x1, y1), … , (xn, yn) and

where Li (x) is a weighting

function that includes a product of n -1 terms with terms of
(b−a) i
i = k Integrating f (x) over [a,b] and choosing Xi=a+ we have the Newton-Cotes rule.
n
 3- Geometric application on integration ,now, we are going to discuss the importance
of the analytic geometry in integration field and how can use it to solve the most
difficult problems in integration field ( volume, Area, Area between curves …….,etc)
using the geometrical lows through the coming examples
3.1 Area between curves We have seen how integration can be used to find an area
between a curve and the x-axis. With very little change we can find some areas
between curves; indeed, the area between a curve and the x-axis may be interpreted as
the area between the curve and a second “curve” with equation y = 0. In the simplest
of cases, the idea is quite easy to understand

3-1-1 Example 1: find the area below f(x) = x2+4x+3 and above g(x)= -x3+7x2-10x+5
over the invertal 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 In the below figure we show the two curves together, with the
desired area shaded, then f alone with the area under f shaded, and then g alone with the
area under shade

Solution:
It is clear from the figure that the area we want is the area under f minus the area under g, which
2 2 2

is to say ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ g( x)dx = ∫ f ( x )=g(x) dx.

1 1 1

It doesn’t matter whether we compute the two integrals on the left and then subtract or compute
the single integral on the right. In this case, the latter is perhaps a bit easier:
 3-2 Volume : We have seen how to compute certain
areas by using integration; some volumes may also be
computed by evaluating an integral. Generally, the
volumes that we can compute this way have cross-
sections that are easy to describe.
3-2-1 Example 1 Find the volume of a pyramid with a
square base that is 20 meters tall and 20 meters on a
side at the base. As with most of our applications of
integration, we begin by asking how we might
approximate the volume. Since we can easily compute
the volume of a rectangular prism (that is, a “box”), we
will use some boxes to approximate?

Solution:
the volume of the pyramid as shown in the above figure on the right is a cross-sectional view,
on the right is a 3D view of part of the pyramid with some of the boxes used to approximate the
volume. Each box has volume of the form (2xi)(2xi)∆y. Unfortunately, there are two variables
here; fortunately, we can write x in terms of y: x = 10 − y/2 or xi = 10 − yi/2. Then the total
n −1
yi
volume is approximately ∑ 4(10− ) ² ∆ y and in the limit we get the volume as the value of an
i=0 2
integral

As you may know, the volume of a pyramid is (1/3)(height)(area of base) = (1/3)(20)(400),

which agrees with our answer

4-Mechanical application on integration

one of the integration benefits is using it to solve mechanical problems to identify (velocity,
acceleration, ……..etc) . in this section we need to take a look at the velocity and acceleration
of a moving object.and see how to use the mechanical application integration Regarding to
mechanical application through many examples

4-1 Curvilineal motion. Velocity.

When the parameter / in the parametric equations is the time, and the functions f(t) and
ϕ(t) are continuous, if t varies continuously the point P(x,y)will trace the curve or path. We then
have a curvilinear motion, and x=f(t), y= ϕ(t) are called the equations of motion.

The velocity v of the moving point P(x, y) at any instant is determined

by its horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal component vx is equal to the velocity
along OX of the projection M of P, and is therefore the time rate of change of x. Hence, from
(C), Art. 51, when s is replaced by x, we get
Vx=dx/dy
In the same way the vertical component Vy, or time rate of change of y is Vy=dy/dt

4-1-1Example 1 1. Neglecting the resistance of the air, the

equations of motion for a
projectile are x = vi cos ϕ.t , y = vi sin ϕ.t-16.1t² while where vi
= initial velocity, ϕ = angle of projection with horizon, and t =
time of flight in seconds, x and y being "ofmeasured in feet. Find
the component velocities, component
accelerations, velocity, and acceleration (a) at any instant ; (b) at
the end of the first second, having given Vi = 100 ft. per second,
ϕ= 30. Find the direction of motion at the end of the first ?

Solution.

4-2 Curvilinear motion. Component accelerations.

In treatises on mechanics it is shown that in curvilinear motion the vector acceleration a is not,
like the vector velocity, directed along the tangent, but
toward the concave side of the path of motion. It may be resolved
into a tangential component, a t , and a normal component, an , where
dvx dvy
ax= dt ay= dt
R is the radius of curvature. The acceleration may also be resolved into components parallel to
the axes of coordinates. Following the same plan used in Art. for component velocities, we
define the component accelerations parallel to OX and OY, Also, if a rectangle is constructed
with vertex P and sides ax and
avy then a. is the diagonal from P. Hence a=√ (ax)2 +(by )2 which gives the magnitude (always
positive) of the vector acceleration
at any instant.

5- The definite integral   
In this section we will know what is the meaning of definite integral? what are the
properties of definite integral ? and finally, How we solve definite integral problem through
many examples
5-1 The definition of The definite integral is giving us the area between the x-axis a curve
over a defined interval. is the width of the subintervals? It is important to keep in mind that
the area under the curve can assume positive and negative values. It is more appropriate to call
it “the net signed area. Also we can say Given a function f(x) that is continuous on the interval
[a,b] we divide the interval into n subintervals of equal width, Δx, and from each interval
choose a point, x∗. Then the definite integral of f(x) from a to b is
b n

∫ f ( x ) dx=nlim
‒͚ ⧞
∑ f ¿¿¿
a i=1

5-1-1 Example 1 Using the definition of the definite integral compute the
2

following. ∫ x 2 +1 dx
0

Solution:
2−0 2
Δx= n = n
n n n

∑ f ( x i ) Δx =∑ f 2ni ( 2n ) =
¿
( ) ∑ f ( ( 2in )¿ ¿ 2+1)∗( 2n )¿
i=1 i=1 i=1
n n n
8 i2 2 8 i2 2
=∑
i=1
( )
n 3
+ =∑
n i=1 n 3 ( ) ()
+∑
i =1 n
8
= 3 ¿) +1/n(2 = ¿)+2 = ¿)
n
2 n

∫ x 2 +1 dx= lim n‒ ͚ ⧞
∑ f ( x ¿ ) Δx
0 i=1
4
= nlim 14 n2 +12 n+ 2 = 14/3
‒͚⧞ 3n
5-2 Application and properties of the definite integral
Now, we will get the main properties and facts about the definite integral out of the way.
So, let’s start taking a look at some of the properties of the definite integral.
b b b b b

A- ∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx B-∫ f ( x ) dx=0 C-∫ cf ( x ) dx=c ∫ f ( x ) dx

a a a a a

5-2-1 Example
Use the results from the above example to evaluate each of the
following.
2

1-∫ x 2 +1 dx
0

SOLUTION
0 2

∫ x 2 +1 dx=-∫ x 2 +1 dx
2 0

= -14/3

Conclusion
Differentiation and integration is one of the most important branches in Math which
being used in life and engineering. We discussed also how can we use geometry
application on integration and mechanical application to define (volume, area,….).
Applications of the Indefinite Integral shows how to find displacement ,velocity and
acceleration) using the indefinite integral.

References
Applications of differentiation– A guide for teachers (Years 11–12) by : Dr Michael
Evans, AMSI
British Journal of Mathematics & Computer Science (A Proposed Method for Numerical
Integration) by Felix O. Mettle1 , Enoch N. B. Quaye1 , Louis Asiedu1* and Kwasi A.
Darkwah1
ELEMENTS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Revised Edition By WILLIAM ANTHONY GRANVILLE, PH. D., LL. D.

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