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SMART GRID
A CASE BASED ASSIGNMENT REPORT
Submitted by
B.Bhanu teja(11801563,E180251)
Submitted to
Ms. Shweta Pathania
Assistant Professor
Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences
School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, (SEEE)
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara
Punjab (144411)
May, 2018
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DECLARATION
We declare that the written submission represents our ideas in our own words
and where other sides or words have been included, we have adequately cited
and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to
all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented
or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. We
understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action
by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have
thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been
taken when needed.
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ABSTRACT
The smart grid is a combination of hard ware management and
reporting software, built a top an intelligent communications
infrastructure .In the world of smart grid ,consumers and utility
companies alikes have tools to manage ,monitor and respond to
energy issues .The flow of electricity from utility to consumer
becomes a two way conservation ,saving consumers money
,energy ,delivering more transparency in terms of end user use ,and
reducing carbon emissions .modernization of the electricity delivery
system so that it monitors, protects and automatically optimizes the
operation of its interconnected elements –from the central and
distributed generator through the high voltage network and
distribution system ,to industrial users and building automation
systems ,to energy storage installations and to end use consumers
and their thermostats ,electric vehicles ,appliances and other house
hold devices .the smart grid in large ,sits at the intersection of
energy ,IT and telecommunication technologies.
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………5
1.1 what is smart grid……………………………………………….……..….5
2. why it is important………………………………………………………………...6
3. components of smart grid…………………………………………………..….8
4. features of a smart grid……………………………………………………….…11
4.1 reliability…………………………………………………………………….…11
4.2 flexibility in network topology…………………………………….…11
4.3 efficiency.………………………………………………………………………12
4.4 load adjusting/load balancing………………………………………..12
4.5 peak curtailment………………………………………………………..….13
4.6 sustainability………………………………………………………………….14
4.7 market enabling………………………………………………………..…..14
4.8 demand response support…………………………………………….15
4.9 Platform for advanced services…………………………………..….16
4.10 Provision megabits……………………………………………………..….16
5. Advantages of smart grid ………………………………………………....……17
6. Disadvantages of smart grid…………………………………………….………17
7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…………18
8. Reference………………………………………………………………………………..19
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INTRODUCTION
What is smart grid?
There are many smart grid definitions, some functional, some
technological, and some benefits oriented. The term smart grid to
describe an electric grid, has been in use since at least October 1997,
when the article Grids get smart protection and control, by Khoi Vu,
Miroslav M. Begovic , and Damir Novosel, was published in the
journal "IEEE Computer Applications in Power". A common element
to most definitions is the application of digital processing and
communications to the power grid, making data flow and
information management central to the smart grid.
Various capabilities result from the deeply integrated use of digital
technology with power grids, and integration of the new grid
information flows into utility processes and systems is one of the key
issues in the design of smart grids. Electric utilities now find
themselves making three classes of transformations: improvement of
infrastructure, called the strong grid in China; addition of the digital
layer, which is the essence of the smart grid; and business process
transformation, necessary to capitalize on the investments in smart
technology. Much of the modernization work that has been going on
in electric grid modernization, especially substation and distribution
automation, is now included in the general concept of the smart grid,
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but additional capabilities are evolving as well.
Fig1. Smart grid
Why is it important?
Smart Grid refers to an improved electricity supply chain that runs
from a major power plant all the way inside your home. In short,
there are thousands of power plants throughout the United States
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that generate electricity using wind energy, nuclear energy, coal,
hydro, natural gas, and a variety of other resources . These
generating stations produce electricity at a certain electrical voltage .
This voltage is then “stepped-up” (increased) to very high voltages,
such as 500,000 volts, to increase the efficiency of power
transmission over long distances.
Once this electrical power gets near your town or city, the electrical
voltage is “stepped-down” (decreased) in a utility substation to a
lower voltage for distribution around your town or city. As this
electrical power gets closer to your home, it is stepped-down by
another transformer to the voltage you use in your home. This
power enters your home through your electrical meter. The voltage
in your home is typically 110-120 volts for most appliances, but may
also be 220-240 volts for an electric range, clothes dryer, or air
conditioner.
In many areas of the United States, the electricity delivery system
described above is getting old and worn out. In addition, population
growth in some areas has caused the entire transmission system to
be over used and fragile. At the same time, you have probably added
more electronic devices to your home, such as computers, high-
definition TV’s, microwave ovens, wireless telephones, and even
electronic controls on refrigerators, ovens, and dishwashers.
These new appliances are more sensitive to variations in electric
voltage than old appliances, motors, and incandescent light bulbs.
Unfortunately, the entire electrical grid is becoming more fragile at
the same time the appliances in your home are getting more
sensitive to electrical variations. In short, the reliability of electrical
power in the United States will decline unless we do something
about it now.
Adding new transmission lines will help the utilities get more power
from the power plants to your home. However, many communities
don’t want new power lines in their areas. In addition, adding new
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capacity, although needed, will not increase the reliability of all the
old electrical equipment reaching the end of its useful life. What is
needed is a new approach that significantly increases the efficiency
of the entire electrical delivery system. This approach will not only
increase reliability, but will also reduce energy in the delivery process
and thereby reduce greenhouse house emissions. We call this new
approach Smart Grid.
The basic concept of Smart Grid is to add monitoring, analysis,
control, and communication capabilities to the national electrical
delivery system to maximize the throughput of the system while
reducing the energy consumption. The Smart Grid will allow utilities
to move electricity around the system as efficiency and economically
as possible. It will also allow the homeowner and business to use
electricity as economically as possible. You may want to keep your
house set at 75 degrees F in the summer time when prices are low,
but you may be willing to increase your thermostat to 78 degrees F if
prices are high. Similarly, you may want to dry your clothes for 5
cents per kilowatt-hour at 9:00 pm instead of 15 cents per kilowatt-
hour at 2:00 pm in the afternoon. You will have the choice and
flexibility to manage your electrical use while minimizing your costs.
Smart Grid builds on many of the technologies already used by
electric utilities but adds communication and control capabilities that
will optimize the operation of the entire electrical grid. Smart Grid is
also positioned to take advantage of new technologies, such as plug-
in hybrid electric vehicles, various forms of distributed generation,
solar energy, smart metering, lighting management systems,
distribution automation, and many more.
Components of smart grid
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Most of the Smart Grid technologies are currently ready to be
deployed on existing network to make them more efficient at
better costs.
Alstom Grid is a key player to supply Utilities with the technology to
adjust and balance energy consumption to energy production with a
real-time two-way management of electricity and information.
Our solutions allow the integration of renewable energies and a
more efficient electrical transmission and distribution across the
whole energy grid.
Alstom’s Smart Grid components and engineered solutions give the
capacity to analyze , monitor and control Utilities electrical assets
and devices at all times, 24/7, including load factor and other grid
conditions with digital elements and simultaneous communications
technologies installed throughout their electrical network.
This combined subset of interconnections and communication
devices added to software permits Utilities to better react to
incidents.
At the heart of the Smart Grid revolution, these solutions also
provide immediate benefits in many eco-city projects, thus enabling
end-consumers to benefit from better energy consumption and
sharing, at the heart of the smart cities.
By adding automation, information and communication expertise to
the existing power grid infrastructure, Alstom Grid’s state-of-the-art -
integrated technologies – Substation Automation Solutions, Network
Management System and Smart Power Electronics - offer grid
operators, governments, consumers and all energy chain
stakeholders, a set of strategic solutions to churn existing grids into a
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more sustainable, flexible and efficient electrical network system;
allowing:
A better management of electricity consumption and improved
density management during peaks.
A healthier environment by integrating renewable energy
sources to the grid and by integrating energy storage solutions
for a cleaner, reliable power.
An improved customer service by enabling :
o Real time pricing to customers, with less errors on bills
and more transparency.
o New services like the ability to endorse local green
energy consumption and optimization.
o Real-time assessment of system conditions and
anomalies caused by bad weather conditions,
catastrophes.
o Quick network repair by anticipation and isolation
enabling a rapid restoration of current with adaptive
reconfigurations.
o An increased end-users involvement converting
“customers” into “prosumers”. Measuring and
controlling consumption leads to better usage
adjustments and cost management, influencing how and
when energy is consumed. Local production and storage
can completely change the consumer role.
Alstom Grid’s interoperable and IEC 61850 compliant solutions allow
achieving high level availability and reliability of the network.
It also permits full integration with the control room network
monitoring and Smart Grid applications such as stability, wide area
protection plans, and online condition monitoring.
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Moreover, using the IEEE P1547.8 Standard to build the grid
establishes a common technical platform where distributed
resources and interconnected applications proffer an interoperable
Smart Grid and an optimized execution of the network
Features of the Smart Grid
The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed
responses to the challenges of electricity supply. Because of the
diverse range of factors there are numerous competing taxonomies
and no agreement on a universal definition. Nevertheless, one
possible categorisation is given here.
Reliability
The smart grid will make use of technologies, such as state
estimation, that improve fault detection and allow self-healing of the
network without the intervention of technicians. This will ensure
more reliable supply of electricity, and reduced vulnerability to
natural disasters or attack.
Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart grid,
the old grid also featured multiple routes. Initial power lines in the
grid were built using a radial model, later connectivity was
guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to as a network structure.
However, this created a new problem: if the current flow or related
effects across the network exceed the limits of any particular
network element, it could fail, and the current would be shunted to
other network elements, which eventually may fail also, causing a
domino effect. See power outage. A technique to prevent this is load
shedding by rolling blackout or voltage reduction (brownout).
The economic impact of improved grid reliability and resilience is the
subject of a number of studies and can be calculated using a US DOE
funded methodology for US locations using at least one calculation
tool.
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Flexibility in network topology
Next-generation transmission and distribution infrastructure will be
better able to handle possible bidirection energy flows, allowing for
distributed generation such as from photovoltaic panels on building
roofs, but also the use of fuel cells, charging to/from the batteries of
electric cars, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric power, and other
sources.
Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of electricity, but if a
local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the
reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues. A smart grid aims
to manage these situations.
Efficiency
Numerous contributions to overall improvement of the efficiency of
energy infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of smart
grid technology, in particular including demand-side management,
for example turning off air conditioners during short-term spikes in
electricity price, reducing the voltage when possible on distribution
lines through Voltage/VAR Optimization (VVO), eliminating truck-
rolls for meter reading, and reducing truck-rolls by improved outage
management using data from Advanced Metering Infrastructure
systems. The overall effect is less redundancy in transmission and
distribution lines, and greater utilization of generators, leading to
lower power prices.
Load adjustment/Load balancing
The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over
time. Although the total load is the sum of many individual choices of
the clients, the overall load is not a stable, slow varying, increment of
the load if a popular television program starts and millions of
televisions will draw current instantly. Traditionally, to respond to a
rapid increase in power consumption, faster than the start-up time
of a large generator, some spare generators are put on a dissipative
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standby mode . A smart grid may warn all individual television sets,
or another larger customer, to reduce the load temporarily (to allow
time to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in the case of
limited resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it is
possible to predict how many standby generators need to be used,
to reach a certain failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate
can only be reduced at the cost of more standby generators. In a
smart grid, the load reduction by even a small portion of the clients
may eliminate the problem.
Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing
To reduce demand during the high cost peak usage periods,
communications and metering technologies inform smart devices in
the home and business when energy demand is high and track how
much electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives utility
companies the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to
devices directly in order to prevent system overloads. Examples
would be a utility reducing the usage of a group of electric vehicle
charging stations or shifting temperature set points of air
conditioners in a city.
To motivate them to cut back use and perform what is called peak
curtailment or peak leveling, prices of electricity are increased during
high demand periods, and decreased during low demand periods. It
is thought that consumers and businesses will tend to consume less
during high demand periods if it is possible for consumers and
consumer devices to be aware of the high price premium for using
electricity at peak periods. This could mean making trade-offs such as
cycling on/off air conditioners or running dishes at 9 pm instead of 5
pm. When businesses and consumers see a direct economic benefit
of using energy at off-peak times, the theory is that they will include
energy cost of operation into their consumer device and building
construction decisions and hence become more energy efficient. See
Time of day metering and demand response.
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According to proponents of smart grid plans,[who?] this will reduce
the amount of spinning reserve that electric utilities have to keep on
stand-by, as the load curve will level itself through a combination of
"invisible hand" free-market capitalism and central control of a large
number of devices by power management services that pay
consumers a portion of the peak power saved by turning their device
off.
Sustainability
The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration
of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and
wind power, even without the addition of energy storage. Current
network infrastructure is not built to allow for many distributed
feed-in points, and typically even if some feed-in is allowed at the
local (distribution) level, the transmission-level infrastructure cannot
accommodate it. Rapid fluctuations in distributed generation, such as
due to cloudy or gusty weather, present significant challenges to
power engineers who need to ensure stable power levels through
varying the output of the more controllable generators such as gas
turbines and hydroelectric generators. Smart grid technology is a
necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity
on the grid for this reason.
Market-enabling
The smart grid allows for systematic communication between
suppliers (their energy price) and consumers (their willingness-to-
pay), and permits both the suppliers and the consumers to be more
flexible and sophisticated in their operational strategies. Only the
critical loads will need to pay the peak energy prices, and consumers
will be able to be more strategic in when they use energy.
Generators with greater flexibility will be able to sell energy
strategically for maximum profit, whereas inflexible generators such
as base-load steam turbines and wind turbines will receive a varying
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tariff based on the level of demand and the status of the other
generators currently operating.
The overall effect is a signal that awards energy efficiency, and
energy consumption that is sensitive to the time-varying limitations
of the supply. At the domestic level, appliances with a degree of
energy storage or thermal mass (such as refrigerators, heat banks,
and heat pumps) will be well placed to 'play' the market and seek to
minimize energy cost by adapting demand to the lower-cost energy
support periods. This is an extension of the dual-tariff energy pricing
mentioned above.
Demand response support
Demand response support allows generators and loads to interact in
an automated fashion in real time, coordinating demand to flatten
spikes. Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in these spikes
eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear
and extends the life of equipment, and allows users to cut their
energy bills by telling low priority devices to use energy only when it
is cheapest.
Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of
communication within control systems for their high value assets,
such as in generating plants, transmission lines, substations and
major energy users. In general information flows one way, from the
users and the loads they control back to the utilities. The utilities
attempt to meet the demand and succeed or fail to varying degrees
(brownout, rolling blackout, uncontrolled blackout). The total
amount of power demand by the users can have a very wide
probability distribution which requires spare generating plants in
standby mode to respond to the rapidly changing power usage. This
one-way flow of information is expensive; the last 10% of generating
capacity may be required as little as 1% of the time, and brownouts
and outages can be costly to consumers. Latency of the data flow is a
major concern, with some early smart meter architectures allowing
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actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving the data, preventing
any possible reaction by either supplying or demanding devices.
Platform for advanced services
As with other industries, use of robust two-way communications,
advanced sensors, and distributed computing technology will
improve the efficiency, reliability and safety of power delivery and
use. It also opens up the potential for entirely new services or
improvements on existing ones, such as fire monitoring and alarms
that can shut off power, make phone calls to emergency services,
etc.
Provision megabits, control power with kilobits, sell the rest
The amount of data required to perform monitoring and switching
one's appliances off automatically is very small compared with that
already reaching even remote homes to support voice, security,
Internet and TV services. Many smart grid bandwidth upgrades are
paid for by over-provisioning to also support consumer services, and
subsidizing the communications with energy-related services or
subsidizing the energy-related services, such as higher rates during
peak hours, with communications. This is particularly true where
governments run both sets of services as a public monopoly.
Because power and communications companies are generally
separate commercial enterprises in North America and Europe, it has
required considerable government and large-vendor effort to
encourage various enterprises to cooperate. Some, like Cisco, see
opportunity in providing devices to consumers very similar to those
they have long been providing to industry. Others, such as Silver
Spring Networks or Google, are data integrators rather than vendors
of equipment. While the AC power control standards suggest power
line networking would be the primary means of communication
among smart grid and home devices, the bits may not reach the
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home via Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) initially but by fixed
wireless.
Advantages of Smart Grid
Economic Development : The manufacture, installation,
operation and maintenance of the smart grid and its components will
create new jobs within the state.
Innovation: Smart grid innovation will enable the growth of
business while rewarding customers with valuable new products.
Lower Costs: Costs rise over time and energy is no exception, but
the smart grid should provide less costly energy than otherwise
would be possible. As such, it will save customers money which can
be invested or consumed as they choose.
Higher Customer Satisfaction: The combination of lower costs,
improved reliability and better customer control will raise
satisfaction among all types of customers.
Improved Reliability: Smart grid will reduce and shorten outages
and improve the quality of power.
Customer Energy/Cost Savings: As pricing becomes more
transparent and is aligned with the underlying economics of
generation and distribution, customers’ decisions to save money will
benefit society as well
Disadvantages of Smart Grid
Biggest concern: Privacy and Security
Some types of meters can be hacked
Hackers may gain control of thousands, even millions, of
meters
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Hackers Increase or decrease the demand for power Not
simply a single component
Various technology components: - software, the power
generators, system integrators, etc.
Expensive in terms of installation
Conclusion
Smart Grid is a concept designed to provide electricity in more
efficient way by better allocating electricity according to consumer’s
wants. It integrated multiple energy sources and avoid over
generation as well. In foreign countries, namely the UK and USA,
started to implement as they see it as a solution of energy and
environment pressure in their own country.
In Hong Kong, despite the fact that pilot scheme is running,
electricity companies are not very active in promoting Smart Grid in
Hong Kong. They are still thinking of the question “Should Hong Kong
implement “smart grid” technology?” By analyzing arguments for
and against Smart Grid deployment, we concluded that Smart Grid is
worth doing because of the benefits of energy saving, positive
environmental impact and long-term economic outcome. Yet, we
also discovered the drawbacks of huge expenses in short-term and
the difficulties of lack of funding, public support, problem of privacy
and effectiveness. Hence, suggestion on government, companies and
citizen levels to settle the foreseeable problem to help the successful
implementation of Smart Grid.
REFERENCES
www.google.org
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www.wikipedia.com
www.tata.com
www.urbandigest.com
www.smartgrid.gov.com
