Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT)
ETU 08213
Cellular and Mobile Communication
Ally, J
[email protected]
DIT
Course Material
◼ Text: Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice by T.
Rappaport
◼ References
❑ Wireless Communications and Networks by W. Stallings
❑ Wireless Communications by Andrea Goldsmith
❑ Wireless Communications by Roy Blake.
❑ Wireless & Mobile Networks Architecture by Yi Bing and
Imrich Chlamtac
❑ Other Books & Internet.
DIT
Course Syllabus
◼ Introduction to Cellular Mobile
Communication
◼ The Cellular Concept-System Design
Fundamentals
◼ Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless
Communication
◼ GSM/GPRS/EDGE Technology
◼ UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+ Networks
◼ LTE/LTE-Advanced Networks
◼ GSM/UMTS/LTE Radio Network Planning
◼ 5G Network
DIT
Introduction to Cellular Mobile
Communications
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Wired Vs. Wireless Communication
Wired Wireless
Each cable is a different channel One media (cable) shared by all
Signal attenuation is low High signal attenuation
No interference High interference
noise; co-channel interference; adjacent
channel interference
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Why go Wireless?
Advantages
◼ Sometimes it is impractical to lay cables
◼ User mobility
◼ Cost
Limitations
◼ Restricted frequency range
◼ Standards are often restricted
◼ Security
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Objectives of Wireless Systems
◼ Large Capacity
◼ Efficient use of Resources (Spectrum)
◼ Adaptability to traffic density
◼ Quality of Service
◼ Affordability
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Mobile Radio Communication Systems
◼ Garage door openers
◼ Remote controllers
◼ Cordless phones
◼ Hand held walkie-talkie
◼ Pagers
◼ Cell telephones
These systems differ in cost, complexity, performance
and application.
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What is wireless communication?
◼ Any form of communication that does not require
the transmitter and receiver to be in physical
contact
◼ Electromagnetic wave propagated through free-
space
◼ Radar, RF, Microwave, Optical (infrared, Laser).
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Classification of Mobile Radio Communication
Systems
◼ Simplex Systems: Only one way communication
possible. Messages can be received but not
acknowledged. (paging systems)
◼ Half-Duplex Systems: 2 way communication possible
but the same radio channel used for both transmission
and reception. At any given time a user can only transmit
or only receive information; “Push to talk” and “release to
listen” systems.
◼ Full-Duplex Systems: Allow simultaneous transmission
and reception b/w subscriber and Base Station
◼ Simultaneous transmission and reception are achieved
by:
❑ Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
❑ Time Division Duplex (TDD)
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Wireless Communications Systems Definitions
◼ Base Station: a fixed station in a radio mobile system used for radio
communication with mobile stations.
◼ Mobile Station: a station in the cellular radio service intended for use
while in motion at unspecified location.
◼ Mobile Switching Centre (MSC): it connects the cellular base stations
and the mobiles to the (Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN).
◼ Control Channel: radio channels used for transmission of call setup,
call request, call initiation, and other beacons or control purposes.
◼ Handover (Handoff): the process of transferring a mobile station from
one channel or base station to another.
◼ Page: a brief message which is broadcast over the entire service area,
usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at the same time.
◼ Roamer: a mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that which service has been subscribed.
◼ Subscriber: a user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communication system.
◼ Transceiver: a device capable of simultaneously transmitting and
receiving radio signals.
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Simplex Connection:
Over transmit or receive
Duplex Connection:
simultaneous
transmission and reception
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Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
◼ It provides simultaneous radio transmission channels for
the subscriber and the base station, so that they both may
constantly transmit while simultaneously receiving signals
from one another.
◼ Uses a pair of frequency bands – one for Downlink
(Forward) Channel and another for Uplink (Reverse)
Channel.
◼ Downlink Channel (Forward Channel): used for
transmission of information from Base Station to Mobile.
◼ Uplink Channel (Reverse Channel): used for transmission
of information from Mobile to Base Station.
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Time Division Duplex (TDD)
◼ Shares a single radio channel in time
➢ a portion of the time is used to transmit from Base station to
mobile
➢ the remaining time is used to transmit from mobile to Base
Station
◼ TDD is only possible with digital transmission format
and digital modulation, and is very sensitive to timing.
◼ Used only for indoor or small area wireless application
where the physical coverage distance are much
smaller than the many kilometers used in conventional
cellular telephone systems.
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Current Wireless Systems
◼ Cellular Systems
◼ Wireless LANs
◼ WiMAX
◼ Satellite Systems
◼ Paging Systems
◼ Bluetooth
◼ Zigbee radios
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1G Technology
◼ 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone
technology, mobile telecommunications which was first
introduced in 1980s and completed in early 1990s.
◼ Speed was upto 2.4kbps.
◼ Allows the voice calls in 1 country.
◼ Use Analog Signal.
◼ AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G mobile systems.
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Drawbacks of 1G
◼ Poor Voice Quality
◼ Poor Battery Life
◼ Large Phone Size
◼ No Security
◼ Limited Capacity
◼ Poor Handoff Reliability
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2G Technology
◼ 2G technology refers to the 2nd
generation which is based on GSM.
◼ It was launched in Finland in the year
1991.
◼ 2G network use digital signals.
◼ It’s data speed was upto 64kbps.
Features Includes:
◼ It enables services such as text
messages, picture messages and MMS
(multi media message).
◼ It provides better quality and capacity .
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Drawbacks of 2G
◼ 2G requires strong digital
signals to help mobile phones
work. If there is no network
coverage in any specific area,
digital signals would weak.
◼ These systems are unable to
handle complex data such as
Videos.
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2.5G Technology
◼ 2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and third
(3G) generation of mobile telephony.
◼ 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology
combined with GPRS.
Features Includes:
◼ Phone Calls
◼ Send/Receive E-mail Messages
◼ Web Browsing Speed : 64-144 kbps
◼ Camera Phones
◼ Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. MP3
song
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3G Technology
◼ 3G technology refer to third
generation which was
introduced in year 2000s.
◼ Data Transmission speed
increased from 144kbps-
2Mbps.
◼ Typically called Smart Phones
and features increased its
bandwidth and data transfer
rates to accommodate web-
based applications and audio
and video files.
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Features of 3G Technology
◼ Providing Faster Communication
◼ Send/Receive Large Email
Messages
◼ High Speed Web / More Security
◼ Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
◼ TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone
Calls
◼ Large Capacities and Broadband
Capabilities
◼ 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to
download a 3 min MP3 song.
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Drawbacks of 3G Technology
◼ Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services
◼ It was challenge to build the
infrastructure for 3G
◼ High Bandwidth Requirement
◼ Expensive 3G Phones.
◼ Large Cell Phones
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4G Technology (Anytime ,Anywhere)
◼ 4G technology refer to or short name of fourth
Generation which was started from late 2000s.
◼ Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
◼ One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.
MAGIC:
❑ Mobile Multimedia
❑ Anytime Anywhere
❑ Global Mobility Support
❑ Integrated Wireless Solution
❑ Customized Personal Services
(Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere).
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4G (Anytime, Anywhere)
◼ The next generations of wireless technology that
promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia
services.
◼ Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.
◼ High QOS and High Security
◼ Provide any kind of service at any time as per user
requirements, anywhere.
Features Include:
❑ More Security
❑ High Speed
❑ High Capacity
❑ Low Cost Per-bit etc.
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Drawbacks of 4G
◼ More battery usage
◼ Hard to implement
◼ Need complicated
hardware
◼ Expensive
equipment required
to implement next
generation network.
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Comparison Between 3G vs 4G
The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in
data transfer and signal quality.
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5g Technology
◼ 5G technology refer to short
name of fifth Generation
which was started from late
2010s.
◼ Complete wireless
communication with almost
no limitations.
◼ It is highly supportable to
WWWW (Wireless World
Wide Web).
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Benefits of 5G Technology
◼ High Speed, High Capacity
◼ 5G technology providing large broadcasting of data
in Gbps .
◼ Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with
the clarity as to that of an HD Quality.
◼ Faster data transmission that of the previous
generations.
◼ Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in
Audio/Video.
◼ Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming
video, Internet and other
◼ 5G is More Effective and More Attractive.
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Wireless Technology Trend
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Simplified picture of most important evolution paths
from 2G technologies (e.g., GSM) to 4G technologies
(e.g., LTE-Advanced)
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Evolution of 1G to 5G Technology
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Thanks!
Technology changes but communication lasts.
DIT
