Integration by Partial

Fraction
Lesson 1.4
 Integration by partial fractions
**Use to integrate a rational function**

P x 
Rational function f x  
Qx 

Proper Rational Functions Improper Rational Functions

degree of Px  degree of Qx degree of Px  degree of Qx
examples; examples;
x 4x2  3 5 x2  1 4x4
, , , 3
3x 2  1 3x 3  x 2  4 x 3x 2  2 3x  2 x  1 3x  4 x
2

How to integrate? How to integrate?

partial fractions long division  partial fractions

 Integration by partial fractions
What is partial fractions??

Consider We can do this

3 4 directly 7x  5
3 4 3 x  1  4 x  2  x  2x  1
  x  2 x 1
x  2 x 1 x  2x  1
7x  5 ... but how do we go in

x  2x  1 the opposite direction?

So we may write,
7x  5 3 4
 
x  2x  1 x  2 x  1 Partial Fraction Decomposition
 Partial Fraction Decomposition
P x 
Decomposit ion of is depend on the Qx 
Q x 

CASE I : Qx consist of nonrepeated linear function

P x  P x 

Q x  a1 x  b1 a2 x  b2 a3 x  b3 an x  bn 

A1 A2 A2 An
    
a1 x  b1  a2 x  b2  a3 x  b3  an x  bn 
 Integration by partial fractions
Example 1
7x  5
Find
 x  2x  1
dx

7x  5 A1 A2
 
x  2x  1 x  2 x  1
7 x  5  A1 x  1  A2 x  2

Substitude x  1;
71  5  A1 1  1  A2 1  2
7x  5  3 4 
12  3 A2  A2  4  x  2x  1 
dx    dx
 x  2 x 1
Substitude x  2;
 
3 4
7 2  5  A1  2  1  A2  2  2  dx  dx
x2 x 1
 9  3 A1  A1  3
 3ln x  2  4 ln x  1  C
 Integration by partial fractions
Example 2


x 1
Find dx
x  2 x  15
2

x 1 x 1 Substitude x  3;

x 2  2 x  15  x  3 x  5  3  1  A1  3  5  A2  3  3
x 1 A1 A2 1
   2  8 A1  A1 
x 2  2 x  15 x  3 x  5 4

x  1  A1 x  5  A2 x  3 x 1  1 3 
Substitude x  5;
 x  2 x  15
2
dx 

  dx
 4x  3 4x  5 
5  1  A1 5  5  A2 5  3
 
1 1 3 1
 dx  dx
6  8 A2  A2 
3 4 x  3 4  x  5
4 1 3
 ln x  3  ln x  5  C
4 4
 Partial Fraction Decomposition
P x 
Decomposit ion of is depend on the Qx 
Q x 

CASE II : Qx consist of repeated linear function

P x  P x  P x 
 
Q x  a1 x  b1 a1 x  b1 a2 x  b2  a1
x  b1
2
a2 x  b2 
P x  A1 A2 A3
  2 
a1 x  b1  a2 x  b2  a1 x  b1  a1 x  b1  a2 x  b2 
2

P x  A1 A2 A3 A4
   
a1 x  b1 3 a2 x  b2  a1 x  b1  a1 x  b1 2 a1 x  b1 3 a2 x  b2 
 Integration by partial fractions
Example 1
2x  4
Evaluate
 x  2x
3 2
dx
Substitude x  2 ;
2x  4 2x  4 8  4 A3  A3  2

x 3  2 x 2 x 2  x  2
Substitude x  1 any value of x;
2x  4 A1 A2 A3 6   A1  A2  A3
  2
x  2x
3 2
x x  x  2 6   A1   2  2
2 x  4  A1 xx  2  A2 x  2  A3 x 2 A1  2

Substitude x  0 ; 2x  4 2 2 2 
4  2 A2  A2  2  x  2x
3 2

dx  
 x
 2 
x
dx
 x  2 
2
 2 ln x   2 ln x  2  C
x
 Integration by partial fractions
Example 2 Substitude x  1;
5 x 2  20x  6 5  20  6   A3
Find
 x  2x  x
3 2
dx  9   A3  A3  9

Substitude x  1;
x3  2x 2  x  xx 2  2 x  1
5  20  6  4 A1  2 A2  A3
 x x  1 x  1  x x  1
2

31  46  2 A2  9  A2  1
5 x 2  20x  6 5 x 2  20x  6

x  2x  x xx  1 5 x 2  20x  6  A1 A3 
 
2
3 2
A2
dx     2 dx

5x 2  20x  6 A1 x  2x  x  x x  1 x  1 
3 2
A2 A3
  
x3  2x 2  x x x  1 x  1
2

9x  1
1

 6 ln x  ln x  1  C
5x 2  20x  6  A1 x  1  A2 xx  1  A3 x 1
2

x 9
Substitude x  0 ;  6 ln  C
x 1 x 1
0  0  6  A1  0  0  A1  6
 Partial Fraction Decomposition
P x 
Decomposit ion of is depend on the Qx 
Q x 

CASE III : Qx consist of quadratic factors

Nonrepeated quadratic factor;

P x  A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2
 
 
a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 a2 x 2  b2 x  c2  
a1 x 2  b1 x  c1  
a2 x 2  b2 x  c2 
Repeated quadratic factors;
P x  A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 A3 x  B3
  
a x1
2

 b1 x  c1 a2 x 2  b2 x  c2  
2
 
a1 x 2  b1 x  c1  
a2 x 2  b2 x  c2 a2 x 2  b2 x  c2 
2
 Integration by partial fractions
Example 1 2x3  4x  8 2x3  4x  8

2x3  4x  8 x  x x  4 xx  1x 2  4

2 2

Find dx
x  x x  4
2 2
A
 1
A2 AxB
 32
x x  1 x  4
2 x 3  4 x  8  A1 x  1x 2  4  A2 x x 2  4   A3 x  B x x  1
Substitude x  0 ;  8  A1  14  A1  2
Substitude x  1; 2  4  8  A2 11  4  A2  2
Substitude x  1;  2  4  8  A1  25  A2  15   A3  B  1 2
 A3  B  2  B  2  A3
Substitude x  2 ;
16  8  8  8 A1  16 A2  22 A3  B  ANSWER :
2 A3  B  8  2 A3  2  A3  8 x
2 ln x  2 ln x  1  ln x 2  4  2 arctan  C
 A3  2 2
B  2  2  4
 Integrating improper rational
function
Example 2 Example 3


3x 3  8 x 2  10 x  15
x  4x  1

5 3
Find dx
Find dx x4
x3  4 x
Answer Answer
x3 1 1 1 x 3  2 x 2  6 x  9 ln x  4  C
 ln x  ln x  2  ln x  2  C
3 4 8 8