University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus
Industrial Stoichiometry-II
Ahmad Shakeel
University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus
Topics to be covered
• Phase Transitions
• Heat Capacity Equations
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Phase Transitions
• During phase transition (e.g., solid to liquid, liquid to gas
etc.) very large changes in enthalpy and internal energy
occur, called latent heat changes, occur without any
noticeable change in temperature.
• The enthalpy changes that take place within a single phase
are called sensible heat changes.
• The enthalpy changes for the phase transitions are termed
as heat of fusion (for melting), heat of vaporization (for
vaporization), heat of condensation (for condensation),
heat of solidification (for solidification) and heat
sublimation (for solid directly to vapor).
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Phase Transitions
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Heat Capacity Equations
• The enthalpy change for a substance in a single phase can be
calculated using the heat capacity:
• If Cp is constant, ∆𝐻 = 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇, where ∆𝑇 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
• Cp is representing the amount of energy required to increase
the temperature of a substance by 1 degree.
• Units of heat capacity (Cp) are:
(𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦) 𝑘𝐽
=
(𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)(𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) (𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒)(𝐾)
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Heat Capacity
• The heat capacity varies with temperature for solids,
liquids and real gases.
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Heat Capacity
• If you assume the gas is ideal, the heat capacity at
constant pressure is not a function of temperature.
• For ideal gas mixtures, the heat capacity of the mixture is
the mole weighted average of the heat capacities of
components:
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Question!!!!
• Why Cp changes with temperature and also why for ideal
gas it is not a function of temperature????
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Heat Capacity Equations
• Most of the equations for the heat capacities of solids,
liquids and gases are empirical.
• A power series in temperature, with constants a, b, c and
so on, is typically used to model the temperature
dependence of Cp. For example:
𝐶𝑝 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 2
• Where the temperature may be expressed in degree
Celsius, degree Fahrenheit, degree Rankine or kelvin.
• Since the heat capacity equations are valid only over
moderate temperature ranges, it is possible to have
equations of different types to accurately represent the
experimental data.
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Heat Capacity Equations
• You can calculate the enthalpy change per unit mole or
mass by integrating the heat capacity equation with
respect to temperature:
• If you select a different functional form of heat capacity,
then the integration result will be different.
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Example 23.5
The conversion of solid wastes to gases can be accomplished in
incinerators in an environmentally acceptable fashion. An economic
feasibility study indicates that solid municipal waste can be burned to a
gas of following composition (on a dry basis):
What is the enthalpy difference for this gas per lb mole between the
bottom and the top of the stack if the temperature at the bottom of the
stack is 550oF and the temperature at the top is 200oF?
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Tables and Charts to Retrieve Enthalpy Values
• If you want to calculate the enthalpy of saturated steam at 307 K then
you can calculate it by linear interpolation.
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Example 23.6
Calculate the enthalpy change for 1 kg mole of N2 gas that is heated at a
constant pressure of 100 kPa from 18oC to 1100oC.
Enthalpy values of N2
(Table D.6)
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Example 23.7
Steam is cooled from 640oF and 92 psia to 480oF and 52 psia. What is ∆𝐻
in Btu/lb?
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Example 23.8
Four kilograms of water at 27oC and 200 kPa are
heated at constant pressure until the volume of the
water becomes 1000 times the original value. What
is the final temperature of the water?
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Example 23.9
Calculate ∆𝐻, ∆𝑉 and ∆𝑇 changes for 1 lb of saturated vapor
of n-butane going from 2 atm to 20 atm (saturated).
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