HVAC ELEVATORS & ESCALATORS FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

MODULE – 03 : ELEVATORS

INTRODUCTION TO ELEVATORS

BUILDING SERVICES – IV DSCA 09th March 2019 Bangalore

70s Dubai
Since the mid 19th century, elevators have played a major role in transforming the city skylines of the world, all the while
making daily life more convenient. Architects and developers with new options for innovative building design.
ELEVATORS
Human Comfort ? ? ------- In Building !!!!!
HVAC
Vertical Transport > Stairs ..... Elevators ..... Escalators ..... Travelators
Factors to be considered • Client requirements,
• Occupancy levels for different types of development,
• Elevator cabin capacity,
• Waiting time
• Ways to maximize lettable space in the building, without compromising the elevator efficiency,
• Cost-effectiveness and energy consumption.

An elevator (or lift in the Commonwealth excluding Canada) is a type of

vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves
people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a
building, vessel or other structures
TYPES OF ELEVATORS
Can be classified based on the following categories :

Hoist mechanism Building height Building type Special uses

01 . Hydraulic Elevators 1. Low-Rise buildings Hospital Elevators Double-deck Elevator

(Push Elevators) (1- 3 stories) a) Hospital Bed Elevators
a) Holed (Conventional )Hydraulic hydraulic elevators because b) Hospital Stretcher Lift
Elevators of their lower initial cost
b) Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators
- Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators
- Non-telescoping (single stage)
Hydraulic Elevators
- Roped Hydraulic Elevators
02. Traction Elevators (Pull 02. Mid-Rise buildings Residential /Domestic Elevators Sky Lobby
Elevators) (4 -11 stories) a) Passenger Elevators
a) Geared Traction Elevators Geared Traction Elevators b) Stairway Elevators
b) Gear-Less Traction Elevators - Vertical Wheelchair Elevators
c) Machine-Room-Less Elevators - Wheelchair Elevators on an Incline
c) Dumbwaiters Elevators

03. Climbing Elevator 03. C- High- Commercial Elevators

Rise buildings a) Commercial passenger elevators
(12 + stories) b) Freight elevators
Gear-Less Traction - General Freight Loading,
Elevators - Motor Vehicle Loading
- Industrial Truck Loading
c) Commercial Dumbwaiter

04. Pneumatic Elevators Parking buildings Elevators

a) Parking Elevators for Passengers
b) Conventional Parking Elevators
ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
The standard elevators will include the following basic components:
01 Elevator Car.
02 Hoistway.
03 Machine/drive system.
04 Control system.
05 Safety system.
01 ELEVATOR CAR
Elevator Car is the vehicle that travels between the different elevator stops
carrying passengers and/or goods, it is usually A heavy steel frame
surrounding a cage of metal and wood panels.
02 HOIST WAY
A simple definition for the hoistway is the shaft that encompasses the
elevator car : Guiderails for both the car and counterweight, Counterweight.
Suspension (Hoisting) Ropes (Cables). Landing (Hoist way) doors, Buffers in
the pit

03 MACHINE/ DRIVE SYSTEM

This is the power unit of the elevator, usually located at the elevator machine
room. This will include drive motor, brake, speed reduction unit, sheaves and
encoders. Two types : Geared Machine and Gearless Machine

04 CONTROL SYSTEM 05 SAFETY SYSTEM

Inputs • Device for locking landing doors
• Sensors (Hoistway Door Interlock).
• Buttons • Progressive safety gear.
• Key controls • Overspeed governor.
• System controls • Buffers.
Outputs • Final Limit switches.
• Actuators • Other safety devices and switches
• Bells
• Displays
Controllers
ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
01. ELEVATOR CAR ----------> Elevator Car is the vehicle that travels between the different elevator stops carrying
passengers and/or goods, it is usually A heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of
metal and wood panels.

01a. Car Sling

01b. The elevator cabin
01c. Mechanical accessories -
1c.1 Car door and door operator
1c.2 Guide shoes.
1c.3 Door Protective Device.

01. Car Sling

• Car Sling is a metal framework
connected to the means of
suspension
• Car Sling is load carrier element in
the elevator car as well as its
function of isolating vibrations due to
running.

1.a.1 Upper Transom

The upper transom is the suspension element of the car it can be (1-1) type or
(2-1) using a couple of polyamide pulleys 360 mm diameter, it is designed
also to mount sliding or roller guide shoes. Braking system catch clamps
are mounted in the upper transom.
1.a.2 Lower Transom
Lower transom is the carrier of car flooring through an exactly arranged pressure
springs mounted in the lower isolation subassembly. Safety gear catch clamps
are also mounted in the lower transom and their actuation action is done by a
shearing linkage system.
1.a.3 C- Side Frame
The adjustable height side frame is two pieces bolted together and fastened to
both upper and lower transom.
ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
01. ELEVATOR CAR ------------>
01b. Elevator Cabin
Elevator cabinets shall be completely
enclosed by walls, floors and ceiling,
the only permissible opening being
are the car door, emergency trap
door and ventilation apertures.
Car Floor
Car floor shall have sufficient mechanical strength to sustain forces
which will be applied during normal operation, safety gear
operation and impact of the car to its buffers.

Floor size
It is the same size of the car (width & depth) and Floor extension defines
door opening, location and side portal depth Floor will be recessed and
covered by PVC covering or marble stone or granite and it can be also
customized according to client requirements

Car Ceiling
Car ceiling is designed to be able to support two persons during
maintenance operation without permanent deformation.
Car ceiling is prepared also to mount emergency trap door, blower fan and
balustrade.

Car Walls
Folded steel panels are used to enclose elevator car with different types,
sizes and finishing

Hand Rail
in most cases is provided by a handrail at one side, two sides or on all sides
of the cabin, for passengers including persons with disabilities.
Hand Rails come with different finishes like stainless steel styles or painted
in selected colour . Shape :cylindrical handrail and flat type hand rail.
ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
False Ceiling

False ceiling is the main source of lighting in the elevator car.

Fluorescent lighting and spot lights are the most common lighting
elements used for elevator lighting and a combination of the two types
can be used also.

Emergency Trap Door Assembly

Emergency trap door can be easily opened from inside the car
a) By using triangular key
b) From outside the car without a key by turning the link
c) To pull locking arms
d) Electrical safety switches (4) that is fixed to the side frame of trap
door causes the lift to stop if the locking ceases to be effective;
restoring the lift to service shall only be possible
after deliberate relocking.
Emergency trap door size is 600x400 mm to permit the rescue and
evacuation of passengers.

Balustrade
Car roof shall be provided with a balustrade where the free distance
between the car ceiling and the shaft wall exceeds 0.3 m.

Car Operating Panel COP

A panel mounted in the car containing the car operating controls, such
as call register buttons, door open and close, alarm emergency
stop and whatever other buttons or key switches are required for
operation.

Car Apron/Toe Guard

A Car Apron/toe guard is present at the bottom of some cars. This
guard protects the passengers from being exposed to the open
hoistway under the car if the doors are opened when it is not at
the landing. The guard is between 21” and 48” long.
ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
Car Operating Panel COP Car Apron/Toe Guard
ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
01. ELEVATOR CAR ------------>
01c. Mechanical accessories -
Elevator doors are normally opened by a power unit that is located on top of the elevator car.
1c.1 Car door and door operator
When an elevator car is level with a floor landing, the power unit moves the car door open or closed.
1c.2 Guide shoes.
A pick-up arm (clutch, vane, bayonet, or cam) contacts rollers on the hoistway door which releases the
1c.3 Door Protective Device.
door latch on the hoistway door. The power unit opens the car door which in turn opens the hoistway
door. The door rollers and pick-up arm may be different on various elevators but they all work on the
same principle.
Car door and door operator

Single slide door

Single slide door consists of one power operated single panel sliding doors.

Single speed centre opening

Single speed centre opening consist of two power operated panels that part simultaneously with a
brisk, noiseless motion. faster passenger loading than side opening

Two speed side opening

Two speed side opening consist of two power operated panels that are geared together. One door
moves twice as fast as the other door so that both doors will meet concurrently in the open position.

Two speed centre opening doors

Two speed centre opening doors is same as one speed center opening doors but it consist of four
power operated panels.
ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
01. ELEVATOR CAR ------------>
01c. Mechanical accessories -
1c.1 Car door and door operator
Guide shoes are Devices used mainly to guide the car and counterweight along the path of the
1c.2 Guide shoes.
guide rails. They also assure that the lateral motion of the car and counterweight is kept at a minimum
1c.3 Door Protective Device.
as they travel along the guide rails.

Roller Guides:
Guide shoes which use rollers that rotate on guide rails (A set of three
wheels that roll against the guide rails) rather than sliding on the rails

Sliding Guides:
Guide shoes which simply slide along the faces of the rails; the sliding insert
or gib may be metal, requiring the guide rails to be lubricated, or may be
plastic material which is self-lubricating.
Roller Guides
Sliding Guides

01c. Mechanical accessories - Any type of device used with automatic power operated doors that
1c.1 Car door and door operator detect obstructions to the normal closing of the elevator doors
1c.2 Guide shoes. (though contact may occur) and either causes the doors to change
1c.3 Door Protective Device. the door motion by either stopping it, or causing it to reverse
(reopen) or go into some other mode of operation, such as nudging.

A safe edge, a safety astragal, a photoelectric device (safe ray), and

electrostatic field device are examples of door protective devices
ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
01 Elevator Car. • Hoistway is the space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of
02 Hoistway. one or more elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts.
03 Machine/drive system.
04 Control system. • It includes the pit and terminates at the underside of the overhead machinery space
floor or grating or at the underside of the roof where the hoistway does not penetrate
05 Safety system.
the roof.
• Hoistway is sometimes called "hatchway" or "hatch".

• Note: Generally the Hoistway serving all floors of the building but in high-rise buildings
hoistways may be banked with specific hoistways serving only the lower floors and others
serving only middle or upper floors while travelling in a blind hoistway until reaching the floors
Hoistway Components that it serves. A blind hoistway has no doors on the floors that it does not serve.

02a. Guide rails for both the car and • Guide Rails are Steel Tracks in the form of a
counterweight. “T” that run the length of the hoistway, round,
02b. Counterweight. or formed sections with guiding surfaces to
02c.Suspension (Hoisting) Ropes guide and direct the course of travel of an
(Cables). elevator car and elevator counterweights and
02d.Landing (Hoist way) doors. usually mounted to the sides of the hoistway.
02e. Buffers in the pit.
• Car Guide rails are fixed to the hoistway by
means of steel brackets while counterweight guide
rails are fixed to the hoistway by means of side
steel and the guide rails are fixed to these
brackets by means of clips.
 ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
01 Elevator Car. Counterweight is a tracked weight that is suspended from cables and moves within its own set of guide
02 Hoistway. rails along the hoistway walls.
03 Machine/drive system.
04 Control system. Counterweight is used for the following:
05 Safety system.
•Balancing the mass of the complete car and a portion of rated load, and it will be equal to the dead
weight of the car plus about 40% of the rated load.
•Reducing the necessary consumed power for moving the elevator.

istway Components

a. Guide rails for both the car and

unterweight.
b. Counterweight.
c.Suspension (Hoisting) Ropes
ables).
d.Landing (Hoist way) doors.
e. Buffers in the pit.
LEVATOR COMPONENTS
Elevator Car. Elevator Control System co-ordinates all aspects of elevator service by accepting INPUTS
Hoistway. (e.g. button signals ) and producing OUTPUTS (elevator cars moving, doors opening, etc.).
Machine/drive system. • Travel
• Speed
Control system. • Accelerating and Decelerating,
Safety system.
• Door opening speed and delay,
• Levelling and hall lantern signals.
bjective of Control system

o bring the lift car to the correct floor.

o minimize travel time.
o maximize passenger comfort by
oviding a smooth ride.
o accelerate, decelerate and travel within
afe speed limits.

Simple Elevator Control System Inputs and Outputs

 ELEVATOR COMPONENTS
Elevator Control System Components

Inputs Outputs Controllers

Sensors Actuators
Buttons Bells
Key controls Displays
System controls

Sensors Buttons
• Magnetic and/or photo electric • Hall Buttons
• Weight sensor (Overload Device) • Floor Requests Buttons
• PVT (primary velocity transducer) • Open Door Button
• Emergency Stop Button
• Emergency Bell Button
Key Controls
use is restricted to repair people, elevator operators or firemen
• Fireman's service, phase II key switch
• An inspector's switch, which places the elevator in inspection mode
(this may be situated on top of the elevator
• Manual up/down controls for elevator technicians, to be used in inspection mode
LEVATOR COMPONENTS
Elevator Car.
Hoistway.
Machine/drive system. TAKEN AS ASSIGNEMNTS:
Control system.
Safety system.
03 Machine/drive system.
04 Control system.
05 Safety system.

06 Hospital Lifts/ Residential Lifts / Commercial Lifts/ Parking Lifts