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Potter & Perry: Fundamentals of Nursing, 6th Edition

Glossary of Key Terms

abnormal reactive
hyperemia

(47)

Hyperemia over a pressure site lasting longer

than 1 hour after the removal of pressure;
surrounding skin does not blanch.

abrasion

(47)

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Scraping or rubbing away of epidermis; may

result in localized bleeding and later weeping of
serous fluid.

absorption

Passage of substances across and into tissues

(e.g., intestinal and parenteral absorption).

abstract

(5)

Process whereby a professional association or

nongovernmental body grants recognition to a

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Short summary of the purpose of a study, the

subjects included in the research, the way the
study was conducted, and the results obtained in
the investigation.

acceptance

(29)

The individual accepts the loss and begins to look

to the future.

accountability

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State of being answerable for one's actions. For

example, the professional nurse answers to
herself or himself, the client, the profession, the
employing institution, and the professional
society for the effectiveness of nursing care
performed.

accrediting
(accreditation)

(25)
school or institution for its demonstrated ability in
a special area of practice or training, such as the
accreditation of hospitals by the Joint Commission
on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations or of
nursing schools by the National League for
Nursing.

acculturation

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Process of intercultural borrowing between

diverse peoples, resulting in a new and blended
pattern.

acne

(38)

Inflammatory papulopustular skin eruption,

usually occurring on the face, neck, shoulders,
and upper back.

Chronic metabolic condition caused by

overproduction of growth hormone and

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acromegaly

(32)
characterized by gradual, marked enlargement
and elongation of bones of the face, jaw, and
extremities.

active listening

(23)

Listening attentively with one's whole being—

mind, body, and spirit.

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active strategies of
health promotion

(6)

Activities that depend on the client being

motivated to adopt a specific health program.

active transport

(40)

Movement of materials across the cell membrane

by means of chemical activity that allows the cell
to admit larger molecules than would otherwise
be possible.

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activities of daily
living (ADLs)

(18, 36)

Activities usually performed in the course of a

normal day in the client's life, such as eating,
dressing, bathing, brushing the teeth, and
grooming.

activity tolerance

(36, 46)

Type and amount of exercise or work that a

person is able to perform.

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actual loss

(29)

Any loss of a person or object that can no longer

be felt, heard, known, or experienced by the
individual.

actual nursing
diagnosis

(16)

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Human response to health conditions/life

processes that exist in an individual, family, or
community.

acuity recording

(25)

Mechanism by which entries describing client

care activities are made over a 24-hour period.
The activities are then translated into a rating
score or acuity score that allows for a comparison
of clients who vary by severity of illness.

acupoints

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Holes through which qi can be influenced by the

insertion of needles.

acupressure

(42)

Therapeutic technique of applying digital pressure

in a specified way on designated points on the
body to relieve pain, produce anesthesia, or
regulate body function.

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acupuncture

Traditional Chinese method of producing

analgesia or altering the function of a body
system by the insertion of needles.

acute care nurse

practitioner (ACNP)

(1)

Nurse trained to function in the absence of a

physician.

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acute illness

(6)

Illness characterized by symptoms that are of

relatively short duration, are usually severe, and
affect the functioning of the client in all
dimensions.

acute pain

(42)

Follows acute injury, disease, or surgical

intervention and has a rapid onset; varies in
intensity, and lasts for a brief time, usually less
than 6 months.

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acute stress disorder

(30)

Begins with the person experiencing, witnessing,

or being confronted with a traumatic event and
responding with intense fear, helplessness, or
horror.

addiction

(42)

A primary, chronic, neurobiological disease, with

genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors
influencing its development and manifestations. It
is characterized by behaviors that include one or
more of the following: impaired control over drug

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use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm,

and craving.

adjuvant

(42)

Substance, especially a drug, added to a

prescription to assist in the action of the main
ingredient.

administrative law
(also known as
regulatory law)

(22)

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Law created by administrative bodies such as

State Boards of Nursing when they pass rules and
regulations.

adolescence

(11)

Period of development between the onset of

puberty and adulthood.

adult day care centers

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Centers that provide a variety of health and social

services to specific client populations who live
alone or with family in the community.

advanced practice
nurse (APN)

(1)

Nurse with a master's degree in nursing,

advanced education in pharmacology and
physical assessment, and certification and
expertise in a specialized area of practice. An APN
usually works in a critical, acute, restorative, or
community health care agency.

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adventitious sounds

Abnormal lung sounds heard with auscultation.

adverse effects

(34)

A severe response to medication. For example, a

client may become comatose when a drug is
ingested.

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adverse reaction

(18)

Harmful or unintended effect of a medication,

diagnostic test, or therapeutic intervention.

aerobic

(33)

Of or pertaining to the presence of air or oxygen;

requiring oxygen for the maintenance of life.

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afebrile

(31)

Without fever.

affective learning

(24)

Acquisition of behaviors involved in expressing

feelings in attitudes, appreciations, and values.

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afterload

(39)

Resistance to ventricular ejection.

ageism

(13)

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Attitude that disadvantages, separates, and

stigmatizes older adults on the basis of age-
related characteristics.

agnostic

(28)

Term used to describe individuals who believe

that any ultimate reality is unknowable.

air pollution

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Contamination of the environmental atmosphere

with substances known as pollutants, which are
not normally found in the air.

aldosterone

(40)

Substance released by the adrenal cortex in

response to increased plasma potassium levels or
as a part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
mechanism to counteract hypovolemia.

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Allen's test

Test for the patency of the radial artery. The

client's hand is formed into a fist while the nurse
compresses the ulnar artery. Compression of the
ulnar artery is continued while the fist is opened.
If blood perfusion through the radial artery is
adequate, the hand should flush and resume
normal pinkish coloration.

allopathic medicine

(35)

System of medical therapy in which a disease or

an abnormal condition is treated by creating an
environment that is antagonistic to the disease or
condition.

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alopecia

(32, 38)

Partial or complete loss of hair; baldness.

alternative therapies

(35)

Any of the systems of medical diagnosis and

treatment differing in technique from that of the
allopathic practitioner's use of drugs and surgery
to treat disease and injury.

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Alzheimer's disease

(13)

Brain disorder that causes a gradual and

progressive decline in cognitive functioning: the
most frequent cause of irreversible dementia; also
known as senile dementia of the Alzheimer type
(SDAT).

Ambularm

(37)

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Safety device that alerts health care personnel

that a client is attempting to get up. Provides an
alternative to restraints.

ambulatory surgery

Scheduled outpatient procedures provided for

clients who do not remain overnight in a hospital.

American Nurses
Association (ANA)

(1)

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Organization of professional nurses in the United

States that focuses on standards of health care,
nurses' professional development, and economic
and general welfare of nurses.

American Society of
PeriAnesthesia Nurses
(ASPAN)

(49)

Organization that provided valuable guidelines for

perioperative management and evaluation of
process and outcomes.

amino acids

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Building blocks that construct proteins; the end

products of protein digestion.

anabolism

(43)

Constructive metabolism characterized by

conversion of simple substances into more
complex compounds of living matter.

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anaerobic

Absence of oxygen.

analgesic

(42)

Relieving pain; a drug that relieves pain.

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analogies

(24)

Comparisons made between things otherwise

unalike.

anaphylactic
reactions

(34)

Reactions characterized by sudden constriction

of bronchiolar muscles, edema of the pharynx and
larynx, and severe wheezing and shortness of
breath.

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anemia

(47)

Disorder characterized by a decrease in

hemoglobin in the blood.

aneurysm

(32)

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Localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel,

usually caused by arteriosclerosis, hypertension,
or a congenital weakness in the vessel wall.

anger

The stage in which the individual resists the loss

and may strike out at everyone and everything.

angina pectoris

(39)

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Episodic chest pain caused most often by

myocardial anoxia as a result of artherosclerosis
of the coronary arteries. Pain radiates down the
inner aspect of the left arm and is often
accompanied by feeling of suffocation and
impending death.

angiotensin

(40)

Substance produced by renin that causes some

vasoconstriction.

animism

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Attribution of life to inanimate objects; for

example, "Trees cry when their branches are
broken."

anion gap

(40)

Difference between the concentrations of serum

cations and anions: determined by measuring the
concentrations of sodium cations and chloride
and bicarbonate anions.

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anions

Negatively charged electrolytes.

anonymity

(5)

Nondisclosure of a client's or other person's

name or identification; used in research to ensure
the privacy of research subjects.

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anorexia

(43)

Condition in which ill or debilitated clients have

poor appetites.

anorexia nervosa

(43)

Disease characterized by a prolonged refusal to

eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea,
emotional disturbance concerning body image,
and an abnormal fear of becoming obese.

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antagonistic muscles

(36)

Group of muscles that work together to bring

about movement at a joint.

anthropometric
measurements

(46)

Measures of height, weight, and skinfold

thickness to evaluate muscle atrophy.

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antibodies

(33)

Immunoglobulins essential to the immune system

that are produced by lymphoid tissue in response
to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens.

anticipatory grief

(29)

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Grief response in which a person begins the

grieving process before the actual loss.

antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)

(40)

Substance stored in the posterior pituitary gland

that is released in response to changes in blood
osmolarity.

antiembolic
stockings

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Elasticized stockings that prevent formation of

emboli and thrombi, especially after surgery or
during bed rest.

antigen

(33)

Substance (usually a protein) that causes the

formation of an antibody and that reacts
specifically with that antibody.

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antigravity muscles

Muscles involved with joint stabilization. These

muscles continually oppose the effect of gravity
on the body and permit a person to maintain an
upright or sitting posture.

antipyretic

(31)

Of or pertaining to a substance or procedure that

reduces fever.

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anuria

(44)

Cessation of urine production.

Apgar score

(11)

Rating describing a newborn's physiological

status at birth and thereafter; assists with the
determination of the newborn's ability to adjust to
extrauterine life.

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aphasia

(32, 48)

Neurological disorder influencing the production

and understanding of language.

apical impulse

(32)

Point at which the apex of the heart touches the

anterior chest wall; best site for auscultation of

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heart sounds; also called the point of maximal

impulse (PMI).

apocrine gland

(38)

One of the large, deep exocrine glands located in

the axillary, anal, genital, and mammary areas of
the body; secretes sweat that has a strong odor.

appraisal

(30)

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How people interpret the impact of the stressor on

themselves, of what is happening and what they
can do about it.

approximate

(47)

To come close together, as in the edges of a

wound.

arcus senilis

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Thin white ring along the margin of the iris.

arterial blood gas

(40)

The oxygen and carbon dioxide content of arterial

blood, measured by various methods to assess
the adequacy of ventilation and oxygenation and
the acid-base status of the body.

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artificial immunity

Immunity that follows the receipt of a vaccine,

such as occurs with a tetanus or polio vaccine.

artificialism

(11)

Piagetian term that describes the belief that all

things in the universe have been created by man.

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asepsis

(33)

Absence of germs or microorganisms.

assault

(22)

Unlawful threatening or inflicting of harm on

another.

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assertiveness

(23)

Comprises respect for others, respect for

yourself, self-awareness, and effective, clear and
consistent communication.

assessment

(15)

First step of the nursing process. Activities

required in the first step are data collection, data
validation, data sorting, and data documentation;

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the purpose is to gather information for health

problem identification.

assimilation

(8)

The result of an individual giving up his or her

ethnic identity in favor of the dominant culture.

assisted living

(2)

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Attractive long-term care setting with a homier

environment and greater resident autonomy.

assistive personnel

(1)

People who provide support to RNs and LPNs in

the health care setting.

Association of

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Operating Room Nurses

(AORN)

Organization formed in 1956 to gain knowledge of

surgical principles and explore surgical methods
to improve nursing care of surgical patients.

assumptions

(4)

Statements that describe concepts or connect two

concepts that are factual and that are accepted as
truths.

Pressure exerted by the circulating volume of

blood on the walls of the arteries, veins, and

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asystole

(39)

A life-threatening cardiac condition characterized

by the absence of electrical and mechanical
activity in the heart.

atelectasis

(39, 46, 49)

Collapse of alveoli, preventing the normal

respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.

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atheist

(28)

Individual who does not believe in the existence

of God.

atherosclerosis

(32)

Common arterial disorder characterized by

yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and

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cellular debris in the inner layers of the walls of

the large- and medium-sized arteries.

atrophy

(32)

Wasting or diminution of size or physiological

activity of a part of the body caused by disease or
other influences.

auditory

(48)
chambers of the heart. The pressure in the aorta
and the large arteries of a healthy young adult is

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Related to or experienced through the sense of

hearing.

aura

(37)

Sensation, as of light or warmth, that may proceed

an attack of migraine or epileptic seizure.

auscultatory gap

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Disappearance of sound when obtaining a blood

pressure: typically occurs between the first and
second Korotkoff sounds.

authority

(20)

Right to act in areas in which the individual has

been given and accepts responsibility.

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autogenic training

Process whereby clients are taught to relax and

warm their hands or feet.

autologous
transfusion

(40)

Transfusion procedure in which blood is removed

from a donor and stored for a time before it is
returned to the donor's circulation.

approximately 120 mm Hg during systole and 70

mm Hg during diastole.

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automated speech
recognition

(25)

Voice-recognition computer technology that

allows an individual to speak and enter data into a
computer through voice tones.

autonomous stage

(10)

The stage of moral development when moral

judgments are based on mutual respect for the
rules and the consequences of a moral decision.

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Autonomy

(20, 21, 23)

Ability or tendency to function independently.

back channeling

(15)

Active listening techniques that indicate that the

nurse has heard what the client says.

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bactericidal

(33)

Destructive to bacteria.

bacteriostasis

(33)

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State in which the development or reproduction of

bacteria is suspended.

bacteriuria

(43)

Presence of bacteria in the urine.

bargaining

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An individual postpones awareness of the reality

of the loss and may try to deal in a subtle or overt
way as though the loss can be prevented.

bariatrics

(49)

Field of medicine that focuses on the treatment

and control of obesity and diseases associated
with obesity.

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basal cell carcinoma

Malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a

papule and enlarges peripherally, developing a
central crater that erodes, crusts, and bleeds.
Metastasis is rare. Primary cause is excessive
exposure to the sun or to x-rays.

basal metabolic
rate (BMR)

(31, 43)

Amount of energy used in a unit of time by a

fasting, resting subject to maintain vital functions.

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battery

(22)

Legal term for touching of another's body without

consent.

bed rest

(45)

Placement of the client in bed for therapeutic

reasons for a prescribed period.

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beneficence

(21)

The doing or active promotion of doing good. One

of the four principles of the ethical theory of
deontology.

bereavement

(29)

Response to loss through death; a subjective

experience that a person suffers after losing a

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person with whom there has been a significant

relationship.

biculturalism

(8)

Term used to describe a person who has two

culture's lifestyles or sets of values.

bilineal

(8)

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Kinship extended to both the father's and

mother's side of the family.

bioelectrical
impedance analysis

(43)

Method of measuring the fat composition of the

body, as compared with other tissues, by its
resistance to electricity.

bioethics

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Field of study that guides the often complicated

negotiations that characterize contemporary
decisions about health care.

biofeedback

(35, 42)

Behavioral therapy that involves giving

individuals information about physiological
responses (such as blood pressure or tension)
and ways to exercise voluntary control over those
responses.

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biological clocks

Cyclical nature of body functions; functions

controlled from within the body as synchronized
with environmental factors: same meaning as
biorhythm.

biomedical research

(5)

Research concerned mainly with discovering the

causes and treatments of disease.

Record stored in a comprehensive computerized

system that is used by all health care
practitioners to permanently store information

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biophysical
development

(10)

Describes the way our physical bodies grow and

change.

biopsy

(45)

Removal of a small piece of living tissue from an

organ or other part of the body for microscopic
examination.

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bioterrorism

(37)

The use of biological agents to create fear and

threat.

biotransformation

(34)

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Change that occurs under the influence of

enzymes that detoxify, degrade, and remove
biologically active chemicals.

blanching

Whitening of the skin from pressure,

vasoconstriction, or hypotension.

blastocyst

(11)
pertaining to a client's health status, clinical
problems, and functional abilities. The CPCR can
store numerous databases, including structured

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Embryonic form that arises as a cavity within the

morula, where cellular differentiation begins.

blended family

(9)

Family formed when parents bring together

unrelated children from previous marriages.

block nursing

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Practice in which nurses who live within a

neighborhood collaborate to offer services to
people in the community.

blood pressure (BP)

(31)

body alignment

(46)

The individual's center of gravity is stable, and

body strain is minimized.

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body image

(26)

Mental picture of one's body internally and

externally.

body mass index

(BMI)

(43)
assessment data, clinical decision support
systems, and diagnostic artificial intelligence.
The CPCR will store information pertaining to a
given client from any health care event and

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Measurement of weight, corrected for height,

which serves as an alternative to traditional
height-weight relationships.

body mechanics

(36, 46)

Coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and

nervous systems to maintain proper balance,
posture, and body alignment.

bolus

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Round mass of chewed food ready to be

swallowed.

bonding

(11)

Parent's emotional tie to a child; usually develops

soon after birth as a result of such close
interaction.

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borborygmi

Audible abdominal sound produced by

hyperactive intestinal peristalsis.

bowel training

(45)

Program of exercises through which the client

gains control of bowel reflexes by setting up a
daily routine, attempting to defecate at the same
time each day, and using measures that promote
defecation.

thereby provide access to information across a

client's life span.

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bradycardia

(31)

Slower than normal heart rate; heart contracts

fewer than 60 times per minute.

Braxton Hicks
contractions

(12)

Irregular, short uterine contractions.

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breakthrough pain

(42)

Pain that extends beyond treated steady chronic

pain.

Incident pain

(42)

Pain that is predictable, elicited by specific

behaviors.

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End-of-dose failure
pain

(42)

Pain that occurs toward the end of the usual

dosing interval of a regularly scheduled
analgesic.

Spontaneous pain

(42)

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Pain that is unpredictable and not associated with

any activity or event.

broad-spectrum
antibiotics

(33)

Antibiotics that are effective against a wide range

of infectious microorganisms.

bronchophony

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Increase in intensity and clarity of the vocal

resonance that may result from an increase in the
lung tissue density, such as in the consolidation
of pneumonia.

bronchoscopy

(39)

Visual examination of the tracheal and bronchial

tree using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.

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bruit

Abnormal sound or murmur heard while

auscultating an organ, gland, or artery.

buccal

(34)

Of or pertaining to the inside of the cheek or the

gum next to the cheek.

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buccal glands

(38)

Found in the mucosa lining of cheeks and mouth,

they secrete saliva to maintain the hygiene and
comfort of oral tissues.

buffer

(40)

Substance or group of substances that can

absorb or release hydrogen ions to correct an
acid-base imbalance.

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bulimia nervosa

(43)

Insatiable craving for fond, often resulting in

episodes of continuous eating that are followed
by purging, depression, and self-deprivation.

burnout

(30)

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A syndrome of emotional exhaustion,

depersonalization of others, and perceptions of
reduced personal accomplishment.

cachexia

General ill health and malnutrition marked by

weakness and emaciation.

calorie

(31)

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Amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water 1° C

at atmospheric pressure; a kilocalorie or large
calorie, which is used to represent energy values
of food, is 1000 times as large as the small
calorie, the unit used in physics to describe
energy exchange in the body.

capitation

(2)

Method of paying a physician, hospital, or

managed care system for annual services based
on a fee per client.

carbohydrate

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Dietary classification of food such as sugars,

starches, cellulose, and gum.

carbon monoxide
(CO)

(37)

Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by

the combustion of carbon or organic fuels.

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cardiac catheterization

Diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is

introduced into a large vein, usually of an arm or
leg, and threaded through the circulatory system
to the heart.

cardiac index (CI)

(39)

Adequacy of the cardiac output of an individual.

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cardiac output

(31, 39)

Volume of blood expelled by the ventricles of the

heart; equal to the amount of blood ejected at
each beat (the stroke output) multiplied by the
number of beats in the period of time used in the
computation.

cardiopulmonary
rehabilitation

(39)

Process of actively assisting the cardiopulmonary

client to achieve and maintain an optimal level of
health through controlled physical exercise,
nutritional counseling, relaxation and stress
management techniques, prescribed medication,
oxygen therapy, and adherence to the
rehabilitation program.

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cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR)

(39)

Basic emergency procedures for life support

consisting of artificial respiration and manual
external cardiac massage.

caregiver

(1)

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One who contributes the benefits of medical,

social, economic, or environmental resources to a
dependent or partially dependent individual.

caries

Abnormal condition of a tooth, characterized by

decay.

caring

(7)

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Sense of dedication to another person.

carriers

(33)

Animals or persons who harbor and spread a

disease-causing organism but who do not
become ill.

cartilage

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Nonvascular, supporting connective tissue

located mainly in the joints and in the thorax,
trachea, larynx, nose, and ear.

cartilaginous joint

(36, 46)

Slightly moveable, highly elastic cartilage that

unites bony surfaces.

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case management

Model of care; the case manager advises nursing

staff on specific nursing care issues, coordinates
the referral of clients to services provided by
other disciplines, ensures that client education
has been implemented, and monitors the client's
progress through discharge.

catabolism

(43)

Complex metabolic process in which energy is

liberated for use in work, energy, storage, or heat
production by oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids,
and proteins; carbon dioxide and water, as well as
energy, are produced.

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cataplexy

(41)

Condition characterized by sudden muscular

weakness and loss of muscle tone.

cathartic

(45)

Drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation.

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catheterization

(44)

Introduction of a catheter into a body cavity or

organ to inject or remove fluid.

cations

(40, 45)

Positively charged electrolytes.

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Celsius

(31)

Denotes a temperature scale in which 0° is the

freezing point of water and 100° is the boiling
point of water at sea level.

center of gravity

(36)

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Midpoint or center of the weight of a body or

object.

cephalocaudal

(10)

Pertaining to the long axis of the body, or the

relationship between the head and the base of the
spine (from head to toe).

certified nurse-
midwife (CNM)

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Nurse who is educated in midwifery and

possesses certification in accordance with criteria
of the American College of Midwives.

certified registered
nurse anesthetist
(CRNA)

(1)

An RN who has received advanced training in an

accredited program in anesthesiology.

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cerumen

A yellow, waxy substance produced by sweat

glands in the external ear canal. This is normal.

chancre

(32)

Small open ulcer that drains serous material;

found on genitalia, associated with syphilis.

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change-of-shift
report

(25)

Report that occur between two scheduled nursing

work shifts. Nurses communicate information
about their assigned clients to nurses working on
the next shift of duty.

channels

(23)

Means of conveying and receiving messages

through visual, auditory, and tactile senses.

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charting by
exception

(25)

Charting methodology in which data is entered

only when there is an exception from what is
normal or expected; reduces time spent
documenting.

cherry angiomas

(32)

Ruby red papules of the skin.

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chest
physiotherapy (CPT)

(39, 46)

Group of therapies used to mobilize pulmonary

secretions.

chest tube

(39)

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Catheter inserted through the thorax into the

chest cavity for removing air or fluid; used after
chest or heart surgery or pneumothorax.

chiropractic therapy

(35)

System of therapy based on the theory that the

state of a person's health is determined in general
by the condition of his or her nervous system.

cholecystectomy

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Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

cholecystitis

(32)

Inflammation of the gallbladder; may be acute or

chronic.

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chordotomy

Surgical resection of the anterolateral nerve tracts

in the spinal cord for pain relief.

chronic illness

(6)

Illness that persists over a long period of time and

affects physical, emotional, intellectual, social,
and spiritual functioning.

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chronic pain

(42)

Pain that lasts longer than anticipated (usually

over 6 months), may not have an identifiable
cause, and may lead to great personal suffering.
Chronic pain may be noncancerous
(nonmalignant) or cancerous.

chyme

(43, 45)

Viscous, semifluid contents of the stomach

present during digestion of a meal that eventually
pass into the intestines.

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circadian rhythm

(41)

The 24-hour day-night cycle also known as

diurnal; pattern based on repetition of certain
physiological phenomena within a 24-hour cycle.

circulating nurse

(49)

Assistant to the scrub nurse and surgeon whose

role is to provide necessary supplies, dispose of
soiled instruments and supplies, and keep an

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accurate count of instruments, needles, and

sponges used.

cirrhosis

(32)

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver.

citations

(5)

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Reference notations to the source of an idea or

quotation.

civil laws

(22)

Laws established by a nation or state for its own

jurisdiction.

classification

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Mental process during the school years. The

young child can separate objects into groups
according to shape or color, but the school-age
child understands that the same element can exist
in two classes at the same time.

client adherence

(18)

Refers to the degree to which the client, and in

some cases the caregiver, follows the therapeutic
regimen with respect to medications, exercise,
treatments, and/or diet.

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client advocate

Role in which the nurse protects the client's

human and legal rights and provides assistance
in asserting those rights if the need arises.

client-centered
problems

(16, 17)

What nursing leaders and educators revised their

curricula to reflect.

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climacteric

(12, 27)

Physiological developmental change that occurs

in the male reproductive system between the ages
of 45 and 60.

clinical decision
maker

(1)

The use of critical thinking skills throughout the

nursing process to obtain relevant information
about the client and to plan and provide effective
care and measure the outcomes of the care
provided. Clinical decision making may occur
alone or in collaboration with other health care
providers.

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clinical nurse
specialist (CNS)

(1)

Nurse with a master's degree in nursing and

expertise in a specific area of practice.

clinical nursing
problem

(5)

Difference between the way things are and the

way they ought to be in a clinical situation or

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between what one knows and what one needs to

know to eliminate the clinical problem.

clinical pathway

(49)

Description of practices likely to result in

favorable outcomes for a particular diagnosis that
uses prospectively defined resources to minimize
cost.

closed-ended
question

(15)

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Question that limits the client's answers to one or

two words; used to clarify previous information or
provide additional information.

clubbing

(32)

Bulging of the tissues at the nail base due to

insufficient oxygenation at the periphery resulting
from conditions such as chronic emphysema and
congenital heart disease.

code of ethics

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Code that defines the ethical principles by which

nurses function.

cognitive
development

(10)

Changes in how people come to perform

intellectual operations.

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cognitive learning

Acquisition of intellectual skills that encompass

behaviors such as thinking, understanding, and
evaluating.

coherence

(28)

A sense of unity within, gained through activities

that nurture the mind and the spirit.

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colitis

(45)

Inflammatory condition of the large intestine.

collaboration

(17)

Working together of health care team members in

the delivery of care to a client or group of clients.

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collaborative
problem

(16)

Actual or potential physiological complications

that can result from disease, trauma, treatment, or
diagnostic studies for which nurses intervene in
collaboration with personnel of other health care
disciplines.

collagen

(47)

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Substance that combines to form the white,

glistening, inelastic fibers of tendons, ligaments,
and fasciae.

colloid osmotic
pressure

Pressure that tends to keep fluid in the

intravascular compartment.

colloids

(40)

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Blood and blood components.

colonizing

(33)

Referring to the establishment of a mass of

microorganisms, often nonpathogenic, in or on
the body.

colostomy

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Surgical formation of an opening of the colon

onto the surface of the abdomen through which
fecal matter is emptied.

comforting

(7)

Skillful and gentle performance of a nursing

procedure.

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common law

Law that is created by judicial decisions as

opposed to law created by legislative bodies
(statutory law).

communicable
disease

(33)

Any disease that can be transmitted from one

person or animal to another by direct or indirect
contact or by vectors.

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communication

(23)

Means by which people interact.

community-based
nursing

(3)

Acute and chronic care of individuals and families

that enhances their capacity for self-care and
promotes autonomy in decision making.

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community health
nursing

(3)

Approach that merges knowledge from the public

health sciences with professional nursing
theories to safeguard and improve the health of
populations in the community.

complement

(33)

Inactive protein compound found in blood serum

that is activated when an antigen and an antibody
bind together. After a complement is activated, a

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rapid sequence of catalytic activity changes the

shape of antigenic cells.

complementary
proteins

(43)

Pairs of incomplete proteins that, when combined,

supply the total amount of protein provided by
complete protein sources.

complementary
therapies

(35)

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Therapies used in addition to conventional

treatment recommended by the person's health
care provider.

complete bed bath

(38)

Bath given to clients who are totally dependent

and require total hygiene care.

compliance

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Person's fulfillment of the prescribed course of

treatment.

computer-based
patient care record
(CPCR)

(25)

concentration
(concentrate)

(34)

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Substance, particularly a liquid, that has been

strengthened and reduced in volume through
evaporation or other means.

concentration gradient

Difference between two concentrations.

concentric tension

(46)

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Increased muscle contraction resulting in muscle

shortening with movement resulting.

concept map

(17)

Metacognitive tool that assists learners in

developing a self-appraisal of their own individual
thinking processes and in considering the context
of nursing practice in the conceptualization of
client problems.

concepts

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Mental formulations of objects or events that

come from individual perceptual experience.

concrete operations

(11)

Thought process based on concrete rather than

abstract points of reference.

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condom

Thin rubber sheath that fits over the penis to

prevent entrance of sperm into the vagina.

conduction

(31)

Transfer of heat from one object to another with

direct contact.

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conductive hearing
loss

(48)

Form of hearing loss in which sound is

inadequately conducted through the external or
middle ear to the sensorineural apparatus of the
inner ear.

confidentiality

(5, 21)

Privacy; a nurse must maintain the confidentiality

of information related to a client's health care.

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confianza

(8)

A Spanish term for caregivers who interact with

the client in a personalistic, warm, friendly, and
respectful manner.

congruence

(28)

A dynamic state in which a system's patterns and

rhythms are in harmony with each other.

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conjunctivitis

(32)

Highly contagious eye infection; the crusty

drainage that collects on eyelid margins can
easily spread from one eye to the other.

conscious sedation

(49)

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Administration of central nervous system

depressant drugs and/or analgesics to
supplement topical, local, or regional anesthesia
during surgical or diagnostic procedures.

consequentialism

(21)

Utilitarian system of ethics that proposes that the

value of something is determined by its
usefulness.

constipation

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Condition characterized by difficulty in passing

stool or an infrequent passage of hard stool.

consultations

(17, 25)

Process in which the help of a specialist is sought

to identify ways to handle problems in client
management or in the planning and
implementation of programs.

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continuing education

Formal educational programs designed to further

the knowledge, skills, and professional attitudes
of practicing nurses.

contraception

(27)

Prevention of pregnancy by means of a

medication, device, or method that blocks or
alters one or more of the processes of
reproduction in such a way that sexual union can
occur without impregnation.

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control

(28)

The process of changing what interferes with the

individual's process to return to the status quo or
to effect a change that is least disruptive.

convalescence

(49)

Period of recovery after an illness, injury, or

surgery.

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convection

(31)

Transfer of heat away by air movement.

coping

(30)

A person's ability and resources to manage

psychological stress.

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core temperature

(31)

Temperature of deep body tissues and organs.

counseling

(18)

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Implementation method that helps the client use a

problem-solving process to recognize and
manage stress and that facilitates interpersonal
relationships between the client and the family,
significant others, or the health care team.

creative visualization

(35)

Form of self-directed imagery that is based on the

principal of mind-body connectivity.

crimes

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Acts that violate a law and that may include

criminal intent.

criminal law

(22)

Law of crimes and their punishment.

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crisis

Stressful encounter that presents a change or an

obstacle to attaining life goals that is perceived as
insurmountable.

crisis intervention

(30)

Use of therapeutic techniques directed toward

helping a client resolve a particular and
immediate problem.

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critical pathway

(17, 25)

Tool used in managed care that incorporates the

treatment interventions of caregivers from all
disciplines who normally care for a client.
Designed for a specific case type, a pathway is
used to manage the care of a client throughout a
projected length of stay.

critical period

(11)

Time when the development of a specific attribute

(physical, cognitive, or psychosocial) is most
vulnerable to both advantageous and harmful
agents.

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critical thinking

(14)

Active, organized, cognitive process used to

carefully examine one's thinking and the thinking
of others.

Crohn's disease

(45)

Disease involving inflammation of the small

intestine.

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crutch gait

(36)

Gait assumed by a person on crutches by

alternately bearing weight on one or both legs and
on the crutches.

crystalloids

(40)

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Intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte therapy.

cultural backlash

(8)

A counterculture effect when experience with the

new or different culture is extremely negative and
the culture is then rejected.

cultural care

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accommodation or
negotiations

Adapt or negotiate with others for a beneficial or

satisfying health outcome.

cultural care
preservation and
maintenance

(8)

Retain and/or preserve relevant care values so

that clients can maintain their well-being, recover
from illness, or face handicaps and/or death.

Physical circumstances in which a person works

or lives; can increase the likelihood that certain

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cultural care
repatterning and
restructuring

(8)

Reorder, change, or greatly modify clients'

lifeways for a new, different, and beneficial health
care plan.

cultural imposition

(8)

Using one's own values and lifeways as the

absolute guide in dealing with clients and
interpreting their behaviors.

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cultural pain

(8)

May be suffered by a client whose valued way of

life is disregarded by practitioners.

cultural values

(21)

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Unique, individual expressions of a particular

culture that have been accepted as appropriate
over time.

culturally congruent
care

Care that fits the people's valued life patterns and

set of meanings.

culture

(8)
illnesses will occur (e.g. some kinds of cancer
and other diseases are mo re likely to develop
when industrial workers are exposed to certain

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Nonphysical traits such as values, beliefs,

attitudes, and customs shared by a group and
passed from one generation to the next.

culture bond
syndrome

(8)

Illnesses constituted by the personal, social, and

cultural explanations and reactions of a given
society to perceived dysfunctions or
abnormalities in its members.

cutaneous
stimulation

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Stimulation of a person's skin to prevent or

reduce pain perception. A massage, warm bath,
application of liniment, hot and cold therapies,
and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation are
some ways to reduce pain perception.

cuticle

(38)

Fold of skin that hides the root of the nail.

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cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous

membranes caused by deoxygenated hemoglobin
in the blood or a structural defect in hemoglobin.

cystitis

(44)

Inflammation of the urinary bladder characterized

by pain, urgency, and frequency of urination.

chemicals or when people live near toxic waste

disposal sites).

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cystocele

(32)

Portion of the vaginal wall and bladder that has

prolapsed or fallen into the anterior vaginal
orifice.

cytolysis

(33)

Rupturing of a cell wall, usually occurring after

water or ions have entered the cell.

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daily values

(43)

Set of dietary standards for eight nutrients and

food categories.

DAR

(25)

A type of documentation note that includes D—

data (both subjective and objective), A—action or

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nursing intervention, and R—response of the

client (i.e., evaluation of effectiveness).

darkly pigmented
skin

(47)

Obvious color of intact dark skin that remains

unchanged (does not blanch) when pressure is
applied over a bony prominence, irrespective of
the client's race or ethnicity.

database

(15)

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Information about a client's level of health, health

practices, past illnesses, present illnesses, and
physical examination combined to serve as the
basis for the plan of care.

debridement

(47)

Removal of dead tissue from a wound.

decenter

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Process that enables a child to concentrate on

more than one aspect of a situation.

decentralized
management

(20)

Process by which managers and staff become

more actively involved in shaping a health care
organization's identity and determining its
success.

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decision making

Process involving critical appraisal of information

that results from recognition of a problem and
ends with the generation, testing, and evaluation
of a conclusion.

defamation of
character

(22)

Harm of the reputation of a person by libel or

slander.

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defecation

(45)

Passage of feces from the digestive tract through

the rectum.

defining
characteristics

(16)

Cluster of signs and symptoms that are observed

in the client and that imply a specific nursing
diagnosis.

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dehiscence

(47, 49)

Separation of a wound's edges that reveals

underlying tissues.

dehydration

(40)

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Excessive loss of water from the body tissues,

accompanied by a disturbance of body
electrolytes.

delegation

Process of assigning another member of the

health care team aspects of client care (e.g.,
assigning nurse assistants to bathe a client).

delirium

(13)

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Syndrome involving impairment of memory and

other cognitive abilities and characterized by
clouding of consciousness.

dementia

(13)

Progressive, organic mental state characterized

by chronic personality disintegration, confusion,
disorientation, decreased intellectual function,
and other cognitive changes, which can have a
variety of causes.

denial

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The stage in which the individual acts as though

nothing has happened and may refuse to believe
or understand that a loss has occurred.

deontology

(21)

Study that proposes a system of ethics that

defines actions as right or wrong based on their
"right-making characteristics such as fidelity to
promises, truthfulness, and justice" (Beauchamp
and Childress, 2001).

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depression

Mood disturbance characterized by feelings of

sadness and discouragement resulting from and
abnormally proportionate to some personal loss
or tragedy.

dermatitis

(32)

Inflammation of skin characterized by itching,

redness, and skin lesions.

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dermatome

(49)

Area on the surface of a body innervated by

afferent fibers from one spinal root.

dermis

(38, 47)

Layer of skin just below the epidermis that

contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and
nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles.

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descriptive theory

(4)

The first level of theory development.

detoxify

(34)

To remove a poison or its effects from a client.

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development

(11)

Qualitative or observable aspects of the

progressive changes an individual makes in
adapting to the environment.

developmental crises

(30)

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Crises that occur when a person is unable to

complete the developmental tasks of a
psychosocial stage and is therefore unable to
continue developing.

diagnosis-related
groups (DRGs)

(2, 25)

Groups of clients classified for purposes of

measuring a hospital's delivery of care.

diagnostic process

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Process of determining a client's health status

and evaluating the factors that influence that
status.

diagnostic reasoning

(4)

Process that enables an observer to assign

meaning and to classify phenomena in clinical
situations by integrating observations and critical
thinking.

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diaphoresis

Secretion of sweat, especially profuse secretion

associated with an elevated body temperature,
physical exertion, or emotional stress.

diaphragm

(27)

Round rubber dome that has a flexible spring

around the edge.

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diaphragmatic
breathing

(39)

Respiration in which the abdomen moves out

while the diaphragm descends on inspiration.

diarrhea

(45)

Increase in the number of stools and the passage

of liquid, unformed feces.

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diastolic pressure

(31)

Minimum level of blood pressure measured

between contractions of the heart.

dietary reference
intakes (DRIs)

(43)

Format presenting a range of acceptable intake in

place of absolute values.

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differentiation

(10, 11)

Process by which cells and structures become

modified and develop more refined
characteristics.

diffusion

(40)

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Movement of molecules from an area of higher

concentration to an area of lower concentration.

direct care

(18)

Treatments preformed through interaction with

the client.

discharge planning

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Set of decisions and activities involved in

providing continuity and coordination of nursing
care when a client is discharged from a health
care agency.

disinfection

(33)

Process of killing pathogenic organisms.

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disorganization and
despair

The endless examination of how and why the loss

occurred.

distention

(32)

Swelling of a body cavity; may be caused by fluid,

gas, or a mass.

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distress

(30)

Damaging stress.

disuse osteoporosis

(46)

A decline is bone density that is associated with

impaired mobility or immobilization of an
extremity because of fracture, paralysis, or bone
or joint inflammation.

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diuresis

(44)

Increased formation and excretion of urine.

diverticula

(45)

Pouchlike herniations through the muscular wall

of a tubular organ; may be present in the

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stomach, small intestine, or the colon (most

common).

documentation

(25)

Act of authenticating events or activities by

keeping written records.

domain

(4)

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Perspective and territory of a professional

discipline.

dorsal rhizotomy

(42)

Surgical cutting of the dorsal or posterior nerve

roots as they enter the spinal cord.

doula

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Support person.

drainage evacuators

(47)

Convenient portable units that connect to tubular

drains lying within a wound bed and exert a safe,
constant, low-pressure vacuum to remove and
collect drainage.

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drug tolerance

A state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug

induces changes that result in diminution of one
or more of the drug's effects over time.

dyspareunia

(27)

Painful intercourse for a woman.

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dysphagia

(43)

Difficulty swallowing.

dyspnea

(39)

Shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing that

may be caused by certain heart or lung conditions
or strenuous exercise.

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dysrhythmia

(31, 32, 39)

Heartbeat that deviates from the normal pattern.

dyssomnias

(41)

Primary sleep disorders.

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dysuria

(44)

Painful urination resulting from bacterial infection

of the bladder and obstructive conditions of the
urethra.

eccentric tension

(46)

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Tension that helps control the speed and direction

of movement.

eccrine

(38)

Two types of sweat glands; eccrine glands are

present throughout the dermal layer of the skin
and promote cooling by evaporation of their
secretions.

echocardiography

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Diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasonic waves

for studying the structure and motion of the heart.

ectropion

(32)

Eversion of the eyelid that exposes the

conjunctival membrane and part of the eyeball.

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eczema

Superficial dermatitis of unknown cause.

edema

(32, 33, 40, 47)

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial

spaces of tissues.

State medical assistance based on Title XIX of the

Social Security Act. States receive 50% in
matching federal funds to provide medical care

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edentulous

(38)

Toothless.

effleurage

(38, )

Long, slow, gliding strokes of massage.

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effluent

(45)

A liquid, solid, or gaseous discharge from the

ostomy. Usually composed of fecal material.

ego-defense
mechanism

(30)

Unconscious behavior that protects a person

from an emotional stress.

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electrocardiogram
(ECG)

(39)

Graphic record of the electrical activity of the

myocardium.

electrolyte

(40)
and services to people meeting categorical and
income requirements; covers home care services
based on Medicare guidelines. Many innovative
home care programs can be covered by Medicaid,

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Element or compound that, when melted or

dissolved in water or another solvent, dissociates
into ions and is able to carry an electrical current.

embolus

(46)

A foreign object, a quantity of air or gas, a bit of

tissue or tumor, or a piece of thrombus that
circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes
lodged in a vessel.

embryo

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Stage of human development from implantation of

the fertilized ovum to the eighth week of
intrauterine life.

emic worldview

(8)

An insider or native perspective of any

intercultural encounter.

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empathy

Ability to understand and accept another person's

reality.

empirical data

(5)

Information that has been collected with use of

the human senses and that can be verified
through research.

as long as they meet the recipient's needs and cost

less than institutionalization.

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enculturation

(8)

Socialization into one's primary culture as a

child .

endogenous
infection

(33)

Infection produced within a cell or organism.

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endorphin

(30)

The hormone that acts on the mind like morphine

and opiates, producing a sense of well being and
reducing pain.

endoscopy

(45)

Visualization of the interior of body organs and

cavities with an endoscope.

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enema

(45)

Procedure involving introduction of a solution

into the rectum for cleansing or therapeutic
purposes.

energy flow

(35)

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Term used in Therapeutic Touch therapy referring

to the symmetrical and rhythmical flow of energy
through the body.

enteral nutrition (EN)

(43)

Provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal

tract when the client cannot ingest, chew, or
swallow food but can digest and absorb nutrients.

enterostomal
therapist

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Nurse that is specially trained in the treatment of

clients with ostomies.

entropion

(32)

Condition in which the eyelid turns inward toward

the eye.

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enucleation

Removal of an eyeball as a result o f tumor

growth, severe infection, or eye trauma.

environment

(23, 37)

environment/situation

(4)

Group of malignant neoplasms, primarily of the

skin, that are composed of melanocytes; common
in fair-skinned people having light-colored eyes

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All possible conditions affecting the client and the

setting in which health care needs occur.

enzymes

(43)

Proteins produced by living cells that catalyze

chemical reactions in organic matter.

epidemiology

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Study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes

of disease.

epidermis

(38, 47)

Superficial avascular layers of the skin made up

of an outer, dead, cornified portion of cells and a
deeper, living, cellular portion.

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epidural space

Where the epidural analgesia is administered.

epithelialization

(47)

Stage of wound healing that is characterized by

growth of epithelial tissue.

and in persons who have had a sunburn; any black

or brown spot having an irregular border, pigment
appearing to radiate beyond that border, or a red,

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Erickson's eight
stages of life

(10)

Theory that describes the development of identity

of the self and the ego through successive stages
that unfold throughout the life span.

erythema

(32)

Redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous

membranes that is a result of dilation and
congestion of superficial capillaries; sunburn is
an example.

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erythropoietin

(44)

Glycoprotein hormone synthesized mainly in the

kidneys and released into the bloodstream in
response to anoxia.

eschar

(47)

Scab or dry crust that results from excoriation of

the skin.

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essential amino
acids

(43)

Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize but

must have provided by the diet.

estrogen

(11)
black, and blue coloration observable on close
examination.

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Hormonal steroid compound that promotes the

development of female secondary sex
characteristics.

ethics

(21)

Principles or standards that govern proper

conduct as they apply to professional issues or
problems.

ethics of care

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Delivery of health care based on ethical principles

and standards of care.

ethnicity

(8)

Cultural group's sense of identification associated

with the group's common social and cultural
heritage.

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ethnocentrism

Strong belief that one's own cultural group is the

best and that all that this group believes and
teaches is truth.

ethnohistory

(8)

Knowledge of a client's country of origin and its

history and ecological contexts.

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etic worldview

(8)

An outsider's perspective of an intercultural

encounter.

etiology

(16)

Identification of the cause of a problem. The

cause may be a direct or a contributing factor in
the development of a client problem or need.

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eupnea

(31)

Normal respiration that is quiet, effortless, and

rhythmic.

eustress

(30)

Stress that protects health.

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evaluation

(19)

Category of nursing behavior in which a

determination is made and recorded regarding the
extent to which the client's goals have been met.

evaluation research

(5)

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Form of quantitative research that involves

finding out how well a program, practice,
procedure, or policy is working.

evaporation

(31)

Transfer of heat energy when a liquid is changed

to gas.

evidence-based
practice

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The integration of best research evidence with

clinical expertise and patient values taking into
account a nurse's clinical experience, practice
trends, and individual client preferences.

evisceration

(47)

Protrusion of visceral organs through a surgical

wound.

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excessive daytime
sleepiness (EDS)

Most common complaint of people with

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

excoriation

(32, 45)

Injury to the skin's surface caused by abrasion.

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exercise

(36, 46)

Performance of any physical activity for the

purpose of conditioning the body, improving
health, maintaining fitness, or as a therapeutic
measure.

exercise stress test

(39)

Evaluation of the client's cardiopulmonary

endurance during physical activity. An ECG and
an analysis of respiratory function are usually
performed during the test.

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exogenous infection

(33)

Infection originating outside an organ or part.

exophthalmos

(32)

Abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs.

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exostosis

(32)

Abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone.

expected outcome

(17)

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Likely condition of a client at the end of therapy or

of a disease process, including the degree of
wellness and the need for continuing care,
medications, support, counseling, or education.

experimental study

(5)

Study designed to test cause-and-effect

relationships between a treatment/intervention
(independent variable) and a measured dependent
variable.

expressive aphasia

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Inability to name common objects or to express

simple ideas in words or writing.

extended care facility

(2)

Institution providing medical, nursing, or

custodial care for clients over a prolonged period.

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extended family

Family form composed of the nuclear family and

all other relatives in the families of both members
of a couple.

externalizing system

(8)

Connecting health and illness to social and

cosmological factors.

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extracellular fluids

(40)

Portion of body fluids composed of interstitial

fluid and blood plasma.

exudates

(33, 47)

Fluid, cells, or other substances that have been

slowly discharged from cells or blood vessels
through small pores or breaks in cell membranes.

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Fahrenheit

(31)

Scale for the measurement of temperature in

which the boiling point of water is 212° and the
freezing point is 32° at sea level.

faith

(28)

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More than a set o f beliefs but a way of relating to

the self, others, and God and integrating the past,
present, and future with God as the center.

fajita

A cotton binder place on a baby's abdomen to

prevent gas and umbilical hernia. A practice used
among Filipinos and Hispanic groups.

family

(9)

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Group of people related by heredity, such as

parents, children, and siblings; group of
interacting individuals composing a basic unit of
society. Although concepts of what constitutes a
family vary, the family usually has some degree of
permanence, commitment, and attachment.

family as client

(9)

Nursing perspective in which the family is viewed

as a unit of interacting members having
attributes, functions, and goals separate from
those of the individual family members; the nurse
provides care to the family as a whole.

family as context

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Nursing perspective in which the primary focus of

care is on an individual within a family.

family as system

(9)

Nursing perspective in which both family as client

and context are included.

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fat-soluble vitamins

Organic compounds essential for normal

physiological and metabolic functioning;
classified on the basis of their fat solubility.

fatty acids

(43)

Nutrients composed of chains of carbon atoms

and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one
end of the chain and a methyl group at the other.

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febrile

(31)

Pertaining to or characterized by an elevated body

temperature.

fecal occult blood

test

(45)

A common laboratory test that measures

microscopic amounts of blood in feces.

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fidelity

(21)

Quality or state of being faithful.

feedback

(4, 23)

In communication theory, information produced

by a receiver and perceived by a sender that
informs the sender about the receiver's reaction
to the message. Feedback is a cyclical part of the

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process of communication that regulates and

modifies the content of messages.

felony

(22)

Crime of a serious nature that carries a penalty of

imprisonment or death.

fetus

(11)

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Stage of human development from the end of the

embryonic period until birth.

fever

(31)

Elevation of the hypothalamic set point so that

body temperature is regulated at a higher level.

fever of unknown
origin (FUO)

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Refers to a fever whose cause cannot be

determined.

fiber

(43, 45)

Nutrient that contains cellulose, pectin,

hemicellulose, and lignin; sources are mainly
fruits and vegetables.

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fiberoptic endoscope

Optical instrument with a lens viewer, a long

flexible tube, and a light source at the end. It
allows for viewing of structures at the tip of the
tube and for the insertion of special instruments
for biopsy.

fibrin

(47)

Protein product formed from the action of

thrombin on fibrinogen in the clotting process.

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fibroblasts

(47)

Cells that are responsible for collagen formation;

the only distinctive cell type within the dermis.

fibrocystic breast
disease

(32)

Condition characterized by lumpy, sore breasts

and sometimes nipple discharge. Symptoms are
more apparent before the menstrual period.

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fibrous joint

(36, 46)

Tough layer of fibrous connective tissue that

binds bones firmly together.

fictive

(8)

Nonblood kin.

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fight-or-flight
response

(30)

The stress response that is arousal of the

sympathetic nervous system.

filtration

(40)

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Process by which water and diffusible substances

move together in response to fluid pressure.

fistula

(47)

Abnormal passage from an internal organ to the

body surface or between two internal organs.

flashbacks

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Recurrent and intrusive recollections of a

traumatic event.

flat bones

(46)

Bones providing for structural contours of the

skeleton.

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flatulence

Condition characterized by the accumulation of

gas within the lumen of the intestines.

flow sheets

(25)

Documents on which frequent observations or

specific measurements are recorded.

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fluid volume deficit

(FVD)

(40)

Alteration characterized by the loss of fluids and

electrolytes in an isotonic fashion.

fluid volume excess

(FVE)

(40)

Alteration characterized by the abnormal retention

of fluids and electrolytes in an isotonic fashion.

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focus charting

(25)

Charting methodology for structuring progress

notes according to the focus of the note (e.g.,
symptoms and nursing diagnosis). Each note
includes data, actions, and client response (DAR).

fontanel

(11)

Space covered by tough membranes between the

bones of an infant's cranium.

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Food and Drug

Administration (FDA)

(37)

Federal agency responsible for the enforcement

of federal regulations regarding the manufacture
and distribution of food, drugs, and cosmetics to
ensure protection against the sale of impure or
dangerous substances.

food poisoning

(37)

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Toxic processes resulting from the ingestion of a

food contaminated by toxic substances or by
bacteria containing toxins.

foot board

(36)

Board placed perpendicular to the mattress and

parallel to and touching the plantar surface of the
client's foot to maintain dorsiflexion of the feet.

footdrop

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Abnormal neuromuscular condition of the lower

leg and foot characterized by an inability to
dorsiflex or evert the foot.

fracture

(46)

Breakage of bone caused by violence to the body;

disruption of bone tissue continuity.

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Freud's psychoanalytic
model of personality
development

Five stages associated with a sequencing of

sensual pleasurable zones.

friction

(36, 46, 47)

Effect of rubbing or the resistance that a moving

body meets from the surface on which it moves; a
force that occurs in a direction to oppose
movement.

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frostbite

(31)

Traumatic effect of extreme cold on the skin and

subcutaneous tissues; first manifested by distinct
pallor.

functional health
patterns

(15)

Method for organizing assessment data based on

the level of client function in specific areas (e.g.,
mobility).

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functional illiteracy

(24)

Inability to read or comprehend above a fifth-

grade level.

functional nursing

(20)

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Division of tasks in which one nurse assumes

responsibility for certain tasks while another
nurse assumes responsibility for others.

fundus

Top of the uterus.

gait

(36, 46)

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Manner or style of walking, including rhythm,

cadence, and speed.

gait belt

(46)

Leather belt that encircles the waist and has

handles attached for the nurse to hold.

gastroscopy

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Diagnostic procedure that allows visualization of

the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum; also
called endoscopy.

gay

(27)

Any person who is homosexual.

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gender biased

Favoring one sex over the other.

gender identity

(27)

Awareness of being male or female that develops

from infancy.

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gender role (sex role)

(27)

Expression of one's maleness or femaleness to

both oneself and others.

general adaptation
syndrome (GAS)

(30)

Generalized defense response of the body to

stress that consists of three stages: alarm,
resistance, and exhaustion.

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general anesthesia

(49)

Intravenous or inhaled medications that cause the

client to lose all sensation and consciousness.

geriatric nurse
practitioner (GNP)

(1)

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A nurse with advanced education and training as

a nurse practitioner with specialization in care of
the older adult.

geriatrics

Branch of health care dealing with the physiology

and psychology of aging and with the diagnosis
and treatment of illnesses affecting the older
adult.

gerontic nursing

(13)

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Seldom-used term that considers the nursing care

of older adults to be the art and practice of
nurturing, caring, and comforting rather than
merely the treatment of disease.

gerontological
nursing

(13)

Nursing specialty that focuses on the health care

needs of the older adult. Gerontological nurses
have a broad focus and assist older adults in
maximizing their functional capabilities.

gerontology

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Study of all aspects of the aging processes and

their consequences.

gingivitis

(38)

Inflammatory condition in which the gums are red,

swollen, and bleeding.

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gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose or glycogen from

substances that are not carbohydrates, such as
proteins or lipids.

glycogenesis

(43)

Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage.

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glycogenolysis

(43)

Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon

dioxide, and water.

goals

(17)

Desired results of nursing actions, set realistically

by the nurse and client as part of the planning
stage of the nursing process.

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goniometer

(32)

Device that measures the precise degree of

motion in a particular joint and is used mainly in
clients who have a suspected reduction in joint
movement. The instrument has two flexible arms
with a 180-degree protractor in the center.

Gould's development
themes

(10)

Set of stages in adulthood that dismantle the

protective thinking of childhood.

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grand theory

(4)

Theory that requires further specification through

research before it can be fully tested and applied.

granulation tissue

(33, 47)

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Soft, pink, fleshy projections of tissue that form

during the healing process in a wound that is not
healing by primary intention.

graphic user
interface

(25)

Mechanism whereby a user accesses computer

functions through a trackball, touch pads, a
mouse, and icons.

guided imagery

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Method of pain control in which the client creates

a mental image, concentrates on that image, and
gradually becomes less aware of pain.

gustatory

(48)

Pertaining to the sense of taste.

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Halal

Foods that are permissible for Muslims to eat;

includes meat (that has been slaughtered during a
prayer ritual), fish, fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs,
milk, and cheese.

halitosis

(38)

Offensive breath resulting from poor oral hygiene,

dental or oral infection, ingestion of certain foods,
or systemic disease.

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hand hygiene

(33)

CDC-recommended approaches for cleansing of

the hands involving the use of an instant alcohol
hand antiseptic before and after providing client
care, hand washing with soap and water when
hands are visibly soiled, or performing a surgical
scrub.

hand washing

(33)

Vigorous, brief rubbing together of all surfaces of

hands lathered in soap, followed by rinsing under
a stream of water.

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Haram

(8)

Foods that are prohibited for Muslims to eat;

includes non-Halal meat, animals with fangs, pork
products, gelatin products, and alcohol.

hardiness

(9)

Combination of three personality characteristics

that are thought to mediate against stress: a
sense of control over life events, a commitment to

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meaningful activities, and an anticipation of

challenge as an opportunity for growth.

Havighurst's
developmental tasks

(10)

Series of essential tasks that arise from

predictable internal and external pressures.

health

(4)

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A state of complete physical, mental, and social

well-being, not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.

health behavior
change

(6)

Five stages of change from no intention to change

(precontemplation) to maintaining a changed
behavior (maintenance stage).

health behaviors

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Activities through which a person maintains,

attains, or regains good health and prevents
illness.

health belief model

(6)

Conceptual framework that predicts a person's

health behavior as an expression of personal
health beliefs.

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health promotion

The concept of motivating people to seek ways of

decreasing the incidence and minimizing the
results of illness or disability.

heat exhaustion

(31)

Abnormal condition characterized by weakness,

vertigo, nausea, muscle cramps, and loss of
consciousness; caused by depletion of body fluid
and electrolytes resulting from exposure to
intense heat or the inability to acclimatize to heat.

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heatstroke

(31)

Severe and sometimes fatal condition resulting

from the failure of the temperature-regulating
capacity of the body; caused by prolonged
exposure to the sun or high temperatures.

hematemesis

(39)

Vomiting of blood; indicates upper

gastrointestinal bleeding.

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hematocrit

(31)

Measure of the packed cell volume of red cells,

expressed as a percentage of the total blood
volume.

hematoma

(47)

Collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the

skin or an organ.

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hematuria

(44)

Abnormal presence of blood in the urine.

hemiparesis

(36, 46)

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Muscular weakness of one half of the body.

hemiplegia

(36, 46)

Paralysis of one side of the body.

hemolysis

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Breakdown of red blood cells and release of

hemoglobin as may result from the administration
of hypotonic intravenous solutions that cause
progressive swelling and rupture of the
erythrocytes.

hemoptysis

(39)

Coughing of blood from the respiratory tract.

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hemorrhage

External or internal loss of a large amount of

blood in a short period of time.

hemorrhoid

(32, 45)

Permanent dilation and engorgement of a vein

within the lining of the rectum.

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hemostasis

(47)

Termination of bleeding by mechanical or

chemical means or by the coagulation process of
the body.

hemothorax

(39)

Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural

cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae.

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hepatitis

(32)

Inflammatory condition of the liver.

herbal therapy

(35)

Use of plant species as medicine.

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hernia

(32)

Protrusion of abdominal organs through the

muscle wall.

heteronomous
(conventional) stage

(10)

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The stage of moral development when children

follow the rules set up by those in authority, such
as their parents, teachers, clergy, or police.

heterosexual

(27)

Sexual orientation involving erotic preference for

members of the opposite sex.

hilot

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The name Filipinos use for a practitioner other

than medical doctors attending childbirth.

hirsutism

(32)

Excessive body hair in a masculine distribution

caused by heredity, hormonal dysfunction, or
medication.

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Hmongs

A culture that believes in the global causation of

illness that goes beyond the mind and body of the
person to forces of nature.

holistic

(28)

Body of thought that encourages nurses to look

for factors and relations that affect the complexity
of health and illness.

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holistic health model

(6)

This model attempts to create conditions that

promote optimal health. The model focuses on the
all dimensions of the client, not just a
physiological dimension, as important aspects of
physical wellness.

home care

(2)

The provision of medically related professional

and paraprofessional services and equipment to
clients and families in their homes for health
maintenance, education, illness prevention,
diagnosis and treatment of disease, palliation,
and rehabilitation.

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homeostasis

(40)

State of relative constancy in the internal

environment of the body, maintained naturally by
physiological adaptive mechanisms.

homosexual

(27)

Sexual orientation involving erotic preference for

members of one's own sex.

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hope

(28)

Confident (yet uncertain) expectation of achieving

a future goal.

hospice

(2)

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A system of family-centered care designed to

allow clients to live and remain at home with
comfort, independence, and dignity while
alleviating the strains caused by terminal illness.

humidification

(39)

Process of adding water to gas.

Hwa-Byung

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A Korean culture-bound syndrome observed

among middle-age, low-income women who are
overwhelmed and frustrated by the burden of
caregiving for their in-laws, husbands, and
children.

hydrocephalus

(32)

Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in

the ventricles of the brain.

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hydrostatic pressure

Pressure exerted by a liquid.

hyperbilirubinemia

(11)

Greater than normal amounts of the bile pigment

bilirubin in the blood.

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hyperesthesia

(48)

Extreme sensitivity of one of the body's sense

organs, such as the pain or touch receptors in the
skin.

hypersomnolence

(41)

Excessive sleepiness.

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hyperthermia

(31)

Situation in which body temperature exceeds the

set point; fever.

hypertonic

(40)

Situation in which one solution has a greater

concentration of solute than another solution;

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therefore the first solution exerts more osmotic

pressure.

hypertonicity

(32)

Increased muscle tone.

hyperventilation

(39)

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Respiratory rate in excess of that required to

maintain normal carbon dioxide levels in the body
tissues.

hypervitaminosis

(43)

Condition caused by excessive intake of a

vitamin; less likely to occur with water-soluble
vitamins.

hypnotics

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Class of drugs that cause insensibility to pain and

induce sleep.

hypostatic
pneumonia

(46)

Inflammation of the lung from stasis or pooling of

secretion.

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hypotension

Abnormal lowering of blood pressure in which

pressure is inadequate for normal perfusion and
oxygenation of tissues.

hypothalamus

(31)

Portion of the diencephalon of the brain that

activates, controls, and integrates the peripheral
autonomic nervous system, the endocrine
processes, and many bodily functions such as
body temperature, sleep, and appetite.

Institution or part of an institution that meets criteria for

accreditation established by the sections of the Social
Security Act that determine the basis for Medicaid and

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hypothermia

(31, 37)

Abnormal lowering of body temperature below 95°

F (35° C),usually caused by prolonged exposure
to cold.

hypothesis

(5)

Statement derived from a theory that predicts a

relationship among variables representing
concepts, constructs, or events.

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hypotonic

(40)

Situation in which one solution has a smaller

concentration of solute than another solution;
therefore the first solution exerts less osmotic
pressure.

hypotonicity

(32)

Low muscle tone.

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hypoventilation

(39)

Reduction in the volume of air that enters the lung

for gas exchange; oxygen exchange insufficient
to meet metabolic demands of the body.

hypovolemia

(39, 40)
Medicare reimbursement for skilled nursing care,
including rehabilitation and various medical and
nursing procedures. Law requires that policies
designate which level of caregiver is responsible for the

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Decreased circulatory blood volume resulting

from extracellular fluid losses.

hypoxemia

(31)

Abnormal deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood.

hypoxia

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Inadequate cellular oxygenation that may result

from a deficiency in the delivery or use of oxygen
at the cellular level.

iatrogenic infections

(33)

Infections caused by a treatment or diagnostic

procedure.

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ideal body weight (IBW)

Estimate of what a person should weigh.

identity

(26)

Component of self-concept; sense of continuity

and sameness; one's persisting consciousness of
being oneself, separate, unique, and distinct from
others.

implementation of each policy; that the care of every

client be under the supervision of a physician; that a
physician be available on an emergency basis; that

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identity confusion

(26)

Form of self-concept disturbance in which a

person does not maintain a clear consciousness
of a consistent and continuous self; sense of
fragmentation or distortion.

idiopathic pain

(42)

Pain in the absence of an identifiable physical or

psychological cause or pain perceived as
excessive for the extent of organic pathological
condition.

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idiosyncratic
reaction

(34)

Individual sensitivities to drug effects; caused by

inherited or other bodily constitution factors.

Igbos

(8)

A culture in West Africa that greatly celebrates the

birth of a son.

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ileostomy

(45)

Surgical formation of an opening of the ileum onto

the surface of the abdomen through which fecal
matter is emptied.

illness

(6)
records be maintained regarding the condition and
care of every client; that nursing service be available 24
hours a day; and that at least one full-time registered
nurse be employed.

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Abnormal process in which any aspect of a

person's functioning is diminished or impaired as
compared with the previous condition.

illness behavior

(6)

Ways in which people monitor their bodies, define

and interpret their symptoms, take remedial
actions, and use the health care system.

illness prevention

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Health education programs or activities directed

toward protecting clients from threats or potential
threats to health and toward minimizing risk
factors.

imagery

(35)

Visualization techniques that make use of the

conscious mind to create mental images to evoke
physical changes in the body.

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Imam

A Muslim priest.

immobility

(36, 46)

Inability to move about freely; caused by any

condition in which movement is impaired or
therapeutically restricted.

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immune responses

(33)

Defense functions of the body that produce

antibodies to destroy invading antigens and
malignancies.

immunization

(37)

Process by which resistance to an infectious

disease is produced or augmented. Immunity is
acquired after the oral administration or injection
of an antigen, which causes production of an
antibody within the body.

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immunocompromised

(33)

Abnormal condition of the immune system in

which cellular or humoral immunity is inadequate.

immunoglobulins

(33)

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Humoral antibodies produced by the body and

present in serum and external secretions; formed
in response to specific antigens.

impaction

Presence of large or hard fecal mass in the

rectum or colon.

impaired physical
mobility

(46)

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State in which the individual experiences or is at

risk of experiencing a limitation of physical
movement.

implantation

(11, 18)

Process involving the attachment, penetration,

and embedding of the blastocyst in the lining of
the uterine wall during the early stages of prenatal
development.

inborn errors of
metabolism

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Genetic disorders caused by the absence or

deficiency of a substance, usually an enzyme.

incentive spirometry

(39)

Method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing

by providing visual feedback to clients of the
inspiratory volume they have achieved.

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incident rates

Rates of new cases of a disease in a specified

population over a defined period.

incident reports

(22, 25)

Tools used in risk management to report an

accident or a deviation from policies or
prescribed orders involving clients, employees, or
visitors.

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incontinence

(45)

Inability to control urination.

indirect care

(18)

Treatments performed away from the client but on

behalf of the client or group of clients.

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individuation

(10, 28)

Process whereby an individual looks to gain an

understanding of the self as distinct yet also in
relationship with others.

indurated

(32)

Hardened tissue, particularly skin, due to edema,

inflammation, or infiltration by a tumor.

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induration

(47)

Hardening of a tissue, particularly skin, because

of edema or inflammation.

infancy

(11)

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Stage of life from 1 month to 1 year of age.

inference

(14, 15)

Taking one proposition as a given and guessing

that another proposition follows.

infertility

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Man's, woman's, or couple's involuntary inability

to conceive.

infiltration

(40)

Dislodging an intravenous catheter or needle from

a vein into the subcutaneous space.

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inflammatory response

Protective vascular and cellular reaction that

neutralizes pathogens and repairs body cells.

informed consent

(3, 22, 49)

Process of obtaining permission from a client to

perform a specific test or procedure after
describing all risks, side effects, and benefits.

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infusion

(34)

Introduction of a substance such as a fluid, drug,

electrolyte, or nutrient directly into a vein by
means of gravity flow.

infusion pump

(40)

Device that delivers a measured amount of fluid

over a period of time.

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inhalation

(34)

To breathe in or draw in with the breath.

injection

(34)

Act of forcing a liquid into the body by means of a

needle and syringe.

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input

(4)

Information that enters the system.

insensible water loss

(40)

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Loss of fluid from the body by evaporation, such

as that which normally occurs during respiration.

in-service education

(1)

Instruction or training provided by an agency or

institution to nurses practicing within that agency
or institution.

insomnia

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Condition characterized by chronic inability to

sleep or remain asleep through the night.

instillation

(34)

Procedure in which a fluid is slowly introduced

into a cavity or passage of the body (e.g., rectum)
and allowed to remain for a specific length of time
before being withdrawn or drained.

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instrumental activities
of daily living (IADLs)

Activities that are required for an individual to be

independent in society beyond eating, grooming,
transferring, and toileting; these activities include
writing a check, buying groceries, and preparing
food.

integrated delivery
networks (IDNs)

(2)

A set of providers and services organized to

deliver a coordinated continuum of care to the
population of clients served at a capitated cost.

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integrative medical
programs

(35)

Programs that allow health care consumers to be

treated by a team of providers that consists of
both allopathic and complementary practitioners.

integument

(32)

Skin and its appendages: hair, nails, and sweat

and sebaceous glands.

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intercourse

(27)

Sexual relations between two individuals.

interdisciplinary care
plans

(18)

Plans that represent the contributions of all

disciplines caring for the client.

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interdisciplinary
theory

(4)

Theory that suggests a purposive and systematic

view of phenomena specific to the discipline of
the inquiry.

interferon

(33)

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Protein that interferes with the ability of viruses to

multiply and protects body cells from
simultaneous infection with other viruses .

internalizing system

(8)

Systems that are observed in modern societies

with highly scientific and technological capacity
to examine internal structural and biological
causes of health and illness.

International Council
of Nurses (ICN)

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International organization for professional nurses;

the ANA and Canadian Nurses Association (CAN)
are members.

interpersonal
communication

(23)

Exchange of information between two persons or

among persons in a small group.

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interpersonal variables

Factors within both the sender and receiver that

influence communication.

interstitial fluid

(40)

Fluid that fills the spaces between most of the

cells of the body and that provides a substantial
portion of the liquid environment of the body.

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interview

(15)

Type of communication with a client that is

initiated for a specific purpose and focused on a
specific content area.

intraarticular

(34)

Within a joint.

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intracardiac

(34)

Within the myocardium.

intracellular fluids

(40)

Liquids within the cell membrane.

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intradermal (ID)

(34)

Within the dermis of the skin.

intramuscular (IM)

(34)

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Tissue within the interior of a muscle.

intraocular

(34)

Eye medication delivery involving inserting a

medication, similar to a contact lens, into a
client's eye.

intrapersonal
communication

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Communication that occurs within an individual

(e.g., a person who talks with the self silently or
who forms an idea in the mind).

intravascular fluid

(40)

Blood plasma.

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intravenous (IV)

Pertaining to the inside of a vein.

intuition

(14)

Immediate apprehension that something is so,

without benefit of conscious reasoning.

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invasive

(33)

Referring to procedures that involve puncture,

incision, or insertion of a foreign object, such as a
needle or catheter, into the body.

invisible culture

(8)

The less visible components of a culture.

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ions

(40)

Atoms or groups of atoms that have acquired an

electrical charge through the gain or loss of an
electron or electrons.

irregular bones

(46)

Bones of the vertebral column and some bones of

the skull.

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irrigation

(34)

Process of washing out a body cavity or wounded

area with a stream of fluid.

isometric
contraction

(36, 46)

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Increased muscle tension without muscle

shortening.

isotonic

(40)

Situation in which two solutions have the same

concentration of solute; therefore both solutions
exert the same osmotic pressure.

isotonic
contraction

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Increased muscle tension resulting in muscle

contraction and muscle shortening.

jaundice

(32)

Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous

membranes, and sclera, caused by greater than
normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood.

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joint

Connection between bones; classified according

to structure and degree of mobility.

joint contracture

(46)

Abnormal and usually permanent condition of a

joint, characterized by flexion and fixation and
caused by disuse, atrophy, and shortening of
muscle fibers.

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justice

(21)

Fairness or equity of the manner in which

decisions are made; one of the principles of the
ethical theory of deontology.

Kalahari bushmen

(8)

The people of the Kalahari Desert whose kinship

unit is a tribe comprising several families
governed by a council of elder males.

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Kardex

(17, 25)

Trade name for card-filing system that allows for

quick reference to the particular need of the client
for certain aspects of nursing care.

ketone

(43)

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Organic chemical compound characterized by

having in its structure a carbonyl, or keto, group,
=CO, attached to two alkyl groups.

ketonuria

Presence in the urine of excessive amounts of

ketone bodies (products of fat metabolism), such
as occurs in diabetes mellitus.

kinesthesia

(48)

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Perception of position of body parts, weight, and

movement.

kinesthetic

(48)

A sense that enables a person to be aware of the

position and movement of body parts without
seeing them.

Kohlberg's moral
development theory

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Theory that suggests a link between moral

development and Piaget's cognitive development.

kosher

(8)

The diet of the Jewish people, including avoiding

meat from carnivores, pork products, and fish
without scales or fins.

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kyphosis

Exaggeration of the posterior curvature of the

thoracic spine.

laceration

(47)

Torn, jagged wound.

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lactation

(12)

Process and period in which the mother produces

milk for the infant.

lactose intolerance

(45)

Gastric disorder in which some foods, such as

milk and milk products, are difficult or impossible
to digest.

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la cuarantena

(8)

A 40-day period when new Hispanic mothers may

be placed on a dietary regimen and restricted
physical activity. Time is spent on rest and
relaxation after delivery. This is one of the
reasons given for the rarity of postpartum
depression in this culture.

la dieta

(8)

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The Spanish term for special dietary practices

observed by new mothers to eat food and
beverages to restore balance after delivery.

land pollution

Contamination of soil by improper disposal of

radioactive or bioactive waste products.

lanugo

(11)

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Fine hair that normally covers the fetus after the

fifth month of intrauterine life and that is mostly
shed by birth.

latex sensitivity

(49)

An allergy to latex and products containing latex.

laxative

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Drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation.

learning

(24)

Acquisition of new knowledge and skills as a

result o f reinforcement, practice, and experience.

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learning objective

Written statements that describe the knowledge

or skill a teacher expects an individual to gain
following a learning activity.

lesbian

(27)

Female with homosexual partner preference.

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leukocytosis

(33)

Abnormal increase in the number of circulating

white blood cells.

leukoplakia

(32)

Thick, raised, pearly-white patch of precancerous

tissue found on the lips, buccal mucosa, penis, or
vulva.

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leverage

(46)

Inducing or compelling force.

libel

(22)

Written false statement about a person that may

injure that person's reputation.

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libido

(10)

Psychological term for sexual desire.

lifesaving measure

(18)

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Implemented when a client's physiological or

psychological state is threatened.

ligament

(36, 46)

White, shiny, flexible band of fibrous tissues

binding joints together and connecting various
bones and cartilage.

lipid

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Any of the free fatty acid fractions in the blood.

lipid emulsions

(43)

Soybean- or safflower-oil-based solutions that are

isotonic and that may be infused with amino acid
and dextrose solution through a central or
peripheral line.

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living wills

Instruments by which a dying person makes

wishes known to caregivers; a living will has no
legal validity in most states.

local anesthesia

(42, 29)

Loss of sensation at the desired site of action.

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localized

(33)

With regard to infections, a type of infection in

which the infectious process is limited to a
particular area, such as a wound infection.

long bones

(46)

Bones that contribute to the height of a person, to

the length of an extremity such as the arm, or to
the length of a portion of an extremity such as the
hand.

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long-term goal

(17)

Objective that is expected to be achieved over a

longer period of time, usually over weeks or
months.

lordosis

(32)

Increased lumbar curvature.

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lunula

(38)

Whitish area at the base of the nail bed.

lymphokine

(33)

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A product of cell-mediated immunity; these cells

attract macrophages and stimulate them to attack
antigens.

macromineral

(43)

Minerals classified as having a daily requirement

of 100 mg or more.

malabsorption

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Set of symptoms resulting from disorders in the

intestinal absorption of nutrients; characterized
by anorexia, weight loss, bloating of the abdomen,
and muscle cramps.

mal de ojo

(8)

Spanish term meaning bad luck or evil eye.

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malice

Spirit with which the person publishing

information knows it is false and publishes it
anyway or publishes it with reckless disregard as
to the truth or falsity of the statement.

malignant
hyperthermia

(31, 49)

Autosomal dominant trait characterized by often

fatal hyperthermia in affected people exposed to
certain anesthetic agents.

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malpractice

(22)

Injurious or unprofessional actions that harm

another.

managed care

(2)

Health care system in which there is

administrative control over primary health care
services. Redundant facilities and services are
eliminated, and costs are reduced. Preventive
care and health education are emphasized.

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manipulation

(35)

Skillful use of the hands in therapeutic or

diagnostic procedures.

manual healing
therapy

(35)

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Therapy based on the theory that the energy

systems in the body need to be balanced in an
effort to enhance healing.

masticate

To chew or tear food with the teeth while it

becomes mixed with saliva.

mastication

(38)

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Chewing, tearing, or grinding food with the teeth

while it becomes mixed with saliva.

matrilineal

(8)

Kinship to the mother's side of the family.

maturation

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Process of becoming fully developed and grown;

involves the individual's biological ability and
environmental opportunities to alter functions and
learning.

maturity

(29)

State of adulthood in which the person has

attained independence with a balanced
development in physiological, psychosocial, and
cognitive dimensions.

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meatus

Opening through any part of the body (e.g., the

urethral meatus).

Medicaid

(2)

medical asepsis

(33)

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Procedures used to reduce and prevent the

spread of microorganisms; also known as clean
technique.

medical diagnosis

(16)

Identification of a specific disease or pathological

process.

medical nutrition
therapy (MNT)

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Use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an

illness, injury, or condition.

Medicare

(2)

Federal government insurance coverage for

persons over 65 years of age (or disabled and
under 65) who have paid into the Social Security
or Railroad Retirement system; covers inpatient
hospital charges and some home care services.

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medication

Substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, cure,

relief, or prevention of disease.

medication allergy

(34)

Severe or mild reaction to medication.

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medication error

(34)

Any event that could cause or lead to a client

receiving inappropriate medication therapy or
failing to receive appropriate medication therapy.

melanoma

(32)

menarche

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Onset of a girl's first menstruation, usually

occurring between the ages of 9 and 16 years.

menopause

(12)

Natural cessation of menses by the ovaries;

normally occurs in women between the ages of 45
and 60.

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meridians

Channels of energy running in regular patterns

through the body and over its surface.

message

(23)

Information sent or expressed by the sender in

the communication process.

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metabolic acidosis

(40)

Abnormal condition of high hydrogen ion

concentration in the extracellular fluid caused by
either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a
decrease in bicarbonate.

metabolic alkalosis

(40)

Abnormal condition characterized by the

significant loss of acid from the body or by
increased levels of bicarbonate.

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metabolism

(43)

Aggregate of all chemical processes that take

place in living organisms, resulting in growth,
generation of energy, elimination of wastes, and
other functions concerned with the distribution of
nutrients in the blood after digestion.

metacommunication

(23)

Communication that includes not only what is

said but also the relationship of those involved in
the interaction. It is a message that conveys the
sender's attitude toward the self, the message,

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and the attitudes, feelings, and intentions toward

the listener.

metastasize

(32)

To spread.

metered dose inhaler

(MDI)

(34)

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Inhaler designed to produce local effects such as

bronchodilatation.

metric system

(34)

Decimal system of measurement based on the

meter (39.37 inches) as the unit of length; on the
gram (15.432 grains) as the unit of weight or
mass; and, as a derived unit, on the liter (0.908
U.S. dry quart or 1.0567 U.S. liquid quart) as the
unit of volume.

microorganisms

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Any microscopic entity capable of carrying on

living processes, such as bacteria, viruses, and
fungi.

micturition

(44)

Urination; act of passing or expelling urine

voluntarily through the urethra.

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middle-range theory

Theory that is limited in scope and less abstract;

it addresses specific phenomena or concepts and
reflects nursing practice.

milliequivalents per
liter (mEq/L)

(40)

Unit of measurement representing the number of

grams of the specific electrolyte dissolved in a
liter of plasma.

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minerals

(43)

Inorganic elements essential to the body because

of their role as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

misdemeanor

(22)

Lesser crime; penalty is usually a fine or

imprisonment for less than 1 year.

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mobility

(36, 46)

Person's ability to move about freely.

modulation

(42)

Alteration in the magnitude or any variation in the

duration of an electrical current.

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moist wound healing

environment

(47)

Environment for wound healing that affects both

the rate of epithelialization and the amount of scar
formation; provides the optimum conditions for
rapid healing.

molding

(11)

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Overlapping and shaping of the soft skull bones

during birth, usually resolved during the first few
days of life.

monosaturated (fatty
acids)

(43)

Fatty acids that have one carbon bond.

moral development

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Advancement of moral reasoning.

moribund

(49)

Near death or in the process of dying.

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morning sickness

Pregnant woman's symptoms of nausea and

vomiting related to changes in serum hormone
levels.

morula

(11)

Early stage of human development in which a

solid mass of cells forms from the zygote
approximately 3 days after fertilization.

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motivation

(24)

Internal impulse that causes a person to take

action.

murmur

(32)

Low-pitched fluttering or humming sound, such

as a heart murmur.

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muscle atrophy

(46)

Loss of muscle tissue.

muscle tone

(36, 46)

Normal state of balanced muscle tension.

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myocardial infarction

(39)

Necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by

obstruction in a coronary artery.

myocardial ischemia

(39)

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Cardiac condition that results when the supply of

blood to the myocardium from the coronary
arteries is insufficient to meet the oxygen
demands of the organ.

myotonia

(27)

Normal sexual response in which the muscles do

not relax after contracting.

Nagele's rule

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Concept that the estimated due date for a

pregnant woman can be determined by counting
back 3 months from the last menstrual period and
adding 7 days; this calculated due date is based
on the belief that the average length of pregnancy
is 9 months.

narcolepsy

(41)

Syndrome involving sudden sleep attacks that a

person cannot inhibit; uncontrollable desire to
sleep may occur several times during a day.

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narcotic

Drug substance, either derived from opium or

produced synthetically, that alters perception of
pain and that with repeated use may result in
physical and psychological dependence.

nasal cannula

(39)

Device for delivering oxygen by way of two small

tubes that are inserted into the nares.

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National League for

Nursing (NLN)

(1)

Organization of nurses and laypeople concerned

with improving nursing education, nursing
service, and the delivery of health care in the
United States. The NLN is the official accrediting
agency for nursing schools.

natural immunity

(33)

Inherited resistance to infection (e.g., humans are

resistant to the distemper virus that affects dogs
and cats).

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naturalistic
practitioners

(8)

Attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and

biological forces that cause alteration in the
equilibrium of the human body.

nebulization

(39)

Process of adding moisture to inspired air by the

addition of water droplets.

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necessary loss

(29)

Loss that is the result of the natural growth and

development processes in our lives.

necrotic

(33)

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Of or pertaining to the death of tissue in response

to disease or injury.

negative nitrogen
balance

(46)

Condition occurring when the body excretes more

nitrogen than it takes in.

negligence

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Careless act of omission or commission that

results in injury to another.

neonatal period

(11)

Stage of life from birth to 1 month of age.

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nephron

Structural and functional unit of the kidney that

contains a renal glomerulus and tubule.

nephrostomy

(44)

Surgical procedure in which an incision is made

on the flank of the client so that a catheter can be
inserted into the kidney pelvis for the purpose of
drainage.

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nesting

(12)

Period during the last month of pregnancy when

the pregnant woman may experience a burst of
energy during which she cleans the house and
prepares for the baby by shopping for baby
supplies.

neuropathy

(38)

Abnormal condition characterized by

inflammation and degeneration of peripheral
nerves that alter sensory or motor function.

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neurotransmitter

(42, 46)

Chemical that transfers an electrical impulse from

the nerve fiber to the muscle fiber.

nitrogen balance

(43)

Relationship between the nitrogen taken into the

body, usually as food, and the nitrogen excreted

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from the body in urine and feces. Most of the

body's nitrogen is incorporated into protein.

nociceptor

(42)

Somatic and visceral free nerve endings of thinly

myelinated and unmyelinated fibers; these fibers
usually react to tissue injury but may also be
excited by endogenous chemical substances.

nocturia

(41, 44)

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Urination at night; can be a symptom of renal

disease or may occur in persons who drink
excessive amounts of fluids before bedtime.

noise pollution

(37)

Noise level in an environment at the level that it

becomes uncomfortable to the inhabitants.

nonessential amino
acids

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Any of 11 amino acids that are not essential to the

diet because the body can synthesize their
molecules from other amino acids.

nonmaleficence

(21)

Duty to do no harm to another person; one of the

principles of the ethical theory of deontology.

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nonrapid eye movement

(NREM) sleep

Occurs during the first four stages of normal

sleep.

nonshivering
thermogenesis

(31)

Condition that occurs primarily in neonates;

because neonates cannot shiver, a limited amount
of vascular brown tissue, present at birth, is
metabolized for heat production.

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nonstochastic theory

(13)

Biological theory of aging that states that the

occurrence of aging changes are predetermined
by mechanisms within the body.

nonverbal
communication

(23)

Communication using expressions, gestures,

body posture, and positioning rather than words.

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norm

(15)

Measure of a phenomenon generally accepted as

the ideal standard performance against which
other measures of the phenomenon may be
measured.

normal flora

(33)

Microorganisms that live on or within a body to

compete with disease-producing microorganisms

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and provide a natural immunity against certain

infections.

normal reactive
hyperemia

(47)

Hyperemia over a pressure site that lasts 1 hour

or less after the removal of pressure; surrounding
skin does blanch.

normal sinus rhythm

(NSR)

(39)

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Wave pattern on an electrocardiogram that

indicates normal conduction of an electrical
impulse through the myocardium.

North American
Nursing Diagnosis
Association (NANDA)

(16)

Nursing association with the following purpose:

"to develop, refine and promote a taxonomy of
nursing diagnosis terminology of general use for
professional nurses" (Kim, McFarland, and
McLean, 1984).

nosocomial infection

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Infection acquired during hospitalization or during

a stay in a health care facility.

nuclear family

(9)

Family form consisting of a husband and wife and

their children.

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numbing

The response to grief as a stunned or unreal

feeling. The briefest phase of mourning.

nurse administrator

(1)

Nurse in a management position with an agency

who focuses on the delivery of nursing services.

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nurse-client
relationship

(15)

Association between the nurse and the client;

involves a mutual concern for the well-being of
the client.

nurse educator

(7)

Nurse with a background in clinical nursing who

works in a school of nursing as a faculty member,
in a staff development department of a health care
agency, or in an inpatient education department.

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nurse-initiated
interventions

(17)

Response of a nurse to a client's health care

needs and nursing diagnoses. This intervention is
an independent action based on scientific
rationale that is executed to benefit the client.

Nurse Practice Acts

(22, 34)

Statutes enacted by the legislature of any state

that delineate the legal scope of the practice of

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nursing within the geographical boundaries of the

jurisdiction.

nurse practitioner

(1)

Nurse with advanced training or education who

provides primary care for nonemergency clients,
usually in an outpatient or community setting.

nurse researcher

(1)

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Nurse with graduate nursing education who

investigates problems related to nursing practice.

nursing

(1, 4, 16)

Diagnosis and treatment of human responses to

actual or potential health problems.

nursing care plan

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Written guidelines of nursing care that document

specific nursing diagnoses for the client and
goals, interventions, and projected outcomes.

nursing center

(2)

Provides 24-hour intermediate and custodial care

such as nursing, rehabilitation, dietary,
recreational, social, and religious services for
residents of any age with chronic or debilitating
illnesses.

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nursing health history

Data collected about a client's present level of

wellness, changes in the client's life patterns,
sociocultural role, and mental and emotional
reactions to an illness.

nursing intervention

(18)

Any action by a nurse that implements the

nursing care plan or any specific objective of the
plan.

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nursing process

(14, 15)

Systematic problem-solving method by which

nurses individualize care for each client. The five
steps of the nursing process are assessment,
diagnosis, planning, implementation, and
evaluation.

nursing research

(5)

Detailed process in which a systematic study of a

problem in the field of nursing is performed.

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nursing theory

(4)

Organized framework of concepts and purposes

designed to guide the practice of nursing.

nutrient density

(43)

Proportion of essential nutrients to the number of

calories of a specific food.

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nutrients

(43)

Foods that contain elements necessary for body

function, including water, carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

nystagmus

(32)

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Involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes; the

oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or
mixed.

objective data

(15)

Data relating to a client's health problem that are

obtained through observation or diagnostic
measurements.

object permanence

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Piagetian term for the understanding that a

person or object out of sight still exists.

occlusion

(32)

Blockage in a canal, vessel, or passage of the

body.

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olfactory

Pertaining to the sense of smell.

oliguria

(44)

Diminished capacity to form and pass urine.

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oncotic pressure

(40)

Total influence of a protein on the osmotic activity

of plasma water.

open-ended
questions

(15)

Inquiries aimed at obtaining a full client response

and discussion between the client and the nurse.

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ophthalmic

(34)

Medications for eye conditions such as glaucoma.

ophthalmologist

(38)

Medical doctor whose practice is limited to

diseases, conditions, and trauma to the eyes. An

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ophthalmologist also prescribes corrective lenses

for clients whose visual acuity is impaired.

ophthalmoscope

(32)

Instrument used to illuminate the structures of the

eye for the examination of the fundus, which
includes the retina, choroid, optic nerve disc,
macula, fovea centralis, and retinal vessels.

opioid

(42)

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Pertaining to natural and synthetic chemicals that

have opium-like effects although they are not
derived from opium.

optometrist

(38)

Medical doctor whose practice is limited to

primary eye care.

organogenesis

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Period of fetal development in which there is rapid

organ growth.

orthopnea

(39)

Abnormal respiratory symptom in which a person

must sit or stand to breathe deeply or
comfortably.

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orthostatic hypotension

Drop in systolic blood pressure of 15 mm Hg or

more when a person rises from a recumbent
position to a sitting or standing position.

osmolarity

(40)

Osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in

osmols or milliosmols per liter of the solution.

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osmols

(40)

Quantity of a substance in solution in the form of

molecules, ions, or both that has the same
osmotic pressure as 1 mole of an ideal
nonelectrolyte.

osmoreceptor

(40)

Receptor that is sensitive to fluid concentration in

the blood plasma and that regulates the secretion
of antidiuretic hormone.

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osmosis

(40)

Movement of a pure solvent through a

semipermeable membrane from a solution with a
lower solute concentration to one with a higher
solute concentration.

osmotic pressure

(40)

Drawing power for water, which depends on the

number of molecules in the solution.

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osteoporosis

(32, 46)

Disorder characterized by abnormal rarefaction of

bone, occurring most frequently in
postmenopausal women, in sedentary or
immobilized individuals, and in clients on long-
term steroid therapy.

otolaryngologist

(47)

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Medical doctor whose practice is limited to

diseases, conditions, and trauma to the ears.

otoscope

(32)

Instrument with a special ear speculum used to

examine the deeper structures of the external and
middle ear.

ototoxic

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Having a harmful effect on the eighth cranial

(auditory) nerve or the organs of hearing and
balance.

ototoxicity

(32)

Referring to the characteristic of any drug or

substance that has a harmful effect on the eighth
cranial nerve or the organs of hearing and
balance.

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outcome

Condition to be achieved as a result of health care

delivery.

outcomes
management

(19)

A term that encompasses managing the individual

clinical outcomes of clients as a result of
prescribed treatments to the formal measurement
of system level performance and effectiveness.

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output

(4)

End product of a system.

pain

(42)

"An unpleasant, subjective sensory and emotional

experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage, or described in terms of such
damage." (International Association for the Study
of Pain, 1979)

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pain threshold

(42)

The point at which a person feels pain.

pain tolerance

(42)

The level of pain that a person is willing to put up

with.

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palliative care

(29)

The prevention, relief, reduction, or soothing of

symptoms of disease or disorders without
effecting a cure.

pancreatitis

(32)

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Inflammation of the pancreas.

Papanicolaou (Pap)
smear

(32)

Painless screening test for cervical cancer;

specimens of squamous and columnar cells of
the cervix are taken.

paradigm

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Term used to denote the linkages of science,

philosophy, and theory accepted by a discipline.

paralytic ileus

(32, 45, 49)

Usually temporary paralysis of intestinal wall that

may occur after abdominal surgery or peritoneal
injury and that causes cessation of peristalsis;
leads to abdominal distention and symptoms of
obstruction.

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parasomnia

Undesirable behaviors that occur predominantly

during sleep; arousal disorders, partial arousals,
or disorders during transitions in the sleep cycle
or from sleep to wakefulness.

parenteral
administration

(34)

Injecting a medication into body tissues.

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parenteral nutrition
(PN)

(43)

Administration of nutrition into the vascular

system.

parish nursing

(2)

A nontraditional setting where preventive and

primary care can be found. Churches and
synagogues offer the site and support system for
the program's activities.

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partial bed bath

(38)

Bath in which body parts that might cause the

client discomfort if left unbathed (i.e., face, hands,
axillary areas, back, and perineum) are washed
while the client remains in bed.

parteras

(8)

Spanish word for lay midwives.

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passive immunity

(33)

Form of acquired immunity resulting from

antibodies that are transmitted naturally through
the placenta to the fetus, through the colostrum to
an infant, or artificially by injection or antiserum
for treatment or prophylaxis.

passive relaxation

(35)

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Process that involves teaching the individual to

relax individual muscle groups passively.

passive strategies of
health promotion

(6)

Activities that involve the client as the recipient of

actions by health care professionals.

pathogen

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Any microorganism capable of producing

disease.

pathogenicity

(33)

Ability of a pathogenic agent to produce disease.

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pathological fractures

Fractures resulting from weakened bone tissue;

frequently caused by osteoporosis or neoplasms.

patient-controlled
analgesia (PCA)

(42)

Drug delivery system that allows clients to self-

administer analgesic medications as desired.

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patrilineal

(8)

Kinship to the father's side of the family.

peak concentration

(34)

Highest serum concentration.

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peak expiratory flow

rate (PEFR)

(39)

Maximal flow rate, measured in liters, that can be

generated during a forced expiratory maneuver.

pelvic floor exercises

(Kegel exercises)

(44)

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Exercises that improve the strength of pelvic floor

muscles and consist of repetitive contractions of
muscle groups.

perceived loss

Any loss that is less tangible and uniquely

defined by the grieving client, such as the loss of
confidence or prestige.

perception

(23, 42)

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Person's mental image or concept of elements in

the environment, including information gained
through the senses.

perceptional biases

(23)

Human tendencies that interfere with accurately

perceiving and interpreting messages from
others.

perfusion

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Passage of a fluid, such as blood, through a

specific organ or an area of the body.

perimenopausal

(27)

Span of 4 to 6 years preceding menopause when

menstrual cycles and blood flow may be irregular.

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perineal care

Cleansing procedure prescribed for the genital

and anal areas as part of the daily bath or after
various obstetrical and gynecological procedures.

perioperative nursing

(49)

Refers to the role of the operating room nurse

during the preoperative, intraoperative, and
postoperative phases of surgery.

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peristalsis

(32, 43, 45)

Coordinated, rhythmic, serial contractions of

smooth muscle that force food through the
digestive tract.

peritonitis

(32)

Inflammation of the peritoneum produced by

bacteria or irritating substances introduced into
the abdominal cavity by a penetrating wound or
perforation of an organ in the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract or the reproductive tract.

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PERRLA

(32)

Acronym for pupils equal, round, reactive to light,

accommodative; the acronym is recorded in the
physical examination if eye and pupil
assessments are normal.

person

(4)

Recipient of care.

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personalismo

(8)

Mexican-American term for caregivers who

interact with them in personalistic manner.

personalistic
practitioners

(8)

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Cultural healers who believe that health and

illness can be caused by active influence of an
external agent, which can be human (e.g.,
sorcerer) or nonhuman (e.g., ghosts, evil, or
deity).

petechiae

(32)

Tiny purple or red spots that appear on the skin

as minute hemorrhages within dermal layers.

phagocytosis

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Process by which certain cells, such as

macrophages, engulf and dispose of
microorganisms.

pharmacokinetics

(34)

Study of how drugs enter the body, reach their

site of action, are metabolized, and exit from the
body.

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phenomena

Data that can be observed in reality.

phlebitis

(32, 40)

Inflammation of a vein.

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physical dependence

(42)

A state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug

class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be
produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose
reduction, decreasing blood level or the drug,
and/or administration of an antagonist.

physical examination

(15)

Scrutiny of all body parts through the use of

inspection, palpation, percussion, and
auscultation.

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physical growth

(11)

Quantitative or measurable aspect of an

individual's increase in physical measurements.

physician-initiated
interventions

(17)

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Interventions based on the physician's response

to a medical diagnosis; the nurse responds to the
physician's written orders.

physiological anorexia

Decrease in appetite that occurs with slower

growth rates, decreased caloric need, and smaller
food intake during toddlerhood.

Piaget's cognitive
development theory

(10)

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Theory that recognizes that children move

through four specific developmental periods at
different rates but in the same sequence.

Piaget's moral
development theory

(10)

Theory that notes that the child's environment

and the stage of cognitive development influence
the child's moral development.

pigmentation

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Organic coloring material, such as melanin, that

gives color to the skin.

placebo

(42)

Inert substance with no active ingredient.

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placenta

Organ surrounding the embryo and fetus through

which nutrients and other substances from the
mother and waste products from the fetus pass.

planning

(17)

Process of designing interventions to achieve the

goals and outcomes of health care delivery.

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pneumatic
compression device

(49)

Device that may be applied to the lower

extremities to reduce the risk of thrombi.

pneumothorax

(39)

Collection of air or gas in the pleural space.

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point of maximal
impulse (PMI)

(32)

Anatomical point along the fourth to fifth

intercostal space at the midclavicular line where
the heartbeat can most easily be palpated through
the chest wall.

poison

(37)

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Any substance that impairs health or destroys life

when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by the body
in relatively small amounts.

pollutant

Harmful chemical or waste material discharged

into the water or atmosphere.

polyps

(32, 45)

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Small tumorlike growths that projects from a

mucous membrane surface.

polypharmacy

(13, 34)

Use of a number of different drugs by a patient

who may have one or several health problems.

polysomnogram

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Monitoring device that involves placement of

electrodes on the scalp, face, chin, and legs to
measure brain waves, eye movements, and
muscle activity; used to diagnose sleep disorders.

polyunsaturated
(fatty acids)

(43)

Fatty acids that have two or more carbon double

bonds.

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polyuria

Excretion of an abnormally large volume of urine.

population

(3)

Collection of individuals who have in common

one or more personal or environmental
characteristics.

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postanesthesia
recovery score (PARS)

(49)

Score that measures various criteria, including

oxygen saturation, level of consciousness,
circulation, activity, and respiration.

postanesthesia
recovery score for
ambulatory patients
(PARSAP)
(49)

Score that includes five more areas of

assessment than the PARS; includes the
condition of the dressing, the intensity and
location of pain, the ability to stand and ambulate,
tolerance of oral fluids and/or food, and the ability
to urinate spontaneously.

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postmortem care

(29)

The care given the body after death.

posttraumatic stress
disorder

(30)

Stress that lasts well after the traumatizing event

ends.

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postural drainage

(39)

Use of positioning along with percussion and

vibration to drain secretions from specific
segments of the lungs and bronchi into the
trachea.

postural hypotension

(31)

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Abnormally low blood pressure occurring when

an individual assumes the standing posture; also
called orthostatic hypotension.

posture

(36, 46)

Position of the body in relation to the surrounding

space.

preadolescence

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Transitional period between childhood and

adolescence, generally between the ages of 10
and 12 years.

preload

(39)

Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of

diastole, immediately before ventricular
contraction.

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prematurity

Condition in which an infant is born between 20

and 37 weeks' gestation.

premoral stage

(10)

The stage of moral development when the child

has no obligation to rules.

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prenatal care

(12)

Routine examination of a pregnant woman by an

obstetrician.

preoperational
thought

(11)

Concept that children can think about things not

physically present by using mental
representations but are limited by their inability to
use logic.

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preoperative
teaching

(49)

Ensured by knowledge pertaining to adult

learning principles, coupled with the client's
unique needs.

preschool period

(11)

Stage of life from 3 to 5 years of age.

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prescriptions

(34)

Written by the prescriber for clients who are to

take medications outside the hospital.

prescriptive theory

(4)

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Theory addressing nursing therapeutics and the

consequences of interventions.

presence

(7, 23)

Person-to-person encounter that conveys a

closeness and sense of security.

pressure reducing

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Term used to describe a skin-care device that

reduces the interface pressure, but not
necessarily below capillary closing pressure.

pressure relieving

(47)

Term used to describe a skin-care device that

reduces the interface pressure (the pressure
between the body and the support surface) below
32 mm Hg, the capillary closing pressure.

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pressure ulcer

Inflammation, sore, or ulcer in the skin over a

bony prominence.

preventive nursing
actions

(18)

Interventions directed toward preventing illness

and promoting health to avoid the need for
secondary or tertiary health care.

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primary appraisal

(30)

Evaluating an event for its personal meaning.

primary care

(2, 5)

First contact in a given episode of illness that

leads to a decision regarding a course of action to
resolve the health problem.

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primary health care

(2)

An approach for building interventions that lead

to improved health outcomes for an entire
population.

primary health care

system

(2)

System in which essential health care services

are universally accessible to individuals and
families within a specific community, made
available to them through their full participation,

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and provided at a cost that the community and

county can afford.

primary intention

(6, 47)

Primary union of the edges of a wound that

progresses to complete scar formation without
granulation.

primary nursing

(20)

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Nursing services designed to maintain continuity

of care across shifts, days, or visits.

problem-oriented
medical record (POMR
or POR)

(25)

Method of recording data about the health status

of a client that fosters a collaborative problem-
solving approach by all members of the health
care team.

problem-seeking
interview

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An interview technique that uses probing

questions to encourage the client or caregiver to
provide information from and about the client to
more fully describe and identify the client's
specific problems.

problem solving

(14)

Methodical, systematic approach to explore

conditions and develop solutions and that
includes analysis of data, determination of
causative factors, and selection of appropriate
actions to reverse or eliminate the problem.

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professional
organization

Association of professionals created to deal with

issues of concern to the profession as a whole.

professional
standards review
organization

(2)

Organization that focuses on the evaluation of

nursing care provided in a health care setting. The
quality, effectiveness, and appropriateness of
nursing care for the client are the foci of
evaluation.

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progressive
relaxation

(35)

Exercise that helps to teach the individual how to

effectively rest and reduce tension in the body.

proprioception

(36)

Sensation achieved through stimuli from within

the body regarding spatial position and muscular
activity.

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proprioceptive

(48)

The ability to respond to stimuli originating from

within the body regarding spatial position or
movement.

prospective payment
system

(2)

Method of reimbursement for health care

services. It involves a fixed reimbursement for a

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medical condition/procedure regardless of client's

length of stay.

prostaglandins

(42)

Potent hormonelike substances that act in

exceedingly low doses on target organs; they can
be used to treat asthma and gastric hyperacidity.

proteinuria

(44)

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Presence in the urine of abnormally large

quantities of protein, usually albumin. Persistent
proteinuria is usually a sign of renal disease,
renal complications of another disease,
hypertension, or heart failure.

protocol

(18)

Written and approved plan specifying the

procedures to be followed during an assessment
or when providing treatment.

proximodistal

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Combining form meaning near or opposite of

point of attachment (from the trunk to the
extremities).

pruritus

(42)

Symptom of itching.

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pseudoaddiction

Patient behaviors (drug seeking) that may occur

when pain is undertreated.

pseudotolerance

(42)

The need to increase opioid dose for reasons

other than opioid tolerance: progression of
disease, onset of new disorder, increased
physical activity, lack of adherence, change in
opioid formulation, drug-drug interaction, drug-
food interaction (Wall and Melzack, 1999).

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psychomotor
learning

(24)

Acquisition of ability to perform motor skills.

psychosocial
moratorium

(11)

Period of adolescence when society allows the

physically mature teenager to delay the
assumption of adult responsibilities. This is a time
for youth to try a variety of ideological and
vocational roles before making a commitment.

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ptosis

(32)

Abnormal condition of one or both upper eyelids

in which the eyelid droops; caused by weakness
of the levator muscle or paralysis of the third
cranial nerve.

puberty

(11)

Developmental period of emotional and physical

changes, including the development of secondary

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sex characteristics and the onset of menstruation

and ejaculation.

public
communication

(23)

Interaction between one person and a large group

of people.

public health

(3)

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Measures that we, as a society, collectively

pursue to ensure the conditions in which people
can be healthy.

public health nursing

(3)

An approach to nursing care that addresses the

health of populations and their communities.

puerperium

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Period of approximately 6 weeks after childbirth

during which the woman's reproductive system is
in transition to the nonpregnant state.

pulmonary function
tests

(39)

Procedures for determining the capacity of the

lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
efficiently.

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pulse deficit

Condition that exists when the radial pulse is less

than the ventricular rate as auscultated at the
apex or seen on an electrocardiogram; indicates a
lack of peripheral perfusion for some of the heart
contractions.

pulse pressure

(31)

Difference between the systolic and diastolic

pressures, normally 30 to 40 mm Hg.

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puncture

(47)

Wound made by piercing the skin.

pursed-lip breathing

(39)

Deep inspiration through the nose and mouth, not

using pursed lips, followed by prolonged
expiration through pursed lips.

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purulent

(33, 47)

Producing or containing pus.

pyelonephritis

(44)

Infection that spreads in the kidneys and causes

flank pain, tenderness, low-grade fever, and chills.

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pyrexia

(31)

Abnormal elevation of the temperature of the body

above 37° C (98.6° F) because of disease; fever.

pyrogen

(31)

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Any substance that causes a rise in body

temperature (e.g., bacterial toxins).

qi

(35)

Vital energy of the human body.

qualitative nursing
research

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Qualitative research involves inductive reasoning

used to develop generalizations or theories from
specific observations or interviews.

quality
improvement

(19, 20)

Monitoring and evaluation of processes and

outcomes in health care or any other business to
identify opportunities for improvement.

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quality indicator

Quantitative measure of an important aspect of

care that determines whether quality of service
conforms to requirements or standards of care.

quantitative nursing
research

(5)

Quantitative research focused on numerical data,

statistical analysis, and controls to eliminate bias
in findings.

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quickening

(11)

Fetal movement that the pregnant mother will

begin to feel between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation.

rabbi

(8)

A Jewish cleric or teacher.

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radial pulse

(31)

Pulse of the radial artery palpated at the wrist

over the radius. The radial pulse is the one most
often taken.

radiation

(31)

Method of temperature regulation used by the

body to lower body temperature.

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Ramadan

(8)

A Muslim time of fasting during daylight hours for

the 28 days of the ninth lunar month.

range of motion
(ROM)

(36, 46)

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Range of movement of a joint, from maximum

extension to maximum flexion, as measured in
degrees of a circle.

rapid eye movement

(REM) sleep

(41)

Stage of sleep in which dreaming and rapid eye

movements are prominent; important for mental
restoration.

receiver

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Person to whom the message is sent during the

communication process.

receptive aphasia

(48)

Abnormal neurological condition in which

language function is defective because of an
injury to certain areas of the cerebral cortex;
specifically, language is not understood.

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reciprocity

Care recipient shows appreciation for the

caregiver, which leads to a more productive and
healthy relationship.

record

(25)

Written form of communication that permanently

documents information relevant to health care
management.

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rectocele

(32)

Bulging of the posterior vaginal wall caused by

prolapse of the rectum.

referent

(23)

Factor that motivates a person to communicate

with another individual.

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reflection

(14)

Process of thinking back or recalling an event or

discovering the meaning and purpose of that
event.

reflex bladder

(44)

Condition usually resulting from spinal cord

trauma in which the micturition reflex pathway

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may remain intact, thereby allowing urination to

occur reflexively.

refractive error

(48)

Defect in the ability of the lens of the eye to focus

light, such as occurs in nearsightedness and
farsightedness.

regional anesthesia

(49)

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Loss of sensation in an area of the body supplied

by sensory nerve pathways.

registered nurse (RN)

(1)

Health care professional who has completed a

course of study at an accredited school of
professional nursing and has passed an
examination administered by a State Board of
Nursing or the Canadian Nurses Association
Testing Service.

regulatory law (also

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known as administrative
law)

Law created by administrative bodies such as

State Boards of Nursing when they pass rules and
regulations.

rehabilitation

(2)

Restoration of an individual to normal or near-

normal function following a physical or mental
illness, injury, or chemical addiction.

Proteolytic enzyme produced by and stored in the

juxtaglomerular apparatus that surrounds each

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reinforcement

(24)

Provision of a contingent response to a learner's

behavior that increases the probability of the
behavior recurring.

relative humidity

(37)

Amount of moisture in the air as compared with

the maximum amount that the air could contain at
the same temperature.

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relaxation

(35, 42)

Relief from work or stress that leaves one feeling

relaxed or less tense.

renal calculus

(44)

Calcium stone in the renal pelvis.

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renal replacement
therapies

(44)

Treatments designed to carry out kidney function.

Currently two methods of renal replacement exist:
dialysis (peritoneal and hemodialysis) and organ
transplantation.

renin

(40, 44)
arteriole as it enters a glomerulus. The enzyme
affects the blood pressure by catalyzing the
change of angiotensinogen to angiotensin, a
strong repressor.

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reorganization

(29)

The person begins to accept unaccustomed roles,

acquire new skills, and build new relationships.

reports

(25)

Systematic process for determining the scientific

worth of a group of conceptually related nursing
research studies and whether or not the findings

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Transfer of information from the nurses on one

shift to the nurses on the following shift. Report
may also be given by one of the members of the
nursing team to another health care provider (e.g.,
physician or therapist).

research process

(5)

Systematic collection and analysis of data to

obtain new knowledge, add to existing knowledge,
or find solutions to problems.

research utilization

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can be used to solve a nursing care problem with

a particular group of clients in a setting other than
the one in which the studies were conducted.

residents

(25)

Individual clients who reside in a long-term care

facility.

residual urine

(44)

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Volume of urine remaining in the bladder after a

normal voiding; the bladder normally is almost
completely empty after micturition.

resiliency

(9)

The ability to cope with expected and unexpected

stressors.

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resource utilization
groups

A system for reimbursement used in the long term

care setting.

respeto

(8)

Spanish word for respectful.

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respiratory acidosis

(40)

Abnormal condition characterized by increased

arterial carbon dioxide concentration, excess
carbonic acid, and increased hydrogen ion
concentration.

respiratory alkalosis

(40)

Abnormal condition characterized by decreased

arterial carbon dioxide concentration and
decreased hydrogen ion concentration.

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respite care

(2)

Care that gives the primary care provider the

opportunity to have time away. Respite care
services can take place in the client's home, a
hospital, or an extended care setting.

responsibility

(20, 21)

Duty associated with a particular role.

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rest

(44)

Feeling of mental relaxation and freedom from

anxiety; physical calm.

resting energy
expenditure (REE)

(43)

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Measurement that accounts for BMR plus energy

to digest meals and perform mild activity.

restorative care

(2)

Care settings that include but are not limited to

inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation facilities,
subacute care facilities, clinics, and home care
agencies. The services provided in restorative
care settings are designed to bring the client to
the maximal level of health and function.

restraint

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Device to aid in the immobilization of a client or a

client's extremity.

return
demonstrations

(24)

Demonstrations performed by the client after he

or she has first observed the teacher and then
practiced the skill in mock or real situations.

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reversibility

Child's ability to trace a line of thinking back to

where it originated.

review of systems

(15)

Systematic method for collecting data on all body

systems.

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risk factor

(6)

Any internal or external variable that makes a

person or group more vulnerable to illness or an
unhealthy event.

risk management

(22)

System of ensuring appropriate nursing care.

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risk nursing
diagnosis

(16)

Human response to health conditions/live

processes that may develop in a vulnerable
individual, family, or community.

rites of passage

(8)

Significant social markers of changes in a

person's life.

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role ambiguity

(26)

State in which a person has unclear role

expectations and feels unable to predict the
outcomes of behavior.

role conflict

(26)

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State in which a person experiences incongruent

or incompatible expectations within one role or
between two or more simultaneously held roles.

role overload

(26)

State in which a person has more roles or more

responsibilities within a role than are manageable.

role performance

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Way in which an individual perceives his or her

competency in carrying out significant roles.

role strain

(26)

Generalized state of frustration or anxiety

produced by the stress of role conflict and
ambiguity.

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Sabbath

The day God appointed to be observed as a day of

rest. Jewish people refrain from using electrical
appliances on the Sabbath.

saccharide

(43)

Within carbohydrates, a classification of sugars.

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sandwich generation

(12)

Adults caught between the responsibilities of

caring for dependent children and those of caring
for aging and ailing parents.

sanguineous

(33, 47)

Fluid containing red blood cells.

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saturated (fatty
acids)

(43)

Fatty acids in which each carbon in the chain has

an attached hydrogen atom.

school age

(11)

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Period that begins when the child starts

elementary school, around the age of 6 years, and
that ends with the onset of puberty.

scientific approach

Logical, orderly, and objective means of

generating research questions and testable
hypotheses.

scientific method

(5)

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Codified sequence of steps used in the

formulation, testing, evaluation, and reporting of
scientific ideas.

scientific rationale

(17)

Reason for choosing a specific nursing action

that is based on supporting literature.

scoliosis

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Lateral spinal curvature.

scrub nurse

(49)

Registered nurse or operating room technician

who assists surgeons during operations.

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secondary appraisal

Reappraisal focusing on possible coping

strategies.

secondary intention

(47)

Wound closure in which the edges are separated,

granulation tissue develops to fill the gap, and
finally epithelium grows in over the granulation,
producing a larger scar than results with healing
by primary intention.

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secondary prevention

(6)

Activities directed toward early diagnosis and

prompt intervention, thereby lessening the
severity of a condition and enabling the client to
return to the highest level of health at the earliest
possible point.

secondary source

(5)

Report that interprets research data written by

someone not involved in the original research.

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sedative

(41)

Medication that produces a calming effect by

decreasing functional activity, diminishing
irritability, and allaying excitement.

seizure

(37)

Brief, temporary malfunctions of nerve cells in the

brain may result in seizure activity. A generalized
tonic-clonic seizure is characterized by loss of

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consciousness, tonicity (rigidity), and clonicity

(jerking).

seizure precautions

(37)

Measures that protect the client from injury during

a seizure.

self-concept

(26)

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Complex, dynamic integration of conscious and

unconscious feelings, attitudes, and perceptions
about one's identity, physical being, worth, and
roles; how people perceive and define
themselves.

self-efficacy

(24)

Term that refers to a person's perceived ability to

successfully complete a task.

self-esteem

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Feeling of self-worth characterized by feelings of

achievement, adequacy, self-confidence, and
usefulness.

sender

(23)

Person who initiates interpersonal communication

by conveying a message.

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senile keratosis

Slowly developing, localized thickening of the

outer layers of the skin as a result of chronic,
excessive exposure to the sun; commonly
develops in older adults.

sensible water loss

(40)

Water loss that occurs though excess

perspiration.

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sensory deficit

(48)

Defect in the function of one or more of the

senses, resulting in visual, auditory, or olfactory
impairments.

sensory deprivation

(48)

State in which stimulation to one or more of the

senses is lacking, resulting in impaired sensory
perception.

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sensory overload

(48)

Condition in which the central nervous system

receives much more auditory, visual, or other
environmental stimuli per time frame than it can
process effectively.

separation

(10)

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Refers to the child's recognition of biological

distinctness and is based on his emergence from
a dependent relationship with his mother.

seriation

Ability of a child to place objects in order

according to their increasing or decreasing size.

serosanguineous

(47)

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Containing both serum and blood.

serous

(33, 47)

A clear (like plasma) fluid that forms an exudate at

the site of an inflammation.

serum half-life

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Time needed for excretion processes to lower the

serum drug concentration by half.

sexual dysfunction

(27)

Inability or difficulty in sexual function caused by

physiological or psychological factors or both.

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sexual health

Integration of the somatic, emotional, intellectual,

and social aspects of the sexual being in ways
that are positively enriching and that enhance
personality, communication, and love.

sexually
transmitted diseases
(STDs)

(11, 27)

Infectious diseases transmitted to any part of the

body through contact with body fluids during
sexual activities.

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sexual orientation

(27)

Clear, persistent desire of a person for one sex

rather than the other.

sexual response
cycle

(27)

The four phases of biological sexual response—

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution—as
defined by Masters and Johnson.

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shaman

(8)

A priest or conjurer among those who profess

shamanism, such as the Hmongs, an Asian
culture.

shared governance

(20)

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Senior clinical staff groups are empowered to

establish and maintain care standards for nursing
practice on their work unit.

shearing force

Friction exerted when a person is moved or

repositioned in bed by being pulled or allowed to
slide down in bed.

shivering

(31)

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Process used by the body to raise body

temperature.

short bones

(46)

Bone clusters that when combined with ligaments

and cartilage permit movement of the extremities.

short-term goal

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Objective that is expected to be achieved in a

short period of time, usually less than a week.

side effects

(34)

Any reaction or consequence that results from

medication or therapy.

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Sikh/Sikhism

An Indian culture, half religious, half military; Sikh

man easily identified by visible artifacts that he
wears (uncut hair with wooden comb, beard,
turban, cotton underwear, steel bracelet, and
short sword).

simpatia

(8)

Spanish word for warm and friendly.

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simple
carbohydrates

(43)

Monosaccharides and disaccharides, found

primarily in sugars.

single-parent family

(9)

Family form composed of single, divorced, or

widowed parent and his or her children.

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situational crisis

(30)

Crisis occurring suddenly in response to a

specific external event or conflict.

situational loss

(29)

Loss of a person, thing, or quality resulting from a

change in a life situation, including changes

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related to illness, body image, environment, and

death.

sitz bath

(47)

Bath in which only the hips and buttocks are

immersed in fluid.

skilled nursing facility

(2)

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slander

(22)

Utterance of a false statement about another that

harms that person's reputation.

sleep

(41)

State marked by reduced consciousness,

diminished activity of the skeletal muscles, and
depressed metabolism.

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sleep apnea

(41)

Cessation of breathing for a time during sleep.

sleep deprivation

(41)

Condition resulting from a decrease in the

amount, quality, and consistency of sleep.

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sleep hygiene

(41)

Poor habits or practices that a client uses that are

associated with sleep.

sloughing

(47)

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Shedding off of dead tissue cells.

small-group
communication

(23)

Interaction that occurs when a small number of

persons meet together.

solute

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Substance dissolved in a solution.

SOAP

(25)

Acronym for subjective, objective, assessment,

and plan, the four parts of the written account of a
client's health problem in a problem-oriented
record.

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SOAPIE

Acronym for subjective, objective, assessment,

plan, intervention, and evaluation, the six parts of
the written account of a client's health problem in
a problem-oriented record.

solution

(34, 40)

Mixture of one or more substances dissolved in

another substance. The molecules of each of the
substances disperse homogeneously and do not
change chemically. A solution may be a liquid,
gas, or solid.

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solvent

(40)

Any liquid in which another substance can be

dissolved.

source record

(25)

Method for organizing a client's health care record

by placing information in sections organized for
each discipline that cares for the client.

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specific gravity

(44)

Measurement of the degree of concentration of a

liquid.

sphygmomanometer

(31)

Device for measuring the arterial blood pressure

that consists of an arm or leg cuff with an air
bladder connected to a tube, a bulb for pumping
air into the bladder, and a gauge for indicating the

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amount of air pressure being exerted against the

artery.

spiritual distress

(28)

State of being out of harmony with a system of

beliefs, a supreme being, or God.

spirituality

(28)

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Spiritual dimension of a person, including the

relationship with humanity, nature, a system of
beliefs, a supreme being, or God.

spiritual well-being

(28)

Sense of harmonious interconnectedness

between self, others, nature, and an ultimate order
that exists throughout and beyond time and
space.

standard

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Measure or guide that serves as a basis for

comparison when evaluating similar phenomena
or substances.

standardized care
plans

(25)

Preprinted, established guidelines that are used

to care for clients who have similar health
problems.

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standard of care

Minimum level of care accepted to ensure high

quality of care to clients. Standards of care define
the types of therapies typically administered to
clients with defined problems or needs.

standing order

(18)

Written and approved document containing rules,

policies, procedures, regulations, and orders for
the conduct of client care in various stipulated
clinical settings.

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status epilepticus

(37)

Medical emergency whereby a person has

continual seizures without interruption.

statutory law

(22)

Of or related to laws enacted by a legislative

branch of the government.

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stenosis

(32)

Abnormal condition characterized by the

constriction or narrowing of an opening or
passageway in a body structure.

stereognosis

(48)

Ability to recognize objects by the sense of touch.

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sterile field

(33)

Specified area, such as within a tray or on a

sterile towel, that is considered free of
microorganisms.

sterilization

(27)

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Rendering a person unable to produce children;

accomplished by surgical, chemical, or other
means.

stochastic theories

(13)

Biological theories that consider that aging is

caused by random damage that accumulates over
time.

stoma

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Artificially created opening between a body cavity

and the body's surface (e.g., a colostomy) formed
from a portion of the colon pulled through the
abdominal wall.

strabismus

(48)

Abnormal ocular condition in which the eyes are

crossed.

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stress

Physiological or psychological tension that

threatens homeostasis or a person's
psychological equilibrium.

stressor

(30)

Any event, situation, or other stimulus

encountered in a person's external or internal
environment that necessitates change or
adaptation by the person.

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stress response

(35)

Response evoked by stressful situations that

people are exposed to in everyday life.

stria

(32)

Streak or linear scar that results from rapidly

developing tension in the skin, commonly seen on
the abdomen after pregnancy.

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stroke volume

(31, 39)

Amount of blood ejected by the ventricle during a

ventricular contraction.

subcultures

(8)

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Cultures that represent various ethnic, religious,

and other groups with distinct characteristics
from the dominant culture.

subcutaneous (Sub-Q)

Injection into tissues just below the dermis of the

skin.

subjective data

(15)

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Data relating to a client's health problem that are

given in the client's own words.

subjects

(5)

People or events selected for a study to examine

a particular variable or condition.

sublingual

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Route of medication administration in which the

medication is placed underneath the client's
tongue.

suprainfection

(33)

Secondary infection usually caused by an

opportunistic pathogen.

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surgical asepsis

Procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms,

including pathogens and spores, from an object
or area; also known as sterile technique.

surveys

(5)

Instruments designed to obtain information from

populations.

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susceptibility

(33)

Condition of being vulnerable to a disease or

disorder.

suture

(47)

Surgical stitch applied to repair an incision or

wound.

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symbolic
communication

(23)

Verbal and nonverbal symbolism used by others

to convey meaning.

sympathy

(23)

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Concern, sorrow, or pity felt for the client,

generated by the nurse's personal identification
with the client's needs.

syncope

Brief lapse in consciousness caused by transient

cerebral hypoxia.

synergistic effect

(34)

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When two drugs act synergistically, the effect of

the two drugs combined is greater than the effect
that would be expected if the individual effects of
the two drugs acting alone were added together.

synergistic muscles

(36)

Muscles that contract together to accomplish the

same movement.

synostotic joint

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Joint type that occurs when bones are jointed by

bones. No movement is associated with this type
of joint, and the bony tissue that forms between
the bones provides strength and stability.

synovial joints

(36, 46)

True and freely moveable joints in which

contiguous bony surfaces are covered by
articular cartilage and are connected by ligaments
lined with a synovial membrane.

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systemic

Of or pertaining to the whole body rather than to a

localized area.

systolic pressure

(31)

Pressure exerted in the aorta and large arteries of

a human during systolic contraction of the left
ventricle; indicated during blood pressure
measurement as the point when sound can first
be heard during deflation of the pressure cuff.

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tachycardia

(31)

Rapid heart rate ranging between 100 and 150

beats per minute.

tactile

(48)

Relating to the sense of touch.

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tactile fremitus

(32)

Tremulous vibration of the chest wall during

breathing that is palpable on physical
examination.

teaching

(24)

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Implementation method used to present correct

principles, procedures, and techniques of health
care.

team nursing

A delivery of care model that has an RN as leader

of the team and team members consisting of
other RNs, LPN/LVNs, and assistive personnel.
Team members provide direct client care to a
group of clients, under the direction and
coordination of the RN team leader.

teleology

(21)

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Concept that proposes the greatest good for the

greatest number of people as the guiding
principle for determining right action.

temperament

(11)

Child's characteristic style of approaching and

reacting to people and situations.

tendons

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White, glistening, strong, flexible, and inelastic

fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to
bone.

teratogens

(11)

Chemical or physiological agents that may

produce adverse effects in the embryo or fetus.

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testosterone

Naturally occurring male sex hormone.

theoretical model

(4)

Global ideas about the individuals, groups,

situations, or events of interest to a specific
discipline.

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theory

(4)

Set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and

assumptions that project a systematic view of
phenomena.

therapeutic
communication
techniques

(23)

Specific responses that encourage the expression

of feelings and ideas and convey the nurse's
acceptance and respect.

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therapeutic effects

(34)

Desired benefits of a medication, treatment, or

procedure.

therapeutic touch

(35)

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Use of the hands to provide comfort to the client;

touch can communicate caring and thus help
clients relax.

thermoregulation

Internal control of body temperature.

thoracentesis

(39)

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Surgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural

space with a needle for the aspiration of fluid or to
obtain a specimen for diagnostic or therapeutic
purposes.

thrill

(32)

Continuous palpable sensation, like the purring of

a cat.

thrombus

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Accumulation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors,

and the cellular elements of the blood attached to
the interior wall of a vein or artery, sometimes
occluding the lumen of the vessel.

tidal volume

(31)

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal

ventilation.

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tissue ischemia

Point at which tissues receive insufficient oxygen

and perfusion.

tocolysis

(11)

Use of therapeutic interventions to stop labor.

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toddlerhood

(11)

Stage of life from 1 to 3 years of age.

tort

(22)

Act that causes injury for which the injured party

can bring civil action.

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total parenteral
nutrition (TPN)

(40)

Administration of a nutritionally adequate

hypertonic solution consisting of glucose, protein
hydrolysates, minerals, and vitamins through an
indwelling catheter into the superior vena cava.

total patient care

(20)

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A delivery of care model where a registered nurse

is responsible for all aspects of one or more
clients' care. The model has a shift-based focus.

total quality
management

Quality management recognizes that the client or

customer defines quality. Value is a function of
balance between excellent care and services,
good outcomes, and cost.

toxic effects

(34)

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Resulting from an excess amount of medication in

a client's blood, these effects may be caused by
the excessive use of medication, overdose,
impaired excretion, or idiosyncratic reaction to
the medication itself.

trace elements

(43)

Minerals when less than 100 mg is needed daily;

microminerals.

traditional Chinese
therapy

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Practice that comprises several healing

modalities, including herbs, acupuncture,
moxibustion, diet, exercise, and medication.

transcendence

(28)

Awareness of that which one cannot see or know

in ordinary physical ways.

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transcultural

The concept of care as the essence and central,

unifying, and dominant domain that distinguishes
nursing from other health disciplines.

transcultural nursing

(8)

Nursing style that represents an effort by nurses

from all cultural backgrounds and clinical areas to
come together and define concepts that enable
them to develop the knowledge and skills needed
to provide culturally sensitive care.

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transcutaneous
electrical nerve
stimulation (TENS)

(42)

Technique in which a battery-powered device

blocks pain impulses from reaching the spinal
cord by delivering weak electrical pulses directly
to the skin's surface.

transdermal disk

(34)

Method of applying medication topically; also

known as a patch.

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transduction

(42)

Process that begins in the periphery when a pain-

producing stimulus sends an impulse across a
peripheral nerve fiber.

transfer reports

(25)

Verbal report exchanged between care providers

when a client is moved from one nursing unit or
health care setting to another. The report includes

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information necessary to maintain a consistent

level of care from one setting to another.

transformative

(7)

An interconnectedness between the one cared for

and the one caring.

transfusion reaction

(40)

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Systemic response by the body to the

administration of blood incompatible with that of
the recipient.

transmission

(42)

Transfer or conveyance of a thing or condition.

transpersonal
communication

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Interaction that occurs within a person's spiritual

domain.

trapeze bar

(46)

Metal triangular-shaped bar that can be

suspended over a client's bed from an
overhanging frame; permits clients to move up
and down in bed while in traction or some other
encumbrance.

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trauma

Symptoms of stress persist beyond the duration

of the stressor.

triglycerides

(43)

Circulate in the blood and are made up of three

fatty acids attached to a glycerol.

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trochanter roll

(46)

Rolled towel support placed against the hips and

upper leg to prevent external rotation of the legs.

tubal ligation

(27)

Female sterilization; involves cutting, tying, or

otherwise ligating the fallopian tubes.

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turgor

(32)

Normal resiliency of the skin caused by the

outward pressure of the cells and interstitial fluid.

unossified

(46)

Not hardened, soft.

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unsaturated (fatty
acids)

(43)

Fatty acids in which an unequal number of

hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon
atoms attach to each other with a double bond.

uremic syndrome

(44)

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Symptoms characterized by the presence of

urinary constituents in the blood and altered
regulatory functions causing marked fluid and
electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting,
headache, coma, or convulsions.

ureterostomy

(44)

Diversion of urine away from a diseased or

defective bladder through an artificial opening in
the skin.

urinalysis

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Routine laboratory testing on a voided urine

specimen.

urinary diversion

(44)

Surgically created diversion of the ureter to the

abdominal wall for the drainage of urine after
removal of a diseased bladder.

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urinary frequency

Symptom involving increased voiding.

urinary incontinence

(44)

Inability to control urination.

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urinary retention

(44)

Retention of urine in the bladder; condition

frequently caused by a temporary loss of muscle
function.

urinary stasis

(46)

Filling of the renal pelvis before urine enters the

ureters.

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urosepsis

(44)

Condition caused by bacteria in the urine that

may lead to the spread of organisms into the
bloodstream or kidneys.

utilization review (UR)

(2)

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Assessment of the appropriateness and economy

of an admission to a health care facility or
continued hospitalization.

vaginismus

Intense contraction of the perineal and vaginal

musculature that closes the vaginal introitus; only
occasionally associated with painful genital
conditions. Instead, it is most often a
psychological response and frequently
associated with rape or childhood sexual abuse.

Valsalva maneuver

(45)

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Any forced expiratory effort against a closed

airway, as when an individual holds the breath
and tightens the muscles in a concerted,
strenuous effort to move a heavy object or to
change positions in bed.

value

(21)

Personal belief about the worth of a given idea or

behavior.

value system

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Values that are related to one another (e.g.,

religious and cultural values can shape health
values).

varicosities

(32)

Superficial veins that become dilated, for

example, varicose veins on the lag or esophageal
varicosities along the surface of the esophagus

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vascular access devices

Catheters, cannulas, or infusion ports designed

for long-term, repeated access to the vascular
system.

vasectomy

(27)

Cutting and tying of the vas deferens, which

carries the sperm away from the testicles.

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vasocongestion

(27)

Pooling of blood in the genitals and female

breasts during sexual arousal.

VBAC

(11)

Acronym for vaginal birth after cesarean.

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vector

(33)

Carrier, especially one that transmits disease.

vegetarianism

(43)

Consumption of a diet consisting predominantly

of plant foods.

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venipuncture

(40)

Technique in which a vein is punctured

transcutaneously by a sharp, rigid stylet or by a
needle attached to a syringe.

ventilation

(31, 39)

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Respiratory process by which gases are moved

into and out of the lungs.

ventricular fibrillation

(39)

A life-threatening rhythm in which there is no

ventricular filling and no cardiac output. This
dysrhythmia requires immediate intervention.

ventricular gallop

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Abnormal low-pitched extra heart sound (S3)

heard in early diastole.

ventricular
tachycardia

(39)

A life-threatening dysrhythmia because of the

decreased cardiac output and the potential to
deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation.

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verbal communication

Sending of messages from one individual to

another or to a group of individuals through the
spoken word.

verbal order

(34)

Physician's order given to the nurse, usually over

the telephone.

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vernix caseosa

(11, 38)

Grayish-white cheeselike substance consisting of

sebaceous gland secretions, lanugo, and
epithelial cells that coats the skin of the fetus and
newborn.

virulence

(33)

The ability to produce disease.

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visible culture

(8)

A culture that has easily seen components. It is

important to understand that the invisible value-
belief system of a particular culture is the major
driving force behind visible practices.

vital signs

(31)

Temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood

pressure.

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vitamins

(43)

Organic compounds essential in small quantities

for normal physiological and metabolic
functioning of the body. With few exceptions,
vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and
must be obtained from the diet or dietary
supplements.

vocal fremitus

(32)

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Vibrations created by sound waves that can be

palpated externally.

vulnerable
populations

(3)

Clients who are more likely to develop specific

health problems.

water pollution

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Contamination of lakes, rivers, and streams by

industrial pollutants.

water-soluble
vitamins

(43)

Vitamins that cannot be stored in the body and

must be provided in the daily food intake, such as
vitamin C and B complex.

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wellness nursing
diagnosis

Human response to levels of wellness in an

individual, family, or community that have a
readiness for enhancement.

wheezing

(39)

Adventitious lung sound caused by a severely

narrowed bronchus.

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whispered
pectoriloquy

(32)

Transmission of a whisper through the pulmonary

structures so that it is heard as normal audible
speech on auscultation.

wound

(47)

Disruption of normal anatomical structure and

function that results from pathological processes
beginning internally or externally to the involved
organ(s).

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wound contraction

(47)

Process that involves movement of the dermis

and epidermis on each side of the wound.

wound vacuum
assisted closure
(Wound VAC)

(47)

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A device that assists in wound closure by

applying localized negative pressure to draw the
edges of a wound together.

yearning and searching

Emotional outburst of tearful sobbing and acute

distress in most persons.

yin and yang

(35)

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Symbols that represent the opposing yet

complementary phenomena that exist in a state of
dynamic equilibrium.

Z-track injection

(34)

Technique for injecting irritating preparations into

muscle without tracking residual medication
through sensitive tissues.

zygote

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Fertilized ovum created by the joining of the

mother's ovum and father's sperm.

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