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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2018.2803134, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

Tapered Fed Compact UWB MIMO-Diversity

Antenna with Dual Band-Notched Characteristics
Richa Chandel, Anil Kumar Gautam, Senior Member, IEEE, and Karumudi Rambabu Member, IEEE

Abstract—In this study, a compact design of multiple-input- coupling between the radiating elements in UWB MIMO
multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with dual sharply rejected systems [6]–[12]. In [6]–[10] MIMO antennas were studied
notch bands for portable wireless ultra-wideband (UWB) applica- to enhance isolation by employing various defective ground
tions is presented and experimentally investigated. The proposed
UWB MIMO antenna has a compact size of 18mm×34mm. The structures (DGS) or by introducing stubs and slots between
tapered microstrip fed slot antenna acts as a single radiating ele- the two radiating elements. In [11] asymmetric coplanar strip
ment with inverted L-shaped slits to introduce notches at WLAN (ACS) fed with an I-shaped slot in the radiator and by
and IEEE INSAT/Super-Extended C-bands. The mutual coupling attaching a rectangular patch on the back, while in [12] a
of less than -22 dB is achieved over the entire operating band mushroom type electromagnetic band gap structure is used
(2.93 to 20 GHz). At the centre of notched band, the efficiency of
the antenna drops that indicates a good interference suppression between two antennas to increase the isolation.
performance. The performance of the MIMO antenna in terms of Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is another problem of
isolation between the ports, radiation pattern, efficiency, realized MIMO devices operating in UWB band, a viable solution to
gain, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain this problem is to design UWB antenna with band-notched
(MEG) and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) is studied. characteristics. Therefore, different techniques are reported in
Index Terms—MIMO antenna, ultra wideband antenna, High the literature to suppress interference such as inserting short
isolation, Tapered-fed. stub [13], an arc shaped slot [14], by etching two split ring
resonator slots [15] in the antenna element, etc. A parasitic
I. I NTRODUCTION T-shaped strip is introduced between the antenna elements
to reduce the mutual coupling and a pair of L-shaped slits
M IMO/Diversity techniques significantly improve the re-
liability and transmission capacity of a system over
single-antenna systems without increasing the bandwidth and
were etched on the ground to generate a notched band [16].
In [17] two circular shaped radiating elements fed by CPWs
power consumption [1]. The multiple antenna installation in are designed to obtain UWB characteristics. By etching, split
the transmitter and/or receiver with low mutual coupling is ring resonator (SRR) and by the collaboration of the arc-
essential for MIMO communication systems. The size has shaped strips and protruded stub notched frequencies at X-
always been the main constraint for antenna designers. The band and WLAN band is achieved. The UWB MIMO antenna
portable MIMO devices in which multiple antennas are closely in [18] employed two heptagonal monopole elements placed
packed, inevitably results in a significant mutual coupling orthogonally and symmetrically on the substrate for good
between antenna elements that consequently deteriorates the isolation between the two input ports, a slot was cut on each
diversity performance. Therefore, the major problem that has of the antenna elements to create a notch in the WLAN band.
to be confronted while designing a MIMO antenna is high In [19] a simple Y-shaped defected ground structure is etched
mutual coupling between antenna elements while attaining a in the ground plane to suppress mutual coupling between two
compact size. The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) antennas and improve the impedance matching. Dual notched
officially assigned an unlicensed UWB spectrum from 3.1 to bands (WLAN and X-bands) are achieved by etching an open
10.6 GHz [2] for future communication. Despite of the various ended slot and a split ring resonator in the ground plane. T-
advantages of UWB systems, signal fading in the multipath en- shaped and L-shaped stubs were used to obtain high isolation
vironments is an issue. This problem is resolved by combining and single band notched characteristics in our previous paper
UWB and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) techniques. [20]. The designed antenna offered UWB bandwidth from 2.9
Use of MIMO technology in ultra-wideband (UWB) systems to 20 GHz and 20 dB isolation, whereas the present antenna
is studied in [3], which showed that it provides a significant shows operational bandwidth from 2.93 GHz to 20 GHz and
channel capacity improvement over MIMO technology used 22 dB isolation. However, many MIMO antennas with/without
in narrowband systems such as for UMTS [4], and WLAN band-notched characteristics have been discussed above, listed
[5]. Various techniques have been studied to reduce mutual in Table I have relatively larger size and poor isolation in
comparison to the proposed design. The designed antenna has
Richa Chandel is with the Department of Electronics & Communication a compact size with low mutual coupling and hence provides
Engineering, G. B. Pant Engineering college, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand- a viable solution for many portable wireless applications.
246 194, INDIA.
A K Gautam is with the Department of Electronics & Communication In this paper, a tapered-fed compact dual band-notched
Engineering, School of ICT, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar MIMO/diversity slot antenna for UWB applications is pro-
Pradesh-201 308, INDIA, e-mail: drakgautam@[Link]. posed. The designed antenna has a compact size of 18×34
Karumudi Rambabu is with Department of Electrical & Computer Engi-
neering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2V4, email: mm2 . It consists of a polygon shaped radiator with two L-
e-mail: rambabu@[Link] shaped slits as notched-filter structures at WLAN and IEEE

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Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

TABLE I
C OMPARISON OF THE PROPOSED MIMO ANTENNA WITH OTHER REPORTED ANTENNAS .

Reference Size S11 Isolation Notched Band Gain Efficiency

# (mm×mm) (GHz) (dB) (GHz)
[6] 35×40 = 1400 3.1-10.6 -16 - within 3.1 dBi -
[7] 27×28 = 756 3-10.6 -16 - stable (variation < 3 dBi) more than 82%
[8] 32×32 = 1024 3.1-10.6 -15 - 1.7 to 4.2 dB above 60%
[9] 26×40 = 1040 3.1-10.6 -15 - 0.9 to 6.5 dBi above 80%
[10] 30×40 = 1200 3-10.6 -16 - - 70 to 77.5%
[11] 26×26 = 676 3.1-10.6 -15 - almost constant (variation < 0.85 dBi) -
[12] 31×20 = 620 3.8-7.8 -15 - - -
[13] 55×13.5 = 742.5 1.85-11.9 -17.2 5.15–5.85 4.96 dBi 91.36%
[14] 50×50 = 100 2.76-10.75 -15 4.75–6.12 stable (variations < 2.8 dBi) better than 68%
[15] 48×48 = 2304 2.5-12 -18 5.1-6.0 stable (variation < 3 dB) -
[16] 38.5×38.5 = 1482.25 3.08-11.8 -15 5.03-5.97 1.4 to 3.6 dBi above 75%
[17] 40×40 = 1600 3.4 -12 -15 5.15-5.825 & 7.25-7.75 3-6.7 dBi -
[18] 34×49 = 1600 3.1 -10.6 -20 5.1-5.8 1.6 dBi -
[19] 30×30 = 900 3.5 -10.6 -15 5.1-5.8 & 7.9-8.4 - -
[20] 18×36 = 648 2.90-20 -20 3.62-4.77 1.6 to 6 dB above 60%
Proposed 18×34 = 612 2.9-20 -22 (5.1-5.8)&(6.7-7.1) 0 to 7 dB 75%-85%

Wg1 Wg2 Wg3

INSAT/Super-Extended C-band [21]. The performance of this Lg3
antenna both by simulation and experiment indicates that Wp2 Wp1
the proposed MIMO antenna has good impedance matching, Wp3
Lp5
low mutual coupling and good diversity performance, all the Lp1 Lp3
Wp4
way through the UWB band with band-notched characteristics Lg2 Lp5
Lp2 Wp5 Lp4
at WLAN-band (5.09–5.8 GHz) and IEEE INSAT/Super- Wf 1

Extended C-band (6.3–7.27 GHz). Lf

Wp5
Lg
Lg1
y
II. A NTENNA D ESIGN Wg
Wf z x
A. Antenna Configurations Radiator
Ground
The geometry of the proposed MIMO antenna, as illustrates
in Fig. 1, has two identical radiating elements with a common Fig. 1. Geometry of the proposed MIMO antenna.
ground plane. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna
are only 18×34 mm2 = 612 mm2 or about 0.18λ0 ×0.34λ0
where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at the desired first shaped and T-shaped stubs. Further, it is modified by etching
resonant frequency 3.0 GHz. However, the basic need for the a rectangular-shaped slot to form a novel inverted L-shaped
UWB antenna is to obtain lower cut-off frequency i.e. 3.1 ground plane to enhance the isolation between two antennas
GHz while maintaining the compactness of the design. The as shown in Fig.1. The proposed MIMO antenna is fabricated
preliminary design of the antenna starts with selecting the with the MITS-Eleven Lab PCB machine on the FR4 dielectric
antenna structure and their dimensions to meet the operating substrate (thickness = 1.6mm, relative permittivity = 4.4 and
frequency requirements. Monopole structure is selected for a dielectric loss tangent of 0.02).
miniaturized design of a UWB antenna and the fundamental
lower resonant frequency of a proposed monopole could be
approximated by the following equation [22].
14.4
fr = (1)
A1 A2
l1 + l2 + g + √ + √
2π ǫr + 1 2π ǫr + 1

where A1 and A2 denote the area of the ground plane and

radiation patch, l1 and l2 denote the length of the ground plane
and radiation patch, g denotes the gap between the ground Antenna A Antenna B Antenna C
plane and radiation patch, respectively, l1 , l2 , g, A1 , and A2
all in millimetres. Fig. 2. Different shapes of radiator used in the evolution of final antenna.
The proposed radiator is designed with a combination of
rectangular (Lp1 × Wp1 ) and triangular (altitude 4 mm and Different geometries used in the evolution of the final design
base 5.15 mm) stubs to form a novel polygon shape. The are shown in Fig.2. In (Antenna A) a tapered fed line with a
polygon-shaped radiator is fed with a tapered microstrip of size polygon-shaped radiator on one side and inverted L-shaped
Lf × Wf connected at the lower edges of each radiator. Ground ground plane (as shown in fig.1) on the other side of the
plane for the proposed antenna is composed of rectangular substrate are proposed for UWB performance. After achieving

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0 for enhancing the isolation between them. Fig.5 shows the

evolution steps of the ground plane for the proposed MIMO
−10 antenna. As both the antenna elements are identical, the S11
and S12 will be similar to S22 and S21 as illustrated in Fig.6a-
−20 6b. It can be seen from Fig.6a that S11 for Ground 1 has
[dB]

the lower cut off frequency at 4.5 -GHz (S11 <-10) whereas
−30 the requirement for UWB is 3.1 GHz. The isolation between
11
S

two antennas is also very poor. However, the inclusion of

−40
Antenna A (UWB band)
two vertical rectangular strips in the ground plane (Ground
Antenna B (UWB with WLAN band) 2) shifts the resonance to 3.7 GHz, but the mutual coupling
−50 Antenna C (UWB with WLAN and INSAT/
super extended C−band)
for Ground 2 in the frequency band below 4 GHz is very
−60 poor as shown in Fig.6b. Further, by employing inverted L-
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 shaped strips in the ground plane as shown in the Ground 3,
Frequency [GHz]
the lower resonance frequency shift down to 3.2 GHz with a
lowest cut-off frequency at 2.9 GHz. This inverted L-shaped
Fig. 3. Simulated S11 against frequency for the various configurations of strips significantly suppress the mutual coupling throughout
radiator.
the band (2.9-20 GHz). An isolation of less than -22 dB is
obtained which is significantly low and is good enough for
UWB performance the antenna is further modified (Antenna MIMO performance.
B) to suppress interference at WLAN band. A simple L-
shaped slit is etched in the upper portion of the radiator to
suppress the WLAN band (5.09–5.8 GHz) in the UWB band
as shown in Fig.3. Finally to suppress the interference at higher
frequencies of IEEE INSAT/Super-Extended C-band (6.3–7.27
GHz), an L-shaped slit (see Antenna C) is etched in the lower
Ground 1 Ground 2 Ground 3
portion of the radiator as shown in Fig.2. The simulated S11
for all the geometries used in the evolution of the final design Fig. 5. Evolution geometry of the ground plane.
are shown in Fig. 3. Furthermore, Eq.(1) is used in design
of the single element, where l1 =Lg1 +Lg2 , l2 =Lp1 , g=Lf -Lg ,
A1 = 2[(Lg2 +Lg1 -Lg )Wg2 +Wg1 Lg3 ] +Wg Lg -Wg3 (Lg -Lg1 ), A2 = TABLE II
D ESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE PROPOSED UWB MIMO ANTENNA S HOWN
Lp1 Wp1 +1/2[Wp2 (Lp1 -Lp2 )]+Lf Wf . As the data given in Table IN F IG . 1
II, the calculated frequency fr is 3.4 GHz, which is almost
close to the simulated result in Fig.4 Parameters Wg Wg1 Wg2 Wg3 Lg1 Lg2 Lg
Unit(mm) 34 6 1.35 3.8 1.25 16.75 5
Parameters Lg3 Wp1 Wp2 Wp3 Wp4 Wp5 Wf
150 Unit (mm) 1 3.75 4 6.1 4.2 0.2 1.6
Parameters Lp1 Lp2 Lp3 Lp4 Lp5 Wf1 Lf
Unit (mm) 5.5 0.35 2.75 3.25 0.25 1 6.5
100 3.2 GHz
Fig.7 (a)-(c) illustrates the effectiveness of ground plane as
Impedance [ohm]

50 a decoupling structure. It is clearly seen in Fig.7(a) without L-

strips that when port 1 is excited and port 2 is terminated, the
coupling current exists on whole ground plane towards port
0
1 and port 2 as well. Fig.7(b) shows the current distribution
with I-slits when port 1 is excited and port 2 is terminated,
−50 the surface current mainly occurs on the ground plane towards
Real
Imaginary port 1 i.e. decreases power flow from port 1 to port 2 but
−100 some portion of the current is still coupled to port 2 which is
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 turn causes poor isolation. Further, modification of I-strip to
Frequency [GHz] inverted L-strip [see Fig.7(c)] greatly increased (S12 and S21
are more than -20 dB throughout the entire operating band)
Fig. 4. Simulated input impedance against frequency of the proposed MIMO the isolation between port 1 and port 2 as shown in Fig. 6b.
antenna shown in Fig. 1

C. Effect of L-slits
B. Effect of Ground Plane The dual band-notched characteristic in the proposed UWB
The ground plane plays a significant role in the perfor- MIMO antenna is achieved by etching two L-shaped slits
mance of the proposed antenna. It not only account for in each radiator. These L-shaped slits introduce impedance
better impedance matching of the antenna elements but also mismatch between the feed line and radiating patch due to

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−10

−20
S11[dB]

−30

−40
Ground 1
−50 Ground 2
Ground 3
−60
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 Fig. 8. Current distributions of the proposed MIMO antenna at (a) 5.45 GHz
Frequency [GHz] (b) 6.6 GHz
(a)

0 on lower L-slit of the radiator. Here the vector currents along

the slit are in opposite directions on top and bottom sides for
−10 both the cases. Hence radiation from one side current will be
cancelled by the other side current. Therefore, no radiation
−20 occurs, and return loss is poor. These current distributions
show that the proposed antenna can effectively provide band-
S12 [dB]

−30 notched at WLAN and IEEE INSAT/Super-Extended C bands.

1) WLAN Band: The upper L-shaped slit etched in the
−40 radiator is responsible for WLAN band. For the band-notched
Ground 1 design, this slit acts as a half-guided-wavelength resonator, the
−50 Ground 2 length of L-shaped slit can be calculated as:
Ground 3
−60 Ln1 = 2 (Lp3 + Lp5 + Wp3 + Wp5 ) (2)
2 5 8 11 14 17 20
Frequency [GHz] Fig.9 shows the S-parameters for the variation of length Lp3
(b) while other parameters are kept constant as in table II. It is
Fig. 6. Simulated S-parameters against frequency for the various ground observed that as the value of Lp3 increases from 1.75 to 4.75
configurations. (a) S11 and (b) S12 . mm, the centre of notched frequency band shifts from 5.98
to 4.59 GHz. The resonant frequency fn1 may be empirically
approximated by:
c
fn1 = √ (3)
2Ln1 ǫref f
where ǫref f is the effective dielectric constant, and c is the
speed of light. Here the effective dielectric constant can be
approximated to half of the dielectric constant of the FR4
Fig. 7. Current distributions at various geometry of the ground plane. material, due to the lack of ground plane. Therefore, the
effective dielectric constant is 2.2. Thus, for the WLAN band,
the calculated length Ln1 is 18.6 mm. The design equation is
that band-notched characteristics are obtained. The upper L- also verified by calculating the WLAN resonance frequency
shaped slit etched in the radiator provides WLAN band (5.09– for the values given in Fig.9. In Table -III, WLAN frequency
5.8 GHz) with the centre frequency of 5.45 GHz and the for different values of Lp3 of the upper L- strip is compared
lower L-shaped slit etched in the radiator provides (6.3–7.27 with the design equation values.
GHz) IEEE INSAT/Super-Extended C-band with the centre
frequency of 6.6 GHz. Thus, the notched band can be tuned TABLE III
by varying the dimensions of the L-slits. Further, the effect of Lp3 Ln1 Resonant frequency (GHz)
the L-slits can also be verified by plotting the vector surface (mm) (mm) Design equation Full-wave simulation
currents at (a) 5.45 GHz (b) 6.6 GHz to achieve rejection as 1.75 16.6 6.09 5.98
2.75 18.6 5.43 5.45
shown in Fig.8. It is clearly seen in Fig.8(a) and (b), surface 3.75 20.6 4.90 5.03
current is mainly concentrated on respective L-slits i.e. at 5.45 4.75 22.6 4.47 4.59
GHz the surface current is concentrated on upper L-slit of the
radiator and at 6.6 GHz the surface current is concentrated

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0 0

−10 −10

−20 −20

S11 [dB]
S11[dB]

−30 −30

−40 1.75 mm −40

0.75 mm
2.75 mm
2.00 mm
3.75 mm −50
−50 3.25 mm
4.75 mm
4.50 mm
−60 −60
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 2 5 8 11 14 17 20
Frequency [GHz] Frequency [GHz]

Fig. 10. Simulated S-parameters against frequency for the various values of
Fig. 9. Simulated S-parameters against frequency for the various values of Lp4 , other parameters are the same as listed in Table II.
Lp3 , other parameters are the same as listed in Table II.

2) IEEE INSAT/Super-Extended C-Band: The band- respectively. The proposed antenna offers an impedance band-
notched characteristics centred at 6.6 GHz of the antenna is width of 17.07 GHz from (2.93 to 20 GHz) with an isolation
produced by lower L-shaped slit etched in the radiator. Fig.10 between two antenna elements better than -22 dB for the entire
shows the simulated S parameters for different values of Lp4 operating band. The proposed antenna shows dual-band notch
with the other parameters being the values listed in Table II. It characteristics to suppress interference at WLAN-band (5.09-
can be seen that when the L-strip length increases from 0.75 to 5.8 GHz) and IEEE INSAT/Super-Extended C-band (6.3-7.27
4.5 mm, the centred notched frequency decreases from 9.16 to GHz). The centre frequency for WLAN and C-band has a
5.26 GHz. The length of lower L-shaped slit can be calculated
as: 0
Ln2 = 2 (Lp4 + Lp5 + Wp4 + Wp5 ) (4)
−10
The centre of the rejected frequencies are empirically approx-
imated by: −20
c
S−Parameters [dB]

fn2 = √ (5)
2Ln2 ǫref f −30
where ǫref f is the effective dielectric constant, and c is the −40
speed of light in free space. For notch band the length of
−50 S /S (simulated)
L-shaped slit is 15.8 mm. The length of the L-shaped slit is 11 22
S /S (simulated)
optimized to achieve the band notch characteristic at IEEE 21 12
−60 S /S (measured)
INSAT/Super-Extended C-band. The design equation is also 21 12
S /S (measured)
11 22
verified by calculating the resonance at 6.6 GHz frequency −70
for the values given in Fig.10. In Table -IV, frequency for 2 5 8 11 14 17 20
Frequency [GHz]
different values of Lp4 of the lower L-slit is compared with
the design equation values.
Fig. 11. Measured and simulated S-parameters for the proposed MIMO
TABLE IV antenna.

Lp4 Ln2 Resonant frequency (GHz)

(mm) (mm) Design equation Full-wave simulation value of S11 = -1.5 dB which is high enough to show effective
0.75 10.8 9.36 9.16 suppression. The measured results are in good agreement with
2.00 13.3 7.60 7.69
3.25 15.8 6.40 6.60
simulated results.
4.50 18.3 5.52 5.26 Fig. 12 shows the 2-D radiation patterns at (a) 3.0 GHz
(b) 5.45 GHz (c) 6.6 GHz and (d) 10 GHz (e) 16 GHz
and (f) 19 GHz for the proposed MIMO antenna, in the
xz-, yz- and the xy- planes. The proposed antenna shows
III. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern over the desire
Agilent N5230A vector network analyser was used to val- operating band and the gain of the antenna is reduced at the
idate the simulated results obtained for the proposed MIMO band-notched frequencies. Furthermore, Fig.12 shows that the
antenna. It is observed from the Fig. 11 that the measured radiation patterns deteriorates at the higher frequencies due to
and simulated S11 and S21 are identical to the S22 and S12 , the splitting of the radiation lobes.

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0.05 10

0.04 9.9
Measured ECC

Diversity Gain [dB]

Simulated ECC
0.03 9.8
Simulated Diversity Gain

ECC
Measured Diversity Gain
0.02 9.7

0.01 9.6

0 9.5
2 5 8 11 14 17 20
Frequency [GHz]

Fig. 13. Measured and Simulated ECC and Diversity Gain.

0 10

Realized Gain [dB]

Efficiency [dB]
−5

−10
−5
Realized Gain
Total efficiency
Multiplexing efficiency
−15 −10
Fig. 12. Radiation patterns for the proposed MIMO antenna at (a) 3.0 GHz 2 5 8 11 14 17 20
(b) 5.45 GHz (c) 6.6 GHz and (d) 10 GHz (e) 16 GHz and (f) 19 GHz. Frequency [GHz]

Fig. 14. Efficiency and Realized gain for the proposed MIMO antenna.
IV. MIMO P ERFORMANCE
The MIMO behaviour of the proposed antenna is evaluated Under Test) to obtain a given capacity in comparison to the
in terms of the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diver- ideal reference MIMO antenna. For uniform 3D-angular power
sity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG) and total active spectrum and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), ηMUX is given
reflection coefficient (TARC). The mutual coupling between by [24]
the adjacent antenna elements and the amount of correlation p
ηMUX = (1 − |ρc |2 )η1 η2 (8)
between each antenna element can be studied in terms of
envelope correlation coefficient, the ECC can be calculated whereρc is the complex correlation coefficient between the
using S-parameters [23]. two elements, and ECC ≈ |ρc |2 and ηi is total efficiency
of the i-th antenna element. From Fig.14 it is evident that
|S11
∗
S12 + S21 ∗
S22 |2 the multiplexing efficiency and single port total efficiencies
ECC = (6)
(1 − |S11 |2 − |S21 |2 )(1 − |S22 |2 − |S12 |2 ) are almost identical. In order to optimize the channel capacity
The ECC should ideally be zero for an uncorrelated diversity multiplexing efficiency is said to be a expedient parameter
antenna but its practical limit is < 0.5. Fig.13 shows the which not only account for the total antenna efficiency, but
simulated and measured ECC curves for the proposed antenna. also for correlation and efficiency imbalance. At 5.45 GHz
The ECC of the proposed UWB MIMO/diversity antenna and 6.6 GHz there is a substantial drop in antenna efficiency
calculated using S-parameter is < 0.01. The diversity gain and this deep drop in efficiency enables the antenna to work in
(DG) of the proposed UWB MIMO antenna can be calculated the high interference surroundings. The overall gain over the
using operating band ranges from 0 to 7 dB, at notch bands the gain
drops to -10 dB (5.45 GHz) and -8 dB (6.6 GHz) respectively.
p
DG = 10 1 − ECC2 (7)
It is observed that ECC and DG using S-parameters is < 0.01 The relative mean power levels between the signals deliv-
and > 9.95 dB, respectively as shown in Fig.13. Fig.14 shows, ered from each antenna is measured using the mean effective
the radiation efficiency, multiplexing efficiency and realized gain (MEG). For a good diversity performance and channel
gain of the MIMO antenna. The multiplexing efficiency defines characteristics, the ratio of MEG of the two antenna elements
as the difference in the power required for a MIMO (Antenna should full-fill the criteria |M EGi/M EGj|< ±3dB [25].

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3 16. It is observed from the Fig.16 that the value of TARC for
the proposed antenna is less than -20 dB for the entire band.
|MEGi/MEGj|[dB]
V. C ONCLUSION
1
A tapered-fed compact MIMO antenna with dual-band
notched characteristics is proposed. The designed antenna
achieves an impedance bandwidth from 2.93-20 GHz with
−1 sharp rejection at WLAN-band (5.09-5.8 GHz) and IEEE
INSAT/Super-Extended C-band (6.3-7.27 GHz) with an iso-
lation less than -22 dB, by using a simple inverted L-shaped
structure in ground plane, port isolation and bandwidth is
−3 improved. The diversity performance is also studied and entire
2 5 8 11 14 17 20
Frequency [GHz] results indicate that the MIMO antenna is a potential candidate
for portable UWB applications.

Fig. 15. Ratio of MEGs of two antenna elements. R EFERENCES

[1] A. Rajagopalan, G. Gupta, A. S. Konanur, B. Hughes, and G. Lazzi,
Here, i and j denote the antenna elements 1 and 2, respectively. “Increasing channel capacity of an ultrawideband MIMO system using
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0018-926X (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2018.2803134, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

[18] H. Yoon, Y. Yoon, H. Kim, and C.-H. Lee, “Flexible ultra-wideband po- Anil Kumar Gautam (M’12– SM’16) was born in
larisation diversity antenna with band-notch function,” IET Microwaves, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India. He received the B.E.
Antennas & Propagation, vol. 5, pp. 1463–1470, 2011. degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering
[19] J. Zhu, B. Feng, B. Peng, L. Deng, and S. Li, “A dual notched band from Kumaon Engineering College, Almora, India
MIMO slot antenna system with Y-Shaped defected ground structure for and the Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering from
UWB applications,” Microvave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 58, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu Uni-
no. 3, pp. 626–630, March 2016. versity, Varanasi, India, in 1999 and 2007, respec-
[20] R. Chandel and A. K. Gautam, “Compact MIMO/diversity slot antenna tively. He joined the Department of Electronics &
for UWB applications with band-notched characteristic,” Electronics Communication Engineering, G B Pant Engineering
Letter, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 336–338, 2016. College, Pauri Garhwal, India, in 2000, as an Assis-
[21] M. S. Ellis, Z. Zhao, J. Wu, Z. Nie, and Q. Liu, “A novel miniature band- tant Professor and selected as an Associate Professor
notched Wing-Shaped monopole ultrawideband antenna,” IEEE Antenna there in 2009. Presently, he is working as Professor and Dean, School of ICT,
and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 12, pp. 1614–1617, 2013. Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, UP.
[22] K. G. Thomas and M. Sreenivasan, “A simple ultrawideband planar Dr. Gautam is Chairman, Board of study, School of ICT, Member, Board
rectangular printed antenna with band dispensation,” IEEE Transaction of Management and Academic Council, Gautam Buddha University, Greater
on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 27–34, January 2010. Noida. He is also an active member of Board of study, Academic council
[23] S. Blanch, J. Romeu, and I. Corbella, “Exact representation of antenna and many other academic committees of GBPEC, Pauri. Dr. Gautam is also
system diversity performance from input parameter description,” Elec- member of BOS of HNB Garhwal Central University, INDIA and Uttarakhand
tronics Letter, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 705–707, May 2003. Technical University, Dehradun, INDIA. Dr. Gautam is nominated as Nodal
[24] R. Tian, B. K. Lau, and Z. Ying, “Multiplexing efficiency of MIMO Officer, TSP and SCSP Grants by Government of Uttarakhand and executed
antennas,” IEEE Antenna and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 10, pp. several projects under these grants.
183–186, 2011. Dr Gautam has supervised 25 M. Tech. and 05 PhD Thesis and currently
[25] M. Karaboikis, V. C. Papamichael, G. F. Tsachtsiris, C. F. Soras, and supervising 03 PhD theses in the area of Microstrip antenna. Dr. Gautam is
V. T. Makios, “Integrating compact printed antennas onto small diver- the author/co-author of more than 90 research papers published in the refereed
sity/MIMO terminals,” IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, international journals and conferences Like IEEE transaction on Antenna and
vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 2067–2078, 2008. propagation, Microwave and optical Technology Letters, Springer, etc. He
[26] S. I. Jafri, R. Saleem, M. F. Shafique, and A. K. Brown, “Compact is the author of the 13 books in the field of Electronics Engineering in
reconfigurable multiple-input multiple-output antenna for ultra wideband the field of Digital Electronics, Antenna and Microwave Engineering. He
applications,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 10, pp. is a senior member of IEEE (USA) and Member of Editorial Board of
413–419, 2015. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering. He
is also in reviewers panel of IEEE, Transaction on Antenna and Propagation,
IEEE, Antenna and Wave Propagation Letters, IET Microwaves, Antennas
& Propagation, Personal and wireless communication, Springer, International
Journal of Electronics, International Journal of Microwave and Wireless
Technologies, International Journal of Antenna and Propagation, etc. His main
research interests are in design and Modelling of Active Microstrip Antenna,
Microstrip antennas with Defected Ground Structure, Ultra wide bandwidth
antennas, and reconfigurable antennas, reconfiguration antenna array, circular
polarised antenna, etc.

Rich Chandel was born in Dehradun, India, in

1986. She completed her B. Tech. in Electronics Kurumudu Rambabu (M’14) received the Ph.D.
and Communication Engineering from Uttar Pradesh degree in electrical and computer engineering from
Technical University, Lucknow, India and M. Tech the University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, in
(Digital Signal Processing) from Uttarakhand Tech- [Link] was a Research Member with the Institute
nical University, Dehradun, India in year 2010 and for Infocomm Research, Singapore, from 2005 to
2013, respectively. Presently, she is working towards 2007. Since 2007, he has been an Assistant Professor
her doctorate degree from G B Pant Engineering with the Department of Electrical and Computer
College, Pauri Garhwal (INDIA) and has submitted Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,
her thesis. She has published more than 10 research Canada, where he is currently an Associate Profes-
papers in peer reviewed journals/conferences. Her sor.
main research interest is designing and modelling of ultrawideband microstrip He is also involved in oil-well monitoring,
antenna, MIMO antenna, etc. pipeline inspection, through-wall imaging, vital sign monitoring, and biopsy
needle guiding using ultra-wideband (UWB) radar systems. His current
research interests include design and development of UWB technology, and
components and systems for various applications.
Dr. Rambabu was a recipient of the Andy Farquharson Award for excellence
in graduate student teaching from the University of Victoria in 2003 and
the Governor Generals Gold Medal for the Ph.D. research in 2005. He
served as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of Electronics and
Communications

0018-926X (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.