Real numbers:
All positive, negative number and zero except imaginary numbers are called real
numbers. It is denoted by ℝ. [ℝ = (−∞, ∞)]
Complex numbers:
A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form a+ib, where a
and b are real numbers, and i is called and imaginary number which is satisfies
i2=-1.
Complex variable:
There is no real number x which satisfies the polynomial equation x2+1=0.Then
we can consider a complex number as having the form a+ib where a and b are
real numbers and i which is called the imaginary unit, has the property that
i2=-1. If z= a+ib, then a is called real part of z and b is called imaginary part of z
and are denoted by Re{z} and Im{z}respectively. The symbol z, which can stand
for any of a set of complex numbers, is called complex variable.
Complex conjugate:
Complex conjugation means reflecting the complex plane in the real line.
The notation for the complex conjugate of z is either 𝒛̅ or 𝒛∗ . The complex
conjugate has the same real part as z and the same imaginary part but with the
opposite sign. That is, if z=a+ib, then 𝒛∗ =a−ib
In polar complex form, the complex conjugate of 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 is 𝒓𝒆−𝒊𝜽
Complex plane or Argand diagram:
We know that a complex number z=a+ib can be as an ordered pair(x,y) .where
(𝐚, 𝐛) ∈ 𝐑[𝐑 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬] and it can be represented by point
P(a,b) with regard to two rectangular axes XOX/ and YOY/(here O is the
origin)which are properly called real line and imaginary line respectively. We can
represent such numbers in a plane called the complex plane or Argand diagram.
Example 1: On an Argand diagram, plot the following complex numbers:
Z1 = -3, Z2 = 2
These numbers have only a real part. Their imaginary parts are zero. When
plotting a complex number having only a real part, the point lies on the
horizontal axis.
Plotting real numbers
Example 2: On an Argand diagram, plot the following complex numbers:
Z3 = -2i, Z4 = i
These numbers have only an imaginary part. Their real parts are zero. When
plotting a complex number having only an imaginary part, the point lies on the
vertical axis.
Plotting imaginary numbers
Example 3: Plot the following complex conjugates on an Argand diagram:
Z5 = 1 + 2i, Z6 = 1 - 2i
Plotting complex conjugates
Modulus of a Complex Number:
Let z = x + iy where x and y are real and i = √-1. Then the non negative square
root of (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) is called the modulus or absolute value of z (or x + iy).
Modulus of a complex number z = x + iy, denoted by mod(z) or |z| or |x + iy|, is
defined as |z |[or mod z or |x + iy|] = √𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 ,where x = Re(z), y = Im(z)
Sometimes, |z| is called absolute value of z. Clearly, |z| ≥ 0 for all zϵ C.
For example:
(i) If z = 6 + 8i then |z| = √𝟔𝟐 + 𝟖𝟐 =√𝟑𝟔 + 𝟔𝟒 = √𝟏𝟎𝟎 =10
(ii) If z = -6 + 8i then |z| =√(−𝟔)𝟐 + 𝟖𝟐 =√𝟑𝟔 + 𝟔𝟒 = √𝟏𝟎𝟎 =10
Polar Form of a Complex Number:
The polar form of a complex number is another way to represent a complex number. The
form z=a+ib is called the rectangular coordinate form of a complex number.
Fig-1 Fig-2
Fig-3
The horizontal axis is the real axis and the vertical axis is the imaginary axis. We
find the real and complex components in terms of r and 𝜽 where r is the length
of the vector and 𝜽 is the angle made with the real axis.
From Pythagorean Theorem (fig-1)
𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
By using the basic trigonometric ratios :
𝒂 𝒃
cos𝜽= and sin𝜽= . Multiplying each side by r
𝒓 𝒓
rcos𝜽=a and rsin𝜽=b.The rectangular form of a complex number is given by
z=a+ib
Substitute the values of aand b
z=a+ib =rcos𝜽+i(rsin𝜽) =r(cos𝜽+isin𝜽)
In the case of a complex number, r represents the absolute value or modulus and
the angle 𝜽 is called the argument of the complex number.
This can be summarized as follows:
The polar form of a complex number z=a+ib is z=r(cos𝜽+isin𝜽) , where
𝐛
r=|𝒛|=√𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 , a=rcos𝜽 and b=rsin𝜽 , and 𝜽=𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) for a>0 and
𝐚
𝐛 𝐛
𝜽=𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )+π or 𝜽=𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) +180° for a<0
𝐚 𝐚
Example: Express the complex number 5+2i in polar form.
The polar form of a complex number z=a+ib is z=r(cos𝜽+isin𝜽).
So, first find the value of r
r=|𝒛|=√𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 =√𝟓𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 =√𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒 =√𝟐𝟗 ≈5.39
𝐛
Now find the argument 𝜽. Since a>0 we can use the formula 𝜽=𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝐚
𝟐
𝜽=𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) ≈ 0.38 (Note that here 𝜽 is measured in radians)
𝟓
Therefore, the polar form of 5+2i is about 5.39(cos(0.38)+isin(0.38)) .
1.Find the modulus and argument argument of the following complex numbers:
𝟐−𝐢 𝟏+𝐢 𝟐 √𝟑+𝐢
(i) 2+i (ii) ±𝐢 (iii) ±𝟏 (iv) (v) 5-5i (vi)( ) (vii)
𝟐+𝐢 𝟏−𝐢 √𝟑−𝐢
Solution: (i) Let z =2+i (here a=2, b=1)
∴ |𝐳| = |𝟐 + 𝐢 |=√𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 = √𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 =√𝟒 + 𝟏 =√𝟓
∴ Modulus of z= 2+i is √𝟓
𝟏
Argument of z= 2+i is 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐
(ii) Let z = ±𝐢 (here a = 0, b = ±𝟏)
∴ |𝐳| = |±𝐢 |=√𝟎𝟐 + (±𝟏)𝟐 =√𝟎 + 𝟏 =√𝟏 =1
∴ Modulus of z= ±𝐢 is 1
±𝟏 𝛑
And argument of z = ±𝐢 is 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = ±𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ∞ = ±
𝟎 𝟐
𝟐−𝐢 (𝟐−𝐢)(𝟐−𝐢) 𝟒−𝟒𝐢+𝐢𝟐 𝟒−𝟒𝐢−𝟏 𝟑−𝟒𝐢 𝟑 𝟒𝐢
(iv) Let z = =(𝟐+𝐢)(𝟐−𝐢) = = = = −
𝟐+𝐢 (𝟐)𝟐 −(𝐢)𝟐 𝟒+𝟏 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
𝟑 𝟒𝐢 𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟓
∴ |𝐳| = | − |=√( )𝟐 + (− )𝟐 =√ + =√ =1
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝟐−𝐢
Modulus of z = is 1
𝟐+𝐢
−𝟒
−𝟏 −𝟒
Argument of z is 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟓
𝟑 ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝟑 )
𝟓
2. Show that ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐳̅ + 𝟑𝐢̇ = 𝐳 − 𝟑𝐢 3. Show that ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝟐 + 𝐢̇)𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝟒𝐢
Solution: Let 𝐳 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲, 𝐳̅ = 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐲 Solution:
∴ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐳̅ + 𝟑𝐢̇ = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐱 − 𝐢̇𝐲 + 𝟑𝐢̇ ∴ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝟐 + 𝐢̇)𝟐 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝟒 + 𝟒𝐢̇ + (𝐢̇)𝟐
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐱 − 𝐢̇(𝐲 − 𝟑) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝟒 + 𝟒𝐢̇ − 𝟏
= x+ i(y-3) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝟑 + 𝟒𝐢̇
= x+iy-3i = 3-4i
=z-3i
4. Prove that |𝐳 − 𝟏| = |𝐳 + 𝐢| represents a straight line passing through the
origin whose slope is -1
Solution: Given that |𝐳 − 𝟏| = |𝐳 + 𝐢|
Let 𝐳 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲
∴ |𝐱 + 𝐢̇𝐲 − 𝟏| = |𝐱 + 𝐢̇𝐲 + 𝐢|
⟹ |(𝐱 − 𝟏) + 𝐢̇𝐲| = |𝐱 + 𝐢̇ (𝐲 + 𝟏)|
⟹ √(𝐱 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = √𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 + 𝟏)𝟐
⟹ (𝐱 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 + 𝟏)𝟐 [Squaring on both sides]
⟹ 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟏
⟹ 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
⟹ −𝟐𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 = 𝟎
⟹ −𝟐𝐲 = 𝟐𝐱
⟹ 𝐲 = −𝐱
This is the equation of straight line passing through the origin and whose slope is -1(proved)
5. Prove that |𝐳 − 𝟐𝐢| = 𝟔 represents a circle whose centre is at (0,2)and radius is 6
Solution: Given that |𝐳 − 𝟐𝐢| = 𝟔
∴ |𝐱 + 𝐢̇𝐲 − 𝟐𝐢| = 𝟔
⟹ |𝐱 + 𝐢̇(𝐲 − 𝟐)| = 𝟔
⟹ √𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟔
⟹ 𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟔𝟐 (By squaring)
This is the equation of a circle whose centre is at (0, 2) and radius is 6(proved)
6. Prove that |𝐳 + 𝐢| = 𝟐 represents a circle whose centre is at (0,-1)and radius is 2
7. Prove that |𝐳 + 𝟐𝐢| + |𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊| = 𝟔 represents an ellipse.
Solution: Given that |𝐳 + 𝟐𝐢| + |𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊| = 𝟔
∴ |𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 + 𝟐𝐢| + |𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 − 𝟐𝐢| = 𝟔
⟹ |𝐱 + 𝐢(𝐲 + 𝟐)| + |𝐱 + 𝐢(𝐲 − 𝟐)| = 𝟔
⟹ √𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 + 𝟐)𝟐 + √𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟔
⟹ √𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 + 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟔 − √𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐
⟹ 𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 + 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟏𝟐√𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐 (By squaring)
⟹ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐲 + 𝟒 − 𝟑𝟔 − 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟒 = −𝟏𝟐√𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐
⟹ 𝟖𝐲 − 𝟑𝟔 = −𝟏𝟐√𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐
⟹ 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟗 = −𝟑√𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐
⟹ 𝟒𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝐲 + 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟗{𝐱 𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐 }(By squaring)
⟹ 𝟒𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝐲 + 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟗𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟗𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝐲 + 𝟑𝟔}
⟹ 𝟒𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝐲 + 𝟖𝟏 − 𝟗𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟗𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝐲 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
⟹ −𝟓𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟗𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎
⟹ −𝟓𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟗𝐱 𝟐 = −𝟒𝟓
𝟓𝐲 𝟐 𝟗𝐱 𝟐
⟹ + =𝟏
𝟒𝟓 𝟒𝟓
𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
⟹ + =𝟏
𝟓 𝟗
This is a equation of an ellipse (proved)
8.Describe geometrically the set of points z satisfying the following conditions.
(i) Re (z) ≥ 𝟎 (ii) Im (z) > 1 (iii)|𝐳 − 𝟒| ≥ |𝐳| (iv) |𝐳 − 𝐢| ≤ |𝐳 + 𝐢|
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(v) |𝐳 − 𝟐| ≤ |𝐳 + 𝟐| (vi) Re( ) ≤ (vii) Im( ̅ ) ≥
𝐳 𝟐 𝐳 𝟐
Solution:
(i)Given that Re (z) ≥ 𝟎 Y
⟹ 𝐑𝐞 (𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲) ≥ 𝟎
⟹𝒙≥𝟎 X
Which represents the right hand sides
of y-axis including the y-axis Fig:1
(ii) Given that Im (z) > 1 Y
⟹ 𝐈𝐦(𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲) > 𝟏
⟹𝒚>𝟏 1
Which represents the region of the X
upper part of the line y=1
Fig:2
(ii) Given that |𝐳 − 𝟒| ≥ |𝐳| Y
⟹ |𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 − 𝟒| ≥ |𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲|
⟹ |(𝐱 − 𝟒) + 𝐢𝐲| ≥ |𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲|
⟹ √(𝐱 − 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ≥ √𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 2 X
⟹ (𝐱 − 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ≥ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 ⟹ 𝐱 𝟐 −
𝟖𝐱 + 𝟏𝟔 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 Fig:3
⟹ −𝟖𝐱 + 𝟏𝟔 ≥ 𝟎
⟹ −𝟖𝐱 ≥ −𝟏𝟔
⟹𝐱≤𝟐
Which represents the region of left
hand side of the line x=2 and including
the line x=2
