GATE – CIVIL ENGINEERING

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Online Lecture: 9 (19.06.2020)

Prof.B.Jayarami Reddy
Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Y.S.R. Engineering College of
Yogi Vemana University,
Proddatur, Y.S.R.(Dt.), A.P-516360.
E.mail : [email protected]
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
19-06-2020
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
19-06-2020
 10. The following statements are related to temperature stresses developed in concrete
pavement slabs with free edges (without any restraint): CE1 2014
P. The temperature stresses will be zero during both day and night times if the
pavement slab is considered weightless
Q. The temperature stresses will be compressive at the bottom of the slab during
night time if the self weight of the pavement slab is considered
R. The temperature stresses will be compressive at the bottom of the slab during
day time if the self weight of the pavement slab is considered
The TRUE statement(s) is(are)
a. P only b. Q only c. P and Q only d. P and R only

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 3
 10. c
Temperature differential between the top and bottom of the slab causes warping
stress in the pavement. If the temperature of the top surface of the slab is higher
than the bottom surface, then top surface tends to expand and the bottom surface
tends to contract resulting in compressive stress at the top, tensile stress at the
bottom and vice versa.
No warping stresses will induce if the pavement slab is not restrained.
Temperature differential produces two types of stresses in a concrete pavement.
i. Warping stresses and ii. Frictional stresses
Since the slab is in contact with the soil subgrade, the slab movements are
restrained due to friction. The frictional resistance tends to prevent the slab
movement and thereby inducing the frictional stress at the bottom of the slab
pavement.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 4
 During summer, as the mean temperature of the slab increases, the concrete
pavement expands towards the expansion joints. The frictional resistance depends
on the self weight of the slab and coefficient of friction at the interface. Due to
friction resistance at the interface, compressive stress is induced at the bottom of
the slab.
Similarly, during winter as the mean temperature of the slab decreases, the
concrete pavement contracts. Due to frictional resistance at the interface, tensile
stress is induced at the bottom of the slab.
No frictional stresses will induce if the weight of the pavement is neglected.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 5
 During the day, the top of the pavement slab gets heated under the sunlight when
the bottom of the slab still remains relatively colder. Due to frictional resistance,
tensile stresses induced at bottom during the day.
During the night (or late in the evening), the bottom of the slab gets heated up due
to heat transfer from the top. Due to frictional resistance, compressive stress
induced at the bottom during the night.
Therefore, it can be concluded that

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 6
 P. The temperature stress will be zero during both day and night if the pavements
slab is considered weightless.
Warping stress = 0 ( no restraint at edges)
Frictional stress = 0 (pavement slab is weightless)
Statement P is true
Q. The temperature stress will be compressive at the bottom of the slab during
night time if the self weight of pavement is considered.
Warping stress = 0 ( no restraint at edges)
Frictional stress = compressive
Statement Q is true.
R. The temperature stress will be tensile at the bottom of the slab during day time if
the self weight of the pavement slab is considered.
Warping stress = 0 ( no restraint at edges)
Frictional stress = tensile
Statement R is false.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 7
 11. Select the strength parameter of concrete used in design of plain jointed cement
concrete pavements from the following choices: GATE 2013
a. Tensile strength b. Compressive strength
c. Flexural strength d. Shear strength.
11. c
Flexural strength of concrete used in design of plain jointed cement concrete
pavements.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 12. A pavement designer has arrived at a design traffic of 100 million standard axles
for a newly developing National highway as per IRC: 37 guidelines using the
following data: design life = 15 years, commercial vehicle count before pavement
construction = 4500 vehicles/day, annual traffic growth rate = 8%. The vehicle
damage factor used in the calculation was GATE 2012
a. 1.53 b. 2.24 c. 3.66 d. 4.14
12. b
Number of standard axle load, N S = 100 msa
Design life, n = 15 years
Commercial vehicle count before pavement construction, A = 4500 vehicles/day
Annual traffic growth rate, r = 8%
Vehicle damage factor, F =?

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 9
 365 A (1 + r ) n − 1
NS = F
r
365  4500[(1 + 0.08)15
− 1]
100 10 =
6
F
0.08
F = 2.24

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 10
 13. Consider the following statements in the context of cement concrete pavements.
I. Warping stresses in cement concrete pavements are caused by the
seasonal variation in temperature.
II. Tie bars are generally provided across transverse joints of cement concrete
pavements
The correct option evaluating the above statements is GATE 2010
a. I: True II: False b. I: False II: True c. I: True II: True d. I: False II: False
13. d
Warping stresses in cement concrete pavements are used by the daily variation in
temperature. The bars are generally provided across the longitudinal joints of
cement concrete pavements.

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 14. Which of the following stress combinations are appropriate in identifying the
critical condition for the design of concrete pavements ? GATE 2009
Type of stress Location
P. Load 1. Corner
Q. Temperature 2. Edge
3. Interior
a. P2 Q3 b. P1 Q3 c. P3 Q1 d. P2 Q2
14. a
The critical condition for load is at the edge for the design of concrete pavements.
Frictional stresses are developed due to seasonal variation in temperature. The
frictional stresses will be zero at the free and ends at expansion joints and
increases up to a maximum value towards the interior. Therefore, critical
condition for the design of concrete pavements due to temperature is interior.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

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 16. It is proposed to widen and strengthen an existing 2-lane NH section as a divided
highway. The existing traffic in one direction is 2500 commercial vehicles (CV) per
day. The construction will take 1 year. The design CBR of soil subgrade is found to
be 5 percent. Given: traffic growth rate for CV = 8 percent, vehicle damage factor
= 3.5 (standard axles per CV), design life = 10 years and traffic distribution factor
= 0.75. The cumulative standard axles (msa) computed are GATE 2008
a. 35 b. 37 c. 65 d. 70
16. b
Existing traffic in one direction, P = 2500 CV per day
Period of construction, n = 1 year
CBR of soil sub grade = 5%
Traffic growth rate for CV, r = 8%
Vehicle damage factor, F = 3.5
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 13
 Design life, n = 10 years
Traffic distribution factor = 0.75
Cumulative standard axles = N S
Number of vehicles after 1 year, A = P(1 + r ) n
1
 8  = 2700 CV per day
A = 2500 1 + 
 100 
365 A (1 + r ) − 1
n

Cumulative standard axles (msa), NS =  FD

r
365  2  2700 (1 + 0.08 ) − 1
10

NS =    3.5  0.75= 74.94  106 sa= 74.94 msa

0.08
Cumulative standard axles per lane = 37.47 msa

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 14
 17. The following data pertains to the number of commercial vehicles per day for the
design of a flexible pavement for a national highway as per IRC:37-1984
Type of commercial Number of vehicles Damage Factor
Vehicle per day
Two axle trucks 2000 5
Tandem axle trucks 200 6
Assuming a traffic growth factor of 7.5% per annum for both the types of
vehicles, the cumulative number of standard axle load repetitions (in million) for a
design life of ten years is GATE 2007
a. 44.6 b. 57.8 c. 62.4 d. 78.7

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Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 17. b
Cumulative number of standard axle load repetitions is given by
365 A[(1 + r ) n − 1]
Ns = .F
r
Number of vehicles per day considering the number of lanes, A =2000
Traffic growth rate, r = 7.5 %
Vehicle damage factor, F = 5
Design life of pavement, n = 10 years
For two axle trucks, A = 2000, F = 5
365  2000[(1 + 0.075)10 − 1]
N s1 =  5 = 51.6  106 = 51.6 msa
0.075

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 16
 For Tandem axle trucks, A = 200, F = 6

365  200[(1 + 0.075)10 − 1]

Ns2 =  6 = 6.2  106 = 6.2 msa
0.075
N s = N s1 + N s 2 = 51.6 + 6.2 = 57.8 msa

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 17
 18. The width of the expansion joint is 20 mm in a cement concrete pavement. The
laying temperature is 200C and the maximum slab temperature in summer is 60°C.
The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is 10×10-6 mm/mm/oC and the
joint filler compresses up to 50% of the thickness. The spacing between
expansion joints should be GATE 2007
a. 20 m b. 25 m c. 30 m d. 40 m
18. b
Width of expansion joint,  = 20 mm
The Laying temperature, T1 = 200 C
Maximum slab temperature during summer, T2 = 600 C
Coefficient of thermal expansion,  = 10  10-6 mm/mm/oC
Compression of the filler joint = 50% of the thickness
Compression of the filler,   = 0.5  20 =10 mm =1 cm
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Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 18
 
Spacing of expansion joint, Le =
 (T2 − T1 )
10
Le = −6 = 25  103 = 25 m
10 10 (60 − 20)

OR
δ=LαT 10 = L 10 10−6  40 L = 25 103 mm = 25 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 19
 19. Using IRC : 37-1984 “Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements” and the
following data, choose the total thickness of the pavement. GATE 2006
No. of commercial vehicles when construction is completed = 2723 veh/day
Annual growth rate of the traffic = 5.0%
Design life of the pavement = 10 years
Vehicle damage factor = 2.4
CBR value of the subgrade soil = 5%
Data for 5% CBR value
No. of Standard Axels, msa Total Thickness, mm
20 620
25 640
30 670
40 700
a. 620 mm b. 640 mm c. 670 mm d. 700 mm
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Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 19. c
Cumulative number of standard axle load is given by
365 A (1 + r ) n − 1
Ns = F
r
Number of commercial vehicles per day when construction is completed,
A = 2723 vehicles / day
Annual growth rate of the traffic, r = 5.0%
Design life of the pavement, n = 10 years
Vehicle damage factor, F = 2.4
CBR value of the sub grade soil = 5%

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 21
 365  2723 (1 + 0.05)10 − 1
Ns =  2.4 = 30×106
0.05
N s = 30 msa
From the given table, for 5℅ CBR value, the total thickness of pavement for 30
msa is 670 mm.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 22
 20. In case of governing equations for calculating wheel load stresses using
Westergaard’s approach, the following statements are made. GATE 2006
I. Load stresses are inversely proportional to wheel load
II. Modulus of subgrade reaction is useful for load stress calculation
a. Both statements are TRUE b. I is TRUE and II is FALSE
c. Both statements are FALSE d. I is FALSE and II is TRUE
20. d
The critical stress Si at interior is given by
0.316 P  l 
Si =  4 log10   + 1.069 
b
2
h  
P :Wheel load, kg
h : Slab thickness
b : Radius of resisting section
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6/19/2020 23
 1/ 4
 Eh 3

l : Radius of relative stiffness =  2 
 12 k (1 −  )

k : Modulus of subgrade reaction

Load stress is directly proportional to wheel load.
Modulus of subgrade reaction ( k ) is useful for load stress calculation.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 24
 21. The following observations were made of an axle-load survey on a road
Axle Load KN Repetitions per day
35-45 800
75-85 400
The standard axle-load is 80 kN. Equivalent daily number of repetitions for the
standard axle-load are GATE 2005
a. 450 b. 480 c. 800 d. 1200
21. a
Axle load, Avg. axle Repetitions EALF
kN load, kN per day
35-45 40 800 1/16
75-85 80 400 1

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 4
 Wi 
Equivalent Axle Load Factor (EALF) =  
 std 
W
Wi : Axle load of i th vehicle
Wstd : Standard axle load.
Equivalent daily number of repetitions for the standard axle load
1
= 800  + 400 1 = 450
16

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 22. For a 25 cm thick cement concrete pavement, analysis of stresses gives the
following values.
Wheel load stress due to corner loading = 30 kg/cm2
Wheel load stress due to edge loading = 32 kg/cm2
Warping stress at corner region during summer = 9 kg/cm2
Warping stress at corner region during winter= 7 kg/cm2
Warping stress at edge region during summer= 8 kg/cm2
Warping stress at edge region during winter= 6 kg/cm2
Frictional stress during winter = 5 kg/cm2
Frictional stress during winter = 4 kg/cm2
The most critical stress value for this pavement is GATE 2005
a. 40 kg/cm2 b. 42 kg/cm2 c. 44 kg/cm2 d. 45 kg/cm2

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 27
 22. b
The following four cases are to be considered for most critical stress value for
pavement.
i. During summer, critical combination of stresses at edges
= Wheel load stress due to edge loading + warping stress at edge region
during summer – frictional stress during summer
= 32 + 8 – 5 = 35 kg / cm2
ii. During winter, critical combination of stresses at edges
= Wheel load stress due to edge loading + warping stress at edge region
during winter + frictional stress during winter
= 32 + 6 + 4 = 42 kg/cm2

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 28
 iii. During summer, critical combination of stresses at corner
= Wheel load stress at corner loading + warping stress at corner region
during summer
= 30 + 9 = 39 kg/cm2
iv. During winter, critical combination of stresses at corner
= Wheel load stress at corner loading + warping stress at corner region
during winter
= 30 + 7 = 37 kg/cm2
Hence, the most critical stress value for the pavement = 42 kg/cm2

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 29
 23. The data given below pertain to the design of a flexible pavement. GATE 2004
Initial traffic = 1213 cvpd
Traffic growth rate = 8 percent per annum
Design life = 12 years
Vehicle damage factor = 2.5
Distribution factor = 1.0
The design traffic in terms of million standard axles (msa) to be catered would be
a. 0.06 msa b. 8.40 msa c. 21.00 msa d. 32.26 msa
23. c
Initial traffic, A = 1213 cvpd
Traffic growth rate, r = 8%
Design life of pavement, n = 12 years
Vehicle damage factor, F = 2.5
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 Distribution factor = 1.0
Design traffic is in msa.
365 A (1 + r ) 2 − 1 365 1213 (1 + 0.08)12 − 1
Standard Axles, N s = .F =  2.5
r 0.08
= 21.0 × 106 standard axles = 21.0 msa

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 31
 24. In the context of flexible pavement design, the ratio of contact pressure to tyre
pressure is called the Rigidity Factor. This factor is less than unity when the tyre
pressure is GATE 2004
a. less than 0.56 N/mm2 b. equal to 0.56 N/mm2
c. equal to 0.7 N/mm2 d. more than 0.7 N/mm2
24. d
Contact Pressure
Rigidity factor =
Tyre pressure
Rigidity factor Average tyre pressure
1 7 kg/cm2 (0.7 N/mm2)
>1 < 7 kg/cm2 (<0.7 N/mm2)
<1 >7 kg/cm2 (> 0.7 N/mm2)

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Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 32
 The rigidity factor depends upon the degree of tension developed in the walls of
the tyres.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 25. The plate load test conducted with a 75 cm diameter plate on soil sub grade
yielded a deflection of 2.5 mm under a stress of 800 N/cm2. The modulus of
elasticity of the subgrade soil, in kN/cm2, is GATE 2003
a. 141,6 b. 154.6 c. 160.0 d. 185.4
25. a
The modulus of elasticity of sub grade soil is given by
1.18 p.a
Es =

75
Radius of the plate, a = = 37.5 cm
2
Deflection,  = 2.5 mm = 0.25 cm
Intensity of stress, p = 800 N/cm2
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Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 34
 1.18  800  37.5
Es = = 141600 N/cm2 = 141.6 KN/cm2
0.25

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Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 26. Temperature stresses in concrete pavements may cause the slab to crack. If a slab
cools uniformly, then the crack will develop at the following locations of the slab
a. at centre b. near edges c. at corners d. both (b) and (c)
GATE 2003
26. a
Temperature stresses are developed in cement concrete pavement due to variation
in slab temperature. Temperature produces two types of stresses in a concrete
pavement
i. Warping stress and
ii. Frictional stress
If a slab cools uniformly, the corners and edges are free to contact. Hence the
cracks due to stresses will develop at the center of the slab.

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Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 27. In a concrete pavement GATE 2002
A. temperature stress is tensile at bottom during day time.
B. load stress is compressive at bottom
a. Both the statements (A) and (B) are correct
b. Statement (A) is correct and (B) is wrong
c. Statement (B) is wrong and (A) is correct
d. Both statement (A) and (B) are incorrect
27. b
The top surface expands more than the bottom surface.
Temperature differential between the top and bottom of the slab causes curling
(warping) stress in the pavement. During the day time, the bottom of pavement is
subjected to low temperature than at the top. If the temperature of the upper
surface of the slab is higher than the bottom surface then top surface tends to
expand and the bottom surface tends to contract resulting in compressive stress at
the top, tensile stress at bottom. Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 37
 Forces acting on pavement during the day.
The top surface pull the bottom surface and bottom surface push the top surface
so that the section expands the same amount. Hence, bottom surface of pavement is
subjected to tensile stress and top surface subjected to compressive stress.
Statement A is true.
Load stress is tensile at bottom of interior and edge locations and at top of the
corner. Statement B is false.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 38
 28. The average daily traffic on a stretch of road is 300 commercial vehicles per
lane per day. Design traffic repetitions for 10 years when vehicle damage factor
is 2.5 and traffic growth rate is 7%, is GATE 2002
a. 3.8 msa b. 23.5 msa c. 45.4 msa d. 16 msa
28. a
Average daily traffic on a road, A = 300 cvld
Design period, n = 10 years
Vehicle damage factor, F = 2.5
Traffic growth, r = 7%
365 A (1 + r ) n − 1
Cumulative standard axles, N s = .F
r

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 39
 365  300 (1 + 0.07)10 − 1
Ns =  2.5 = 3.78 10 sa
6

0.07
N s = 3.78 msa

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 40
 29. Dowel bars in concrete pavement are placed GATE 2002
a. along the direction of traffic b. perpendicular to the direction of traffic
c. along 450 to the direction of traffic d. can be placed along any direction
29. a
Dowel bars in concrete pavement are used in expansion joints ie., along the
direction of traffic.
Tie bars are used across the longitudinal joints of cement concrete pavements ie.,
perpendicular to the direction of traffic.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 30. The radius of relatives stiffness for a 20 cm thick slab with E =3 105 kg/cm2 and
poisson’s ratio = 0.15, resting on a subgrade having modulus of 5 kg/cm3 is
a. 10 cm b. 80 cm c. 120 cm d.320 cm GATE 2001
30. b
Thickness of slab, h = 20 cm
Modulus of elasticity, E = 3 105 kg/cm 2
Poisson’s ratio,  = 0.15
Modulus of subgrade reaction, K = 5 kg/cm3
Radius of relative stiffness, l = ?
E.h3 3 105  203
l= = =79.98 cm
12 K (1 −  ) 12  5(1 − 0.15 )
2 2

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 42
 31. The minimum value of CBR( %) required for granular sub-base as per Ministry
of Surface Transport (MOST) specification is GATE 2001
a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20
31. d
For sub-grade, minimum CBR value=10%
For granular sub-base, minimum CBR value of 20% for cumulative traffic upto
2 msa and 30% exceeding 2 msa.

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Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
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 32. The standard plate size in a plate bearing test for finding modulus of subgrade
reaction (k ) value is GATE 2000
a. 100 cm diameter b. 50 cm diameter
c. 75 cm diameter d. 25 cm diameter
32. c
For finding the modulus of subgrade reaction, 75 cm diameter plate is used in a
plate bearing test

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 33. A two lane single carriage-way is to be designed for a design life period of 15
years. Total two-way traffic intensity in the year of completion of construction
is expected to be 2000 commercial vehicles per day. Vehicle damage factor =
3.0, Lane distribution factor = 0.75. Assuming an annual rate of traffic growth
as 7.5%, the design traffic expressed as cumulative number of standard axles, is
a. 42.9 106 b. 22.6 106 c. 10.1106 d. 5.3 106 GATE 1999
33. a.
Design life period, n = 15 years
Traffic intensity in the year of completion of construction, A =2000 cvpd
Vehicle damage factor, F =3.0
Lane distribution factor = 0.75
Annual rate of traffic growth, r = 7.5%
Design traffic, N s = ?
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 365 A (1 + r ) n − 1 365  2000  0.75 (1 + 0.075)15 − 1
Ns = .F = 3 = 42.9  10 6
sa
r 0.075
N s = 42.9 msa

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 34. Plate bearing test with 30 cm diameter plate on soil subgrade yielded a pressure
of 1.25 105 N/mm2 at 0.5 cm deflection. What is the elastic modulus of
subgrade? GATE 1998
a. 56.18  105 N/mm2 b. 22.10  105 N/mm2
c. 44.25  105 N/mm2 d. 50.19  105 N/mm2
34. c
Diameter of the plate, d = 30cm
Radius of the plate, a =15 cm
Pressure on sub grade, p =1.25  10 5 N / m 2
Deflection,  =0.5cm

For rigid plate,  =

1.18 p.a 1.18 1.25 105 15
Es =
5 2

= 44.25 10 N / m
Es 0.5
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 35. What is the equivalent single wheel load of a dual wheel assembly carrying
20,440 N each for pavement thickness of 20 cm?. Centre to centre spacing of
tyres is 27 cm and the distance between the walls of tyres is 11 cm.
a. 27600 N b. 32300 N c. 40880 N d. 30190 N
GATE 1998
35. d
Pavement thickness, t =20cm
Distance of wall of tyres, d =11cm
c/c of type spacing, S =27cm
To calculate ESWL, X and Y points are plotted on log-log graph between
ESWL and pavement thickness

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 X has coordinates ( P, d / 2) = (20440,5.5)
Y has coordinates (2P,2S)=(40880,54) (2 P, 2S ) = (40880,54)

log 40880 − log 20440

log Q = log P +  (log 20 − log 5.5) =4.4806
log 54 − log 5.5
Q = 30242 N
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 36. Base course is used in rigid pavements for GATE 1998
a. prevention of sub grade settlement b. prevention of slab cracking
c. preventing of pumping d. preventing of thermal expansion
36. c
Base course is used in rigid pavements
i. to provide a strong supporting layer
ii. to provide a capillary cut off preventing the damages due to mud pumping
iii. to reduce the thickness requirements of cement concrete slab
iv. to increase the service life of cement concrete pavement

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 37. In the plate bearing test, if the load applied is in the form of an inflated type of
wheel, then this mechanism corresponds to GATE 1998
a. rigid plate b. flexible plate c. semi-rigid plate d. semi-elastic plate
37. c
The plate load test is used to measure the modulus of subgrade reaction for in
situ material. The test involves pressing a steel bearing plate into the surface to
be measured with a hydraulic jack. The resulting surface deflection is read from
dial micrometers near the plate edge and the modulus of subgrade reaction is
determined.
Flexible plate is flexible in their structural action with low or negligible flexural
strength under the action of loads.
Rigid plate provides high bending resistance (flexural rigidity) and distributes
loads to a relatively large area.
Semi-rigid plate provides moderate flexural rigidity and flexible to certain extent
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 38. The modulus of sub grade reaction is obtained from the plate bearing test in the
form of load deformation curve. The pressure corresponding to the following
settlement value should be used for computing modulus of subgrade reaction
a. 0.375 cm b. 0.175 cm c. 0.125 cm d. 0.250 cm
GATE 1998
38. c
In plate bearing test, the modulus of subgrade reaction is the pressure sustained
for a standard plate (75 cm dia) settlement of 0.125 cm.

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 40. The width of expansion joint gap is 2.5 cm in a cement concrete pavement. The
spacing between expansion joint for a maximum rise in temperature of 25°C is,
(assuming coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete as 10×10-6 per degree C)
a. 5 m b. 50 m c. 100 m d. 25 m GATE 1997
40. b
Width of expansion joint gap,  =2.5 cm
The joint filler may be assumed to be compressed upto 50% of its thickness.

Allowable expansion in concrete,   = = 1.25 cm
2
Spacing between expansion joint = L
Rise in temperature, T = 250 C
Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete, C = 10 10−6 / 0 C
  = L. .T 1.25 10−2 = L 10 10−6  25 L = 50 m
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 41. The total thickness of pavement by CBR method depends on the CBR value of
a. base course b. surface course c. subgrade d. all layers
GATE 1997
41. d
The total thickness of pavement depends on the CBR value of surface course,
base course and subgrade.

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 42. The group index of a soil subgrade is 7. The subgrade soil is rated as
a. poor b. very poor c. good d. fair
GATE 1997
42. a
Group Index Subgrade of soil
10 – 20 Very poor
5–9 Poor
2–4 Fair
0–1 Good

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 43. Since the moisture content at the bottom of a rigid pavement slab is generally
more than at the top GATE 1996
a. the bottom of the slab is generally in tension
b. the top of the slab is generally in compression
c. the bottom of the slab is generally in compression
d. the bottom of the slab is neither compression nor in tension
43. a.
If the moisture content at the bottom of the slab is more, the slab will contract
from its natural shape and hence tensile stress is induced at the bottom of the slab.

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 44. Flexible pavements derive stability primarily from GATE 1996
a. aggregate interlock, particle friction and cohesion
b. cohesion alone
c. the binding power of bituminous materials
d. the flexural strength of the surface course
44. a
Flexible pavements derive stability primarily from aggregate interlock, particle
friction and cohesion.

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 45. In using the data from a plate bearing test for determining the modulus of sub-
grade reaction, the value of settlement to be used is GATE 1995
a. 1.25 mm b. 2.50 mm c. 3.75 mm d. 1.75 mm
45. a
If p is the pressure sustained in kg/cm 2 by the rigid plate of diameter 75cm at a
deflection  = 0.125cm , the modulus of subgrade reaction K is given by
p p
K= = kg/cm3
 0.125

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 046. A plate bearing test was carried out on a subgrade suing a 76 cm diameter rigid
plate. A deflection of 1.25 mm was caused by a pressure of 0.84 kg/m2. The
modulus of subgrade reaction in kg/cm3 is ………….. GATE 1993
46. 6.81 kg/cm3
Diameter of rigid plate, d1 = 76 cm
Deflection of plate,  = 1.25 mm
Pressure sustained, p = 0.84 kg/cm
2

p 0.84
Modulus of subgrade reaction, K1 = K1 = = 6.72 kg/cm3
 0.125
Diameter of standard rigid plate, d = 75cm
K .a = K1.a1 K  75 = 6.72  76 K = 6.81 kg/cm3

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 47. A contraction joint is provided in concrete pavement to GATE 1993
a. prevent contraction of the pavement
b. permit cracking at the joint
c. lower the bending moment in the pavement in order to reduce pavement
thickness
d. lower the temperature gradient across the depth of the pavement
47. a
A contraction joint is provided in concrete pavement to prevent contraction of the
pavement. These joints are closer than expansion joints. Load transferred at the
joints is provided through the physical interlocking by the aggregates projecting
out at the joint faces.

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 48. In a cement concrete pavement dowel bars are used in GATE 1992
a. longitudinal joints b. construction joints
c. dummy joints d. expansion joints
48. d
In cement concrete pavement, Dowel bars are provided at expansion joints and
sometimes at contraction joints also.
In cement concrete pavement, tie bars are provided across the longitudional joints.

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 49. The load transfer to lower layers in flexible pavements is by GATE 1992
a. bending action of layers b. shear deformation
c. grain to grain contact d. consolidation of subgrade
49. c
In flexible pavements, load transfer to the lower layers by grain to grain contact.

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 50. The Modulus of subgrade Reaction is evaluated from GATE 1992
a. plate bearing test b. CBR test
c. direct shear test d. triaxial test
50. a
Name of the test Parameter evaluation
Plate bearing test Modulus of sub-grade reaction
CBR test Relative strength of paving materials
Direct shear test Shear strength parameters c and 
Triaxial test Shear strength parameters c and 

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 52. The position of base course in a flexible pavement is GATE 1991
a. over the sub-base
b. below the sub-base
c. over the sub-grade but below the sub-base
d. over the wearing course when renewal of surface is needed

52. a
The components of flexible pavements are
i. Soil-sub grade
ii. Sub-base course
iii. Base course
iv. Surface course

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01. Consider the following data with respect to the design of flexible pavement IES 2019
Design wheel load =4200kg
Tyre pressure = 0.6 kg/cm2
Elastic modulus = 150 kg/cm2
Permissible deflection =0.25cm
1
(take  = 1.77, 
1/2 −1/2
= 0.564, = 0.318 and  2 = 9.87)

The total thickness of flexible pavement for a single layer elastic theory will be nearly
a. 42cm b. 47cm c. 51cm d. 56cm
Ans. c
Design wheel load, P = 4200 kg
Tyre pressure, p = 6.0 kg/cm2
Elastic modulus, E = 150 kg/cm2
Permissible deflection, Δ = 0.25 cm
Total thickness of flexible pavement, t = ?
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 2
 3P 
t=   −a
2
; a : Radius of contact area, cm
 2 ES  
P
p=
 a2
4200
6=  a = 14.92 cm
a 2

3  4200
2
 
t=   − 14.92 2
= 51.3 cm
 2  150  0.25 

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04. In revised CBR design method recommended by the IRC for the design of flexible
pavement, the total thickness depends upon IES 2017
a. Only the CBR value of the soil
b. The CBR value of the soil and magnitude of wheel load
c. The CBR value of the soil and cumulative standard axle loads
d. The CBR value of the soil and number of commercial vehicles passing per day
Ans. c

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05. What is the critical thickness of a pre-stressed concrete pavement (using
Westergaard’s Corner Load Formula) to support a maximum wheel load of 4200 kg?
Allow 10% for impact. Type pressure may be taken as 7 kg/cm2. Assume flexural
strength of concrete as 50 kg/cm2, factor of safety as 2, sub-grade reaction for plastic
mix road as 6 kg/cm3, and modulus of elasticity as 3 × 105 kg/cm2. IES 2016
a. 19.6 cm b. 21.6 cm c. 23.6 cm d. 25.6 cm
Ans. c
Critical thickness of pre stressed concrete pavement = ?
Maximum wheel load, P = 4200 kg
Impact factor = 10%
Tyre pressure = 7 kg/cm2
Flexural strength of concrete = 50 kg/cm2
Factor of safety, F = 2
Sub grade reaction for plastic mix road = 6 kg/cm2
Modulus of elasticity, E = 3 × 105 kg/cm2
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 3P   a 2 
1/ 2

Westergaard’s corner load stress is given by, SC = 2 1 −   
h   l  
 
1/ 4
 Eh3 
l : Radius of relative stiffness =  2 
= 3x105
 12 k (1 −  )

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06. What will be the initial traffic after construction, in commercial vehicles per day (CVD)
for the following data? IES 2015
Annual average daily traffic at last count = 400 CVD
Rate of traffic growth per annum = 7%
The road is proposed to be completed in 3 years.
a. 500 b. 321 c. 490 d. 449
Ans. c
Initial traffic after construction, A = ?
Annual average daily traffic at last count, P = 400 CVD
Rate of traffic growth per annum, r = 7%
Completion time of road, n = 3 years
A = P (1+r)n = 400 (1+0.07)3 = 490 CVD

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07. In a flexible pavement IES 2014
a. Vertical compressive stresses decrease with depth of the layer
b. The vertical compressive stress is the maximum at the lowest layer
c. Tensile stresses get developed
d. Maximum stress induced by a given traffic load is dependent on the location of the
load on the pavement surface

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08. What is the deflection at the surface of a flexible pavement due to a wheel load of
40 KN and a tyre pressure of 0.5 MPa? The value of E for pavement and sub-grade is
20 MPa. IES 2014
a. 15 mm b. 11 mm c. 9 mm d. 6 mm
Ans. d
Deflection at the surface of a flexible pavement = ?
Wheel load, P = 40 KN Tyre pressure, due to wheel load p = 0.5 MPa
Modulus of elasticity for pavement and sub grade, ES = 20 MPa
pa
For flexible plate,  = 1.5 .F2 ; a : Radius of contact area
ES
Wheel load 40×103
Contact area, A = = = 80×103 mm 2
Tyre Pressure 0.5
 a 2 = 80 103 mm2  a = 159.6 mm
1.5  0.5 159.6
=  1 = 5.99 mm 6.0 mm
20 Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
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09. The corrected modulus of sub-grade reaction for standard diameter plate is 6.0 kg/cm3.
What would be the modulus of sub-grade reaction of the soil when tested with a 30 cm
diameter plate? IES 2013
a.15 kg/cm3 b. 25 kg/cm3 c. 30 kg/cm3 d. 60 kg/cm3
Ans. a
Corrected modulus of sub grade reaction, K = 6.0 kg/cm3
Standard diameter of plate, D = 75 cm
Modulus of sub grade reaction, K1 = ?
Diameter of the plate tested, D1 = 30 cm
K1.D1 = K.D
K1 × 30 = 6 × 75  K = 15 kg/cm2

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13. The sub grade soil properties of a sample are as follows: IES 2011
Soil portion passing 0.0075mm sieve = 50%
Liquid limit = 40%
Plasticity index = 20%
The group index of the soil is
a. Zero b. 4 c. 6.5 d. 8
Ans. c
Group index of the soil, GI = 0.2a+0.005a.c+0.01b.d
a = 50-35 = 15
b = 50-15 = 35
c = 40-40 = 0
d = 20-10 = 10
GI = (0.2x15)+(0.005x15x0)+(0.01x35x10) = 6.5

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15. In a concrete pavement, during summer, at and soon after mid-day, the combined
stress at the interior of the slab is equal to IES 2011
a. Wheel load stress + Temperature warping stress + sub grade resistant stress
b. Wheel load stress – Temperature warping stress + sub grade resistant stress
c. Wheel load stress – temperature warping stress + sub grade resistant stress
d. Wheel load stress – temperature warping stress – sub grade resistant stress

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19. Which one of the following sets of factors is related to design of thickness rigid
pavement by Westergaard method? IES 2009
a. CBR value and stiffness index of soil
b. Deflection factor and traffic index
c. Swelling index and bulk modulus
d. Radius of relative stiffness and modulus of sub-grade reaction
Ans. d

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20. For conditions obtaining in India, at which location in a cement concrete pavement will
the combined stresses due to traffic wheel load and temperature have to be critically
checked during design? IES 2009
a. Corner b. Corner and interior
c. Corner and edge d. Corner, edge and interior
Ans. c

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21. Radius of relative stiffness of cement concrete pavement does not depend upon
which one of the following? IES 2009
a. Modulus of sub-grade reaction b. Wheel load
c. Modulus of elasticity of cement concrete d. Poisson’s ratio of concrete
Ans. b

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22. Which one of the following methods is used in the design of rigid pavements?
IES 2009
a. CBR method b. Group index method
c. Westergaard’s method d. McLeod’s method
Ans. c

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23. IRC code No.37-1985 deals with which one of the following? IES 2008
a. Design of rigid pavements, taking ESWL and CBR into account
b. Design of rigid pavements, taking axle load and CBR into account
c. Design of flexible pavement, taking ESWL and CBR into account
d. Design of flexible pavement taking cumulative axle loads and CBR into account
Ans. d

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26. What are the maximum value of CBR and minimum value of G.I. of any material,
respectively? IES 2007
a. 100, 0 b. 100, 20 c. 50, 5 d. 10, 0
Ans. a

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29. Which one of the following criteria is used for obtaining the value of modulus of
sub-grade reaction from the plate bearing test data? IES 2007
a. Slope of pressure settlement graph
b. Pressure corresponding to the settlement of 1.25 mm
c. Pressure corresponding to a pressure of 1.25 kg/cm2
d. Pressure corresponding to the settlement of 1.50 mm
Ans. b

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30. The mix design for pavement concrete is based on the IES 2006
a. flexural strength b. characteristic compressive strength
c. shear strength d. bond strength

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31. Match List-I (Method of design for flexible pavement) with List-II (Principle) and
select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: IES 2006
List-I List-II
A Group Index Method 1. Semi-theoretical
B CBR Method 2. Quasi-rational
C US Navy Method 3. Empirical method using soil classification test
D Asphalt Institute Method 4. Empirical method using soil strength test
a. A3 B1 C4 D2 b. A2 B4 C1 D3 c. A3 B4 C1 D2 d. A2 B1 D4 D3
Ans. c

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32. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a: IES 2005
a. Measure of soil strength
b. Method of soil identification
c. Measure to indicate the relative strengths of paving materials
d. Measure of shear strength under lateral confinement
Ans. c

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34. Match List-I (Tests) with List-II (Properties) and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists: IES 2003
List-I List-II
A CBR test 1 Modulus of sub-grade reaction
B Plate bearing test 2 Arbitrary soil strength
C Tri-axial test 3 Exudation and expansion pressure
D Stabilometer and Cohesionmeter test 4 Shear parameters
a. A1 B2 C3 D4 b. A2 B1 C3 D4 c. A1 B2 C4 D3 d. A2 B1 C4 D3
Ans. d

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37. Modulus of sub-grade reaction using 30 cm diameter plate is obtained as 200 N/cm3.
The value of the same (in N/cm3) using the standard plate will be IES 2001
a. 500 b. 200 c. 85 d. 80
Ans. d
Modulus of sub-grade reaction, K1 = 200 N/cm3
Diameter of the plate, D1 = 30 cm
Correct modulus of sub grade reaction, K = ?
Standard diameter of the plate, D = 75 cm
K .D = K1.D1
K  75 = 200  30  K = 80 N / cm3

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40. In cement concrete pavements, tie bar are installed in IES 1999
a. expansion joints b. contraction joints c. warping joints d. longitudinal joints
Ans. d

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41. If the load, warping and frictional stresses in a cement concrete slab are 210 N/mm2,
290 N/mm2 and 10 N/mm2 respectively, the critical combination of stresses during
summer mid-day is IES 1999
a. 290 N/mm2 b. 390 N/mm2 c. 490 N/mm2 d. 590 N/mm2
Ans. c
Load stress = 210 N/mm2
Warping stress = 290 N/mm2
Frictional stress = 10 N/mm2
During summer midday, critical stress occurs at the bottom of edge slab when it tends
to warp downwards.
Critical stress = Load stress + warping stress – frictional stress
= 210 + 290 – 10 = 490 N/mm2

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42. As per latest IRC guidelines for designing flexible pavement of CBR method, the load
parameter required is IES 1999
a. number of commercial vehicles per day
b. cumulative standard axles in msa
c. equivalent single axle load
d. number of vehicles (all types) during design life
Ans. b

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 90
44. The general requirement in constructing a reinforced concrete road is to place a single
layer of reinforcement IES 1998
a. near the bottom of the slab b. near the top of the slab
c. at the middle d. equally distributed at the top and bottom
Ans. c

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 91
47. If the CBR value obtained at 5 mm penetration is higher than that at 2.5 mm, then the
test is repeated for checking, and if the check test reveals a similar trend, then the CRB
value is to be reported as the IES 1997
a. mean of the values for 5 mm and 2.5 mm penetration
b. higher value minus the lower value
c. lower value corresponding to 2.5 mm penetration
d. higher value obtained at 5 mm penetration
Ans. d

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 92
49. Effect of impact on the design of rigid pavements is accounted for by IES 1996
a. increasing the thickness as would be calculated with static wheel load
b. providing a base course
c. adopting a reduced flexural strength of concrete through a factor of safety
d. adopting an increased stress relative to that produced by static wheel load
Ans. a

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 93
50. The plasticity index of the fraction passing 425 micron IS sieve in case of sub-base /
base course should be IES 1996
a. less than 6 b. greater than 6 c. greater than 9 d. between 15 and 30
Ans. a

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 94
52. Given that IES 1995
r = Radius of load distribution
E = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
K = Modulus of sub-grade reaction
μ = Poisson’s ratio of concrete
h = Thickness of slab
P = Wheel load
The combination of parameters required for obtaining the radius of relative stiffness of
cement concrete slab is
a. E, K, μ, r b. h, K, μ, r c. E, h, K, μ d. P, h, K, μ
Ans. c

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/19/2020 95