Lcture:

Correct and incorrect combinations of tenses in double sentences

Single sentence: S + V+ O

Double sentences: S + V + O + S +V + O

Types of Double sentences:

1. Conditional sentences: dependence of one verb on the other + Conditional word

2. Unconditional sentences

Correct and incorrect combination of tenses in

unconditional sentences (the tense of the first part of sentence will drive the
Tense of the second part)

____verb____ ____verb____

When “present tense’ is in the first part of the sentence:

1. Present + Present…………correct
2. Present + past……..correct
3. Present+future….correct

Summary: Present + all tenses……correct

Ali says that he goes / is going / has gone / has been / went / was going to college.

When “Future” tense is in the first part of the sentence:

1. Future + Future….correct
2. Future +present….correct
3. Future + Past…correct

Summary: Future + All tenses……correct

Ali will say that he will go / goes/went to college
When “Past” tense is in the first part of the sentence:

1. Past + Past………………correct
2. Past + Present……incorrect…….corresponding past…..correct

Exception-1: Past + Present….correct..

when=

1. Universal Truth;

2) Scientific Fact;

3) Proverbs;

4) Religious Beliefs;
1. Ali ne mujey batya k wo Islamabad mn rehta hai
2. Ali told me that he lives in Islamabad….incorrect
3. Ali told me that he lived in islamabad. …..correct
4. PM IK ne media ko batya k os ke government better perform kr rahi hai.
5. IK ne mdia ko kaha k wo ai honest man hai.
6. IK said to the media that he was an honest man.

Exception-2: When there is comparison between both parts of the

sentence, any of the tenses after past is correct.

Past ……………..+ But…………+ present / Past / Future……..correct

Nawaz government was not able to fight against corruption, but / while IK government is
successfylly fighting against corruption.

IK said that his government was successfylly fighting against corruption.

The Minister said that IK government was successfully fighting against corruption.

Past + while+ present / Past / Future……..correct

Past + than+ present / Past / Future……..correct

Past + however+ present / Past / Future……..correct

 Past + comparison+ present / Past / Future……..correct

Past + Future………incorrect

Correction: will / shall…changed into “would” and rest of the helping

verbs (if any) of the future tense must remain the same
Ali said that he would have gone to Karachi.

Past of will…….would

Past of shall….would…….

Conditional sentences
Present + present……correct...habitual present actions in both verbs /
universal truths

When Zardari goes to Lahore, he stays at BH.

Present + Future / Future + Present……..correct…..when both of the verbs

are of future time.

If you work hard, you will pass the past.

You will pass the exam if you work hard.

Present + Past…….incorrect

Future + Future….incorrect….even when both action are of future\

Exception: Request….correct
Note: present tense is used for the action that is to happen first on the time
line / present tense is given in the part of the sentence that contain the
conditional word

When he goes to Karachi, he will see Ali.

He will see Ali when he goes to Karachi.

Future + Past………….incorrect

1. Past + Present……..incorrect
2. Past + Past……..habitual actions of past
3. Past + Future…..incorrect…..
4. Past + future in past…correct
a. Past simple + would + 1st form…….correct
b. Past perfect + would Have + 3rd form…correct
i. If he worked hard, he would pass the exam.
ii. If I were rich, I would help the poor.
iii. If you had worked hard, you would have passed the
exam.

Summary of conditional sentences:

1. Future + Future….incorrect
2. Present + Future / Future + Present…..correct
3. Simple Past + would + 1st form…..correct
4. Past perfect + would Have + 3rd form…correct

Summary of unconditional sentences

1. Present + all tenses….correct

2. Future + all tenses….correct
3. Past + past…correct
Past + present…incorrect …be changed into corresponding past
tense….there are some exception

Past + Future…incorrect……’will /shall’ is to be change into ‘would’

Unless you work hard, you will not pass the exam.

Unless / until + Not……..incorrect

You will not pass the exam unless you work hard.

Unless: jub tak nahen……..for activities….is used when the meaning of “NOT” is required in the
sentence

Until:……………. For time

As long as: Jub tak

So long as: jab tak

As long as God is with us, we cannot be defeated.

Unless: jub tak nai…….for activities

Until: jub tak nai……….for time

Jub tak nai: until / unless

Jub tak: As long as / so long as

Tak: till

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1. Ali is and will be assisting needy people to stand (to + verb in first
form) on their feet…\
 2. Ali has helped and will help the needy to stand on their feet… \

HV + and / or + HV
1. Case-1: Both of the helping verbs need the same form of the principal verb…….principal
verb is written time but after the 2nd verb
2. Case: Both help verbs need different forms of the principal verb……their forms are given
them separately.

1. Ali is and will be helping the needy to stand on their feet….correct

2. Ali has assisted and will assist needy people to stand on their
feet….incorrect
3. Ali has assisted and will assist needy people to stand on their
feet….correct
Infinitive= To + verb in 1st form: it is used to tell the
purpose of an action / thing / person / place
Two types of infinitives
1. With “to”…….”to” is written
2. Without “to”………… “to” is not written
When “infinitive” is written without “to”:
1. Let, make, help, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, had better, would rather, would
sooner, need not, dare not + Infinitive without “to” ( In active voice
sentences)…correct
2. …………… + Infinitive with “to”…..correct…..when the sentence is passive
voice.

…………….. let / make / hear………..infinitive without…….

They made me to go home…..incorrect

They made me go home…..correct

I was made go home…..incorrect

I was made to go home….correct

He requested that he should let him go home.

He requested that he should be let to go home.

Use of gerund:
A. Gerund after certain verbs:
See, hear, watch, notice, feel + infinitive without “to” or ‘gerund’…..correct
Gerund : a noun made with the “ing” form of verb.

“ing”….3 uses:

A. As verb
B. As noun
C. As adjective

1. A bird is flying in the dark.

2. I saw a flying bird in the dark.
3. Her flying made all wonder

I saw Amjad write an essay….correct

I saw Amjad writing an essay….correct

I look forward to seeing Ali in the evening.

I look forward to the government in this matter.

“TO” + verb in first form….correct

“To” + verb in first form…incorrect

Preposition + Noun / Pronoun….correct

Prepositon + other than Noun / pronoun….incorrect

Prepositions: under, below, on, at, in, to, from…..

They prevented the driver from stopping.

B. Gerund after prepositions:

Prepositeion: a word that develops a relationship of position between two words
Example: in, into, on, under, to, through, at, along……………..

A preposition is always followed by a noun or pronoun

Therefore:

A. Preposition + Noun / Pronoun…correct

B. Preposition + other than N /P.. ..incorrect

Note: If a preposition is following by a verb, the verb should be changed into “ing” / gerund.

Like other prepositions when “to” is used as a preposition should be followed by noun /
pronoun / gerund

Example:

I look forward to seeing Ali in the meeting.

Note: When “to” is a part of the preceding word / phrase, it is a preposition.

Linking verb / be verb / to be verb: is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, be, been

1. Get used to + g
2. Be used to + gerund / n /p
3. addicted to +g
4. Look forward to + g
5. Be accustomed to + g
6. Habitual to + g
7. With a view to + g
8. In order to + g
9. Be committed to +g
10. Confess to + g
11. Devote to +g: he has devoted his whole life to helping the needy.
12. Object to + g
13. Inclind to + g

In order to having a top position in the exam, Kundan is working day and night.

In order to …….the needy, Ali is available all the time.

In order to having a top position in the exam, Kundan is working day and night.

In order to helping the needy, Ali is available all the time.

In order to having a top position in the exam, Kundan is working day and night.

In order to helping the needy, Ali is available all the time.

He is used to getting up early in the morning.

C. Gerund after some other words:

1. Avoid + gerund
2. Worth + gerund
3. Excuse + gerund
4. Finish + gerund
5. Would you mind + gerund
6. Practice + gerund
7. Remember + gerund
8. Risk + gerund
9. Stop + gerund
10. Busy + gerund
11. It’s no use + gerund
12. It’s no good + gerund
13. Can’t help + gerund
14. Can’t help but + infinitive without to ( cannot avoid)

When there is a word / phrase that indicates directly or indirectly the

timeline of the verb / action in a sentence, the tense should be used
matching with that word / phrase.

I visited Lahore yesterday.

I feared Amjad would have failed in the exam.

I fear Amjad will fail the exam.

He insisted that she should go to Lahore.

He insisted her to go to Lahore.
He recommend her to go to Lahore
He recommend that she should go to lahore
1. Hope
2. Expect
 3. Fear
4. Recommend
5. Demand
6. Insist
7. Likely
a. Followed by future / infinitive

Special use of past tense

Example: She talks to me as if she were my teacher.

Note: The following expressions should always be followed by “Past

Tense”, and case of “was / were” tense, always “were” should be
used even with the singular subject.

1. Wish that
2. Oh that
3. Would that
4. Would rather
5. As if
6. As though
7. If (= regret / wish)
8. It is time
 9. It is high time
10. If only

It is time / high time we mended the road.