DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT

CONCEPTUAL INFRASTRUCTURE

DEVELOPMENT PLAN

CHAPTER 2: EARTHWORK AND ESCP

GROUP 2 MEMBERS AND MATRIC NUMBER:

NUR FATIHAH BINTI ANUAR 1625518

MUHAMMAD HARITH HANIS BIN MASLAN 1622709

AHMAD UMAR ZAINI BIN ZAINOREEN 1626305

AHMAD FARIZ BIN KAMARUDIN 1628889

NUR FATHIN ATHIRAH BINTI MAMAT 1623608

SUPERVISORS: PROF. IR. DR. MAISARAH ALI

IR. DR. BADERUL HISHAM BIN AHMAD

AUGUST 2020
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to Allah, the Almighty for the blessings

throughout the time to complete the project successfully. We would like to express our deep

and sincere gratitude to the project supervisors, Prof. Ir. Dr. Maisarah Ali and Ir. Dr. Baderul

Hisham in Ahmad for giving us the chance to do this project and providing us continuous

guidance throughout the process. It was a great privilege and honor for us to learn from them.

We would also extend our gratitude to all lectures involved in providing the most needed

guidance and motivation to us to complete the project successfully.

The completion of this project could not be accomplished without having dedicated

and supportive group members. We are truly thankful for the continuous encouragement and

support that is given to each other towards the completion of this project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. ii

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................. 1

EARTHWORK AND ESCP ........................................................................................................ 1

2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

2.2 ESCP ..................................................................................................................................... 5

2.2.1 ACCESS ROAD AND WASH TROUGH ..................................................................... 6

2.2.2 SILT FENCE .................................................................................................................. 7

2.2.3 SILT TRAP................................................................................................................... 10

2.2.4 EARTH DRAIN ........................................................................................................... 12

2.2.5 ACCOMODATION AND FACILITIES ..................................................................... 12

2.3 PROPOSED PLATFORM LEVEL .................................................................................... 13

2.4 CUT AND FILL .................................................................................................................. 17

2.4.1 EXCEL CALCULATION ............................................................................................ 18

2.4.2 OVERALL CUT AND FILL AREA............................................................................ 18

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2. 1: Design Criteria of Silt Fence for Sediment Control ..................................................... 9

Table 2. 2: Design Criteria of Sediment Trap for Sediment Control ............................................ 10

Table 2. 3: Proposed Platform Level ............................................................................................ 14

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1: Survey Plan.................................................................................................................. 2

Figure 2. 2: Proposed Layout Plan .................................................................................................. 2

Figure 2. 3: X-X Cross Section of the Development Area ............................................................ 3

Figure 2. 4: Y-Y Cross Section of the Development Area ............................................................. 4

Figure 2. 5: Erosion And Sediment Control Plan ........................................................................... 5

Figure 2. 6: Typical Design of Wash Through ............................................................................... 7

Figure 2. 7: Silt Fence ..................................................................................................................... 9

Figure 2. 8: Silt Trap ..................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 2. 9: Example of Accommodation and Facilities on the Construction Site....................... 13

Figure 2. 10: Guideline to Design Platform Level and Cross Section .......................................... 14

Figure 2. 11: Cut and Fill of Development Area .......................................................................... 18

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 CHAPTER 2

EARTHWORK AND ESCP

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Earthwork is an engineering work which involves the movement of big quantities of soils

or unformed rock. Earthwork is done subjected to the condition stated in the Street, Drainage and

Building Act 1974 (Act 133) by which no one shall carry out or permitted to be carried out any

earthwork without submitting the plans and specifications to the local authority prior to earthwork

process and they should obtain approval of the local authority after the submission of plan and

specification. Generally, earthwork is done before the construction of any building, roads, drain,

sewer and any other construction works to provide a suitable platform level and gradient for

building works.

The components that are involved in the design of earthwork are survey plan, platform

level, cross section of several parts of the development area and the erosion and sediment control

plan or known as ESCP. The survey plan shows the existing area and the surrounding while the

cross section part is useful to know the terrain of the development site.

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 Figure 2. 1: Survey Plan

Figure 2. 2: Proposed Layout Plan

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 Four cross sections from the development area are extracted to get a precise earth volume

after considering the size and the condition of the site. Two are done for the x-x cross section and

the other two are for the y-y cross section. The cross section is shown in figure 2.3 and figure 2.4

Figure 2. 3: X-X Cross Section of the Development Area

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Figure 2. 4: Y-Y Cross Section of the Development Area

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2.2 ESCP

Erosion and sediment control plan or known as ESCP is the specification of temporary

measures that must be implemented during the construction phase. It may involve permanent

measures that will still remain in the development area. This plan is done to control environmental

impact from sedimentation and erosion. According to the guideline, there are 8 components to

prepare a good ESCP. The components include minimizing soil erosion, preserving topsoil and

other assets, providing access route and site management, runoff control and management,

earthwork and erosion control, sediment prevention control, slope stabilization and site

maintenance. The main principle of ESCP is it should be part of the design of engineering drawing

for documentation in the bill of quantities.

Figure 2. 5: Erosion and Sediment Control Plan

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2.2.1 ACCESS ROAD AND WASH TROUGH

Access roads are essential during construction as it is used to provide temporary access

into and through the construction sites and also as permanent and low-traffic access for

maintenance activities. This access road needs to be located where the disturbance to vegetation

can be minimized while taking into consideration the purpose of the road. For the project, the main

access road is located near to the existing roads outside the development area as shown in figure

2.5 to ensure the efficiency of the transportation of materials to the site.

On the other hand, to reduce the pollution that comes from sediments and dust from the

site area, the usage of wash through is effective. It helps to minimize the tracking of sediment onto

the public roads. Wash through is provided at the exit road as it is used to wash the vehicles before

it exits from the site. The width of wash through should be the same as the width of the exit road.

It consists of a vibration grid which helps to remove the dust from the tires. The figure 2.6 below

shows the typical design of wash through at the construction site.

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 Figure 2. 6: Typical Design of Wash Through

2.2.2 SILT FENCE

A silt fence or sediment fence is a barrier that is temporarily placed on the site to decrease

the velocity of sheet and overland flows. Silt fence consists of a fabric filter that is stretched across

the soil and attached and entrenched to supporting posts. It is backed by a wire fence for support

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depending on the strength of the fabric. Although it does not filter runoff, it is useful to allow soil

particles to settle by creating upstream ponding reducing the velocity of the flow. Silt fences are

quite simple components to construct and relatively cheap. It can also easily be moved in line with

the progress of the development. In this project, it is implemented in four areas which are mostly

near to the silt traps.

The implementation of silt fence also has several limitations. It cannot be placed on a slope

or across any contour line, cannot be used or not practical at any place where the flow is

concentrated and it will cause temporary flooding as it creates a temporary sediment pond on the

upstream side of the fence. Therefore, a good design criteria of silt fence must be chosen. The table

2.1 below shows the design criteria of silt fence according to the JPS Guideline for Erosion.

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Table 2. 1: Design Criteria of Silt Fence for Sediment Control

Figure 2. 7: Silt Fence

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2.2.3 SILT TRAP

Silt trap is defined as a small temporary ponding area formed by soil excavation or

construction of earthen embankment. Usually, it comes with a gravel outlet. The main purpose of

silt trap is to hold runoff that comes from disturbed areas for a long enough period to allow for the

sediments to settle out. It is to be used on smaller catchment areas where there are no complex

drainage components and where construction takes a reasonably short period of time to complete.

The trap is located where the sediment can easily be removed and the outlet must be stabilized

with rocks, vegetation or any other suitable materials. On the other hand, it must be inspected

weekly and also after each rainfall. The sediment must be removed when the storage level is less

than 300mm from being full.

The limitation of using silt trap is it requires a large area to allow the settling and infiltration

of sediments. Moreover, it can only be used for drainage areas up to 2 hectares. Therefore, design

criteria of this component must be followed as described by JPS as shown in table 2.2 below.

Table 2. 2: Design Criteria of Sediment Trap for Sediment Control

Design Parameter Requirement

Runoff Quantity Up to 10 years ARI

Design

Runoff Quality Water Quality Design Storm for ESCP

Design
● First 40mm rainfall for site <2 year construction period

● First 50mm rainfall for site <2 year construction period

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Overspill All flow up to 10 year ARI shall safely bypass the trap.

Runoff Retention All flow up to runoff quality design flow shall be retained within the

basin. Extended drawdown can be permitted by authority when deem

necessary.

Flood Protection Ensure upstream/downstream flooding conditions are not aggravated.

Maximum 2 hectares

Contributing Area

Storage Volume ● Total storage: 125m3/ha of contributing area

● Permanent pool: half of total storage

Basin Dimension ● Minimum length to width ratio: 2:1

● Minimum depth of 1m

● Depths exceeding 2m is not recommended. In unavoidable

circumstances, provide perimeter fencing for safety.

Embankment ● Inside embankment: 2:1 or flatter

● Outside embankment: 3:1 or flatter

● Maximum embankment height should not exceed 1.5m

Lining materials ● Suitable size rocks/rip raps

Erosion Protection Outlet protection shall be provided for the emergency spillway.

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 Figure 2. 8: Silt Trap

2.2.4 EARTH DRAIN

The earth drain is constructed within the site area for the project to ensure the water will

only flow within the site area and not beyond the construction area. For this project, the water

flows to the silt trap before it is discharged to the nearest river. Sungai Tiram is the nearest river

that can be found from google earth.

2.2.5 ACCOMODATION AND FACILITIES

Accommodation and facilities is a primary concern to both employers and employees.

There are several temporary facilities and accommodation provided for the staff and workers in

the construction site. It includes the site office, workers basecamp and temporary toilet. The

employer is responsible to ensure safe means of access are provided and maintained from and to

every place where the facilities are located.

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 Figure 2. 9: Example of Accommodation and Facilities on the Construction Site

2.3 PROPOSED PLATFORM LEVEL

The proposed platform level is determined by referring to the topography of the site area

and based on the scheme of development requirements. For instance, the highest flood level or

nearest existing access road and discharge point should be considered. The process is done by

following the flow guideline as stated in the figure 2.10 below. The proposed platform level as in

table 2.3 is also integrated with the existing development or existing level in order to achieve an

almost balanced percentage of cut and fill volume within the development area. The slope

formation from the proposed platform level is also taken into consideration that it must be kept

within the development area.

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 Figure 2. 10: Guideline to Design Platform Level and Cross Section

Table 2. 3: Proposed Platform Level

Usage Proposed level (m)

Housing

Terrace 18’/20’/22’x60’/65’/70’ 64 - 69.5

Low-cost Flats (RM25,000) 60 unit/acres 65 - 67

Medium-Low cost Flat (RM50,000) 60 unit/acres 65 - 68.5

Commercial

Office/Shop Lot 20’/24’x60’/70’ 65 - 69.5

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Medium-Low cost Convenient Store (RM150,000) 66

20’x60’

Public and Basic Facilities

Open Area 64 - 67

Primary School 65 - 67

Religious School 65 - 67

Kindergarten 65

Multipurpose Hall 65

Surau 65

Burial reserves 67

Electrical Substation 64 - 68

Sewage Treatment Plant 60

Drain reserves 58

Detention Pond 60

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Road and Lane reserves 64.25 - 69.75

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2.4 CUT AND FILL

Cut and fill the process which involves the modification of the surface level by adding or

removing the material from the surface. It is an essential component for any development project.

There are several methods for cut and fill calculation whether by using manual calculation or

software. For this project, the method that is implemented is the manual calculation or specifically

the grid method. The procedure of this method is stated below.

1. On the layout plan of the area, a set of equally spaced horizontal and vertical lines is drawn

across the area.

2. The existing and proposed level at each intersection of the horizontal and vertical line is

determined.

3. The existing elevation is then subtracted from the proposed elevation for each intersection.

The negative number indicates fill and positive number means cut.

4. In each cell, four cut and fill numbers are added together and divided by four to get the

average depth of cut or fill for the cell.

5. The average cut or fill depth is then multiplied by the area of one grid to get the cut or fill

volume in cubic metre.

6. The volumes of cut and fill are total up separately.

7. The difference between total cut and fill is calculated and the percentage difference is

obtained.

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 8. The positive percentage difference indicates the need to import dirt onto the building site

while negative difference means that there are more cuts than fill and the material needs to

be exported from the site.

2.4.1 EXCEL CALCULATION

The result obtained from the calculation is the total cut volume, total fill volume and the

percentage difference between total cut and total fill. The percentage difference indicates the

volume of soil that is needed to be imported or exported from the development area. The

calculation of cut and fill by using grid method is made by using Microsoft Office Excel and the

result shown in the appendix.

2.4.2 OVERALL CUT AND FILL AREA

Figure 2. 11: Cut and Fill of Development Area

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 EARTHWORK COMPUTATION

Total site area (km2) 0.86

Total cut volume (m3) 2455998

Total fill volume (m3) 2678288

Percentage difference of cut and fill (%) -8.7

Volume difference (m3) 222290

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