CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Nowadays, lots of useful technology have been invented around the world. People never
stop discovering new knowledge and never been inactive to produce machines to help them in
their daily living. Machines are everywhere. It was known for performing difficult task that a single
person couldn’t do. It is also a high ground for it can do the task for a shorter time, than the usual
average of doing it. Making our way of living easy isn’t bad if we know that these things were not
a threat and don’t cause a danger to our environment, it is using our time wisely for us to be
productive person. They can say that, this pump up of different tools is creating a substantial
imagination too many people who don’t quit on trying to make life easy and constructive, they
doing it to be free from difficulties of the heavy tasks in their work on the field. Machines were
becoming a part of their lives and lots of these utilized in farming.
Farming has great importance to humans’ livelihood most especially for personal
consumption. Without these machines the production of vegetables and fruits will be very low. It
might not supply the daily needs of human and cannot meet the high demand in the market which
surely affects the demand of the growing population. Thanks to these very reliable, efficient and
modern technologies humans are capable of getting along to these lots of adjustment happening to
our surroundings particularly on farming.
Flour milling is as old as human history (Williams and Rosentrater, 2007). Grain milling
refers to the process of grinding grain into flour or meal (Kaul and Egbo, 1985). The grinding of
grain occurs by the application of mechanical forces that alter the structure of the grain by
1
overcoming the interior binding forces, after which the state of the solid is changed to flour. Grain
produce on the farm is processed in some form before it is actually consumed. One of the important
processes involving a non-chemical change to the fullest extent is that of reducing the harvested
grain to flour
According to Culpin (1992), grinding of grains has been practiced since very early times
when a device resembling a pestle and a mortar was employed in the production of meal for human
consumption.
Most food substances have its origin in plants, although Some foods are obtained directly
from plants, and others from animal. But even animals that are used as food sources are raised by
feeding them food which are derived from plants. Grains have been cultivated for thousands of
years and they’ve been a major component of the human diet. Additionally, any food made from
wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal, barley or another cereal is a grain product. These refined grain products
are used in the making of bread, pasta, oatmeal, breakfast cereals, tortillas, and grits. Cereal grain
is a staple food that provides more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop. Corn
(maize), wheat, and rice – in all of their varieties – account for 87% of all grain production
worldwide "Production STAT". 2008. The various types of grains include the following including
wheat, oats, rice, corn (maize), barley, sorghum, rye, pea and millet.
2
Background of the Study
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) belongs to the family leguminoseae. It is a cool season, self-
pollinated and hardy tendril climbing plant. It is grown primarily for edible pods. In addition to its
nutritional value, it is a rich source of protein, good source of vitamins A, B and C and also contains
a high proportion of minerals. So, the pea is considered as one of the most important source in
human food nutrition for such nutrients. The major factors, which contribute to the crop yield,
include; use of improved cultivars, balanced nutrition and cultural practices. If the crop is managed
properly, green pods are produced continuously for several months.
Pigeon pea better known as “kadios” in Province of Abra is a minor crop that is usually
grown in backyards or some insignificant portion of the farm. Actually, however, it is one crop
that has a big potential, both for small scale and large scale production. The recommended planting
time is from late November to early January. December is considered the best month to plant in
normal season.
It has been traditionally added to viands for meals. Removing the pea seeds from its hull
is a struggle for it takes time to finish the whole work. Pulverizing for this crop would be great
help. Since all throughout the province they grow Pigeon pea seeds. Pigeon pea was never out of
stock in the market because it is the type of a crop that does not spoil easily. However, it just
attracts insects when store for too long and ruin the quality of the pea.
Many researchers designed pulverizer for easier used. This just proves that these machines
were of great support on the livelihood of human focuses on the effectiveness of design and this
project fabrication of pea pulverizing machine which could possibly help users in pulverizing pea
seeds.
3
Objectives of the Study
General Objectives
The main objective of the study is to design and fabricate an effective and suitable machine
for pulverizing pea seeds.
Specific Objectives
1. To design an efficient pulverizing machine for pea seeds
2. To test the operational capability of the machine.
3. To design a pulverizer which will reduce the time of production and easy to operate
and maintain
4. To design a pea pulverizer, which will be cost effective, reasonably affordable.
4
Scope and Limitations
Scope
The main focus of this project, is to design and innovate machine that pulverize the seeds
of a pea. The machine will be using a 1 hp 1-phase induction motor. Some calculations,
assumptions, and selections were made as a consideration of a proper and realistic design.
This machine will be fabricated and tested at Calaba Bangued, Abra. The materials needed
will be brought together including the dried pea seeds to test its effectiveness.
Limitations
This projects study is limited only for pulverizing the pea seeds which can prove its
effectiveness. Due to the fact, that this is a manufacturing project, the procurement of raw
materials, metal sheets, motor, suction blades, and other components necessary for the completion
of the machine requires considerably funds.
5
Significance of the Study
This study will be conducted by the researchers with the aim of providing the community
a portable machine that is easily to operate which saves time and labor in pulverizing pea seeds.
1. Moreover, the researcher also hopes to improve the efficiency of agriculture and the
community’s livelihood as well. More pea seeds will be pulverized at a shorter period of
time.
2. This study also proposes an eco-friendly machine since it does not perform fuel and does
not emit harmful gasses.
3. Lastly, the outcome and findings of this study could also serve as a ready reference for the
students and future researchers. This research also provides brief understanding and guide
about the mechanisms applied to this design.
6
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT
INPUT -Theories and Principles of Different
Pulverizer Machines.
-Pulverizing machine used to pulverize the
pea seeds
FABRICATION PROCESS
PROCESS -To design the parts of the machine.
-Assembling the machine.
-Testing
OUTPUT -Pea Pulverizing Machine
`
7
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
A REVIEW ON GRAIN PROCESSING
The use of grinding machine is one of the oldest and simplest methods of processing
agricultural raw material alternative to the traditional methods of grain processing using stone,
mortar and pestle. However, in considering the food processing industry, it has been characterised
by a labour and production output shortage due to the lack of support by the government and the
ideology on the pursuit of white collar jobs by most Nigerian graduates. Nigeria now due to the
failing of its agricultural sector now depends on mostly imported refined grains to meet up with
the high demand and shortage of processed food. Although there have been recent developments
which has led to the Mechanization of most field activities in agriculture, and to a certain extent it
has overcome some basic challenges faced by small scale farmers and local food processing
industries. The advancement of science and technology reduces complexities from many
agricultural processes. Modern technologies in area of irrigation, plantation, harvesting, has made
the entire agricultural cycle more economical and easier than ever. This led to the fabrication of
various machineries such as feed mill, grain dryers, rice huller, winnowing machine, threshing
machine etc. These machines are co Mechanization was not only used to replace human labour but
also increased productivity and the areas covered. Over the years there have been various
modification made on theses equipment so as to increase its output efficiency and specialization.
Thus the development of a mill pulveriser. This system consists of a conventional hammer mill
8
integrated with a blower and a sieve. Which aids the pulverization by making only fine grounded
grain particles is being covey through its passage unit and stored.
A mill pulveriser is a modification of a hammer mill that utilizes air flow to separate various
particles. The development of a mill pulveriser incorporates the design of a hammer mill and a
blower. A hammer mill is a type of crusher, which can be used for grinding rock, forage, grains or
other large size particles into smaller pieces by the repeated blows of little hammers. It is designed
to convert larger pieces of material into smaller particle sizes.
HISTORY OF HAMMER MILL
The invention of hammer mill dates back to the 4th century around Zhao dynasty period in china
(1050 BC -221 BC). The invention, involved conversion of rotary water wheel energy to linear
trip hammer energy. The trip hammer evolved out of the use of mortar and pestle which in turn
gave rise to the tilt-hammer and then trip hammer device. This device was used in the pounding
and polishing of grains, which help reduce the labour of pounding manually with hands and arms.
In Chinese mythology Fu Hsi was said to have invented the pestle and mortar, which is so useful,
and later on it was cleverly improved in such a way that the whole weight of the body could be
used for treading on the tilt-hammer, thus increasing the efficiency ten times. Afterwards the power
of animals donkeys, mules, oxen, and horses was applied by means of machinery, and water-power
too used for pounding, so that the benefit was increased a hundredfold. (Caves Books Ltd 1986).
Although Chinese trip hammers in China were sometimes powered by the more efficient vertical-
set waterwheel, the Chinese often employed the horizontal-set waterwheel in operating trip
hammers, along with recumbent hammers. The recumbent hammer was found in Chinese
illustrations by 1313 AD, with the publishing of Wang Zhen's Nong Shu book on ancient and
9
contemporary (medieval) metallurgy in China. There were also illustrations of trip hammers in an
encyclopedia of 1637, written by Song Yingxing (1587–1666).
This gave rise to future designs which has evolved over the years. A patent was first issued in 1830
for a machine with a wooden box containing a cylindrical drum, revolving at 350 revolutions per
minute, on which hammers were attached. The machine was designed to shatter any rock fed into
the box. This machine never went into commercial production, but is considered as the forerunner
to the hammer mill. The hammer mill has gone on to become the most widely used crusher utilizing
high-velocity impacts to break rocks.
However, while initially designed to crush rocks, the hammer mill was adapted for grinding grain
for livestock feed. It was discovered that many types of forage benefit in nutritive value after being
broken down.
The Gehl company produced the first grain grinding hammer mill in the 1920s. It dominated the
market for 30 years, during which time it also developed a portable truck mounted mill.
Developing a Screenless Hammer Mill
In 1990, Carl Bielenberg of Appropriate Technology International (ATI) began developing a
screenless hammer mill. His prototype separated flour from larger particles through an opening in
the circumference of the grinding chamber. Flour passed through the opposite side of the rotating
blades while the larger pieces continued inside the chamber.
Initial tests produced a larger, courser material than conventional hammer mills. He developed a
series of improvements, but was incapable of designing a machine that could perform to the
10
standards of conventional mills. He presented his machine to a series of MIT students in hopes
that they could produce a more successful machine.
An MIT student named Amy Smith headed the project. Her redesigned mill was capable of running
continuously without clogging. It was also capable of being manufactured in a small village
workshop. This second aspect was extremely important to Smith. After discovering the failings of
conventional hammer mills, she was determined to develop a machine that would be useful for
third world countries.
Many African women used the hammer mill to grind grain, but its screen was prone to breaking.
Screens cannot be produced locally and are expensive to replace. So Smith dedicated her research
to “the African women who cannot afford the 5 cents it takes to mill a kilogram of flour and thus
spend hours performing the back-breaking labour necessary to prepare food for their families.
Hence the development of screenless hammer mill also known as a mill pulveriser
11
Review of Related Studies
Figure 1
I.NF SINGLE COARSE GRAIN FLOUR MILLING MACHINE
NF single coarse grain flour milling machine is mainly used in small size of coarse grain
flour milling plants. It has the features of complete function, low noise, no dust, high degree of
automation, convenient installation and low production cost. It grinds wheat into flour by the
grinding roll of the grinder. Then the flour is winnowed and screened by the circular screen. At
last, we package the flour and the bran separately.
I.A.Working Principles and Features
The moisture content of the unprocessed grains should be 13.5～14.5%. Start the blower
and then start the grinder. When the blower and the grinder are both started, the work bin can be
blanking. When the grinding head stock bin has material, then we operate by the order of the
combined grinding brake. When we shut down the machine, we should shut down the grinder first,
then the blower. Flour milling process should be repeated. We can adjust the roll clearance three
to four times successively until it reaches the flour yield. It can adjust the flow by adjusting the
clearance between the flow plate and the feeding roll. Rotating the hand wheel screw can adjust
the flow. High automation degree, reasonable structure, stable running, reliable features, low
12
energy consumption, high efficiency, low production cost, good benefit, low noise, no dust, safety
and sanitation, energy conservation and environmental protection, easy installation and convenient
maintenance.
II. Rice Milling Machine
Figure 2.
Rice Pow der
13
Rice powder is milled powder of ordinary rice or sweet rice. There are various types of rice
products, and are used for rice cake, dumpling and Japanese confectionery, the same as wheat
flour. It is also used for noodles and bread it plays a role of alternatives to wheat flour for allergy
purposes. There are two types: non-heat treated Beta type (raw rice product) and heat-treated Alfa
type (gelatinized product). Beta type of ordinary rice is used for rice powder bread.
II.A. Demand from industry
For the production of rice powder, there are 3 milling types: roller mill, stamp mill and
impact mill. There are proper processes for each product of High and White Powder, High Powder,
and wheat flour replacer. For each final product such as rice cakes or dumplings, the product
quality is affected by particle size, shape, and moisture content of rice powder. In order to protect
starch fraction from damage during milling, it is very important to dip rice into water to let it
absorb moisture prior to the milling process. This treatment suppresses the temperature rise of
product. For the wheat flour replacer, finer product (around 40 μm) than conventional rice product
(around 100 μm) is required. It tends to increase the demand for impact mill.
High and White powder (Roller mill)
water absorption – drying
milling – sieving
High powder (Stamp mill)
water absorption – dewatering – milling – sieving – fluid bed drying
Wheat flour replacer (Impact mill)
water absorption – dewatering – milling·
drying
14
II.B. Problem
Roller mill is suitable for mass production, but requires the use of a sieve for particle size
control. Stamp mill can be operated in low temperature to minimize, but system for particle size
is difficult to control. The system of impact milling is compact and easy to control the particle size.
Another advantage of impact milling could be the combination with drying operation in one
machine.
III. Modern milling system
For fine grinding of rice, our recommendation is ACM pulverizer. Compare to multiple
roller mill, structure of milling rotor of ACM is simpler and easier to clean up. It can be scaled up
to more than the production capacity 1t/h. It has advantage on scale merit (low energy
consumption) for large system compare to multiple rotor type milling. In addition, it grinds the
rice with little damage to starch because of milling at minimum necessary impact. By blowing hot
air directly to mill, milling and drying process can be conducted at the same time. Simple and
smooth interior structure enables continuous processing without adhesion and results with
improved productivity by laborsaving on cleaning. It also suppresses the bacteria breeding in the
system. As the high performance-classifying rotor gives steep particle size distribution curve, the
product can be applied for the high quality product such as bread or confectionery.
Figure 3.
15
IV. Industrial Cocoa Powder Pulverizer Machine
http://www.almondbuttermachine.com/product/grinder/cocoa-powder-grinder.html
The grinder is composed of a pulverizer, a material collection box and a vacuum cleaner.
The phenomenon of dust flying in the process of crushing is solved. The cocoa pulverizer, material
collection box and vacuum cleaner of the comminution unit are all made of stainless steel. Comply
with the requirements of "GMP" for drug production. High quality, long service life.
Function of Industrial Cocoa Powder Pulverizer Machine
Machine is suitable for crushing material in food, pharmaceutical, chemical industry and
other industries, such as cocoa powder, salt, sugar, spices etc. It is forbidden to grind inflammable
and explosive materials. The cocoa pulverizer is not suitable for grinding materials with high oil
content (such as sesame, walnut, sunflower seed, rapeseed, etc.) and sticky materials, because high
oil content and sticky materials are easy to clog the screen.
Working Principle of Cocoa Pulverizer Machine for Sale
The working principle of the grinding machine is that the material enters the crushing
chamber, and it is crushed by the impact, shearing, friction and the impact between the materials
between the high-speed rotating disc and the fixed disk, and then becomes the required powder
after screening.
16
Figure 4
http://www.almondbuttermachine.com/uploads/allimg/180912/3-1P912195107.jpg
V. Food Grade Material Coffee Bean Powder Pulverizer Machine
https://wholesaler.alibaba.com/product-detail/Food-Grade-Material-Coffee-Bean-
Powder_60863852841.html
The high-speed Chinese medicine pulverizer adopts ultra-high speed single-motor
matching, which has many advantages such as compact structure, small size, light weight, high
efficiency, no dust, clean and hygienic, simple operation, beautiful appearance, energy saving and
safety. The crushing tank and the blade are made of stainless steel, which can complete coarse
crushing and fine powder in 3 seconds - 2 minutes. It can quickly crush a variety of Chinese herbal
medicines and most of the grain. The crushing range is wide: the materials of different properties
can be crushed very well. Loss, crushing different materials will not be cross-colored
Using ultra-high-speed single-phase motor as power, it can quickly pulverize all kinds of soft and
hard medicines. Generally, Chinese medicines can be pulverized into 50-200 mesh powder in half
a minute. It takes only one minute for the pieces to be crushed into 200 mesh fineness. It takes
17
only two minutes to pulverize the pearl into a white surface, which is both uniform and lossless. It
is an indispensable peony tool for modern Chinese pharmacies (pharmacies). It replaces traditional
peony peony, and its work efficiency is 50 times that of manual peony. It is deeply favored and
praised by users! Applicable to clinics, hospital pharmacies, Chinese medicine processing plants
for Chinese medicine crushing, Chinese medicine stores, health products sales counters, Valet
processing, research institutes, laboratory sample analysis and household food, health products
crushing, etc., more suitable for processing workers such as Tianqi, pearls, etc. Carry it with you
and use it in the chemical and feed industry
Figure 5
https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1VIweaiHrK1Rjy0Flq6AsaFXaA/Food-Grade-Material-Coffee-
Bean-Powder-Pulverizer.jpg
18
Related Research
Figure 6. Hammer Mill
Operation principles of the machine
This machine works by hitting action of the rotating hammers. The rotating hammers are
directly driven by the petrol engine outlet shaft. As grains are delivered into the milling chamber
from the hopper, they are hitted by the rotating bars against the flat bars fixed around the drum.
The longer the materials dwell inside the milling chamber, the finer flour is obtained and it ensures
that no grain escaped unmilled. This depends on the interest of the operator. The flour outlet of the
machine is controlled by opening/closing rag attached in the sprout.
The hammer mills are very common throughout Africa. As the name implies, hammers in
the mill grind grains through impact. A hammer mill is essentially a steel drum containing a
vertical/horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are free to swing on the ends of the
cross, or fixed to the central rotor (Figure 3). The rotor is spun at high speed inside the drum while
material is fed into a feed hopper. The material is impacted by the hammer bars and thereby
19
shredded through screens in the drum of a selected size. The screen-less hammer mill uses air-flow
to separate small particles from larger ones. It is designed to be more reliable, and is also claimed
to be much cheaper and more energy efficient than regular hammer mills (Agricola, 1950). The
grains are placed into a holding hopper on top of the hammer mill, and a small control gate allows
the grains to trickle into the grinding chamber. The grains feed into the path of the hammers either
through the centre of the front plate or through the top side of the case. The hammers strike the
grains and shatter them before they can pass through the screen surrounding the hammers. The
flour produced either falls by gravity into a chamber or sack below, or is propelled by air flow up
through a cyclone into a holding container. The airflow is provided by either the fan effect of the
hammers or by extra fan blades mounted on the hammer shaft. Hammer mills are simple in
construction and parts can be easily replaced (Perry and Don, 1998). The power requirement of
the hammer mills as reported by Henderson and Perry (1982) is just as low as 2.25kW (3hp). For
medium or coarse grinding of sorghum, maize or barley, the plate mill is satisfactory. It isles
efficient for fine grinding. For fine grinding, the hammer mill is most efficient. On farms where a
large herd of livestock is kept, it may be economic to use a plate mill, a hammer mill and crushing
mill to meet the variable requirements of the beef and dairy cattle, poultry and pigs. On smaller
farms either a combination of plates and crushing mill or a small automatic mill is the most suitable
equipment (Culpin, 1992). Most of the rural farmers of Borno State have no access to financial
assistance. The cost of modern milling machines was about N250,000:00 which is equivalent of
20
USD 1,000 as of the time of this study. Therefore, there is the need for motorized grain milling
machine to satisfy the milling needs of the rural population. These factors make it necessary to
design and construct a simple hammer milling machine driven by a source of power, for domestic
use. The objective of this work is therefore, to design and construct a motorized hammer milling
machine using locally available materials that can be easily obtained by farmers.
21
CHAPTER III
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Designing the Pea Pulverizing Machine
The conceptualization of this machine design was started since the opening of classes this
school year (2019-2020). We gathered all pulverizing machine concepts together and make an
idea what we shall fabricate. Through hard work and effort, the researchers come up with a
design that would pulverize pea seeds.
FIGURE 7
ISOMETRIC VIEW
22
FIGURE 8
LEFT SIDE VIEW
FIGURE 9
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
23
FIGURE 10
FRONT VIEW
FIGURE 11
REAR VIEW
24
PARTS OF THE MACHINE:
Figure 12
HOPPER
CONTROLLER
MOTOR
COVER
BLADE OUTLET
STRAINER
25
CALCULATIONS:
A. The motor to be used is 1 horsepower and it has a speed of 1760 rpm, so the input torque;
Solution:
P=2ΠTN
Where:
P= Power(1hp)
T=Torque
N= Speed (1760 rpm)
P
𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑁
. 746𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑠
1 hp x
1ℎ𝑝
𝑇=
𝑟𝑒𝑣 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2𝜋 (1760 𝑚𝑖𝑛) ( 60 𝑠 )
T=0.00404 KN
T=4.04 N
B. Solving for length of belt between DA and DB
Length of the belt can be determined using the formula below:
(𝐷−𝑑)2
L=2c+1.57(D+d)+ *mechanical engineering formulas 2nd edition by Jas Tordillo page43-4
4𝑐
26
Where:
L= length of belt (in.) L=29.1471 in, let say 29 in
DA=diameter of driver pulley(3in.)
DB=driven pulley(2.5in)
C=center distance (10 ¼ in)
(𝐷𝐵 −𝐷𝐴 )2
L=2c+1.57(DA+DB)+ 4𝑐
(2.5𝑖𝑛−3𝑖𝑛)2
L=2(10 ¼ in)+1.57(2.5in+3in)+ 1
4(10 𝑖𝑛)
4
Solving the angle of contact on DA:
(𝐷𝐵−𝐷𝐴)(60)
Θ=180- 𝐶
(2.5𝑖𝑛−3𝑖𝑛)(60)
Θ=180- 10 ¼ 𝑖𝑛
𝚯=183O
27
Estimated cost of materials
Materials Sizes Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total
Electrodes E6013 2 1/4 kg 100 225
Flat Bar 4 40 160
Machine Shaft 150 150
Steel Brush 1 70 70
Cutting Disk 3 pieces 90 270
Grinding Disk 2 pieces 70 140
Nuts
Bolts 13,12 14 pieces 214
Pulley 2 1/2 1 inch 200 200
Paint 250 4 ml 145 580
Belt B-29 1 inch 200 200
Gaskets 100
Drill Bit 1/16 1 inch 90 90
Steel Plate 24x24 1 inch 200 200
Table 1. Presents the estimated cost and list of materials to complete the prototype.
28
PROTOTYPE TESTING PROCEDURE:
The researchers start gathering data base on the approved testing procedure.
INPUT TIME PULVERIZING OUTPUT
(Kg)
RATE(kg/hr) (Kg)
1 kg
3 kgs
5 kgs
Table 2. Gathering Data
Table 1. Shows what to record in testing of the machine.
This table presents that the seeds will be fed on the hopper of the machine will be 1kg, 3kg
and 5kg, respectively. And will be observed how many minutes it takes to pulverize the seeds.
This will test the efficiency of the machine.
29
Fabrication Process of the Machine
Figure 13. Scrapping and getting the materials needed for the fabrication of the machine.
Figure 14. Making the Hopper
Figure 15. Making the body of the machine where the seeds will be pulverized.
30
Figure 16. Joining the Bar and the cover.
Figure 17. Putting up the frame.
Figure 18. Threading the shaft and drilling holes to make a strainer.
31
Figure 19. Assembling the Machine.
32
Figure 20. Painting every parts of the machine
Figure 21. Finished Prototype that can pulverize pea seeds.
Figure 22. Dried Pea Seeds and 1 Hp electric motor
33
Testing of the Machine
Figure 23. Testing of 1 kg pea seeds
Figure 24. Testing of 3kgs pea seeds
Figure 25. Testing of 5kgs pea seeds
34
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The pea pulverizing machine has been completely and successfully fabricated. The testing
procedure was done at Calaba Bangued, Abra, and the researchers found out that it is finer when
the seeds is fried, because dried seeds has moisture content, and they found out that the capacity
of the machine is 6.91 kg/hr. The results and discussion were presented in the table below.
INPUT TIME PULVERIZING OUTPUT
(Kg)
RATE(kg/hr) (Kg)
1 kg 9 .41 6.38 1 kg
3 kgs 25.30 7.11 3 kgs
5 kgs 41.50 7.22 5 kgs
Table 3. Testing Results
From the table above, it takes 9 minutes and 41 seconds to be pulverized a 1 kg pea seeds.
For a 3 kg of pea seeds, the result time to be pulverized the seeds is 25 minutes and 30 seconds.
And lastly a 5 kilograms, it takes 41 minutes and 50 seconds to be pulverized. As shown on the
table, the output in every testing is the same as the kilogram have been fed because there is no
waste in the process.
From the test results, it takes a long time to pulverize a pea seeds, because the holes of the
strainer of the machine is so small. The researchers observed that the percent pulverizing decreases
as the load increases. It may depend on the feeding rate process.
35
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
The study’s outcome are as follows:
The following are the summary of findings based on the testing and gathered data of the
study:
1. The feeder must set the controller in the hopper precisely to regulate the flow of the seeds.
2. Driven pulley is smaller than the driver pulley, this tends to produce more rotation for the
blade.
3. Using gaskets to prevent leakages of the machine.
4. Using bolts and nuts to attach and detach its components and also for the maintenance process.
36
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The machine was successfully fabricated and tested which run by a 1 Hp, 1760 rpm, and
single phase electric motor.
2. The pulverizing efficiency of the machine was found to be 100% by testing.
3. The machine is portable and easy to operate. It has an overall dimension of 37 inches in
height, 19 inches in length and 18 inches in width.
37
Recommendations
The following recommendation were forwarded:
1.The selection of power unit (electric motor) should be directly based on the power requirement
of the shaft.
2. The pea seeds must be fried for finer result.
3. The belt must have a proper tension to prevent power losses.
4. The blade must have a 1/8-inch distance from the bar where the seeds to be crushed.
5.The smaller the holes of the strainer, the finer the result.
38
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Mark Jay A. Trinidad
Address: Kimmalaba Dolores, Abra
Age: 21
Sex: Male
Birth Date: October 19, 1998
Birth Place: Bangued, Abra
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Jehovah's Witnesses
Name of Father: Joel D. Trinidad Occupation: Driver
Name of Mother: Josefina A. Trinidad Occupation: Housekeeping
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Elementary: Kimmalaba Elementary School
Secondary: Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Main Campus, Lagangilang, Abra
Tertiary: Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Bangued Campus, Bangued, Abra
39
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Richmund Joshua B. Balbin
Address: Cabuloan Bangued
Age: 21
Sex: Male
Birth Date: August 17,1998
Birth Place: Cabuloan Bangued, Abra
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Name of Father: Raymundo Balbin Occupation: Farmer
Name of Mother: Filomena Balbin Occupation: Farmer
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Elementary: Bangued West Central School
Secondary: Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Bangued Campus
Tertiary: Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Bangued Campus, Bangued, Abra
40
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Nasser A. Narciso
Address: Calaba Bangued, Abra
Age: 21
Sex: Male
Birth Date: February 6,1999
Birth Place: Valenzuela City
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Catholic
Name of Father: Nilo L. Narciso Occupation: Tricycle Driver
Name of Mother: Erlinda A. Narciso Occupation: Vendor
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Elementary: Calaba Elementary School
Secondary: Abra High School Bangued,Abra
Tertiary: Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Bangued Campus, Bangued, Abra
41
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Peejay B. Maguelang
Address: Dominglay, Licuan-Baay, Abra
Age: 21
Sex: Male
Birth Date: May 14, 1998
Birth Place: Dominglay Licuan-Baay, Abra
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Name of Father: Crispin D. Maguelang Occupation: Farmer
Name of Mother: Juana B. Maguelang Occupation: Housekeeping
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Elementary: Sucao Elementary School
Secondary: The Sisters of Mary School, Boystown (Adlas)
Tertiary: Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Bangued Campus, Bangued, Abra
42
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Romel C. De La Cuadra
Address: Manayday San Isidro Abra
Age: 21
Sex: Male
Birth Date: September 02, 1998
Birth Place: Orence Narvacan Ilocos Sur
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Born Again Christian
Name of Father: Ronald B. De La Cuadra Occupation: Security Guard
Name of Mother: Maribel C. De la Cuadra Occupation: Housekeeping
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Elementary: Manayday Elementary School
Secondary: Doña Aurora National High School
Tertiary: Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Bangued Campus, Bangued, Abra
43
PERSONAL DATA
Name: John Louie T. Preza
Address: Kimmalaba Dolores, Abra
Age: 20
Sex: Male
Birth Date: July 08,1999
Birth Place: Kimmalaba Dolores Abra
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Name of Father: June T. Preza Occupation: Farmer
Name of Mother: Rosie T. Preza Occupation: Vegetable Vendor
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Elementary: Kimmalaba Elementary School
Secondary: Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Main Campus Lagangilang Abra
Tertiary: Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology
Bangued Campus, Bangued, Abra
44
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES:
https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
\ http://www.wintone-machinery.com/products/flour-mill/517.html
https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1VIweaiHrK1Rjy0Flq6AsaFXaA/Food-Grade-Material-
Coffee-Bean-Powder-Pulverizer.jpg
https://wholesaler.alibaba.com/product-detail/Food-Grade-Material-Coffee-Bean-
Powder_60863852841.html
http://www.almondbuttermachine.com/uploads/allimg/180912/3-1P912195107.jpg
http://www.almondbuttermachine.com/product/grinder/cocoa-powder-grinder.html
45
APPENDIX B
Estimated cost of materials
Materials Sizes Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total
Electrodes E6013 2 1/4 kg 100 225
Flat Bar 4 40 160
Machine 150 150
Shaft
Steel Brush 1 70 70
Cutting Disk 3 pieces 90 270
Grinding 2 pieces 70 140
Disk
Nuts
Bolts 13,12 14 pieces 214
Pulley 2 1/2 1 inch 200 200
Paint 250 4 ml 145 580
Belt B-29 1 inch 200 200
Gaskets 100
Drill Bit 1/16 1 inch 90 90
Steel Plate 24x24 1 inch 200 200
TOTAL COST
46
