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Topic 4 Positioining V2

This document discusses various methods for positioning survey boats during hydrographic surveys, including their advantages and limitations. Traditional methods like tag line and sextant resection positioning provided lower accuracy than modern techniques but were commonly used before GPS. Current preferred methods include DGPS and total station positioning, which offer greater accuracy over longer distances as long as satellite or line of sight is available. Proper selection depends on project needs and environmental factors.

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Aqilah Taufik
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1K views39 pages

Topic 4 Positioining V2

This document discusses various methods for positioning survey boats during hydrographic surveys, including their advantages and limitations. Traditional methods like tag line and sextant resection positioning provided lower accuracy than modern techniques but were commonly used before GPS. Current preferred methods include DGPS and total station positioning, which offer greater accuracy over longer distances as long as satellite or line of sight is available. Proper selection depends on project needs and environmental factors.

Uploaded by

Aqilah Taufik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1

INTRODUCTION
• To find the position of the boat or the point at
which depth will be taken
• It should be done properly so that it does not
produce wrong depth point
• In hydrographic survey, the actual measurement of
the water depth is the easy part
• The main problem is not knowing how far the
survey boat is from the coastline when the depth is
recorded

2
What is the position of boats A
and B relation to the coast?

3
SELECTION POSITIONING METHOD
• Choosing the right positioning method is quite
complex & depends:
 Requirements of accuracy
 Warranty of operation
 The distance between the work area and the
position of the measuring equipment
 The system's ability to operate 24 hours
 The number of workers required to operate the
system

4
POSITIONING METHODS

DIRECT
METHOD

OPTICAL METHOD

ELECTROMAGNETIC
SYSTEM

GNSS (DGPS)

5
POSITIONING SYSTEMS

Satellite Positioning

• Sextant resection • Early 1990's most of


positioning terrestrial positioning
• Triangulation/intersection methods have been largely
positioning replaced by satellite-based
• Visual positioning methods positioning systems,
namely GPS
• Tag line positioning
methods • More accurate Code phase
Differential GPS (DGPS)
• Range-azimuth positioning
& Real Time Kinematic
methods
(RTK) carrier phase DGPS
• Land based electronic
positioning systems

6
TAG LINE POSITIONING METHODS
 Traditional method was often used before the 1970s to
monitor:
• Dredging progress of navigation projects
• Traditional channel cross-section surveys
• Subsurface investigation for channel obstructions
• Channel clearance sweep surveys
 Simply hydrographic method of running cross sections
from a fixed baseline
 Most accurate tag line distance measurements are
conducted while the survey boat is stationary & holding
constant tag line tension & alignment

7
TAG LINE POSITIONING METHODS

8
TECHNIQUES OF TAG LINE POSITIONING
 Teknik pengukuran berbeza perlu dilakukan bergantung kepada jenis operasi
& peralatan yang digunakan:
• Pencerapan statik –panjang tag line ditentukan bila bot sejajar dengan
betul pada kedudukannya & wayar ditarik tegang bagi kurangkan kendur
• Pengukuran tag line secara berterusan & dinamik – sesetengah
pengukuran tag line dijalankan dalam mod berterusan (dinamik) bila
pemerum gema analog digunakan; bot tidak berhenti pada sela tag line
tetapi pada sela yang dicerap
• Kaedah penjajaran tag line – bendera, sesiku prisma, tiodolit, sekstan &
total station diguna bagi memastikan penjajaran bot antara garis tag line
dengan garis asas (90) dapat dikawal; timbul masalah jika arus kuat
• Prosedur merekod data – pengukuran tag line & kedalaman direkodkan di
atas lembaran kerja / buku pembukuan; data ukur diplot dalam pelan tapak
• Bot ukur – sebarang jenis bot yang dilengkapi dengan tag line secara
manual/win berkuasa; panjang bot antara 5 - 8 meter & draf bot kurang
daripada 0.40 meter adalah sesuai untuk bekerja di kawasan air cetek

9
TAG LINE EQUIPMENT

Tag Line Reel


& Power
Winch

10
TAG LINE MARKING & CALIBRATION
 Flagged tag line intervals must be
periodically calibrated every 3 to 6
months against a chained or EDM
distance
 The tag line should also be recalibrated
after breaks have been respliced
 Wire rope splicing must be performed
so the original length is maintained as
closely as possible
 Calibration is done by comparing
distances of the marked intervals with
corresponding distances measured with
a tape or instrument of higher accuracy

Marking tag line


11
ADVANTAGES OF TAG LINE
POSITIONING
 It does not involve sophisticated tools, only a few
ranging pole & rope graduated
 The tools used are not expensive
 No need for complicated calculations
 The accuracy of the survey work is high
 Ideal for small workplaces that require large scale
plotting

12
DISADVANTAGES OF TAG LINE
POSITIONING

 The survey took a long time


 The survey area is not too far from the
beach where the control points are located
because the distance measured is limited by
the length of the rope / graduated wire
 Not suitable for busy areas

13
SEXTANT RESECTION POSITONING
WHAT IS A SEXTANT?
 An instrument with a graduated arc of 60° and a sighting
mechanism
 Used for measuring the angular distances between objects;
taking altitude in navigation and surveying

14
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE SEXTANT

15
SEXTANT RESECTION POSITONING

 Simultaneous observation of 2 horizontal angles between 3


known objects from which the position of an offshore point
is resected
 Sextant positioning totally performed from the survey vessel
 Does not depend on electronics, communications or
shorebased support
 Under certain conditions (close to targets) it can be relatively
accurate when properly conducted by an experienced team
 Sextant positioning under dynamic vessel conditions is no
longer considered accurate for most applications

16
SEXTANT RESECTION POSITONING

17
FAKTOR PENENTU KETEPATAN
MENGGUNAKAN SEKSTAN
 Geometri garis yang bersilang adalah faktor utama dalam
menentukan kekuatan reseksi sekstan
 Dalam keadaan terbaik, ketepatan kedudukan secara
dinamik jarang lebih baik daripada ± 5 m; purata
ketepatan adalah antara 10 – 20 meter
 Ketepatan membaca sekstan:
• Ketepatan sudut dibaca hampir pada minit terhampir
(standard error of a sextant angle observed on a
moving vessel is in a range of ±1 to ±5 minutes)
• Bergantung kepada kemahiran pengguna
• Sukar membaca kerana bot sentiasa bergerak
18
FAKTOR PENENTU KETEPATAN
MENGGUNAKAN SEKSTAN
 Kesukaran membaca 2 sekstan secara serentak oleh 2
pengguna
 Selisih plotan berlaku semasa memelot titik fiks sekstan
dengan alat station pointer semasa bot sedang bergerak
 Pengalaman pencerap dan keletihan kerana kerja yang
berterusan
 Halaju dan pergerakan bot
 Jenis objek yang dijadikan sasaran untuk mencerap; jika
cuaca tidak baik, cerapan akan terjejas

19
TRIANGULATION / INTERSECTION POSITIONING

• Offshore vessel can be positioned by theodolite or total


station observed from base line points on shore
• TWO (or more) theodolite observers and radio
communication equipment are required which to transmit
the observed angles to the vessel for on-line recording and
plotting
• Angular intersection positioning techniques involves more
equipment & labour
• The resultant positional accuracy can be quite good if
provided observing procedures are properly executed

20
TRIANGULATION / INTERSECTION POSITIONING

• Theodolite angular observations to align static platforms


are extremely accurate
• Triangulation techniques are often used to supplement
EDM or DGPS positioning of fixed offshore structures
(piers, bridges, rigs) during construction and subsequent
deformation
• Intersection techniques are no longer employed in dynamic
hydrographic surveying practice; the technique may have
application in areas where EPS or GNSS cannot be
deployed

21
TRIANGULATION / INTERSECTION POSITIONING

22
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY IN SHALLOW WATER
AREA USING TOTAL STATION

23
RANGE-AZIMUTH
POSITIONING METHOD
• Once widely used positioning technique
• Based on the intersection of azimuth-range measurements
• Generally performed from the same shore reference station
• Employed only where GPS positioning cannot be obtained
due to satellite masking

24
MAIN FEATURES OF RANGE-AZIMUTH
POSITIONING
• Angle observations (azimuth) can be measured by theodolites or
total stations
• Distance observations (range) can be measured by EPS devices
(laser or infrared EDM, microwave EPS or total stations)
• Data can be manually observed, noted on field book and voice-
relayed to the boat by radio or digitally recorded and transmitted
by radio-modem to the boat
• Typically used within 5 km of coastline or reference station
• High relative accuracy is achievable depending on the equipment
used (best accuracies are achieved by total stations)
• A small team is required to perform the survey (relatively
efficient)
• Boats 5 to 8 metres long often is used
25
RANGE-AZIMUTH
POSITIONING METHOD

26
VARIOUS RANGE-AZIMUTH
POSITIONING INTRUMENTS

27
28
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
• During 1990s, GPS become the worldwide standard positioning &
navigation system; replaced almost all other techniques
• Poor GPS satellite coverage only occurs in isolated instances over
relatively small areas; in these cases the traditional terrestrial
methods will need to be employed
• The system consists of TWO absolute positioning services:
• Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
• civilian users
• using the C/A-code on the L1 carrier
• provide accuracy of 10-20 meter
• Precise Positioning Service (PPS)
• developed for the U.S. military & other authorized users
• uses the P(Y)-code on the L1 and L2 carriers
• provide accuracy of 5-10 meters
29
GPS POSITIONING METHODS
 TWO general operating methods, used to obtain GPS
positions for dynamic horizontal control:
• Absolute point positioning
 involves only a single passive receiver
 not sufficiently accurate for hydrographic
positioning requirements
 the most widely used military (PPS) & commercial
(SPS) GPS positioning method
• Relative positioning (DGPS)
 requires at least TWO receivers & can provide the
accuracies required for basic land surveying &
offshore positioning
30
DIFFERENTIAL (GPS)
• Absolute positioning does not provide sufficient accuracy
• DGPS is a technique which can provide an accuracy:
 a few meters using code phase measurements
 a few millimetres with carrier phase measurements
• DGPS requires two GPS receivers to be recording measurements
simultaneously & processing software to reduce or eliminate
“common errors”
• With a reference system positioned at a known survey control
point, DGPS data can be used to determine baselines between
stations and establish the positions of other receivers within the
same reference system
• Code & carrier phase DGPS, when operating in a differential
mode, can be tracked in real-time for the positioning of moving
survey boat
31
DGPS CODE PHASE TRACKING

 The technique consists of TWO GPS receivers


 One set up over a known point and one placed on
a moving survey vessel
 Measuring pseudo-ranges to at least FOUR
common satellites
 Since the positions of the satellites are known &
one of the receivers is over a fixed known point, a
“known distance” can be computed for each
observed satellite

32
DGPS CODE PHASE TRACKING
 This “known distance” can then be compared against
the “measured distance” (or Pseudo Range) to obtain a
Pseudo Range Correction (PRC)
 Each PRC can then be applied to the moving or remote
receiver to correct the measured distances
 Code phase tracking has primary applications to real-
time positioning systems with meter-level accuracies
 It is sufficient for hydrographic survey positioning
which meets IHO S-44 requirements for Order 1
surveys

33
34
DGPS CARRIER PHASE TRACKING
 Most accurate GPS survey technique
 Relative positional accuracies are of the order of 2 to 5 parts
per million (ppm) between TWO GPS receivers (one at a
known reference point & the other at an unknown location or
aboard a moving platform)
 Tracking method uses a similar formulation of pseudo ranges
used in code phase tracking systems but with a more complex
process when the carrier signals are tracked
 Referred to RTK & provides 3D positions accurate to a few
centimetres over ranges up to approximately 20 kilometres
 Applicable to hydrographic survey positioning & meets
IHO/S-44 requirements for Special Order surveys

35
36
STATION POINTER

37
HYDROGRAPHIC SWEEP
SURVEY

38
TAG LINE ALIGNMENT METHODS

39

Common questions

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A sextant is used in hydrographic surveying to measure angular distances between objects and altitude, crucial for resecting offshore positions from known points. Factors affecting its accuracy include user skill, vessel motion, and the condition of the observation (e.g., weather). Sextant accuracy is generally within ±1 to ±5 minutes of arc for angles read on a moving vessel, relying on the user's ability to maintain accurate readings amid boat motion .

Sextant resection positioning under dynamic vessel conditions faces challenges such as the difficulty in achieving high accuracy due to vessel movement. Under ideal conditions, dynamic accuracy is rarely better than ±5 meters, with average accuracy ranging from 10 to 20 meters. The dynamic nature makes it hard to read angular measurements simultaneously with accuracy, affected further by user skill, fatigue, vessel speed, and motion .

Tag line positioning methods have several advantages: they do not require sophisticated tools, only a few ranging poles and ropes; the tools used are inexpensive and do not require complicated calculations; and they offer high accuracy, making them ideal for small workplaces requiring large scale plotting . However, the disadvantages include the time-consuming nature of the surveys, limited range due to the rope length, and unsuitability for busy areas .

Carrier phase tracking provides higher accuracy by tracking the phase of the carrier signals instead of just the pseudo-ranges, achieving relative positional accuracies of 2 to 5 parts per million between two GPS receivers. This method requires a more complex processing system but results in accuracies down to a few centimeters over short distances, making it suitable for applications requiring high precision, including special order hydrographic surveys .

Triangulation/intersection positioning requires multiple theodolite observers and radio communication equipment to transmit observed angles to the vessel for plotting. The technique demands accurate angular observations and is labor-intensive, requiring precise procedures. This method provides good positional accuracy if properly executed and is often used where GPS cannot be deployed. Challenges include the coordination among equipment, observers, and the survey vessel .

Differential GPS (DGPS) positioning enhances accuracy by using two GPS receivers—one stationary over a known point and the other on a moving survey vessel—to correct the measurements of common satellite positions. This method reduces or eliminates 'common errors' and provides accuracies measured in a few meters (for code phase) or a few millimeters (for carrier phase) as opposed to the 10-20 meter accuracy typical of single-receiver absolute positioning .

Range-azimuth positioning might be preferred over GPS in cases where satellite positioning is obstructed, such as areas with GPS satellite masking. This method uses azimuth-range measurements from shore reference stations and can achieve high relative accuracy with proper equipment and technique, making it suitable for nearshore surveys when high accuracy is required but GPS signal is unreliable .

Key components of tag line positioning equipment include the tag line reel, power winch, and marked intervals along the rope or wire. Calibration needs include periodic calibration every 3 to 6 months against a chain or EDM distance. After any breaks, respliced wire ropes must ensure the original length is closely maintained. Proper calibration involves comparing marked interval distances with more accurate tape or instrument measurements .

When selecting a positioning method in hydrographic surveying, the primary considerations include the requirements of accuracy, the warranty of operation, the distance between the work area and the position of the measuring equipment, the system's ability to operate 24 hours, and the number of workers required to operate the system. These factors determine the suitability and effectiveness of the chosen method .

Challenges of using triangulation/intersection positioning in dynamic hydrographic surveying include the requirement for multiple observers and precise coordination of equipment and measurements. The dynamic nature and motion of the survey vessel can complicate accurate angle observations, and rapid data transmission is necessary for real-time plotting. These requirements make it less practical compared to GPS-based methods for moving platforms .

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