Change Management in Organizations
Change Management in Organizations
1
PRINCIPLE OF CHANGE c) Refreeze
- Follow up change effort
What is Change Management ? - Prepare next change
The process, tools and techniques to manage the Making Change Stick
people-side of change to achieve the required -Systems to make the new way of working
business outcome happen
- Require a systematic view -Controls and monitoring to check that it is
- Evolutionary process happening
- Strategic imperative
- Link to golas 3. Kotter’s Eight (8) Step Change Model
- Involve both organisational and personal
transition Step 1 : Create Urgency
- Behavioural change For change to happen, its helps if the whole
- Resistance to change is predictable organisation really wants it. Develop a sense of
- Management tools account urgency around the need for change. This may
help you spark the initial motivation to get
CHANGE THEORIES/MODELS things moving.
What you can do :
1. Gap theory a) Identify potensial threats, and develop
a) Current State - Where your organisation is scenarios showing what could happen in the
currently ? future
Implication : b) Examine opportunities that should be, or
Need a clear view of how the organisation could be, exploited
works
b) Gap State – What are the resistance/ Step 2 : Form a powerful coalition
obstacles ? What are strategies needed ? Convince people that change is necessary.
Implication : This often takes strong leadership and visible
Gap between “current” and “desired” support form key people within your
represents problem and resistance organization
c) Desired your organisation should be in the Tour “change coalition” needs to work as a
future ? team, continuing to build urgency and
Implication : momentum around the need for change.
Need to know where the organisation is What you can do :
going a) Identify the true leaders in your
organization
2. Kurt Lewin’s Theory b) Ask for an emotional commitment from
a) Unfreeze these key people
- Identifying and share need for chage
(why) Step 3 : Create a vision to change
- Develop value creating idea (what) There will probably be many great ideas and
Need to reduce commitment to current solutions floating around. Link these concepts
ways of doing thins to an overall vision that people can grasp easily
- Introducing dissatisfaction with current and remember.
status A clear vision. When people see for themselves
- Building a vision of a desirable future what you are trying to achieve, then the
- Withdrawing support for programmes that directives they are given tend to make more
reinforce status quo sense.
What you can do :
b) Change/Transition a) Determine the values that are central to the
- Motivate people change
- Deal with resistance b) Create a strategy to execute that vision
Dealing with chamge problems
-A well-formed strategy
-Clear cross functional communication
-Commitment and involvement
2
Step 4 : Communicate the vision Step 8 : Achor the cahnge in corporate culture
Yourmessage will probably have strong The value behind your vision must show in day-
competiton from other day-to-day to-day work
communications within the company, so you Make continuous afforts to ensure that the
need to communicate it frequently and changes is seen in every aspect of your
powerfully. organisation
Talk about it every chance you get. Use the What you can do :
vision daily to make decisions and solve a) Talk about progress every chance you get.
problems. When you keep it fresh on everyone’s Tell success stories about the change
minds, they will remember it and repond to it. process, and repeat other stories that you
What you can do : hear
a) Talk often about your chance vision. b) Public recognise key members of your
b) Openly and honestly address peoples’ original change coalition, and make sure
concerns and anxieties the rest of the staff – new and old –
remembers their contributions
Step 5 : Remove abstacles
(Empowering employees for broad-based action) RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
If you reach this point in the cahnge process,
you have been talking about your vision and “The action takes by individuals and groups when
building buy-in from levels of the organisation they perceive that a change that is occuring as a
But is onyone resisting the change? And are threat to them”
there process or structures that are getting in its
1. Lack of trust
way?
Promises of improvement mean nothing if
What you can do :
employees do not trust the management
a) Identify, or hire, change leaders whose main
roles are to deliver the change 2. Emotional side effects
b) Look at your organisational structure, job Forced acceptance of change can create a
descriptions, and performance and sense of powerlessness anger and passive
compensation systems to ensure they are in resistance to change
line with your vision
3. Misundestanding and lack of skill
Without introductory or remedial training change
Step 6 : Cretae short-term wins
may be perceived negatively
Nothing motivates more than success. Within a
short time frame, you will want to have results 4. Inertia
that your staff can see Emplyees have desire to maintain a safe, secure
Create short-term targets - not just one long- and predictable status quo
term goal.
5. Poor Timing
What you can do :
Other events can conspire to create resentment
a) Look for sure-fire projects that you can
about a particular change
implement without help from any strong
critics of the change 6. Personality conflicts
b) Don’t choose early targets that are Managers who are disliked by their employees
expensive. You want to be able to justify the are poor conduits fo change
investment in each project
7. Fear of failure
Employees are intimidated by change and doubt
Step 7 : Build on the change
their abilities to meet new challenges
Many change projects fail because victory is
declared too early 8. Breakup of work group
Launching one new product using a new Changes can tear apart estabblished job social
system is great relationships
What you can do :
9. Suprise
a) After every win, analyse what went right and
Unannounced significant changes threaten
what needs improving
employee’s sense and balance in workplace
b) Set goals to continue building on the
momentum you have achived
3
CHANGE MANAGEMENT TOOLS 3. Resources Allocator Role
Assign resources between functions and divisions,
1. Ishikawa (Analysis (Fishbone) set budget of lower managers
2. Swot (Analysis)
3. McKinsey 7-S (Framework) 4. Negotiator Role
4. Pestel’s (Analysis) Seek to negotiate solutions between other
5. Pareto (Analysis) managers, unions, customers or stakeholders
“Associate with the method managers use to plan 2. Maintain a fit between the organisation and its
strategy and utlize resources” envirement
Any change in the envirement will affect its
1. Entrepreneur Role internal components
Deciding upon new project or programs to
initate and invest
2. Disturbance Role
Assume responsibility for handling an
unexpected event/crisis
4
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES 3. Authoritative Leadership
“COME WITH ME”
1. Using new and sophisticated technology - The authoritative style works best when the
2. Building competitive advantage through superior team needs a new vision because
efficiency, quality, innovation and reponsive circumstances have changed.
3. Increasing performance while remaining ethical - Mobilise the team toward a common vision and
managers focused on ends goals, leaving the means up to
4. Managing an increasingly diverse work force each individual.
5
PENYELIA BERKESAN
6
Tindakan Menjadi Penyelia Terbaik PENYELIAAN DALAM PENGURUSAN ORGANISASI
1. Mengimbangi pelbagai tuntutan dan kemahuan
- Menangani semua kehendak dengan berkesan Definisi Organisasi
dan tidak menyinggung perasaan orang lain - Dari bahasa Greek “Organon” (ergon) organ
7
Fungsi Umum Pengurusan : MENGORGANISASI Fungsi Umum Pengurusan : MENGAWAL
9
3. EKPLORASI Ciri-ciri Masalah
Subordinat amat bersedia dan mempunyai 1. Ada kesan negatif
banyak idea untuk membuat perubahan tetapi 2. Ada sebab dan punca
tiada keseragaman 3. Ada fakta atau data
Tindakan/Pendekatan yang diperlukan : 4. Boleh diukur
5. Boleh dikawal
Tumpukan kepada perkara yang diutamakan 6. Boleh diselesaikan
10
Kaedah Ishikawa Analysis Apakah Peranan Penyelia Dalam Menyelesaikan
1. Sesuai untuk industri pentadbiran dan Masalah
perkhidmatan 1. Kenalpasti masalah yang berlaku
2. Guna pendekatan penyelesaian masalah
8P’s - Product, Price, Promotion, People, Process, berkesan
Place, Policies, Procedures 3. Pastikan keputusan dilaksanakan seperti yang
telah diputuskan
2. Sesuai untuk industri perkhidmatan 4. Tambah baik keputusan yang dilaksanakan
5. Faham realiti dalam penyelesaian masalah dan
4S’s - Surrounding, Supplies, Systems, Skills membuat keputusan
11
KEMAHIRAN PENYELIA KELEMAHAN PENYELIA
12
PEMBAHAGIAN INTERGRITI FAKTOR YANG MENJEJASKAN INTERGRITI
13
LANGKAH-LANGKAH MEMPERTINGKATKAN ETIKA DAN
INTERGRITI – SEKTOR AWAM HAK ASASI MANUSIA
Terdapat 6 langkah yang telah diambil untuk Apakah Hak Asasi Manusia
mempertingkatkan etika dan intergriti :- - Asas kepada prinsip kemusiaan
1. Pembudayaan Etika dan Intergriti - Asas hak kebebasan perlu berpandukan
- Kerajaan telah memperkenalkan dan tanggungjawab moral atau kepercayaan
melancarkan pelbagai program seperti agama individu itu.
Penghayatan Konsep bersih, Cekap dan - Membolehkan manusia untuk mengembangkan
Amanah, Penerapan Nilai-nilai Islam, Budaya bakat, kemahiran dan kebijaksanaan untuk
Kerja berkualiti, Kod Etika kerja, Piagam memahami keperluan rohani dan fizikal
Pelanggan ISO
Konsep Hak Asasi Manusia
2. Kerajaan meluluskan Akta Pencegah Rasuah - Wujud secara semula jadi dan tidak terasing
1961 (Pindaan 1997) dan menubunhkan Badan seiring kewujudan manusia
Pencegah Rasuah - Keperluan utama bagi memenuhi kehendak
- Peranan penting dalam memerangi rasuah, manusia
memelihara intergiriti pentadbiran kerajaan dan - Walau bahagimanapun Hak Asasi Manusia
kesedaran masyarakt mengenai bahaya rasuah : adalah tidak mutlak tertakluk kepada sekatan-
http://www.bpr.gov.my/ sekatan tertentu seperti dihadkan oleh undang-
undang
3. Penubuhan Biro Pengaduan Awam (BPA)
- Salah satu mekanisme dan saluran bagi Sejarah Hak Asasi Manusia
orang ramai mengemukakan aduan mengenai - Telah wujud sejak Tamadun Greek lagi iaitu
salah laku, salahguna kuasa dan penyelewengan dalam mitos Antingone
: http://www.bpa.jpm.my/ - Menurut Jodn Locke, hak asasi ialah sesuatu hak
yang diberi oleh Tuhan (Divine Rights).
4. Penubuhan Jabatan Audit Negara
- Untuk mengaudit Penyata Akaun Awam bagi Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Konteks Moden
memastikan pengurusan perbelanjaan, hasil dan - Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia atau Universal
aset kerajaan dilaksanakan secara berhemah : Declaration od Human Rights (UDHR) adalah
http://www.audit.gov.my/ pencetus kepada Hak Asasi Manusia yang
diiktiraf oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu
5. Penubuhan Unit Pemodenan Tadbiran dan (PBB) yang terdiri dari Amerika Syarikat
Perancangan Pengurusan Malaysia (MAMPU) (Pengerusi), China, Lebanon, Australia, Chile,
- Sebagai peneraju pembaharuan Perancis, United Kingdom dan kesatuan Soviet.
pentadbiran dalam mewujudkan perkhidmatan
awam yang moden, cekap dan berkesan : Peruntukkan Undang-undang Hak Asasi Manusia di
http://www.mampu.gov.my/ Malaysia
1. PerlembagaanPersekutuan
6. Pembentukan Jawatankuasa Khas Kabinet - Undang-undang tertinggi di Malysia dan
Mengenai keutuhan Pengurusan Kerajaan rujukan utama dalam perkara melibatkan Hak
(JKKMKPK) dan jawatankuasa Keutuhan Asasi manusia
Pengurusan (JKP)
- Memastikan jentera kerajaan sentiasa cekap, 2. Kanun Tatacara Jenayah
berdisiplin dan berpegang teguh kepada syarat - panduan dan tatacara di dalam melaksanakan
keutuhan yang paling tinggi dengan penguatkuasaan dan pendakwaan jenayah
berpandukan nilai-nilai murni.
3. Undang-Undang Lain
- Undang-undang yang diluluskan oeh Parlimen
atau Dewan Undangan Negeri (DUN) yang
masih berkuatkuasa
14