Solutions Manual to accompany Communication Systems An Introduction to Signals and Noise in Electrical Communication Fourth Edition A. Bruce Carlson Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Paul B. Crilly University of Tennessee Janet C, Rutledge University of Maryland at Baltimore London Madi ly apore Sydney Taipei TorontoMcGraw-Hill Higher Education 4 A Divison of The McGraw BU Comp Solutions Mansalosecompeny (COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS AND NOISE IN FLECTRICAT. COMMUNICATION, FOURTH EDITION ‘A. BRUCE CARLSON, PAUL B. CRILLY, AND JANET C, RUTLEDGI Published by Mecraw-Hil Higher Fusion an imprint of The MeGrew-Hil Companiss, Inc, 1221 Avenue ofthe Americas, New York, NY 10020, Copyright © The MeGravsHill Companies, ne, 2002, 1986, 1975, 1968. Allright reserved, ‘The contents or parts treo maybe repded in prin form solely fr csssoam use wth COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS AND NOISE IN ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION, provided such repeodstions hear copyright rie, bt my not be reproduced in ny other form o for any other purpose without he prior wren consent of The McGrail (Companies, Ine. ncuding, but not limited‘, in any network or eter electronic storage or ansmisson or broadcast for dsance deeming. swim comChapter 2 21-1 de® n=m 0 otherwise Ae®* dea det sinsir-n)-f ev) =0 mie Omen mn nn q fe | Acosta + [""(—A)cos Ft oy = 2A gig A T, Zn 7 Rn 2 n lol] 1 [2] 3 Ja] s Jol 7 O[ 247m [0] 24/an 0] 24/5 [0] 247m argc, 0 E180" 0 180° 2.13 a 2 eos rey = 4 sinnn-—A (cosmn—I) T mn Gn) 4 5 6 0} ood] 0 (cont.) 21[ T, . sin(m +mn) 2t/) T| 4—mn)/T, aq +nn)/T, Ald n=4l 0 otherwise j4(-cosnn) mn 0) 24/30 24/50 =90° 90° n)2e/T, _sin(m +n) 2t 40 —an)/T, 4 +nny/T, n=l 0 otherwise eo Ef Hoe tars ff oe a where [remade = f° vA+T, Qe" er 2add, ane [verde for even, for even nHa ae (e#)e4 5 nee Jot) SS cos3ny+—cosio,t om? 25m? 332 so P'/P =99.6% ] Fo so P'/P=93.3% (cont) 23b) ve 4 yo) 4 ey 4 90°) 208 (ty —90°) + cos (Bang ~80°) + = cos (5en,1—90°) = Ssin(oy)+ Ssin(30y)+ in (50,1) _fo neven ~|@iany nodd Thus, 2+4+4- 3 22-1 V(f)=2f"” Acos™ cos2a fidt + At HL sino( ft —1/2)+sine( ft +1/2)] (cont) 24\vG#) | 22-2 rina *sin2@ cos2x fd sine( ft ~1)~sine( ft +1)] OAL 240 (ry vinmaf (4-44 kosonr= asine(S)-10] Az sine? ft ) 22-4 rin=ninf AL sinordr = 7 (sin @t Ot cos@t) =—j(sine2ft—cos2n ft) a 22-5 v()=sine2We ale aw \ Ww J_|sincawra a= [7 L-n(<) df= 25fa nw "BP +Qnfy mb 50% W=b/2n 84% W=2b/n 22-7 [v@wtnar =| oto | fear fa = fn] fvoer ora |ar= Fw par V(—fy=¥ *(f) when v(@ is real, so [Leoa ={. vow +n =f vont af 22-8 [ow oe sate [winter] =[ [lene momar] =W'(f) Let 2(1)=w'(0)s0 Z(f)=W'(-f) and W'(f)=Z(-f) Hence f@anar=[" V(f)Z(-faf 22-9 (5 > asinear 80 sistem 4) A 4 \4 2 t sine =tn(£ S wOasineZ OH) oH 7 } for A 22-10 seosSin[ Doo sine( ft ~1/2)-+ sine( ft-+1/2)] 7 (t so FE ppineee-1/2)+ since +1/2)] + Boos n(-}- Beos n(L) Let B=A and t=2W => ee 22-11 Bin T(E Jeri Le fe sine] oD =n ese] Bain Pn = eee in Ln n(£) Let B=-jA and t=2W => Bee aor ol 2-622-12 Weg 20, gone Gg ___ a ain P+Orfy Qnay+Qnfy a+f [letf are é Thus, ff 23-1 2(t)=v(t-T) +0(t+T) where v(t)= ATM(¢ ft) + At sine ft 80 Z(f)=V (fe +V(f Je” =2Ae sine ft cos2x fT wey v(t-27)+2(t)+ (+27) where v(t)=all(¢ (2) Atsine ft WflaV Pe" +V(f)+V (pe? = 2An (sine frKl+cos4n fT) 3 = v(t-27)-24)+ +27) where v(t)=all(t /t) © Atsine ft =V (fe? -2V(f)+V (fe? = 24t(sine ft (cos4n fT -1) = AAT von an( SE ace an( V(f)=2AT sinc? fTe +(B—AYT sine (Te? 2723-5 ~ m(t22 ace. ag (t2t ronan = \e an( SH ) V(f)=44Tsine4 fTe"" +2(B- A)T sine2 fTe/*" 23-6 Let w(t)= vat) W(f)=—V(f/ a) Then 2(t)=v[a(t—f, /a)]=w(t-4, /a) so Z(f)=W (Ne V(flaye*** 23-7 F [ne J= [nee Madr =f ve ae VL.) 238 v(Q = ANG /t)cos@,t with @, =2n =m /t A Vipy= sine lf + eine +0 =—[sine( fe -1/2)+ sine( ft +1/2)] 23-9 WO) = ATI(( /x)eos(o,t—m /2) with @, = 2m f= 2n/t =n ie A sine(f =f aesinc P+ fe é 2 [sine ft - 1) -sine( fz +1)] 23-10 zO=vcosat — (r= deer Tae 1 1 A A 2D) = VEDI VO sep PD 23-11 7 ——— HO=WOCOsOL-R/2) w= de" for120 OHA asl? jas? 14 j2n(f-f) I+ j2a(f+f) me 7 t= Ald Al2 SF RG=f) JAS +L) 2823-12 v=tz0) soean( Jeo 2Asineaye Q J Gen nat! aa | Seon) cose fe ae sina fe] VO = ep ADE sine2 fe cost fe) 23-13 20) =) Onde «0 Seale [Feces F 23-14 2(t)=Pv(t) v(t)=Ae™ fort 20 ose 2 albeit ees 23-15 w= ovnatenm (Soy = mab te ole cca (byte nse) Both results are equivalent to bre” @ =jfe*™ 24-1 w(h=0 <0 =f mar=40 ocr<2 =f, Mah=24 1>2 ho 2A A 2 foe ae oe 2924-2 y(Q=0 1<0,0>5 24-3 (=O 1<0,1>3 = [nan o6 te z a Yh z tv qt24-5 y(Q=0 1<0 = [ean =1-e" o0 24-8 v= de" w(t)=sinnt= fem —se = Bet 4+ Bee Y= ve (+V%W (© =L4B, (a ~h)Ile ~e “]+[4B, (a ~b,)]Le ~e*] Let B, = j/2,8,=—/m, B, =—j/2,b, = jm and simplify 24-9 ve w(t) vy Aydr let was-2 {> ve —wowtwray = [7 wane —wa = wee)24-10 Let yit)= [7 Awe Alda where v(-1) = w(t), w(-1)= w(t) v1) =f vw Add = [ vOpw(rt Aydd =f wpe -wyay = FP uy —ne y 24-11 Let y(t)= [7 vA)wE-A)da where v(-1)=-v(), w-1) = -w(0) v1) =F vO ywr-A)dh =—[" vpw(r+A) dd = [vue way = [vq way =O 24-12 Let w(t) =v v(t) =tACt /t) vw) er adat fe ~dh=ae Oster/2 =f @-aa -#] t/2st arctan E,W B 3-12 WO) =F" [HMA P= hO +L) where (0) =u(t)-u(t-T) h(t) =u()-u(t-T,) Be) oki Te 31-13, MO=F [ANH] =hO*hO where h,(1) = 2" Be?" u(t) h(0) =u()—u(t-T) iti & res T Tee 3.114 —_ as 1 N= iqonp KO™ Ka paay ea ~l say. = eal? uo]=7 50) WK 1 g(t) =F '{——"* _t ety g(t) {; i} oe)31-15 n= : Kp f Ly gp K so A(t)=e"ult) a= fi H(A) d= K(1-e"* Jury 3.1-16 Since A(t) is real, H,(f)=H.(f) and H(f)=H,(f), so A= [A+ st Meal = 2f- 11, Neoseot df + j2[- jt sin or df =2[ [Noose af -f4, (Asinor a] h(Q=0 for £<0= [11,(Nsiner df = [> 11, (feoser df Hence, for ¢> 0, alt 1, (Psinot df = [1,(Peosor df so n= fo H,(f)sinaot df ={ H,(fycoset df 321 jncn|= [ray pray arg H(f) = —aretan for [sw B 3.2.2 (nf = [14 (0/3) | "ang H (nf,) =—aretan(n /3) y(D) = (0.95)(4)cos (,t -18°) +(0.71)(4/9)cos (3@,-45°) + (0.5(4/25)cos(5e,t-59°) = 3.7905 (10,1 -18°) + 0.31c0s(309,t— 45°) +0.08c0s (5e,/—59°) a3.23 (p= 2 it (n/3) V() = (0.32)(4)eos (W4t— 72°) +(0.71)(4/9 cos (30,¢ —45°) + (0.86)(4/25 cos (S@,t—31°) = 1.28c05(@,¢-72°)+ 0.3 1c0s(3a,t—45*) + 0.14c0s (50,¢-31°) arg H (nf,) = 90° —aretan(n/3) 4 “4 Note that 300x =2n and the phase actually wrapped around several times. Under normal plotting conventions we would go from —z to = and repeat this pattern 300 times. 3.25 tf) Sf Kitz nwe00//B) yp oetie times) = ey ie 2B 1,(f), ms 3-5-2L (pjais agu(f=, * t -E [pps 1 x : = Sarg HN = ae 0 a : [>is wsi30_ 1 [r|sts (p= | FO 7 ef | RRL Ips mmf 4f : 50 (1) =1,(f) for [f|<15 ye) ie Paine f 1s a : - ‘ 3.2-7 09 Hep-[oeaabfon seem] eae sae Thus, y(t) =a.x(0) +x(t- T)+ax(t-27) ' weet . ; enema ” oe 4 : gh ae .3.28 exp[-i(OT -asino?)]= 072" =e? 1s jasinor —S sin’ oT + If fol 2/2, HA f)=e*" + josino®r e* et paar wh ge vet Of om 2 2 Thus, y(t) = So 4x T)~ fuer) 3.29 a eM "eT 14 j0.4sin@T—0.8sin’@T +--+ =1+0.2(e"" -e”") so H,,(f)= Ke” (140.2e*" -0.2e*7) Take K =I and 1, =2T, so H,,(f)=(0.2e"" +1-0.2e "Je? Hence, A=T, M=1, ¢,= 02, ¢ =1, 6 0.2 3.2-10 H(f)= Ke? (140800807) | Expanding using the first 3 terms (1+0.8cos@7) ' =1-0.8coswT +0.64c0s'@F —0.5lcos' oF where cos?” por goer eile aller oer e+e *"), cos oF =>+>cosmol =>+7(e™" +e7*") cos’ a =1Gcosmr+ cosio7’) = et leet ne) Take K =1 and t, =4T, so [0.13 ror 5 0.64 our (0.8 0.38) ur, 1, 0.64 Hf=| Bert oe (PF a8 0.8 , 0.38 + 3-732-11 YO =2Acos|4-34 cos" yf 34 08" O,1= “CORO t+ cosd,t a cosa — + poser 34 so eee? cos3oy 2" harmonic distortion = 0 300% © A=1 42% A=2 3" harmonic distortion = 100 = |_4_| p4-24 4 5 Acos@,t 2.4? cos*@,t-+4.4° cos’ @,t 0820,¢ 44° cos’ @yt = 3.4" cos@,f + A’ COSI 4E €0820,1+ 4' cos3ayt lee A=l 54434") cose, 2° harmonic distortion = x 54434 11.8% A=2 3" harmonic distortioi 33-1 P,=0.5W=27dBm £=50km o& =2dB/km, P., =50mW =17dBm 20nW =-17dBm. 274Bm—26, =-174Bm => ¢, = 2km => ¢, =50-22 = 28km -17dBm+ g, ~2x28 =-17dBm = g, = 56¢B -17dBm-+ g, =17dBm = g, =344B 33-2 P, =100mW =20dBm ¢=50km = 2dB/km P., =0.1W =20dBm = 20”W =-17dBm 20dBm—2¢, =-17dBm = f, = 18.5km= £, =40-18,5=21.5km -17dBm+ g, - 2x21 -17dBm = g, = 43dB -I7dBm+ g, = 20dBm = g, =37dB 3-8350x107 =-16 dB, ml, = 0.4400 =160 dB, g, $30 dB mx30 dB-1602-16 => m24.8 so m=5 160 -16)/5 = 28.8 dB 33-4 0.5x3000/ m L, 500/m dB PB, =3mW=7dBm Pa. 3 67 W =-11.754Bm r 748m 15 3-11.75 m>80 1500 = 18.7548 80 5x3000/m=7500/m dB smW =7dBm a3 67,W =-11.754Bm L 748m — 209 5 41,75 m> 400 1, = 750 <18.754B 400 64dB, L=92.4-6+26=112.4 dB 3-9)4n(nr*)(0.2x10°)) (3x10°) so 3.38 With repeater P.,, = Without repeater 2, = £024 p, 81808em 2k 924-20l08 fg. +2010g25km 20+20log f 20log f +2010g50=126+2—log f GHz L=126dB = 3.9810" x10" =115dB 33-9 92.4 +20log17 + 2010g3.6x10" = 208 1, =92.4+20log12+2010g3.6x10" = 205 P, =30dBW so P,,, =30+55~ 208+ 20=-103dBW Tgp =18+144=1624B P,,, =-103+162=59dBW so P,, =59+16-205+51=-79dBW => 1,26x10°W based on parameters from Example 3 34-1 oe 2 H(f)=Ke”™ -an } (= KS -t,)-2KF, sine2f,(t-1) 3-1034-2 H(f)=Ke™ -H,,(f) where H,,(f )=Eq. (1) Thus, fom Exercise 3.4-1, (0) = KS (¢-1,)-2BK sine B(t—t, )cos,(t-1,) Cee t 3.4-3 \co.7B)f =[1+(0.7)"]' 210" =1/1.259 so 1+(0.7)" $1,259 or (0.7) 50.259 n (2) 1 049 — =sselectm=2 2 024 \7GB)|=[1+ 143°] =0.11=-194B 34-4 |H@.9By =[1+0.9)" J" 210" =1/1.259 so 1+(0.9)" £1,259 or (0.9) < 0.259 a (0.9)" 6 0.282 =selectn=7 7 0.229 \#G)|=[1+ 143] " =4.6x10'=-66.84B 34-5 wo ron BIS ) ] from Table 3.4-1 J 5) b= 2m BiND H()= HD) volte 2 (s+b) +b so h(t)=2be™ sin btu(t)3.4-6 (o) Hy)=—2t— where Zp = R/JOC__ VEC Zac + OL R+1/ jC 1+ jo¥LC Thus, H(f)= 1+ jo (KY HLF) (o°zc)'| (b) |H(BY = 1/2 1-(B/G) +(B/ KY 2 5 fal s(i+v3) a= felenB)e 1274 1HCEL so Hon =[(1- cy +( fag ho 34-7 I-e™* =0.134,=0.11/B , 1 = 230=01 1 1-e*"* =0.9=91,=2.30/20B 2B «287B 34-8 e= | hOMA=2f'e ® sindA dh =1-e" (sinbr+cosbt) for 120 0.5m _0.5tV2 1 b 2B 28B bi /K=O1, bin =06 t, bebe 3-123.4-9 ; 1 x() = AsineW =t, =—, W A ) 7 ronan s bene } "(5 for B< W WW 2B AsineWi = 1, =1/W for B>W v= ZasincrBrst, =1/B for B oy ty ty te Lak ha ® inl or yao f ' ° Bh & ° 8 38 35-1 (a) 8(2) 1 p= 3(A) al ah F[3@]=(-/sen AYE [50] 1 Thus, F"[—jsgn f] =8 (1) =— oa () &()*1=4(9 and 8e{=t\--1L-1-f1 mm mt) om me (a Thus, (uF (0) x) 35-2 an E)est-e72) where x(0) = A[u(t)—u ¢-*)] t wait} Now let tin an ) so i() =I t 7 3.5-3 ) Folie D550 3p | Vi2 i p(f¥2) i yy Ww Ww Ww incWr(e *" —e )=sincWrsinen Wt =xWesine’ Wt 3143.54 1 1 (0) = e080 C0830 ,/+ = €085041 1 es i £0 = sino —Fsin3a,t+-sinSayt 35-5 4 4 x() = 4e080,1+ Scos3a++cosso,t 5 25 : 4 4 20 =4sina,+tsin3oy+4sinsoy © Caer 3.5-6 x sinc2Wi eralerd| on 3) = AW isinc? We =sineWesinn Wi X(N) = yn Jeo Note that the cross term is zero since there is no overlap, From the graph we see that the two rectangle functions form one larger function so Ww ko] : a | xn] 35-7 x iz x(1)i( ) dt = A” coset sink, dt Acoso, (= A ot [Ef sinlo,-oyyrdis-Lf sino, 05) a lin [ovat oss] Pp =lim ‘cos2@, 7 — cos| [ Fo, (00820035-8 FLAO]= [Fal lemar=2f- 2 4( pcos ar =[/ n@cosordr =f" hicosardt=H.(f) Tf) =F [(1 sent), ]= H+ aa nnn Jnr} T(P)~ GHD) af Thus, H,(f)=-H,(f) 36-1 R@)=(w(Ov (e-2)) =(w Ove) = (f+) (oy = RC) 3.6-2 R (vtmt,)=(v(1+t mT, vO) but v(c4t mT, )=v(r4t) so R, (ctmT)=(v(e4t)¥ (= RE) 3.6-3 B be ')= (hor }=2 ljr@yf =Krow ol < PP, =R°(0) so |R,(] R, (@) = deosanet (Note that the phase delay does not appear in the autocorrelation) Since R, ( (¢) we conclude that y(t) is similar to x(#). This is the expected conclusion since y(t) is just a phase shifted version of x() = ADsine fDe!* Gf )=(ADY sine? /D > R,(t)= A DA(t/D), E,=R,(0)= 47D. 3-16rola a (e+ R= sincare, EB, =.0-4 3.6-7 Op 6 R= 3.6-8 v= 4, +berem tie mem = a 2 GN= ABN ALES H)4B(F4L)] Re) =A + Acoso, peRon get 3.6-9 womb ore serena Blen emer veteran) A[s(¢-26)+8(s+24)] 4 4 =RO) = bk R@)=Leosns+Zeostae R= R(=4+4 3.6-10 Roe)= lim [" Au(tu(t—e)at_where moni-s=[) sd repre lott r Take T/2>0>0, so [Uu(t(t—ayde= [dt = Fe A(T 4 Thus Ae=tin £(F4 eS for allt r=RO=-4 ain=Say 3-173.6-11 spentaog=n( oe xX =Kewmn (= H(f)=Ke m(35} GA) =|HOY Gf)=|HNF [XCA since .»(¢) is an energy signal moos £ YL ne fl fone £ ; n( 5] [sinc -|on( $l 4| 0 9 2S ire R(t)=[" sine? Le 50 R,(@)= [Tr ppsine’ sen af 40 Be nf 3-18Chapter 4 41-1 vO=HN+r(Peosa — y,(F)=v,()sina. A(t) = he ()+2y,(f) v,(Dcosae +92(N)= y (0)+ v,(dcosa. (0 = aretan 29 8ine___ vOsing. ¥(0) cosa v(t) ) Alt) = Al vy s ont se 7, i 41-2 ¥Q=[YD+ reo — ¥,()=[y()- 4(O]sinoge A) = D424 yGeos2as+VIO* 4 (N+ ¥,Hcos2,t 600) W and Vi(f)=0 for |f[>W fo asinorar=f" ynae m3 (f—f)remo(F44)] Myer? +¥,c fer? ]=0 2 Thus, [”»,,(dr=0 (cont),) , (y0cos@s—y, sino.) dt J vPcos2et dt =|" v3 sintos de =|", If p= = Henee, E,, =[f¥ att f 41-4 rein 2) 400 v,, (0) =400sine4001 7" = 400sine400¢(cos2x 100¢+ jsin2n 100) ¥,()=800sine400/ cos2e 1001 v, (t) =—800sine400¢ sin2x 100r 1p (£75 +n £282 100 (150 st an v0 ine S01 e/** »4( = 2Re[y,()] =150sine 150 e082"751+ 200sinel001 cos 504 +100sine1 001 & v, (0) =2mLy,,(2)] =150sine1 50 sin2z 751 ~ 200sine1 00r sin2x 501 41-6 Vip(t) =22(1)[ cos (+0,¢+0) cos —sin(+o,¢+a)sino,t] so ¥,(0 =24 cos(to,t+er) — v, (0) =20(0)sin (to,t+41) 1 y(t) z(t) cos (to,t+a)+ jsin(to,+ 0) }= 2(pe*"™) 41-7 rlico(£4)) lH je (; a J] so 2P4f=O4=0 = ff, spline) to b= 5 1 Le fra +1) (Jiro) 441-8 feiss, t £.2(145)' =1-8, 50 H(f)={1+ jO[ +8 -(1-8)]} = L£ ae But 8 =: f= f,(143)>0 1 H(f)=————— fe - OTRO a A HK BIh fh 41-9 1 OQ) ——— $$ — siagger-tuned + (f- f+ by /b fl+( f- £- by (BP a ingle tuned + (f-f) (26° 41-10 1 B Hy (N= 2 ts 5, em beulo 1472/18 mB+ Pri hg mBe u(t) yp (1) = 2Re [4ucoe il = x, () nBA rah, ex, == [ cert an =F (Ie ue) Yp(t)=2ReLy,, (De pce lafi-e**)corae ret) 4341-11 ncn=n 5) J0eh 5 hy (t)= Be sine B(tt,) =, =2Re| Suine*'] = p= Su yO =h, *x, (0) atte vee [! sine B(A—t, )aa Amul fc meg aSeme[f sinew au +f" “sinew dy] a4enu [risen] 2 2 Yip =2Re[y,(Ne!™ |= 4 set += SinB(t- 1 Jose (1) AtteE eae 41-12 Xp (Qa 2c une = 8,08 aay UF] Af) r-n(5) with 3 fy 80 8(fF f,) falls outside passband, "aft a - B Thus, ¥,,(f)= UTA) aft }- nts) sincef, f for I< y= ok ra Josnew 2B +24 sine Bisin (oy +a.) y (p= 22 sine Bt Re[ tje"e™ RS [ 4441-13 erie H,(N=e (5) p pol 1 f y ¥,(N=e fan=the Lay since = 1 for lsw 1 B yaxZ = 0 sWs— (N=72N)=0 |F| 5 i =zy)-4 ; i xo-A 4, =n aaplinar F209 > M9O=3| O- Za Gee J de or Thus, y,,()= 0cosot-—-| “ 2()|sino,t : eae 42-3 100 AM: B, = 400Hz are oe DSB: B, =400Hz i= sow 4542-4 sine’ 40 Lal 40 2W =80 Hz 42-5 A, =(24,) =32kW => A? =8kW 1 =I, S,=5 S, H a7 eee! (He 2 (+n 24h so l+2u+p? => p<0.s (1+ 1°S,)=6kW 4 } kW => A?=—" kW y 2+" Ano =(I4H) A =4 kW s4kW 42-7 [ne 7200) =3K (142) <1 => KS1/9 3x4, stony Barge =Sqrp 2 2 8 4 K<1/4 pat (Kay +2xt(Lea,) 2 aca dee, 2 2\2 4 2 3, PKR sig |” doe fate Kae =p YL 440 447 T000 fork Im tov 4.2.9 .% (1) = 4sin= ) a oor << 04 = 10B, Alt) = 4,[1+x(1)]20 for no phase reversals to occur Since x(),, =—4 there is no value of A. that can keep A(#) from going negative. Therefore phase reversals will occur whenever x(/) goes negative, Saas 42-11 x)= Ate) 4743-1 142% x(0)-+ a,x" (1)+ a, COs", val a xt dfs Select a filter centered at f.=10 kHz with a bandwidth of 21 =2x120=240 Hz. (t dos, t= A[L+px()]cos@s = tofredae doses IK? (x + Acos@,t)' —b(x-Acoso,t)’ K? =b) (x? + #° cos? @,t)+24(aK? +b) xcos@,t =4Abx(Deos,t if cafe a Hed BL HAG tGe) dos ot Aesoixe 43-3 ¥.(1) = aK" (v+ Acos@.t) —b(v— Acosa.t)” iK* —b)(v? + # cos* wt) +2A(aK? +b) veose.t £ and v(s)=1+ pate) ele): YAbli catia) eosin € =44b[I+uxcosos if K Rewore 4-843-4 Take v, =x-+cos@,f so X' 43x" cosw,f + 3xcos" Wf + cos’ @,t) (x+c0s0,t) +a, -( = ree +a 430,430" rose Farcostas+ta costae 2 ( 2 Yout# XU) ET ere , ow IW Rw f Grew Aw aE thew 7% 24, where f,+2W <2f,-W so f, >6W Yn zuy b : or SE fete 43-5 Take v,,=y+cos@,t, where y= Kx(), so Voy = 4, (¥+CO8O,f) +4, (3 +39? COS, +3yCOS" Wot +c08" @,t) (« +30, 4349? oso Bay costae ta sC0830 gf Yat q 1 1038) Bape leer 1 Bilw 2h-w th, tae af ow ow iw ft 2f, where f,+2W <2f,-W so f>w Baka + 4 Jeosos= 4 [iB vn joy 4943-6 1 1 i Let ¥,,, = [Acosmsrse hia cmosets sa(demoreys] vash( domes-de}ea( dommes} sa genase] 3 . ele ‘i 1 Expanding using cos? @1= + c0s20,1, €0s' @,1=Teos@,r+ -e0s¥0,t Since BPFs reject components outside f.-W <|f< L +, 3h Joss 2(a rh )atneosear+3le -h)x*Qeosos so there's unsuppressed carrier and 2" harmonic distortion 43-7 (= 20sine® 4007 X(J) oa) aoa] vu) =Ax(eose,t-—xlpc0s301++ x(9eos5o,t——- © on Sn NEY: pee need f.+200<3f,-200 = f,>100Hz But f_ must mect fractional bandwidth requirements as well so 400<0.1f, =f, >4000 Hz which meets the earlier requirements as well. 44-1 x) =2Re{ HA [x4 «OJ e”” } e 4 Ref[xGeosos +a )sino,1]+ j[r@sinot+s(eos ot} A = [x(Qcoso,tF Asin @,1] 4-1044-2 x(eos,t OLX (f-—fLIFEX(F +L) "e) and SU) = —jsenf)X (7) so ROsinor o-Ssan( FLIX L)¥ 550M SL INL) Thus, x= A tsen(f-£)]X(s-£)+[1Fsen(¢+ 2) ]X(S+4)} 44-3 Upper signs for USSB, so aoe ee Be F vasa] IEF tosent rv {° tae Axy-n) for nope} oo ISK Ax(rer) F<-f. 4d Let @=0,¢ so SQ) =sind +4 sind vee ={o0 + eos ) +(x +hsind ) 82,2 =14+ 442050 00530 + 2sin0 sin30 = ood sl 9 9 81 AafP +E =Lx81xh R24 1808 = 2824 1BCosD is Dae a Sr Aus Ps 2 me)44-5 BPF-I inpat t © were dtp in t > 4 wr-2 inpat ore aatyst For LSSB, upper cutoffs of BPFs should be f, and f, , respectively. 44-6 =400 20.01f, = f, < 40kHz O.01f, <2f, +400 <80.4kHz f,$8.04MHz and f.=/, +f, $8.08MHz BPF-I a Ke 400 He inpet t 6 a BIF-2 penn ta dob nt emt | AVN fr 4 ARG 44-7 4-12 or calculate direetly from the fi spectrumOf sion, Check to make sure BPF meets requirements: 1600 £ 10° Also f, < 2008 = 200% 100= 20 kHz ¥ Note that a LPF at 10 kHz would have violated the fractional bandwidth requirements so a BPF must be used, oo1 => 0.01<0.04<0.14 44-9 cos(,t-90+8 ) =sin («,1+8 )= cosd sinw,t+sind coset in@.t+ Scos@,t ‘Thus, x,(4) = A ffs 8a1nfeoso,r sin 0,7} A(t) 4 YO+P OF BUOMH]” 44-10 (I-€)cos(,t-90°+8) = (1-€)[cosd sino, +sin8 cos] =(1-€) sino £48 cos, x(O= [cose cose,t(I-€)sino, sino, t~8 cose, tsino,t] 2cos(w, +©, )¢+ €[cos(@, -@, )t—cos(, +@,,)] -8[sin(o, -@, )r+sin(o, +0,)¢} But € cos0 ~8 sind = Ve" +5" cos(0 + arctan (3 /e)) 5 <3 3 2-€ 6-8 sind =,/(2-e) +5 6 +arctan— (2-€)cos6 -3 sind =4[(2-e) on wean 3s) = Wi-€/2c0s(0 +8 /2) Thus x, O~ANFEReogf(0, +0, )148 [2] ALTE cof, =o, )¢-+arctan44-11 i in Ae Megle) £Ui-ad AA The easiest way to find the quadrature component is graphically from the phasor diagram, Ale xy( Fad, sine ft 1 a)4,4, sin2a fy ( 5} sina 44-12 A x) Flosee 08(0, +0,,) (+ (0.5~a)cos(@, -©, )«] -4{Leoslo +0,)1+ cos (0, ©, )1]+204[cos(o +0,,)1-cos(o, ©.) 4 = Ea cos@,,/ cos@,t — 2asin@,/ sin@,t] x0) 050,f C080, DSB 4 405 > x= r() 5 Ws0,/ coseo.1F sinw,¢sine,t]= cos(@, +0)! SSB 44-13 x)=, [sos Henle +0, »| You A(t)= A, ( (1Sem04) +( Gainey -) =4|1+pcoso,r+ » Bele aa fut 4-1445-1 |f#199.25]=66 MHz = f,=265.25 or 133.25 |f#66|=67.25MHz => J, or 1.25 Take fj) =133.25 MHz 1M2¢ = [cs & Jerr} 17.28 Mie (oo S| 45-2 |f+651.25|=66 MHz =f, [2 60]=519.25 Miz => f,=585.25 or 453.25 Take f,) = 585.25 MHz tsireag-far——-fare | 19.25 ene cas 453 srr ue ier | A, NV; nla phe 717.25 or 585.25 o iehew vee LALA tt ost wow =m | Output is ee because spectrum is reversed, so lows frequency components become high frequencies, and vice versa. Output signal can be unscrambled by passing it through a second, identical scrambler which again reverses the spectrum. 45-4 LPF input =[(K.+K,,x)eos@1~K,,x,sinos Jeos(o+9) =(K.+K,x)coso +(K,+K,x)c0s(20,¢ +6) +K,x, sing —K,x, sin(20.1+6) yp()=[K, +K,x(1) Joos + K,, x, (sind Modulation K | x, x0) Yo) AM 4A, | w4, 0 A [I+ux()]coso DSB ol4 9 Ax(ocosd ‘SSB 0 | 4/2 FR) A,/2[x()coso F Hsing] VSB | 9 | 4/2 | 20+ m0 | 4./2{xc089+[ i+ 4 )]sind} 4-1545-5 From equation for x, () we see that 1 a= will produce standard AM with no distortion at the output. a will produce USSB +C SB +C maximum distortion from envelope detector. a= 0 will produce L 45-6 Envelope detector follows the shape of the positive amplitude portions of x,(1) tA pra | 5 é to Envelope detector output is proportional to|x()) 45-7 A square wave, like any other periodic signal, can be written as a Fourier series of harmonically spaced sinusoids. If the square wave has even symmetry and a fundamental of f,, it will have terms like a, cos@,t-+a, cos@t+a, cos@.t-++-+. This will cause signals at f,,3/.,5/,... to be shified to the origin. If f. is large enough, and our desired signal can be isolated, our synchronous detector will work fine, Otherwise there may be noise or intelligible crosstalk. Note that any phase shift will cause amplitude distortion. For any periodic signal in general, as long as the Fourier series has a term at _f- and our signal can be isolated, this can also serve as our local oscillator signal. 4-1645-8 Between peaks v(¢)= 4, [I+cos2xWi Je", 1. 2nx10~ 60 417Chapter 5 Sel PM FM51-4 f@=atbt for 0 b 0.)=2% jsardie mel i+ a ennar( peat A) ) 31-5 Type 90 £0 Qo Sa. ko. aka (t) Phase-integral dt Stn de? Kn, f+ Kin fy P os a(t) , PM Ox) St orate 5 f.+9sfy FM am f.f x(Adh f+ hx) - Leth Phase-accel mex f[fxooer|an rek[ onan Ko pa 2S 2H Sn 5.1-6 x,(0)= 4 [c0s(B sine, #)cos,¢—sin (B sine, )sine,r] =A. [spoon Y 24, (B)cosmn, rcos,1— YP 2/,(B)sinm,¢sino,t where cos, c0s@,t = $Lcos(w. = nw, )t+c0s(@, +n0,)¢] sinn,tsino,t=+[e0s(o, —0, }t~ cos (0, +72, }¢] 50 x.(t)=4J,(B)cosas+ YJ, (B)Lcos(w, +o, )¢+c0s(, - 0, )t] +P Y,(B)[cos(o, +70, )¢—cos(o, - ne, )¢] BEE eftes = ce"™ with period T, = 28/0, LE piisiongs smear gy LF sith ai) ay so anes e a=s fe dd =J,(B) Thus, cos(B sino) =Re[e**™ rel F108 | (cont.)¥J,(B)cosmo,¢ = J, (B)+¥ [J (B)+7., (B)]eosmo,t sin(B sino,¢) = Im[e?****" ]= in] E208)" Ls. (B)sinno,e=0+ (J, (B)-J., (B)]sinnw,¢ But J_,(B)=(-1)"J,(B) so _J2J, meven C _[ 0 neven 2 0F odd 2s, nodd Jad Hence, cos(Bsino,’)=J,(B)+ )) [2 (B)]eos mo, sin(Bsinw,t) =, (B) ]sin n,¢ S-8 B=6,4, forPM, B=4, f/f, forFM (a) Line spacing remains fixed, while line amplitudes change in the same way since Bis proportional to A, (b) Line spacing changes in the same way but FM Line amplitudes also change while PM line amplitudes remain fixed. (©) Line spacing changes in the same way but PM line amplitudes also change while FM line amplitudes remain fixed. 5.19 Bia @) fO=L + fx = f+ c080,¢ Assuming A, =1 /( (b) "Folded" component at |f. —4,,|=10 kHz 0+ 20c0s0,1 KHz 5,2 (13) +4[(35-3)' +(-58)+ 227+ 584 354 13° 43° ] = 4988. sci5.1-10 @ so=f4 500-182 cosoy Assuming 4, =1 f(1)=40+40cos@,¢ kHz (b) "Folded" components at |f, -3/,|=20 kHz and |f-4/,, aa > fe ; 35° +5 [ (38-13) +(2243)' 458" 435 413° 43°] 40 kHz 6441.5> 100 2 S.-H @,f=0 A=9442x3=10 O=0 BAe. eS hd “ay wate Mg 9.4? +(2.4V2) 0.5 adxsin™ = 0,356 rad (cont.) 5-44 t * a4 of=% A= (94-6) +(2x2.4) =10.02 6 = arctin 224 0.499 rad 0.5 radxsin2 =0.5 rad 51-12 0,f=0 A=7742x1.1=99 9 =0 were 234 “ay rot My gt 4 At 4.62 10.08 =aretan 0.702 rad ate “Fela ue 4d (7.7- 2.2) +(2x4.4) 2 10.029 = arctan *24_ 1,012 rad 77-22 rad 5-55.113 Ag = 0.774, Auge =ATP 488A, =1.174, ‘TIhy am 4th, My IT Ag en OTP Ae Sor e00 aa = tae Ate — t \—_ 8 — = “ow 51-14 * ob O.b5Ae 119A a 4 t Fbeae ° too Agu = 0.184, Aggy, =V18? +.66° A, = 684. 51-15 Want f, plus 3 harmonics => select B =1.0 Generate FM signal with 24,300< f, < 243,000 to meet fractional bandwidth requirements since B, = 6X405= 2,430 Hz, Apply BPF to select carrier plus 3 sidebands. Use frequency converter at fin =f. ~ fi Beene Kee i +710, if a ' | oT ! “Mona | HN uh, othe Bh a fal % at 3h Mf, 5-6tf era eis t Tela e The To (a) For O<¢10B, = 600 MHz DSB: B,=2W =10MHz —_f. >10B, =100 MHz 2-5 1s f,=5x10" ooi (0.01)(5x10") < B, <(0.1)(5x10") 5x10" 25x10 B,=2MG)W ~100 kHz 5-8PM fas KHz B=2M(B)f, B/Br OT [300 600x0.1 10 | 30 62x1.0 62% 10 10% a) 4G 14x5.0 70% 50 50% 52-8 Take x(1)= 4, c0s®,!, B =a, and B=2(B +1) f, Phase-integral modulation Phase-ace: on) -2nKA, f,sin@,t -(KA, /2n f, B In KA, fn KA,/ nf B 2(20 KAS + fu) 2(KA,/ Hf, + Su) ankKW? 2nKW 1 [Kinf,, Kim f,,W : Ww = omKW 1 QW Kite In both cases, spectral lines are spaced by f,, and B increases with 4,. However, in phase- integral modulation, tones at f,, W occupy much less than B, if 2KW 1 In phase-acceleration modulation, mid- frequency tones may occupy the most bandwidth and will determine B, when K /2n = f,.,17 . 5.2-9 apt de LAL RO} OO =H. 7 1 L 7 1 Ty, 1 iw Y, ()=——~ 4 [6 + HX) =—4,| 81) + f0, + Xf), = pop sBU MAO; aha o Volt | where (1) =[e*/”°u(t)]*x(0) TS. g, y= A, Rele, tofsosa, r+ js] eee =A foosos—9,2As0sinas [> 9 | af, 6(() =aretan| 6, = s0) 7 : [ Q | 5.2-10 5-9Yl = [Ro KP JMg( = Kok N= pan? XA) P(O= Kes OB where x,Q=44e%" and s9=£4,[8(e%+ Be") with O() = 20 fx, O() = 2m AXE) n= Ref Kye 4 Bo-wolerrnl| an Ky pope Keon peas =4{[5- Bean Ae Woosto+900] * 30sinfo,oe so [Link]-k: Kew} + [Sf he ]| 52-11 ylt)= [Link][os+9,(] with o,(0 =o) +arg 4 [f()] PO-LeAMD) > agHYfO]=a/eOr+a “xO +b6 02s +(e) Sy BL MK HU @l= [1-2 | =[l+ jax], a? 1 JWrol=[rer@]*=1-tarO, argir[f(] = -[Link] =-ar) Thus, y.(= A[i-darecoeosfanesan ff (a) an -ax(9]| 1 w LORLAGA OAL LEO- XO) $.2-13 5-10B=2D+IW, B,=2(3D4)W since 39(1) = 2x (3f,)['x (A)dd We want 3/, -2 f +4 => 2f, >(D+)W+(3D41) W= 4 f+ W © hence fy < ) 5.2-14 no(t) =2n (nf, )['x (A) dr = B,=AnD+)W We want 2f. + By B and 3f, tsb Ty so f, > +(B,+B,) =(3D-+14+4D41) W= 7 f+ 20 f-2W and f, < Voualf? 5.2.15 no(0)=2n(nf,)['x(2)dd => B,~2(nD+1)W wow 312 caf Be ad af Bees B +B.)=(4D4+145D41) W=9 420 8 8 nh 3h 3g 4M 46 erie SEE oe SlLet @=1/NV, 1 c we c(t) = 6+ (I 40x)? 26,4 Wr ) Since 3 x] 1, we want gus Then c(t) =c,—ex(t) with 53-2 fy=1SOKHz — B, =2( f, +20) oo < <0.) => 0.01f, <2f,+4W 3750 Since we are using triplers we need n =3" > 3750 7 = 2 Form=1" *=2187 sherefore m=8 triplers are needed 8 3*=6561 Ifthe local oscillator is placed at the end, 6581f, ~ f;, =915x10° Thus, fy = 6581 (500x 10°) -915x10° = 2.37x10" Hz <7 fp=DW 225 kHz, n> 2>*H2_ 1959 20 Hz One doubler and 6 triplers yield n =2%3" = 1458 wba. He yt aT 1458 200 kH2x1458=291.6 MHz>100 MHz Use down-converter before last tripler, where 291.6/3=97.2 MHz $0 fyo=97.2-(4.5/3)=95.7 MHz Safest > 11 te 172 Me, sa a 4.5 Hie, fas 23 he (x3) fuser} af 33.03 <3} 53-8nt = n= 5120 nT nT Using doublers only 2” =128>120 =» 7 doublers nf, =128X10 kHz = Since this doesn't exceed 10 MHz, the down converter can be located at any point => Choose to place it afler the last doubler 2 28 MHz P= nf, +n—x(0) atthe end of the last doubler f.=|nf, aa = 1 MHz=|I28x10 kHZ+ fio] = fio = 280 kHz f, *—JNBEM dd edvavar Me 53-9 os = (a) “] A, cos, dt = B sino, t NBFM output = 4, cos, ¢—4.B sino, tsino,t (dcos| @,, r+arctan(B sino,r)] = 74 farce 2 LOS@yt f(O= Lito ameiees f+Bhy TB sin?o,t cos, 1+B’s cose.i[1-B sin’ @,¢+ sino r+] oso, 1-8 Gem Bou rhe 2 Thus, S(O~f,+Bf, [( e fo. sf cos, J ~1+01fonare(S} nem \ (cont.) Sold() 3" harmonic distortion = (3) x100= (25) Worst case occurs with 4, maximum and, minimum, so f® lta = 2 con 2nT J30 Hz nT 53-10 LOHLALKO= fyb +L 80 \ALroll=' [ (2 ACG set] -[tsa-(-42)] stow at -vdee(rLe) for wf Ae) 1 4[-S} 4 (ch fy uo 80 yp(t) = Ky fe(t) where K, =A, waa {2 e A= A, 53-11 SO= f+ foe0 and wo F) Let a= f,/f, so fox| 1 A= A, eho AL 80 yp() = -K fe (OF Ky f°) with a Khe (cont.) 5-15If x(t) =cos@,?, then PO=FH5e0sto yt Ky fg 12 Kf-Kfl2 =10<1% = /B. Thus, for |/|B,,. 6.=[ Fe] SG if aisys(%] Gays Since B, is essentially determined by the combination of maximum amplitude and maximum-frequency sinusoidal components in the modulating signal, B, is not increased if G,_(f)S Gaus. 548 yp(1)=a(p,ot}o, where (Ite) -(1te) ~ 1+(Ite) —2 (Ite) Thus, a (Item) ote as e 0 5-1954-10 v(t) = 4 cos[o.t+o()]+p.4,[@, +0,(¢)] sing +p sin@, so 6, (0) =aretan 7 c0s0 + p 050, Qn yeeg yell al sinet ) | af sing +psi WO=FEHO {cee ] a [22 p cos 1 (cos +p cos0, )($ cos + PG, cos0, )~(sing + p sind, )(-9 sing — p6, sind, ) an (cos +p cos0, )’ +(sind +p sind,)° {1+ p cos[o(e)- Q(]} (0 / 2x +{p +c05[0()-8,@)]} PF, 1+ p? +2p cos[p()-9,(0)]Chapter 6 61-1 In, 3m = c=1/2, 2G 2 0820201 + cos2R301 + —cos2R701 v= z : , 1% a Flan i Hid 3% i i : &, a ct i) oe) 6.1-2 =f, +W +e Amplifier then passes x,(/) since f; > f,-W and f,+ B>> f, ond chopper with synchronization yields Kx, (0)s(1) = Kx(1)s"() = Kx(¢) since 6-16.1-3 continued POLY EB a yritir 1 Yespnce of & Te 75 "Roe ft 61-4 ine” = sin 2 m 1,2 x(0=%, + [Pena en 6-26.1-5 continued so lowpass filtering yields v, (() = 0.778x, (0), Yg(0) = 0.778%, (0) (b) IFK =0, then lowpass filtering yields ¥, (0) =0.818x,(t) + 0.182x,(), v4 (2) = .182x,(2) + O.818x,(t) So there's incomplete separation of left and right channels at output. 6.1-6 Let v(t) =5,(0 = XAT, ) with period 7, = 1/ f, so : il (dt = 0h) =F : Thus S=VA) = ELS - nf) =f LAF —mf) f s,(Qdt = 61-7 f= 60kHz Recover using LPF 25< B $35 kHz f, = 45 kHz Can't recover by filtering f, = 25kHz Recover using BPF over f, <|f|<25 kHz with 10 < f < 15 kHz F760 bite a a a a 7 ‘A A p Bie Wie arte qe He, a AN A lot tht, Ste Se 6-361-8 Le ” eg, ° 7 Sack a ee Te fg fee -mae x A in os é ‘ xe 2 Rh Be ae x(KT,) = sine? 5(0.1k) =sine? 0.5k since sinc*0.5k 1 for || = 2, v0) ~ 0.405 sinc10(¢ + 0.1) +sinc10¢ + 0.405sinc10(¢-0.1) = sinc? Sr 6-46.1-9 continued 6.1-10 1, asi “(kT,)= 1 0, |k7,|>1 Take K so and t, =0 vo= Ye sine f,(1— AT here LM Se 61-11 (a) WO) = uu.) H(t) = ACO) * x5 (0) = MCAT, Jule AT) u(t = kT, ~7,)] 6-56.1-11 continued —“wew \(H|=T, [sine JT, | since f,, |Y(A)|= T,|X(/)| for [7] S07 so x(9 can be recovered using a simple LPF to remove |/|2 /, -7 61-12 (a) Let h, (0) = impulse response of a ZOH = u()—u(¢-T,) l Then h(t) = —h.() *hAQ + h()— 1) where zh (*h(= (>) (0) is a linear piecewise approximation obtained by extrapolating forward from the two previoius values. 6-66.1-12 continued (b) Let H,(f) = 3[h.(O)] = Tine fe"? WP) = EMP HH N-H. De ae = Trine? fhe" + T,sine fT, (e8"? "Jeet 1 5 =T,)1+ 2sin fT, Te™ { Sep in i {Te =T, (1+ j2nf7, )sine® fT. [ACD = 7, Y(+ 2a, )’ sine? fT, Note that high frequency components of X(.f) are accentuated. hye] \ew Ht) \ 6-7Lt gsnn foi ARs “Tear 61-14 v(Q)= nfo" => VP)=¥) 6 (nf,)8f — fy) where ie int dp = [Link]) = i ve ™dt = But x(t)=v(NMe/27) => Xf) =V(F)* (27 sine 27f) so x) -[Laxense-niy|rer sine 27f) p : in al iO! ty = x(per™ at =a [7 dt = f.X(nfo) = 21%, Y X(f) sine =n f,) Hence, X(f) is completely determined by the sample values of X(nf,,). 61-15 J2 => f,$2B=12 MHz /T,=12.5 MHz, I-a= f,/ f,-0.96 = a= 0.04 Qm+l < 1/a=25 => my =H Presampling bandwidth < 11 x 12.5 = 137.5 MHz, f 6-86.1-16 Baf,j2 = f, SB I-a=f/f, < 2BT,<2/3 => a=1/3 Im+1 my =0 so only the de component could be displayed 61-17 i SkHz, f= 150 kHz with l+ (aff y sine? (fT, ) (a) For a ZOH, the maximum aperature error in the signal passband occurs at f =15 kHzand thus: Hoon | ={f sine, and |H row (F [Heo Das ne = 9-9836 294 |Hoar SY ayne =} 1-0.983 = % aperatureerror = 1=99836 x 190%=1,640% (b) For a FOH, the maximum aperature error in the signal passband occurs at f =15 kHzand thus: [rou A)|jesyae = 11427 and [yon (A = % aperatureerror = $1127 j99%= -14.27% 61-18 A W 15 kHz, f= 150 kHz, Error%=—9707__ x 100% and B= eecaresaeee: => f, = 13061 kHz, => Error% 10.707 x 100% Jicasiisy? 6-961-19 Ifx(¢) is a sinusoid with period 27, with its zero crossings occuring at ¢= J, and the sampling function has period 7, = 27,.. It is possible for the sampler to sample x(t) at f = 7, Therefore, the output of the sampler is always = 0. 6.1-20 (a) sine(100¢) = sine(2 x 50/) = —] (1000) ( 00 f 2 1) = to sample, f, 2100 Coo ple, f, (b) sine? (1002) = sine? (2 x 501) we = to sample, f, > 200 (©) 10cos* 2nx10%r = 2escosam10'r+ cos2nx3x10"1) Its bandwidth = (3 -1) x 10° =2x 10° Hz => f, > 4x 10° Hz. 61-21 At f=159 kHz the signal level is down -3 dB and we want components down -40 dB. => at f=159 kHz, aliased components should be down -43 dB = 5 x 10°. jan => 5x10° _ 1 ay Vi(fiis9y =f =3172 MHz. 62-1 Pf) K _ K sine (f/2f,) sine (f/5/W) H,,(0)=K, I1,,W)=1.07K, so equalization is not essential Hg D= for |f|s Vp te] -- 6-106.2-2 Pf) =2 | cos cos2nfi dt 7 = 5 [se re es 1) =K|ie{ EES”) si C Ww H1,,(0) =0.785K, H,,(W)=0.816K so equalization is not essential. for |/]< rAcay| 62-3 Averaging filter xf) Xf) X,(f) X(f) > H(f)=sinefte"” — Ideal sampler > P(f) > X,A= PNK where X,(f) =f, DXU-af,) YAU af XU =f) (b) X= PUNLAX) for {|S 7, where P(f) = tsine ft Thus, H,,(f) = Kem" fsine® ft, [fs62-4 (a) Letw)= 4 [I+ ne)] VN= 4N+HX)] x, = PKL) p(t kT.) = pl *95(0) X, (f= PUN = AL nado nf, + UX(f -nf, ah} (b) PUN) = ine fe = sine oa WX) = EDU - L480 +.4,)] MyCFL mn a Pine hy 62-5 (a) PU) =t sine fe(eF"? ~ e"") = sine ft(-2/sinnft) = EF sin’ 7% 1x0] Te te ) x7 a sine? Zurn for [fs gyn He hs|iisw Fegan 14 If f, +0 then |#,,(0)| © and equalization is not possible.6.26 The spectrum of a PAM signal is like that of the chopper sampled signal of Fig. 6.1-4 and can be written as X,(f)=e,X(f)+ INU ~ (+X + fy] + With product detection = x,(#) x cos2nf,t giving a frequency domain expression of Ur HEA LA LDAL A LIAL AH LALLA HLS) ‘Combining terms and using a LPF the output spectra from the product detector gives 4 SxneSxn=aXn 63-1 1 I- 08)= > Sie so B,21/Y, = S0f, = 400 kHz 1)(1-0.8) 23, and 1,21/2B, => 0.2%, 23/2B, => 1,215 ps 1 1+08) 0 6-146.3-5 continued =x) %@ BPF WA) > PPM > f,=nf, >Lim > BPF — x(t) foam, First BPF yields v(t) =2A(cos[o,t + o,x()] with f-=mf,, 6, =2nmft, mitm 2 2% Limiter and second BPF give x, (t) = 4, cos[@.1+0,x(1)] 6.3-6 @ sO=S'[SM]=LLer’ and s(= YP He-kT) Thus, ) "© <1 J 8@—KL) where L=1/ f () S(A=3[y(Q]= Per" and $1) = £Y8(f—af,) Thus, Ye?! = LY 8(f nb) where L=1/T. =f, 63-7 g(t)=v > t=g"() and A=g1(0) 1 a=” = a= dv= dt ao 7 ay) d{g()ar= | —M ay " Jae 0] Ifg(A)>0, then g(b) >0> g(a) so i 50) ye ]6.3-7 continued If#0)<0, then g(6)<0< g(a) 50 30), 0) yet »&Le'@)] ao oO) &® Hence Jason dt= ry “heey =A) dt so Fg(0]=8(1-A)/| gO] git) g fAl>oChapter 7 TAL + fy 2160040 kHz => fp 2(1605-540)/2 =532.5 kHz fio =f. + fp =1072.5 t0 2132.5 kHz, B, = 10KHz fi, 2(107.9-87.975)/2=9.9625 MHz fu =f, ~ fig = 78.1375 to 97.9375 MHz, B, = 250 KHz< Bye < 2fip =19.925 kHz 95-2055 kHz => C=6.0 - 25.6 nF 1145 kHz = C=193 - 3,506 nF 71-4 f.=1/2mJLC = C=1/4n'Lf? = 9.9 - 86.9 nF 1 = ABC Bye > By => R<——_1___ = 1610, 2m x 10 KHz x 9.9 nF 1 R>———_______ = 209 2m x 910 kHz x 86.9 nF Ber > 2p => TAS fy = B, 10.02 =200 kHz since B, = Sin = So + Syp = 3-77 ~ 3.83 MHz, f= fio Se = 3.97 ~ 4.03 MHz Take By = 0,02 x 3.6 MHz = 72 kHz centered at 3.6 MHz IF must pass fi, -WS f'S fip Tl7.1-5 continued IHeel 72k 64 dee} f 357 6 334 2A7 71-6 Sy = B; (0.02 =300 kHz. since B, fio =f. + fp =734 - 746 MHz, f= fio + Se = 7.54 ~ 7.66 MHz Take Byy ~ 0.02 x 7.2 MHz= 144 kHz centered at 7.2 MHz IF must pass fip Sf Sfp + Diggs | 14d kite i la 126 khe +} Feseie £ Mie $i, -W FT TR 7 789 Ny f \ Lodo f, kAz soo 306 TAT 7-2718 dp = Ke Bop /oe Yin Oy ~ Ihe Becw Oy =@1+0-8 where >= 2nf,x(t), 6 =2n[f fe tO +e(s)] Koy — 28g) = Ko LL Sas Lo> fe KOE fy] > Lr) Kus) -e(0)] so v(t) = K,[-Ku)-2] Thus, v()=-K,e/(1+K,K) [ K, Kell 1 ‘| and yp) = Kp [BO-TRK KK | =Kifx@ if KK 1 TAD (a) With f, = 50 54 MHz and f,,. =455 kHz = f,, =50.455 — 54,455 MHz. = f. =f. +2fip = 50.910 > 54.910 MHz (b) With f, = 50954 MHzand fi, =7 MHz => fio = 57-61 MHz. Sf = f+ 2fip = 64 68 MHz. 71-10 If = signal bandwidth, then the incomming signal is 50+’ — 54+ 1” MHz. With f At the product detector stage, use an oscillator frequency of 100 MHz 00 MHz, to avoid sideband reversal use fj, = 150 > 154 MHz. The image frequency is f= f. +2f;p and its range is thus 250 -> 254 MHz. 7-3TAL Image frequeney =f. = f, +2 jp =2+2 x 455 = 2.91 kHz, For a BPF with center frequency o C= |H(f J“) Images are rejected by -10 4B. TA-12 (a) With f,,, = 2.455 MHz and f, = 455 KHz, then f, = 2 MHz, and f. = 2.910 MHz (image). With fi. = 2.455 x 2 = 4.910 MHz => Input frequencies accepted are: f. =4.910-0.455 = 4.455 MHz, and f = 4.455+2x 0.455=5.365 MHz. Siven the RCL BPF with B= 0.5 MHz > Q=2/0.5=4 Hn) 3123 => 2010g(0.3123) =-10 dB We repeat the above calculation for the spurious frequencies of 4.455 and 5.360 MHz. But because the LO oscillator harmonic is 1/2 that of the fundamental we multiply the result by 1/2. Hence, [HD esse = = 0.139 x 1/2 = 0.070 => 20l0g(0.070) 14B 0.108 x 1/2=0.054 => 201og(0,054) =-25.4 dB. 147.1-12 continued (b) To reduce spurious inputs: LO second harmonic, (3) us (1) use a more selective BPF, (2) Use filter to reject the a higher fi, TA-13 8 MHz. 0. SI MHz and fi, We could choose a fixed frequency output LO with f,, = 43 MHz (a) With f, = 50 MHz and f, f = 7 MHz, and f,,=43 MHz, the image frequency is =f, -2X fg, = 50-2x 7 =36 MHz But, the original 7 MHz receiver also suffers from images, so if the incomming signal is supposed to be 7.0 MHz, it could also be 7 + 2.x 0.455 = 7.910 MHz => fy, = 7.910 MHz. => f, = 43 + 7.910 = 50.910 Miz will also be heard. (b) Use a more selective BPF at the output of the first mixer and/or at the input of the 7 MHz receiver. TA-14 With f, = 50 > 54 MHz, let's use f. = f, = 52 MHz. Assume fy, =f. + fie (a) With f,, = 20 MHz => f,, =72 MHzand => f) = 52+ 2x 20=92 MHz. O=f,/B=52/4=13 JH, sae = = 0.064 = 201og(0.064) 1413? (2-25) $2 92 (b) With ,, =100 MHz. f,, =152 MHz and = {2 = L HD) as ame = = 0.017 => 20log(0.017) =-35.6 dB 7-5TAS Given f,, = 850 MHz and, =1950 MHz, let's pick a common 500 MHz IF => fi, = 500 MHz. Forf, = 850 MHz, select fio, = f+ fy = uo= 1350 MHz and for f,, =1950 MHz, select fy, Se > fi =1450 MHz. = fro =1350 1450 MHz Image frequencies: f,=850 MHz = ff, and f, =1950 MHz = f; =1950 - 2 x 500 = 950 MHz, 50+ 2 x $00 = 1850 MHz 71-16 By, =2W, fie, ~ 2W 10.02 = 1 MHz From Exercise 7.1-2, fig = 9.5, = 38 MHz. so B,, ~ 0.02 x 38 = 760 kHz fio, =f. + fy, =4% MHt, fro, = Sy, +f, =37 0 39 MHz TAIT fio, =f. + fy, =330 MHz => f= 330+30=360 MHz Su, = fx, +f, =33 MHz, so image frequency at input of 2nd mixer is fro, * fun, =36 MHz produced by \e- 6 MHz => f =294 and 366 MHz 71-18 So, =f. ~ Sy, =270 MHz => ff =270-30=240 MHz fio, = Si, — fw, = 27 MHz, so image frequency at input of 2nd mixer is fo ~ 24 MHz produced by [f= fig|=24 MHz > f =246 and 294 MHz 7-6TA-19 L/T, =20 Hz, so take B < 20 Hz to resolve lines fi, 200 Mz 9.5 see (2012) A =0, fy =10/T, = 200 Hz, TE 71-20 Take B < f,, = 1 kHzto resolve lines, B=5 —> 8 pairs of sideband lines. I, =. Bq = 92KHz, fy =f #8 fo, = 108 kHz fi-f, 16 kez (KHZ) re =16 ms 71-21 h,,(0) = cosaut? cos ~sin ar? sinw,t so Xp = vdcosar coset—[—v(psinar’ |sine,t so x0 =J[rocosar ~ jsinar’ ] = Fe ja maa, hy = 2 fee ah Lele” Fae an o-[Eoove joann gal ar 2B, = 301 71reer 4 Rene ether subcarrier cigede AS SNA ~ “eh ieee i XE) an tat) R/S PASSO ROOST é fh Bete SSB nw 1 Wy RSAw777_ , tu se em i fF XOFHE Sy a Kyle rts) t 12-4 We want |H(f)|$0.1 for |f— Keyes, W248, so —Vin(0.1) ~1.26 = B, 20.76" W 12 Thus, B, =10W+ 9B, 217 787.2-4 continued XCF) i ¥y By —— 4 ¢ eR Ete 72-5 Letf, =i" subcarrier, take B =3 kHz CALA LS ante: (4: fy2 4 te f +32 Me 002 kel, B =f, -0.2kHz - — fas 5 We want |H(f)/' $0.01 for |f -f,| 2 B/2 + 1 kHz= 2.5 kHz (2x2.5)" 99 2x25) ie #45 = n=5 Thus, | + 2100 > n2— ) 2 1n(5/3) a} ty firey (a) B,=2M(D)W, =2aM(D)f. f+ B,/2+B, +aM (DIS, +B, I-aM(D) 72-6 Thus f,, 797.2-6 continued (b) at(D) =48, 1 f= 02 > fy =(12f,+400)/0.8 80 f, =3.5 kHz, f, =5.75 kHz, f, = 9.125 kHz 72-7 x(0) =x, ()cosa,t+ x, (hcos(@,t 90") taking 4, 2x, eos(@.t +6) =x, (DL coso'+cos(20,1+6')] +2,()Leos(p £90") +eos(20,1+ 6 +90") 2x, (eos(.t + 6 £90") = x,(1)[ cos(o' +90") + cos(20,1+ 6 £180") } +x (1)[c0s9' + cos(2o.1+ 6 +180") | Thus, LPF outputs are W(D=K [x Ocoso' F x,()sing | v,O=K [Fy sind +x,0coso 72-8 * Lp +L) We want XH, = ARy + Re), => a (= Ly + Ly (Re +R) Take x(t) =Lp—Ly —Rp +Ry_ 80 that My $M, $y = Bp HL y + Re — Ry ty ty $y tay =A, Lp + 3Liy — Ry + Ry Ip = Ly +3Rp +Ry tly Rp +3Ry Matrix tent.) 7-107.2-8 continued 12-9 3[x,0sino,4] SIGH +4) 80 XO) =A -1)t Xt OFM - EME DI V(f)= He PX) HAG ~ FIX ~f) +H P+ LIX + FI) 3[[Link] ot] = ACF RL-20) + KD FIL 20278) tHe St LIX + MS 426) F IMD) E INS + 20} The output of the lower LPF is run CF- £4 AS +f AE MHS ~f) Hef +f 8 2D} To remove cross talk from X,(f), we must have H.(f-f) -He(f + f.)=0 for |f| B, 21/7 = 250 kHz Sampling rate (kHz) Minimum — Actual 16 2x8 7 8 4 4 3.6 4 3 4 24 4TQS Sampling rate (kHz) Minimum — Actual 24 3x8 8 8 2) 2) 18 2 16 2 1.0 1 0.6 1 FDM - SSB: B, > ))W, =19.5 kHz 72-16 Sampling rate (kHz) Sampling rate (KHz) Minimum Actual 24 3x8 7 4 1 0.8 0.6 04 0.2 no7.2-16 continued Morker FDM - SSB: B, > )°W, =19 kHz 7217 -54.5BT, <-40 = T, 20.734/B 7, +21, +02 074 y, yp =t=— 0? _=1 ys ‘ 25x 8 kHz OT ely, <2 ys = B2367 kHz BM, 72-18 =284 > M=28 72-19 tee To7| [OT \ \ L <— sh —>1 art t t finecl: Nogutiv tal docgp dowlyed 591) Litde coe lkbat say produce com talk ovreoyeal pls sot poke shape i waccepable Td73-1 @ similarly, we get , tne tna) Feely genre Aas rt ‘ sy 21098 eo A (b) o 45° 135° 180° 225° 315° yA 68 0 28 68 a ail te - é 1 ° 10° ” be a Lb 13-2 similarly, we get Rltly | pasligt a) sre} aint ‘oz a: fy ea 5 tl Hef, 9/86 =o) aA Pp. . 45° 135° 180° 225° 313° ylA 2B 0 48 218 21873-3 1<0, ©, =Af/K 150, 6=2nf ana SL 1 so assume |e] 1 and sine Thus, é+2nKe=2n(Af +f) = trial solution «= 4+ Be” Then Bse" +2nKA+2nKBe" = 2n(Af +f.) aMth ie -2nK aft f (0°) = Bok 2(0") K K Hence, Es <0 e(ty=1 X 73-4 x, (5A [*Ocoso.t—x,(Dsino,t) where x,() = +30) for SSB =A(Noos[o.t + 6(0)] x0 with =F i()+x,(), (0 = arctan 0 If loop locks to $f) and e,, 0, then the output is proportional to A(t). Otherwise, 6(0), may be too rapid for loop to lock. 7-1613-5 €080,(1) x costo, +6,) = —cos[8, ()— (or +4,)]+ high frequeney term Thus, cos[9, (1) — (ot + 0,)] = cos(o,t-+, +90" ~e,,) 80 088, (1) = cos[(o, +0, +6, +4, +90" —8,, ] 73-6 cos[0,(1)/ 1] = cos(eo,1 +, +90" ~5,,) $0 c0s0, (1) = cos(no,t + np, + 290° ~ne,,) 73-7 Let subcarrier be cos(«,,1+6,.) So pilot signal is cos[(@,.t +4,.)/2] and output of PLL doubler will be cos, (1) = cos[ 2(0,.t+6,.)/2 +2 x 90" ] [Es Xe te = 0s dogt + $, #180") > car (aypt + te) Tedicator muct be here vinta VCO sil Fvee-run if no pilot is recetved, 73-8 TAT73-9 fio =f. + fp = 98.8 to 118.6 MEL in steps of 0.2 MHz = 120.0 MHz + 600 120.0-98.8=106x0.2MHz, —120.0- 118.6= 7x 0.2 MHz Fe 120 Mi 120.0 MHz, 73-10 Sun = Fo + Sy = 955.10 2055 kHz in steps of 10 KHz =2 x 2105 kHz + 421 2105-955 =115x 10KHz, 2105 - 2055 =5 x 10 kHz Tes kiz $0 te 15D kets, AES NS 73-11 Zn) Y(f) and (f)=6,X(/) for PM, so J2nf ZS) _ 11 GRH(S) ys KOS) bs HA) Xf) jaf K, if +KH(f)""~ Ink, jf +KH() 2nK, 74-1 (a) The frame should have an odd number of lines so that each field has a half-line to fill the small wedge at the top and bottom of the raster. nee each P= = = => 7-187.4-1 continued (b) A linear sweep (sawtooth or triangular) is needed to give the same exposure time to each horizontal element. A triangular sweep would result in excessive retrace time, equal to the line time. 74-2 (a) No vertical dependence. Video signal is rectangular pulse train with (H/4)!s, =1/4f, and T, = 2 Thus, f, =2f, n nf) = Ksine — emf.) 2 Ven j f 0M ah ats a ie 4 aI? oth (b) No horizontal dependence, Video signal is rectangular pul (VIA)Is, =V4f, and T, = 2x Thus, f, = 2f, train with enh) = a sine 7 2 Same spectrum as (a) with f, replaced by f, _f,, so much smaller bandwidth. 7-19Halt Halt ea ee 2 2 2°27 otherwise HV 1 fer el "Ge Tami , sin rma eee = aB|sine mat sine np] sin np mn Thus mum oa Fs San = hy + Hh =(ma lh 2.1% pontoons UE rrccres ¢ TA4 n, = 0.7% 230, , = 1x0) =25,921 35 x 1 x 230/100 ps = 805 kHz 7-20n, = 0.7(1125—N,,) = 787, 5/3 x 787 = 1.03 x 10° 2 si 2 (2/60) see _ 996 ys, p= 0.35x 2x —U25__ = 97.7 tz 1125 3 (1-0.2)29.6 us 0.7 (625 48) = 404, n, = 4/3 x 404° = 2.18 x 10° he rea Ot ws, B= 05x 4x 4.99 Miz 3 (6 74-7 (a) Since (0) is proportional to x(¢) averaged over the previous t seconds, the picture will be smeared int he horizontal direction and five vertical lines will be lost. (b) 8) = J xQyaa— j xOMdh = j (Ad = j x(h— dd 1 vo t=) ap a KUNe jaf joa Y(f) = Hy X(N) = KX(fye Ting a) a oom ot) ee sine fe which can only hold for |f|<1/+ since H.,(f) > atf'=1/t, 2/t,.. 148 (a) If gain of the chrominance amp is too high, then |x, will be too large and all colors will be saturated and pastel colors will be too bright. If the gain of the chrominance amp is too low, then |x, | will be too small and all colors will be unsaturated and appear as "washed-out" pastels. (b) 1f+90" error, then red > blue, blue —> green, green —> red. If-90° error, then red -> green, blue — red, green —> blue. If 180° error, then red — blue-green, blue —» yellow (red-green), green > purple (red-blue). 74-9 72Let x, (1) be the BPF output in Fig. 7.4-11 so, from Eq, (15), RO i (O) + Xp (DSN, +X, (C080 + yy (QIN where xy, (0) is the high-frequency portion of x, (). 7.4-9 continued Thus, VA(1) = ¥,(0) X 20080, = 2h COSO,.1 + Xq(DSin20,.¢+ x, (NU +.60820,,1) + Sy,()sin 20, =x () + 2p, 6080, + x,(1)00820,1 + [¥p() + Sy, (D]sin 20, Vo (t) =x, (0) x sin wf = 2xy SiN + Xp (1(1—cos 20,1) + x; sin2o,.t + fy, (1—cos2o,.1) Hg (1) + Sy (0) + 2454 (sine, + x, (sin 20,.t— [9 (0) + Sy (Neos 20,.t TAL To modify Eq, (15) to account for asymmetric sidebands in Q channel, let py (t) be the high-frequency portion of x (1). Then 44 () = x (0 +2, (eos, + 2, (sin ©,.1] + [Xp (0) cos(@, = 90") +8 gu (0)sin(w,. — 90") Let x,(1) be the BPF output at the receiver, so 3,0) =Xyy + 1% (Neos 0,1 + Fy, (t)sin@,.1) + [Xg sin @,,1 ~ Fp, COS@,.) 7-2Thus VD) =X, X 2C080,.0 = X)()— Fy (1) + 2% (N.C080,. + [%, (1) — Fy, (]e0s 20,1 4fxp (0) +4), (O]sin20,.¢ yp(t)=x, x sine, Ary (8) +5, (D)]e0820,.t and lowpass filtering with B = 1.5 MHz yields ¥}() = 3, ()~ Spy (1) + 2% (Neose,t Vp (= Xp (1) + hyp (O + Wye (sin Ot Xgl) + Ay (0) + 2xyy (Osin @,.£+ [x (Q) ~ Xoy (Olsin 20,1 Now we have cross talk between I and Q channels since both, (f) and £,,(¢) have components in 0.5 MHz < f < 1.5 MHz. This quadrature color cross talk is, eliminated by reducing the bandwidth of x, (¢) to 0.5 MHz so Sy, (¢) = 0 and the Q-channel LPF removes ty, (t). 7-23Chapter 8 81-1 ‘M= 12 equally likely outcomes P(A) = 6/12, P(B) = 4/12, P(C) = 3/12 41 2 3 4 6¢ P(AB) = 2/12, P(AC) = 0, P(BC)= W/12 5 6 7 8 P(ACB) = 2/12 Boo W tw 8.1-2 ‘M= 16 equally likely outcomes 4 il P(A) = 4/16, P(B) = 6/16, P(C) = 6/16 12 21° 2B PCAB) = 0, P(AC) = 2/16, P(BC) = 2/16 13 22 31 PUB) = 6/16 14 23 32 4d 24 33 42 34 43 Cc 44 81-3 P(AB‘)=N,,./N=(N,- N,,)'N = P(A)- PAB) 8.1-4 N, ~ Nay 2 Nip Ny Z Nas 2 Ney Nagt Nyy #N, Vy PEA By = ae Sen BN = Pas PCB) PAB) 81-5 Ne=Nat Nye Ne Nat Nyy N, N. A = Pye Ne is ee 2N 8 = P(A)+ P(B)-2 PAB) 818.1-6 P(match) = POHH +17) = PUHH) + PTT) = PCH)P(H)+ PDP) PUT) = PU yee === Pomateh) = al (= 8.1-7 Let ‘A fails,” B = “B fails,” C = “computer inoperable” P(A) = 0.01, P(B) = 0.005, P(BIA) = 4 x 0.005 = 0.02 P(C)= P(AB)= P(B\A)P(A) = 0.0002, P(AIB) = P(ABYP(B) = 0.04 81-8 Let M="mateh,” /1, = “heads on fist toss.” etc, (2) PUL) = Ys, POMEL) = PUL) = (4), POMI,) = POM, PUL.) = (b) Let A = “HH, or Hy,” P(A) = PUT, + Ty Hy + Hy) =% P(MA) = Ys, P(MJA) = P(MAYP(A) = 1/3 (©) PON = PUI + T,T,) = ¥ PAM) = PAPMIAYPOD = ¥s 81-9 Let M= “match,” #7, = “heads on first toss,” etc. (a) PU, = Yo, P(MEh) = P(E Ha) = (Ye), POMH,) = P(MHL,)/PUH,) = “a (HT, + TyHy + Ht) = 2X Wx %+ (MP =1/16 () Let A =“H, or Hy,” P(MA) = PH) I1,) = (a, P(MIA) = P(MAYIP(A) = WIT © P(M) = P(H\Hy) + PUTT) = (A? + C4) = 10/16, PALM) = P(A)P(MAYP(M) = 1/10 8.1-10 Since P(4B) = P(A|B)P(B) = P(BIA)P(A), P(XYZ) = POXYPOZIN) where P(YZ)_ PLAY) P(AYZ) | POZK) = PU) PU) PAY) = POWPZIAY) so PUYZ) = POOPOPOYP(ZAY) 81-11 Let F = “fair coin,” L = “loaded coin,” =“all tails.” PUP) = 1/3, P(L) = 2/3, P(AIF) = (4), P(AIL) = (ap (a) P(A) = P(AIF)P(F) + PCAIL)P(L) = 11/24 (6) PULA) = PUL)PUAILYP(A) = 9/11 8-2‘fair coin,” L = “loaded coin,” A = “all tails” PUF) = 1/3, P(L) = 2/3, P(AIF) = (4, PCAIL) = (a) P(A) = PEAIF PCF) + PCAIL)P(L) = 31/96 (b)— PL|A) = PCL)PCAIL P(A) = 27/31 81-13 rst marble is red,” etc, M=“mateh;” P(R,) = 5/10, P(W,) = 3/10, P(G,) =2/10, P(MAR,) = POR|R,) = (5 — 1/10 - 1) = 4/9, POMI,) = 2/9, POMG,) = 1/9 (a) PUM) = POMIR,) x P(R,) + PCMIV,) x POW) + POMG,) x PCG) 45,23 1 2 14 9710/9 10 9 10 45 (b) PCW, |M) = PCW, )P(M|V, VP(M) = 3/14 81-14 Let R, = “first marble is red,” etc., M= “mateh;” P(R,) = 5/10, PUF,) = 3/10, P(G\) =2/10, POMIR)) = P(RsRoIRi) = PCRgIR Ry )PCRSIR,) = Set, PUM) = PONG) = Suk @ PUM) = PUMIR,) x PCR,) + POMIY,) x PO,) + PONG) x P(G,) Siox2-D io “10 20 (b) POV) = POR, POM, PCM) = W/L82-1 Bo ee 0 0 02 0.2 -11 0.5 0.4 0.6 22 02 08 3.45 02 1.0 08 06 0.2 0 05 2.0 45 PUXS 0)= Fy(0) = 0.2, P< X 8 3) = F\3)—F\(2)= 0, PX <2)= Fy2-€)= 0.6, PU 2)=1-0.6=04 8.2-2 PIN) N_x, Px) Fx) 3-4 02 «02 Oe 02. 04 “Al 2 04 08 0 4 02 «10 08 0.4 8-4 (cont.)P(X & 0) = F(0) = 0.4, P< XG 3) = FB) — Fy2) = 0, PX < 2) = Fy(2- €)= 0.4, PIX 2)=1-0.4=0.6 8.23 0 xs0 Fos | pr Q)dh= Phe dha lore” x>0 P(X 1) = Fy(1) = 0.264, PX > 2) = 1 ~ F\(2) = 0.406, PCL 0 2°32 2 PUX © 0) = Fy(0) = 1/2, PX > 1) = 1 F,(1) = 0.184, PO K=0.01 so pyx) = dF oxyde = 0.2r{u(x) — Ox - 10)] PUK © 5) = F\(5) = Kx 5? = 0.25, PS K= JB so py(x) = dF (xyde = Po. fn) - u(x — 10)] PIXOS 5)=Fy(5)= sin = 0.541, PS 0 0 z<0 d 0 z<0 * (Z} =—F,(z)= POV 1 tne 220 PO FEO )1 a, 1 30 2x 2 ae)8.2-8 P(Z<-1)=0, PZ © -1) = PIX 8 0) = 4, PZ © 2)= P(X © 2) forz > 0 0 z0 <+—arectanz 220 ® 8.2-9 ol=ppe tes of uz+5) 82-10 1 4M), Pale) =a 82-11 Monotonic transformation with g-!(z) =z? — 1, dg-Wdz = 2z, p(x) = 4 for—1 © x © 3, so p.l2)=4] {u(z)-w2-2)) 8-6~2fulz) — u(z = 1], dgy Made = -1 »pdx)=% for-1 © x © 3, s0 —|-1]+—|1]=— OszsI 4 4 2 eG) aie —i=— 1 0, so 1 pole) => [Puke + pel V2) Jule) 82-15 PWD= Pn Gy de= yeu) EN de=eu(y), yy (Kap) = ye ulae"U(Y) # Py (2) Py(V)s PLOW) = Pry OY) Py O) = ve “ulx)8.2-16 = 1 y\piy 2 1 2 prod=[ potesdde= zen Z)f (8 2a y deed (te 39 n(Z}, 3 Gt Pa y=> (+3y x1, yanl (3)ea ay nf Jerse = yp, (y= 3+" (= Pad) = Pye9)/ PO aa"(3| 82-17 fy ee pee ee [rye tem (eG For any given Y= y, X must be somewhere in the range -99 B 83-10 PUX2a)=[" py(x)dx and py (x)=0 for x< 0 E[X]= [pave ” xp (x)dx 2a[™ x(x) dv =aP(X 2 a) 80 P(X 2 a) Sm, la 83-11 e[(veyy' ]=eLe 2207 . +7") and 2X7 s 83-12 Cyy = EL XY - my¥ —m, X +m my] = X¥ —memy 20XY -2BY+0°X"+20BX +p" and de? /0B=-2¥ -20X +2B=0s0 ~XY)/0,? and B=¥-o¥83-15 F [ae “ue => F '[ae “u(f) oe 83-16 @vy=B Le |= [Pet dare dr= [eae dh > py(y)=ae u(y) 83-17 841 Binomial distribution with ot = (1 - ct)= 5xX%=25,m+20~2108 _ _[(19), (20), 10 Ly? _tt0+45 _ mer=ne[(s)+(\ HE Ie) ee 84-2 Binomial distribution with ot = 3/5 and (1 - ct)= 2/5, so m= 10 x 3/5 = 6, 6? = 5x 2/5 =2.4, m+26=3109 * mec=ncel(s pret pr 4 (: pale (1x 4+10% 64 45x9)256 _ 1 ” 9.87% 10° a 8-1184-3 Let /= number of forward steps, binomial distribution with m,= 100 x %4 = 75, 6? =75 x Yiy 'Y+TS, X= I~ (100— l= (21 100)! so my = (2m, ~ 100) = 50/ and X? = (27-100)? = (47 —400m, +10°V? = 25757, 6, = f2573P —(50/y° = V751 84-4 Binomial distribution with 1 - 0 = 0.99 so PU> N= PO)- RM) = 10 10 : 0 (0.010.99"— 1 0.010.99° = 0.0042 Poisson approximation with m = 10 x 0.01 = 0.1 01 OD" 9. (0.1) =o OY 5-01 0.1)" o " PU>t=l =0.0047 84-5 H= 05 particles/sec, T= 2 sec, w7= 1, so @ Ray=et =0.368 (b) PU>1 84-6 El]=y oie" Thus, E[/] = (me) = m and E[P] = e(m2e" + me) = m2 +m84-7 Nem=100, o'=X°-X° = X?=0' +m" =10,004 PUX m+) = P(X S m—0)+ P(X > m+6)=2O(I) = 0.32 84-8 PUX >5)= P(X > m+6)=O(1) ~0.16, P(2< XS 5)=P(X > m)- P(X > m+o)=+— Ol) =0.34 8.4-9 m=10, o=500-100 = 20, P(X >20)= PLY >m+o/2)= (0.5) = 0.31 P(I0< X $20) = P(X > m)— PLY > m+0/2) =1/2-0(0.5) =0.19 P(0< X $20) = P(X -m| 0)=1- P(X S m=/2) =1-Q(0.5) = 0.69 84-10 m= 100 x %4= 50, 6? = 50 x 44= 25,0 =5 (a) P(X > 70) = P(X > m +46) =O(4) =3.5x 10% (b) P(40< X £60) = PX —m| < 26) =1 -20(2)=0.95 84-11 Leta = m—k,6 and b =m + k,6 50 Ok) Oa) =1 of] of) o Plas X Ofe/3)= 0.05, = 3 x 1.65= 4.95 (b) 1-20(¢/3)= 0.99 = Qe!) = 0.005, e = 3 x2.57=7.71 84-13 om feral (ph )- ze] so O(k)< yl ee oan or oe ° d= Lok) O(k)ifk 1 Ts O06)» oo a fon bel 84-14 Le emia gy 2) pm a ae #[o-m']- ee] (x-m)'e" me de ef Me* da mo (a) ELx ~m)"] =0 for odd n since Xe has odd symmetry ) EX -my ]=K,2[, Me™ ah for even n, where K, a ae But e* dh=—frd(e*) s0 E[(x-m)']= =k," aie" )- «i 22[RPe* dh=(n—Do*E[(X- my] eM ad(a)/=Kn fare” dh K, =(n-)—K, ( ae (cont.) 814Thus, Ex ~m)*]=(4-Do' EL (x ~m)' ]=30°, EX =m)" ]=(6-1)o" (30°) =3 So°, and E[(X-m)"]=1 3-5: (n-lo", on Ones 84-15 py(fyereterl where b=2no™ Ifm =0, ©, (2m) =e =e FP"? 59H, (Vae*” For m # 0, use frequeney-translation theorem with «, = 27m, so (2m) =e 8" =e FOM*QMC™ and (v= Oty me 84-16 ,(v)=0,(v), (v= PPeM™EW™ etm em pf 200,749)°) 2, m, =m, +m, . Hence, p,(2) 84-17 X=InY => Y=e¥ Ely]=£[e" ]=e[e] Fret et ]=e[e"]=ee"] war eCID= 8-1584-18 =30'(I- j20'v)"” = [Zz -j150°(I- j20°v) E[X*]=8[: = E[Z |=) °C ils0°) =150° =30', E[X°]=£[Z"]=150° 84-19 => 0 =16 50 pal ee” u(r) and P(R Sr) =F,(r)=(I-e" u(r) R’=20° Thus, P(R > 6)=1-P(R<6) =e" .325 and PUAS 4)=1- PLY <4) =e" =0.411, and P< XS 4)= P(X >3)—P(X > 4)=[1- PX S3)]-[I- P(X Ss 4)]=e 7 -e* = 0.195 84-21 Since Z-* 0 and X ~¥ 0, monotonic transformation with g(x) =x2, ge) =+/2, dg") X?]=20°. Ths uz) _ [0.632 k=1 10.095 k=0.1 8-168.4-22 (a) A=R, *4Y? where X and Yare gaussian with (y= .(V}P,(v)=[(I- f20°-V) wt ad -j2'v)' ©,@ny=— _ gong p fay =e “u(ay= : - + ea) 1+ j26°(-2n1) b+ j2n(-1)’ 26° Pa ©) Pe=P g0* Pes Pas = Py 0 we0 “thew cme ana(L] om fan woo b 26° 26° of so Pol) = Fore 20 u(y) 84.23 2 1 a Haws) 2'd=p) Pry oy PW) [Po ae= [let oe d= (x,y) epee) prbely = 22D) ee pret) * pv) sp2no(I=p") 8.4.24 Since Z is a linear combination of gaussian RVs, p{2) is a gaussian PDF with m, = E[X +3Y]=m, 43m, =0 [27 4 OXY +997] =(6,) +m,")+6E[XY] +96," +m,") =100 8.4.25 ELA" ]= fo v"pcandr=0 forn odd, E[Y]=£[X7]= 0," B[(X- m0 —m)]=E[X(7 -¢,*)] X']-0,7[X]=0 = p=0 817Chapter 9 9.1-1 Ele” J= she de Rta) =E[ 3607" ]= fern -1}, Fo et), = EL 6e"] =e -1) 9 =(e"-1) 1 91-2 : Lp 1 =_p, Ba E[eos Xi] = 5 [[e0s xd =-sin2, = E[6 cos Xt]= "sine R(t.) = E[36c0s Xr, cos Xt,]=18E[cos X(i, -1,) +008 X(4,+1,)] = 19{ Sin2G.=4) , sin2@ +4) 2At,-t) Ah +t) eae sind y Ot ed } 91-3 F=0, K=13, vee [Y+3xe=¥43Ke =2r Rit, ta) = ELV? + BIN, +) FON", PaaXV 41,)49%7Hh | = 61,434) v= 6 +3" 91-4 ele" ]-5 fe" d= Le 0"), =e [ve] =e Le" =e -e") R(t) = ELYe m-Peferwn]-—3 fem Poe], FO 91-5 sini feos Xi] = [Link] = ; = + WOD=E[Y cos Xt]= YE [cos Xi]= = (cont)Riso) = ELY? cos Xi, cos X1,]= 477 [os X(t) + 608%, +4)] = 4 4), sin(t, +4) ttt PRO) =P-(P OSpS2m RG m)= Al BN e( Nef where L ps B= Z2[, cosal +@)eos mf, +49 L ps Lp : fore "ah cos2nf(t, dors, cos[24f (4, + t,)+ 29] dg = $cos2n/ (i, Thus, with f= 2, Ri (b, st.) =f c0s2mQ(t, peda 2 O-= pfs i “coxant-+9)d9| PNdf=0, VO =RW=LL” pyar 91-7 v(t, w(t.) = XY{(cos Mgt; COS pty — sin pt, sin yf) —X? COS Wyt; Sin ot, +P sin yf, C08 @pfs E|XY]=XY=0, E[X?]=£[Y? ]=0° so Ra (tt) = Ely, w(t] =o (sine, cos@,t,— coset, sin o,f, = 0° sinw,(4,-7,) 91-8 (a) VO =E[X cos, +¥ sinw,t]=X coso,t+¥sina,t=0 Rts) = ELA? cos a, cosayi, + XY(Cos@f, sin@,l, + sin @,i, cos@,f, )+ ¥" sin@y, sin @f, | =X cosas, cosa, +Y’ sins, sinw,t, = 0° cose,(t, -1) 80 Ry(t) = 6? cos @gt WVOH=RO)20° (cont.) 9-2 = <(Xj cos wot + ¥; sin @pf)2> = X;2 + Yesin? wge> 91-9 @) ¥O= [_ap,(a)daf. cos(a,t+ 9) 22 = Ax 0= 0 “ Mo an Rt)=[a’p ladda f* cosay, + )cos(y1, +) 2 eos 1) A s0.%(0) = cost ) VO << v(t) >=< A? c08"(at + ®,) >= A? = 91-10 m, = AD =E[v()—v(t+T)]= 0 VG T)= 0. 6,7 = 2 (= V()- 2M T) FY (4T)= R(0)— 2K, (T)+ R,(0) =2[R,(0)— R(T] 91-11 E[v(t)+(t-1)] = 2YR, Ce) V(D+ 2M) +r C= R,(0)+ 2K, (T)+R,(0), 2[R (0) +R, (T)-2R,(4e)] 92-1 F [ev ]-ze FHF 50 Gy(f) = Wire 498(f) = VRE) =43, = R(0)=25, vq, =V25=9=4 92-2 ~ 32 4 Gt = Balt} seu 8)18F+8)] =m, =0, =R,(0)=36, v,,, =V36—0=6 9-39.2.3 R= ZY coszmeps Oth, GN=F[R@] =F [eos2nat] pda -4 J Sby A+ 8S +2)] pr de = Fle nA PAD =D =H) ON =A [B= F8P#H)]_ Inve AL=f)=B+L) 92-4 @ e[an]=[, (: 7 a i Wem dt -Lalz}e (we dt =F 4[F}aco]=crsine mea.) ©) pma( =] so fim sine? T= F,[]= 8(/) and lim LG, J=8N*6(N=G,/) 92-5 yp (1) = Acos(ayt + on(s } VAS, s)= A Asineyy ~f, Te” +sineyf + fe’ | elles > sine? (f- fF +sine*( ff.) + Ele! +e! |sinol f - f,)Psine( f+ f,)T} But E[e** +e" ]=£[2cos2@]=0. and lim 7 sine? fT = 8(f) so GN= tin [rsine’(r f+ T sine (f+ fy} Str — fy) +9 +h)] 9.2-6 Re llyst) = Eli wt] =m $0 Ry(0) = Ray (= My Ret) = Ry) + Ry) £ Im pm yp, GA) = Gy(f) + Gy(f) + 2m ym pH) (cont) 4Re(£o0) = Ry (20) + Ryy(be0) + 2m yan gp = my? + my? + 2m ym y= (my my? 2 = R(O)=R (0)+R, (0) 2m,m, Ww? £2m, my lama tem? Bnd > = 0,7 +m,? +0, +m,° £2m, my =0,? +04" + (m, £my)? > 0 92-7 Relist) =E[w(4y €)]= LV] = Rul -4) 80 Ry (D=R,(-9) 1 G,A)=F [RAO GP GP) 92-8 Rat te) = ELM WG) + V+ TG +1) MG + TW ©)— ME FT] HRit 0) + RG +T 4 -T)-R(t,+T -t,)-R (t,t, -T) so RAD) =2R(D-RK(t+T)-R(t-T) and GAN)=2G(f)-G, Ne" +e") =2G,(f)(1-cos2xfT) 92-9 RG ta) = Ely) +VG-T WG-1) + GG —D+MG -TY ©] = Rt -t) +R -T-+T)+R(t,-6+T)+R(¢,-T -t,) so RAB) = 2K, (+ R(THT) +R, C-T) and GAP) =2G,(/)+G,( lei” +e" )=2G,(f)(L+cos2afP) 9.2-10 20) = v(t) cos (2nfat + 2) with v(t) = A cos (2nfjt + ©1) so Gy =(PDBU-—A) + 8+ A] Thus, G)= FE [BU ~~ A+ 8+ f- B+ BU ~ A+ A+ s+ A+ AD] For fi =f, €.)- A] 28(N +8/-2/)+8 42/2]92-11 Rit t= Elna ed], re [A)x(t,—A)dr so Rig t= “hODED eae ~Ay|dh (cont.) But E[p(t,)x( -A)J= Ryle — A= RG HAVER (THA) 80. RO= [AYR (eta) AA = [WM -WIR, EW) dpe = H(A)" 8, (2) 92-12 R@D=F,'[OMYGN]=-F,'[G2FYEN)]=-C Rae Gy L)=P[Ae)* RO] = PIG AP) where HP) = jaf, SOR, =F, [2G (N]=dR (Olde 92-13 Ifx(¢) is deterministic, then WY) = X(f)-aX(fJew" => H(f)=1-ae*™ [ACHP =1+02 -a(e*" +e") =1402 -2acosw? so G(f)= (+e? -2acos@NG,(f), R= (+0 )R(t)-a[R, (t+) +R, (t-T)] 92-14 ROD = hy "RO = ew ay Beh Ru@= R= fT Fe MAL RMN = S “huawn @]=-&O92-15 To peree WT t-T/2<0 Ny =4RkT93-10 {vis gaussian with 2=f"pfaQrdy= =4RKT,B = 4x10” E[(’-m, XZ -m,)| = Ely Oy -7)] = R, (T)= 6’ sine2B: Thus, p = 0 and p,,(y.z 93-13 =4RKT,B = 4x10" E[(¥-m,\Z -m,)] = Ely Oy@-T)]= RK, (1) =6'sine2BT so p=sine 0.5 = 0.637 90 i 20.77 Thus, p,z(y.2)93-14 g=|HOf =, By =f Ke By ALf=B, |H(By = = so =1.06 JB, |HCB 2 B Wind 93-15 Xx, uns=[" ¥ 450-7) ie dt= ¥ a0 h where Ty >and Ty, <= rs=[, BCT a Py >and Ty, <> Gof = ED Adee. [Af of = LEE 4 elem" m=k mek where elaale{e So E[|x,(4.5)| ] Lez[e ol with x; +X, = expected number of impulses in 7 seconds = yw (cont) eee Thus, G)= limo iT =16 94-1 tu Zr } 10log,, (4x10°) = 66 dB, Sp =2 x 105 mW = -47 dBm (S/N), =-47+174-66=61 dB 94-2 Ty " Ologys| EH |=10log (5%x2%10°) = 704, sp = 4 10-6 mW = -54 dBm (S/N), =-54+174-70 =50dB Pan 9-1094-3 SpLNoW = 46 dB= 4x 104 = LNg=5 x 10-10 (a) W=20 KHz, (S/N)p = 55-65 dB, Sy, = (S/N)p—10log,, (5x10 x20x10") +30= 35 to 45 dBm, 5; 2.32 W (6) W= 3.2 kHz, (S/N)p = 25-35 AB, 5, =(S/N)p—10l0g, (5x10 x3,2x10") + 30= -3 to +7 dBm, 5, = 0.5-5 mW 94-4 (SIN) = SpINOBN = (WIBNSRINOW) (@) By =2B=23.6 kHz=2.36W = (S/N)p=0.424(SRINOW) ) By =—™8 213.4 kez = 1.340 (SIN)D = 0.746(Sp/NOM asin n/t 94-5 2g, [OF a Af Gar = K? [Gag = AP cnt aN RL [+(5} y= Nene 50. (=, N =f ef a AE Gap = "G( Daf = KS, Ne B v 7 : appl, (2FY +, 2W (Ss S) [lef df = NK 2, [+(34) Jemma 1 so (Fa TNF 94-7 (©) Stgg, ~E+174-10log, (10%5%10°) = 60 dB, L=3%40= 120 dB, Sp= 53 dBm = 200 W (b) Ly = 60 dB = 106, = 120 dB= 1012, 5, 24.200 W=04 mW o-194-8 1-282 <40 aB= 104, St 6x107 6 NW s " (a) 4, =20 dB = 100, WN 5x10° = 47 dB () 1, =604B=105, {S| = _x6x107 =15=12 4B ‘ “UN J, 4x10° a 94-9 1= 0.5 x 400 = 200 dB, 1, (ma m__logm + 20/m 10 1.0+2=3 00/m dB, 0—10logy, m2 > 30 AB 50 log, m+ 22 <5 m m 3 O.7+4=47 5 mpin=5 4 0.6+5=56 94-10 => L=L'",s0 (= = Koel" where K = (cont.) N)y NW a(S) ate, 1 ry] aay), -AL' mt (nL?) |=0 so In1o m=InL = (01089 L) =0.23L59 9-1294-11 ART R ‘ ‘TyiC (trom Example 93-1) A cos 2nfot e y 2/2)[1 + Qnforcey! iG - 0 KT, H+ QHfRCY and C= 2mfR 95-1 AtyByt_4x10 "x1 _ 9g E, 10 95-3 Take By = 1/2t= 100 kHz « Bz, so 6,7 E,2 we =5x10° Then G, /t= ,[N,/4B,E, =0.01 95-4 Take By = Bp= 1 MHz, s0 6,7 10 No = 510" 4B,t Then 6, /02 =NBy (4 5 > 100) 10 Not 7) 10°N, l ot jt By 2 = a Thus, 4B,E, (sa - HE, S106, 10", a => E,25x10~ *ax10E, a and By =10"E, | =SkHzso Heh 9, =V8-=13 2S ynlk en an Ase #2 dA, = 40,1 [Ne dd = 80,4 Joa Rew aa, = toa Since 4, > 0 and y> 0, transformation with g(4,) = yl? yields Pol 10.1-9 FLii(d)] = Aisa VCE) = (oan NVC) 80 V) = HVE + f+ dent + LVF + £) = HU + sem + IV +) f<-k =ulf +L +f) since 1+ sen(f + £)= Jy = (ism fe,(7) =e -iN, R= B,sine By (cont.) 10-3,R,(t) =(N,B,sine B,t cosw,7)cosw,7 + (N,B,sine B,r sin w,r)sinw,7 N,B,sine B, (cos? w.t + sin? w.r) = N,B,sine By = Nol] B, f 6,0) = Saul] N, + 2 L s0 R(t) = F[G,(P)] 10.1-11 Let fy =f, + By/2 $0 0 = @, + By, Then G,(f) = and apa B, R(t) = Ae p,sine Byx(e" +e) = =IN, | 2 R= =s “ B,sine By (es — ei" ,B,sine By 08,7 (ism NON fh "| 8, N,B,sine Byrsinw, =[N,B,sine B,+ cos (ws, +5B,)]cosw,r + [N,B,sine B,rsin(w, +%B,)s]sinwe.r Ny N, = N,Bysine B,7 cosnB,t = —tsin xB, cos7B,t = —* sin 2nB,7 = N,B,sine 2B, aT nt a= “onl = 2) uf 2). . Sul -| so B, (1) = F|G, (f)] 10.1-12 Rn) = FPG,(N] =2f 6, (Ne af RG) =F(6,0-+6,0+ H]= [GF - Dew a+ f° G+ De af = JG, Oje PP dd, + J GO, Je? dd, = of. Ge? dr R(q)sinw.r = R, (1) =[R, (1)cosw,t]cosw.7 = R, (7)sin? w.7 80 £,(7) = R, (a)sinw.r 10-410.1-13 Eln,(t)n,(t —1)] = BE, - E, - B, + B, where = Bffilt) cost x Alt — 7) cosw,(t — 1)] =} R,(7)[eosw,7 + cosw,(2t —7)] (A(t) cosw.t x n(t — 7)sinw,(t = 7)] = 42, (1)[-sinw,t + sinw.(2t — 1] E, = Eln(t)sinw,t x f(t - 1) cosw, (t= 1)] = $R,,(7)|sinw,r + sinw,(2t- 7)] E, = Eln(t) sinus xn(t —7)sinw,(t~7)] = $R,(1)[cosw_t — cosw,(2t 7] Thus, R,, (t,t 7) = $[R,(1) + R,(r)]cosw,7 + HR, (1) — R,,(1)]sinw,7 +R, (1) — R,(r)]cosu, (2t — 1) — H1R,, (7) +R, (7)]sinw,(2t — 1) But R, = R, so R, +R, =2R, and R,-R, = 0 and -R,, =R,, =R, 90 R,, -R, = 2K, and R, +R, =0. Hence, R(t 1) = Ry (2) = B,(a)cosw,7 + B,(r)sinw,.t 10.1-14 Bln ()n,(t — 7)] = E, +B, —E, where E, = Eln(t) cosw,t x A(t — reosw,(t — 7)] = 4 R,,(7)[eosw,7 + cosw,(2t— 1)] n(t) cost x n(t — 1)sinw,(t—7)] = 42,(7)[-sinw,7 +sinw,(2t —)] BiA(d)sinw,tx A(t — s)cosw,(t—7)] = $2, (r)[sinw,s + sinw,(2—7)] E, = Balt) sinwa x n(t — 7)sinw,(t— 7)] = FR, (1) [eosw,r — cosw,(2 — 7)] Thus, R,,, (4-7) = $1Ry(7) + R,, (T]cosw.r +418, (7) R,(a)]sinwor +1R4(1) ~ R,,(7)]o0sw,2t — 1) — 318, 7) + R,(o)]sinw,(2t — 7) But R, = R, so R, +R, =2R, and R, — R, =0 and R, =-R,, =, 90 R,,—R,, =-2R, and R,, + R,, = 0. Henee, Ry (t= 7) = yy, (1) = Ry(a)sinw7 + By(7) cos. 10.1-15, ©) Ry (2) =[R, (r)eosw,7]sinw,t ~[R, (7)sinw,r]eosw.7 = 0 (cont.) 10-5OE(AWN=GF-f) > GF + Lut +1)=G,(F+£-2)= 6,0) GAN uNl=G,F+£) > 6(F-A-wf-D)=6,F-£4+L)=G6,0N) Thus, (7) = FAG, -G,()]} = 0 10.1-16 Nay {P= Be/? _N, [t+ 8.02 GAGE + Auf +f) = a 3) GF - AML - wf - A= 7 TL a Ry) = Fie of EB 8) ao] = 0B sned, (0 —e) =-N,B,sineB,7 sin xB, = —8N,B,27sine’B,t 10.1-17 iN(/2 GF + Ll + £)— GCF — £01 af — £)) =) =| jXo Ry (= FG 2 fA) aaa ar B,/2 | . je sine (ente -entr) _ NB, aN,Bet 5 f Bet By sine sin Bt = = sine sine B+ 10.2-1 AT, = KT,(T, /T,) = 4x10 x10 = 4x10 (S/N), =S_/ NW = 20x 10° /(4x 10 x 5x 10°) = 10° = 50 dB 10.22 N, =4T, =kT(T, /T,)=4x10™ x10=4x10™" s 04 20x 10° (5 = 0x1) _ 9.86 x 10! = 44.6 dB NJyp 14044x10 "x5 x10" 10-6102-3 u(t) = {[Aa(t) +n,()]cosw,t — n, (t)sinw,t}2cos(w.t +6") = Aait)eos'+ n,(t)coso'+ n,(t)sino'+ high-frequeney terms uplt) = Aalt)coso'+ n,(t)coso'+ n,(t)sino! so S,, = N,, = E [nz cos? 4 2n.n, cose'sind'+ n2 sin’ 6'] n°(cos’ o'+ sin’ 6" = WF eos? o'+ HF sin? & NW Thus, (S/N), = x cos? 6! = cos?! cos’ o1/2N,W = S,/N, 10.2-4 DSB: S, 8, 80 (S/N), = 8,8, /2NW = 45,9, AM: S, = A2(L+2°)|, =442 > S, = 42" =45,5, 50 (5/N), = +5,5, /2N,) =45., 102-5 v(t) =[Aa,(t) +n,()]cosw.t + [Ax,(t) F n,(t)]sinw.t 80 y, (t) = Aa,(0) + n,(t) and $A2a? + 4 ArT? Yp,(t) = Aay(t) ¥ n,(t) where 7 S,, Sy = A2S, ,and S, a IW a? = (En, =n" =2N,W . Thus, both outputs have 10.26 For USSB, any noise component in f, ~ W< |fl Wand can be removed by LPF. 102-7 GA) 0 WisW (cont.) 10-7,With ideal LPF at output, 1, =f" @, (df = 44H" so (5) = ew Wp 102-8 USSB: y,(#) =} Aa(t) +n,(1), 8, = 8, df = Nf (In(W + £)-Inf]=N,fIn(1+W/£) A 8 Sy W/E 1l0y W/f =1/5 (yl, "aa wD RETO LOly W/f,=1/50 At 14 } Ne fth fh DSB: y,(t) = Ax(t) +n,(t), 8, = 28,, 6, (f) = No? ae saw vp (LEW N, fF df = NL gpl i vn ELL) (3 - 28, owe 0.995 W/f, N)p N,fln nf HE nf) 1.00) W/ f Note: no significant difference between LSSB and DSB when IW/f. « 1. 10.2.9 =[Aa(t) + n,(O)]cosu.t [2 Aa(t) +n,()]sinw,t u(t) = u(t)2eos[wt + oe] = [+ high-frequency terms. Since $(¢) has slow variations compared to x(f), p(t) © [FAx(t) + n,(0)]coso(2) + [FA2(0 + n,(t)]sin ot) = 4A.2(2) when 6 = n, A.x(t) +n,(t)]eoso(t) + [$ Aa(t) + n,(t)]sin oft) + which implies that K =2/A,. Then Blow = Ky p(t) } = ele + 2 2 f+—n, peo safee tn A A or - +n, |cososing [: 31, in| (cont.) 10-8But cos” + sin” 6 = cos” + sin” @ = 1 so €’= 2(1—cosd) +1/> 10.2-10 Envelope detection without mutilation requires Sy » Nz = NyByy, where By is the noise equivalent bandwidth of f/,(), so By should be as small as possible, namely By, = B, = 2W for an ideal BPF. With synchronous detection, there is no mutilation and noise components outside f-W<|fl Wand can be removed by the LPF. 10.2-11 With S, (5) =. + y=3x10', whereas +), 20. ee 2 Thus, 9, =*1/7y, © 1500 = 32 dB 102-12, > W = 24108 10.2-13 y(t) = ult) = A(t) + A(t) cos, (t) — A, = Aa(t) if n(t) =0, 80 K =1/A, i za is. 5, (cont.) 10-9+2 cos” }, AE 2 ae ae cose, +h 2 HA f Arcose, = JaNW, A, cosd, = ii, = 0, cosd, = 0, LP cos? 1 yrno 7 5 adc ,d0, = 5 AP = 28, /(U+8,) = Sy. Thus, ANW, © ANW 1 NW + with <7, £20 10.3-1 N, = AT, =4T,(T, /T,) =4 x10 x10 = 4x10" PM: N, = NW /S, = 4x10 ™ x 500 x10" /10x 10° = 2x 10% FM: N,, = N,W*/3S, = 4x10" (500 x 10")' /3x 10x 10° = 1.67 x10" Deemphasized FM: N,, © N,B,2W /S, = 4 10-5 x 10°)'500 x10" / 10 x10” 10.3-2 Lg a8 po Seah ie < fp ete NW? _2/2n NW? ifn»! ete itn S, sin(3x/2n)~ 38, 10-1010.3-4 N, =AT, = KIT, [T,) = 4x10 x10 = 4x10", D= f, /W = 210° /500x10" = 4 FM: (=| = sp's, St = 3x4? x04" _ = 949 x 10" = 53.8 4B No NW Tl x 500 x10 Deemphasized FM: iste 2x108y al 5x 10° 4x 10 x 500 x 10" = 800 x 10" = 89.0 dB 10.3-5 N, f 1 oN, w1+ 7B) 28, ( s | 025,85, W/B, (NJ) N,B,arctan(W/B,) — arctan(W/B,) 10.3-6 of = Tex Bxt0! so Improvement factor > (4/J7)(W'/B,)' © 770 when B, =W/7 103-8 PM: (S/N), = 6,25, = 10° FM: D = 6, forsame B,, so (S/N), = (W /B,,)'6,28, = 10 x 10° = 50 4B 10-11103-9 (S/N)p, = (W/B,Y D'S, ~ 20W /B, DD +2)8,, D >2 20x5°D(D+2)/2=10° += Di+2p'=400 = D 7 (by trial and error) B, © UG.7 +2)10 = 174 kHz, S, > 20(6.7 +2) x10 x10" = 17.4 mW 10.3-10 » =20M(O,), (S/o, = 6,25," =20M(6, 6,25, 4 S% M(x) (©) (S/N), =2 x4x108, > 200 W (@) (S/N), = 3D" x4x10S, provided that 7 >>, =20M(D) so S, >2M(D) (cont.) 10-12D | 1ov1sp>| 2D) |S; 1 667 5 667 W = 26.7 14 26.7 W 10 | 67 24 | 24W_|_ Threshold limited 10.4-2 S, =1, (S/N), =10' =5, / LNW =55, @ (S/N), = => S,=2kW a is 5 @) wah (FI, =p > SHAW Ss a4 5S, => S,=10 kW N)p 1+i/4. 7 (© (S/N), = x1x58, > 8, = 200 W (d) (S/N), =3D* x 1x58, provided that + >~,, =20M(D) so S, > 4M(D) D | ovise: | 4m) | s, 1 667 10 | 667 W 5 26.7 28 | 28W | Threshold limited 10 67 48 | 48W_ | Threshold limited 1043 b= 10" = 10", y= S$, / LNW =10" x10", =1/2 (a) (S/N), =y=10"x10-"" =10' => }0(10 — 4) = 60 km is 1/2 1 1! x 10-4 = 10" a aad aT U =i > = 10(10 —4—k of |, Tega t7 1" x10 0 £= 1000 los, 3) (©) (S/N), = 3x2 x44 = 6x10" x 10-7" = 10! = & = 1010-4 + log, 6) = 67.8 km (S/N), = 3x8? xh = 96x10" x10" = 10° = € = 10(10—4 + log, 96) = 79.8 km 10-1310.4-4 ss sexe 158% 10°C and 9, X y_ = 524B= 1.58 x10" 50 3x 10° InGg5y 0" LNW (a) (S/N), = y=10 fC =10' => ¢ = YI000 = 31.6 km ® (I, ~ ae (© (S/N), =3x2 x44 = 6x10 /E 0" /3@ =10' = = J100073 = 18.3 km 08 = = 6000 = 77.5 km (S/N), =3x8' xd4=96x10/€ =10' => ¢ = J96,000 = 310 km 104-5 amt (3) -12 20 + 4=60 N)p 1+¥1/2 FM: y>%,,=20M(D) + M(D,..)= 60/20 + D,,. = 1 (S/N), =3D° x44 = 90 = 19.5 dB 104-6 At output of the Ath BPF, 5, = (ho Pe, “W,? —(k—-1)°W3]. Thus, (3| _ foe N) GH —3k+D(N WS /38,) 10.4-7 s a? 38,f , NW! 8 (ei eee 2 = O(3K —3k +1 = A rl 3 — 3k +1 NWS ee 38,12 N Ke LY ase, aa 10-14ee cope —3k +1] = cf MA eMeK en y RUCED yi =0K=13 0-4 6 2 K Thus, 4) . 3[a) Se where w= KW, Nh Ww) NW 104-8 @) 6.) =|H, Af 6, _ lew ~4)+6 (0 + f)] =|4,.0l se ml e+e &Y]=[[Link] Seu" lps pte pire, dX lee 1+X he, 14 y No arctan} ~ 8,810" 30» ng B, S, [re Et y WS, 14+(F/B,) _2N,B,3 |W Ss, -] a B, B, Oy m= Lela +2, $n, —n, © 2f.t,—n, since WF > TF a) + uty, = f(a, +t, +4, —a_) +m, +n, ~2fa, +n,. Thus, (S/N)p, (s/w = = 15x10 425, /N, For mono signal with 2 = 1, (S/N), = 2" /m? =1.9x10" (S/N), (stereo) /(S / N),(mono) = 8 x 10 = 21 4B 106-1 N, = kT, =4T,(T, /T,)=4x10 x10 =4x10™, p, =O.1/f =1/12x 10° (cont.) 10-15(x), -40" lee - =2.78x10' = 54.4 dB 500 x 10° 1.210" /12 x10" 0.410 x10 4x10” x 500% 10" (mw) ® 10.6-2 N, = Ty =#T,(T, (T,) = 4x10 x10 = 4x10, , =r, = 0.2/50% 250 = 16 x 10% w)s. 2 100 = 423, |—— = 4(16 x10) 3 x 10°] | wh, Any'Be ir, ) NW (6x10) 3x 250/50 = 384x10"S, >10' = S, >26 pw 10.6-3 (3 <4X20°S,y = 508,y. But with NJo ‘ 10.6-4 3.68, 7, _MeBW oS 2 ye ha and B, 10.6-5 S,=MfAr > Mi /B, + A AS a eT a eR 111-5 ‘ rae a eT Mla, [Link] Gray codes TAIZ mW 100 010 001 54/2 110 101 110 O11 34/2 101 111 100 111 Ald 100 110 101 101 -Al2 ou 010 111 100 3A/2 010 O11 O11 110 SA2 001 001 001 010 -TA/2 000 000 000 000 11-7 (a) 7, = 16x 20,000 = 320 kpbs, B 2 <7, = 160 kHz (b) r = 320 kphs/log, M_< 2B = 120 kbaud log, M 2 320/120 = 2.67 = M 22°=8 111-8 (a) 128=2' = 7bits/character x 3000=21 kbps, B= (b) r = 21 kbps/log, M < 2B = 6kHz log, M 2 21/6 = 3.5 3 M22 11-9 @ PO =86+T)-sO11.9 continued Isl oo1 0 1 le? =0.135 0.135 2 1+ le" = 1.018 0.018 3 K,(i-e*)+le* =1.138 0.138 4 K,(I-e‘)e? +le* =0.154 0.138 11-10 (a) O)= git T,)-8O p(0)= K,(-e" 11-311.1-10 (b) continued 4% Wh) Isl oo4 0 1 -0.632 +0.368 2 0.767 0.233 3 K,(l- &) = le? + le* = 1,282 +0.282 4 -1 + K,(I-e*)e" - le + le* =-0.528 +0472 WAH p(D) =e" <0.01 => x(bDY > In100 where D=1/r PE) _ 600 £0.01 = m(B/b) 2 Int00 PO) thus 2(b/7)? x x(B/b)? = (Inl00)” => r <—2_B = 0.78 In100 1MA-12 =(42)° = sino =A), PU) = 5 sine11.1-12 continued 11-13 m, =Al2, ap = (a) t=1/2r,, POO)=1/2%,, P(tK)=1/4%,, Pim) =0, y ep f1y s+ Gr) [8 -5) +8 +4)] — ar) xt) ° Q °o ° a tox eee Galt. pave im, ANG4 11-511.1-13 continued GA) daca A 4 0 2 Note larger de component and smoother waveform, 14 6; =[1- (20-174? /4.=(a-a) A? Sua y(-4/2) =(20, re 0 A/2)* + (1 0)(-4/2)? = AN Tf 7). 6) = enfin ns (a ‘Ya (20-4)'A/4 0 R/2 ' © # x2n2 +Qa-Y A /4=0 14 11-6111-15 continued A GN= 4, Oh G.(f) = ANB, 9 Me a! 111-16 Rn) = Ela, 4] n-0 ay, Play) 0 12 +A 1/4 R= XOF 2K TA11.1-16 continued n=l 4, a Playa) 0 0 W/2x 1/2 0 A V/2x 1/4 0 A W2x 1/4 A 0 W4x 1/2 A 0 TAX 1/2 4-4 2x12") Day A A 12K 2 4 4 0 not allowed “A -4 0 Ren=4 xO+4x ; xO+2x F(A) = 4 n22 a, 4, Play.) 0 12x12 0 0 A 2x14 0 A 12x14 4 0 WAX 1/2 -4. 0 1/4x 1/2 4-4 (14y Seeessssee aay? a, -A A «aay? = PIDPO) 1 1 1 ia =i Si tie. A (tay = Rin) =ZXOF4x s x042x MCA 42x Te lbAy11-17 y ¥gk-p= ¥ [glk- 4) + gh K =) taut gk +R) [g(-2K)+ g(-2K +) +...+ gO)] Hg(-2K +1)+...g(0)+ g)] 2K +1 sums +g(0) + g()+..g(2K)] = g(-2K)+ 2¢(-2K + 1) +... (2K + I)g(0)+2KQ(I) +..2¢(2K - + g2K) = YL Ck+l4+ main) +P 2K +1-n)g(n) 7 (2K +1-|n)g(n)=2K +0) - (- tte je Flag = Hag ¢ J= REO) thus, (f= VY gk’) where g(k-))=R, Jrome we fori#k, aa, =4, (©) x= Yi [ap \(t-kT, )+b,Po(t-KT,)] Yiarnrannle LVR + RE lah +oR Je HV aa hh +abPR +g hkR +b bRR le” 1-911.1-18 (b) continued Wetd=RP+RP and B= RP +RP +PR +PP =|R+Rl, 50 mp e SL, Sl pine -an z[L4.) IS fe tim |- where SAS BA GIRE PR +PR +PP =Ur-ry A fore Bet | =A pape tneel yy oie ot thus, (X91 ¥ Raw,)+ Romm)) 3m) Hence, — © LY em sex +n § oats. pf +|R+ep Ef- ~ath} ~| GN= limaeor AX “alate ele at flim] Bm ats Ele f 1 2d 3 = mala tag lh tal Le . Et -4} } +L [rom +Plarf f—nn) 2-1 \ aol fiom, |-10° = (S/N), = 2x3.P =192 ) Polar: P, =O(J(S7N), ) = 0(4.38) = 6x 10% 11-10112-2 P.=Q(A/26)510° = A2o 24.76 Polar: 4.76° < (4/20) < Sq Noh (2) => Sy 24.76" x + x 10° =0.113 wW Unipolar: (4/20)? $ +5 MNgr, 12) => Sy 20.226 mW 11.23 (a) From symmetry v,=0 > P ” p, (y+ Al2)dy Py(ylHp) y=n-A/2 -Al2 0 Al2 L 2x10" Gaussian noise: P = Q(A/20) < 10° > A 2 626 (b) B<10° = 4/267 = In. = A 2 880 Note that impulse noise requires more signal power for same P, 1124 (@) From symmetry, P =P, =P(y< Oe =) + P(e =) + P(y< Ole = 9) + POE = 1 of 4x20), 1 of At 20 “39 26 9 26 ) PAY| MH =-8) py(y|H,.€= 0) pyr |H,,€ =a)11.2-4 continued B(yIHy,e=-0) — P, (yH,,€= 4 y 0 A-2a At2a 2 2 (b) (At 201)/20 = (140.2)4, IL : 3.2)++048) F082)+5 0048) L(A x10" 485 x 10°) =3.7 x 10" Ife =0, then P, = O(4.0)=3.4 x 10% 112-5 (a) From symmetry, P, = P, =P(y Vey 112-7 { g(v,y)dy where a(V) HV) = 0, gV.¥)= p(y | Ha) ay, Oo aye ay 78 Zyl @|Hol=0 =0-p,V|H,)+0. since ap, similarly, <= 0+ p,(V | H,)+0 similarly, pV |) hence, —Rp,(V|H))+ hp, V|H)=0 = Rp,V|H)=Rp,V| A) 11.28 (S/N), =20 dB=100 Regenerative: P. = 200| J100 | ~ 20. : to? 1.5.x 107 e vri100 Nonregenerative: P. = 0) LS x 100 |=0(2.24)= 1.2x 10° 112-9 Regenerative: P, S0Q[ YS7N) J=104 = (STN) = 4.62 so (S/N), =21.3=13.3 dB Nonregenerative: a9] Eis IN), Jee = (S/N), =3.73 so (S/N), = 50x 3.73? = 696 = 28.4 dB 1-13t tT t tT, atytT,/2 M211 (0) 0515 7,/2: Ap( *W() = AK, fe®dh = eal -e" AKg sna afer 12T,/2: Ap *h)= AK, f eMdd= a iva In(10) 5 —— Aes 0.1A = bz 1-1411.2-11 continued 0? =F woof ey y, <0.812y, if b= 2.3n, thus, ( 4) ~ AKIN, /45) 112-12 (=) OW2y)=10" > y= 8x3 63 1 0.286 (bo of on Jao" => O(f0.286y, )=1.7 x 10" x3. he + S_ = Nou, = 227 pW 112-13, 10 x 10° log, M <2B=160x 10° = log, Mz2a3 125 so M, ) 215 of [6x4 } 0+ => O(f0.094Ty, )=2.13 x 107 Tex a2| V 355 } 1 , so Y, =——— x3.55°, and S, > N,r.7, = 670 pW Ye Doo tae 1-15M214 With matched filtering; P, = 2——1_, Mog, M Mla a M log, M 4 075 8.94 <0" 8 0583 535 2.6x 10" = take M =8 160.469 3.07 >10° >10* Jj} 2 2 2(4) wt (M 1) 1G) a Luray Ate) 6 2 2 (ML /2)(1+ M12) Wf oe 12 112-16 Let fi = regenerated m and consider m = 00 -3A/2 -A 0 A ¥ P(t =01) = Q(A/26)—QGA!20) | bit error PU =11) = QGBA/26)-Q(SA/26) 2 bit errors P(t = 10) = O(5.4/20) | bit error Similarly when m = 10. 11-1611.2-16 continued Now consider m = 01, and similarly m = 11, 1 bit error P(iit = 11) = Q(A/20)-O(3.A/ 20) | bit error 0G4/20) 2 bit errors Thus, P= 2x Flloe)-260)]+2[08)- 915)] +0656} +2x Tow [ou 064)] +206} $.06)+ GK -LO(K) - F200) when k >I since Q(Sk) << Q(3k) << Ok) 112-17 Let fi = regenerated m and consider m = 00 (similarly for m = 11) “3N2 A 0 A =Q(A/26)-Q(3A/26) | bit error QGA/26)- Q(SA/26) 1 bit error (54/20) 2 bit errors 1711.2-17 continued Now consider m = 01 (similarly m = 10) m=00, “A -A2 0 A y Pit =00) = (4/20) 1 bit error Pit =10) = (A /26)-QGA/26) 2 bit errors PGi =11) = QGA/20) 1 bit error Thus, R= 2x 4{[OUk)- OGh)]+2[0h)- O(54)]+ 20151) +2 H(«@)+2[6)- 0@0]+ 2000} = 20K) -FOK) +065) = 20(k) when k >I since O5k) << (3k) << O(k) 13-1 p= sinert /2 p()= sine @ sine, = D 2 r No additional zero crossings. eo ° = 30 2 \ PCS) eo oe a f 4 0 nk 2 J 2 “314-114 0 id ‘314 s 1-1811.3-2 Ppl) = sine (21/3) pit)= sine 22 sine, 2 =D A Additional zero crossings at r=+3D/2, £+9D/2, +15D/2,... Pat) Po | We a a 113-3 Given B =3 kHz (a) _ CE r=> r= 3 kbps. r=3 r= 4 kpbs. (b) 50% 9 B=5 = B r= r= 4.8 kpbs ror 204 ror 28 3 4 5 8 (©) 25% =pat= B 113-4 Figure P11.3-4 are baseband waveforms for 10110100 using Nyquist pulses with B=r/2 (dotted plot), B=r/4 (solid plot). Note that the plot with B=7/2 is the same as the plot of Figure 11.3-2, In comparing the two waveforms, the signal with B=r/4 exhibits higher intersymbol interference (ISI) than the signal with B=r/4, 1-1911.3-4 continued ‘ime, Dunit Figure P11.3-5 113-5 (a) Given B = r/2.+ B where B represents excess bandwidth, With a data rate of r= 56 kpbs = theoretical bandwidth of B= (b) 50% excessive bandwidth = B=r/4 => B=r/24+r/4=3/4r => B=42 Kile. (c) 25% excessive bandwidth = B=r/8 => B=r/2+r/8=5/8r— B=35 kHz, 113-6 1 ssinQart cosat sinwt sine 2rt 1-Qrty? mrt [1-(Q2rt Jt 1-(2rt? Atr=+D/2=41/2r, sine 2rt =0,and 1-(2rt)” sindwt 2nrt{l—(2rt)] P)= So use L'Hopital's rule with p(t) = d d . af —sin2m =2nrcos2urt, —42nrt[1—(2rt)’ ]} = 2nr — 24zr't a a emt rt} " thus p +1) 2ncos(tx) _ 1 2r ) 2nr—6nr 11-20P= i. \ 3B dir f $B 1/2 W<5-B PUD= [Sent lan= tf cmoda=uir — rans | ZomBlanad cos8.d8 Ls coe By p_ I- Sura] Apvmdy rast] 1 og? Hep ‘pons a r/2+B) _ P(f)=0 Since P(f) has even symmetry, Vr [f]r/24B : , p= S" [RN ]= al ose af = leo pees df ar) 7 =| sin —n/2)B , sin(2nrt + 1/28)B | _ 3, soz 2B| 22x1—2/2P)B 22nr+n/2B)B | 2[ 4Br-1 4Br41 Thus, p(t) = py(t)sine rt = 1-Biy 1-21113-8 @ 9[ oo ae-40)] =Pun| Ee cal =Puy*|ELHU-n/0)] = rYP(f-ar)=1 9[Eaowe -10)] =Yptkd) er"? ‘Thus, » p(KD) &?° =1 forall f so p(kD) = {i Clearly, Yo (far) =D 113-9 (a) Conditions: P(f)=1/r | f[ take M <2B = log, M2. log, Mf 2 r= 7,/2=300 kbaud, B= B—r/2=50 kHz 7 of 3 ]s10" = ols ]spx = A242 4x2 “(20 a) 3 20 6x25, 15 SRF Se 5098, = LS, 22 4.23°LNgt = 1.34 W is Nn 2 11-2313-1 We want smallest possible M to minimize S, <2B = log, M 2 = 2.5 => take M Q A\e* 108 = A245 26) 14 26 A) 2883 Se gos 15, > 84.15% Nyy =3.61 W 26) 63 Nr, 18 113-12 We want smallest possible M to minimize S, r=—_<28 = tog,M2>Z- 23.75 = takeM = 2'=16 Jog, M 2B r=7,/4=150 kbaud, B= B-r/2=5 kHz 1s (4 A). 64 ns 4 Po=2 = |s10* is x 10 24.10 5] i of } 30 * > 36 16x4 20 AY 884 Se gos 19, >2554.10% zn, =10.7 W De) e055) Nar) 24 113-13 (@) PP )= Mr cos*(af /2r Mf / 2"), P(py= sine! 2), r = 20,000 cos? (af /2r) 1+ 3x 10"[f] 80 (1+ 3x 10° | f)cos’(af/2r) © sine’ ¢/2r) |H,/)f =500g- Tf / 3) cnr T(f/2r) 11-24113-13 continued 9 a Yaoltrl 1 IHal v500g oo te Se 20 f, KHz A : AL AY __38; 2 we “tel = Anas, (Sl. aI where 1 [ee wlan cos” (Fess 10*|/) af . i + roost =2- a noos'(F )ar=w (: 3h 2.78 x 10° Thus, S, 23] = 2x 10" x (2.78x 10°)? x 4.75" = 3.49 W 13-14 @) PU)= AN!) n= Gap £ } r=100 r 10r JU CPF =10° gef+32x wPa(t) Wnt = Peg "(r) PCF /10r) r a +lHe oy since sine*(f/10r)=1 for |f[ Sr/ (4) 3.85 W 36 11,3-15 (a) awk Le nm PDH (Nem pare PO) S, Ss o GU Ny/2 P( fe = KHPHie P= P(f)=K|PHe f since P() is real, even, and non-negati p(t) is even an maximum at «= 0. pO)= | Piaf =K [|RHef df=1 = [fir ta| jlemtar G(f)=orlPH| M? -)Aa M2 11-2611.3-15 continued 5; =k? f G.(fuar =e _ Pr | PROP af som (ft 1 ° (DKF [Rf of oe No lhl af where Ian =K | [ROL ge 2 2fROH AY ) 5. =fMnreaina = Jour fierar flnccnpoa [tflepar flea 2flrnepar 5 - thus, (1) -—3 26) (M*—1)r 113-16 (a) x) iH, =VNLH, : j |Plaf where i |Plaf =I 11-2711.3-16 continued No Phe ly Af a= on ntl E Tims, AYLI 1288, ja _ 65,1 26) 4 (MD i 7 4 Stack K(M?-)N,r PO wy “Ac 5 [cos aan +55 [22 cos? adh x4 ® SEF] =1.52 =1.83 dB w (48 8 113-17 10 04 00]fc, 0.2 1.0 04))¢, 10/21, 0.0 02 10)h¢, 10 a : 0.19 Poy Pin 0.15 0 te Ek ¢ = 25/21, k=0 ka? k=2 otherwise 11-28206 113-19 1 0.1 00 00 00}fe,] fo 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 00]/¢,| |o 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0|}¢, |=|1 0.1 -0.2 1.0 0.1 00]! c 0 0.0 0.00.1-02 10J/c, | Lo Solving yields ¢, =0.0094, ©, =-0.0941, ¢, =0.9596, ¢, =0.2068, Pat )=€2Prrt © Pir FOB, +6 PRG 0 0.00094 0 1 0 0.0468 0.0055 0 1, =k+2D worst-case ISI now occurs at & 5D) but has not been reduced significantly in magnitude. 11-29113-20 (a) hO)=sine yt + 2siner,((-T) + sine r,¢-27,) £ Ir 426% +e") att Hf) (b) 4, =, +20, 44,5 -(w ~ FH -lt+ mh, —3 Atm +2mi_, +m. -2)4 mmm a, fA O70) 0) o 0 toa OO 0 o rot 1 foo. 1 0 1 0 le 0 1 tort 2 Thus, 24 m, =m, =m, 4 m= 1, mem,» v(4)=40 m.#m, m= ms -A m,, =0, m, #m,, 24 m, =m, = 11-30113-21 (a) AO)=sine r,t + 2sine 7, (1-7) + sine 5 (2) H(f)= £\i =2e7% 46°) En{£ Jososzor -2e"" An(E alte ve BEn( E } bed ty fy te hy te Hn) a, ' e 7 We 1 =| m, —=-2m, +14, (mpm a rr o 0 0 0 0 0 a cE o 1 0 2 0 a a -l nn) 1 ae 0 ae 2 en) -l 7 7 7 0 Thus, 24 0, m,=m,,=1 A my m, =m, y v(t, =40 -A 2A 1-31113-22 ahh Pg (P= |ner|=Zeos%n (4) PP IRL GP)= No! Le fat a HP tu pe =f [\Ht, fd Hf I | “| Fle tanh > Sele aH ve yell \4,| with equality when So take |H,.(/)]° qin and |, = st|A())| Then, since Flac flat x AY __2% 26 Ju (4/0? Py(YIHy, &=-A) P,(YIH) Py (YolHo, =A) A -Al2 0 Al2 A 11-3211.2-22 continued ) since P(a, 3 A 34(55) Henee, P =1(P, + Py 2 113-23 (a) Assume m, =m, Use y(t,) =(m, +m, , -1)A to calculate y(¢,) given m,, and m,, and to calculate i, given y(t, and re ko0 1020 300 4 5 HUT m ot oO t 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 a) 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 o 1 0 1 1 1 0 41 : Wi = (2+2)/9 = 0.44 (©) As the table below indicates, if bit /, is received in error such that fit, =0 > y(t.) =~2 instead of 0. Because m, = f(m ,) = errors inv, will affect all subsequent values of , as indicated in the table below. ko0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 my0 O 2A 0 0 A 8 oO 0 | o 1 0 2 0 1 m1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 11-33113-24 (a) Use the precoder of Fig. 11.3-9 to convertm, —> m, , Eq. (23) for y(¢,), Eq. (24) to determine 7, from the received value of y(t, ). Note that with precoding 7, is nota function of ri, ,. Also, assume m, = 0. 0 mot oo t 0 1 1 ir O 2 2 oO O ft 6 a 0. 0) wi) 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 (b) de value: p(,) =(2-2+2)/9= (©) If bit si, is received in error, only that bit is affected since with precoding #i,, is not a function of mi, 11.3-25 Hse (a) Use the precoder of Fig. 11.3-9 to convert m, —> m, except use two stages of delay =m, =m, Om, Then use Eq, (27) to determine »(%, ) from m, and m,_, and 1, from y(t, ). Assume m!, = m'; = 0. k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 my, 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 m, 0 0 1 0 0 0 ey | 0 0 0 1 1 ya) 2. 0 C2 2 2 ay 1 0 I 0 1 1 1 (b) devalue: i, )=(2-24242-242)/9=0.44 (©) Ifbit i, is received in error, only that bit is affected since we can obtain vi, directly from y(t, ). 11-34WA-l (a) Using structure of Fig. 11.4-6a to scramble the input sequence we get: m OLTTDIit?rorriorid) m,OO1LO001LTLOLLOLIO m,O0O0O0O1L00111T011011 m,000010011101101 m,OO000010011LTOTI1O m,000000100111011 im OOTTOOOOOOD IOAN m O1001TLITOLTIOLIOOD de values of unscrambled and scrambled sequences: mi = (14 14 4 14 14 14 14 1414 14 14 D/15 = 12/15 = 0.80 Hi, = (14 lt lt 14 14 14 14 D/15= 8/15 = 0.53 (b) Using the structure of Fig 11.4-6b to unscramble m, we get ie 00 1 0 io 1 0: 0) me O00 001 1 Oi 0 i i 0 meee.) 0) OF Otten m,O00010011T1L01101 m,90000100TLIOL11O mo900000100111011 m OO0OT1L00000011011 Oe Oe oF 114-2 Using the results from Exercise 11.4-1, we get the output sequence and its shifted versions to generate the following table used to calculate the autocorrelation function. 11-35u 4-2 continued original/shifed 11111601001 10000101101010001110 11111001001 10000101 101010001110 11111001001 10000101101010001110 01111100100110000101 10101000111 11111601001 10000101101010001110 1011111001001 10000101 1010100011 11111601001 10000101101010001110 1101111100100110000101101010001 11111001001 10000101101010001110 11101111100100110000101 10101000 1111160100110000101101010001110 0111011111001001100001011010100 1111160100110000101101010001110 00111011111001001 1000010101010 1111160100110000101101010001110 0001110111110010011000010110101 11111001001 10000101101010001110 1000111011111001001 100001011010 1111100100110000101 101010001110 010001 1101111100101 10000101101 11111001001 10000101 101010001110 1010001110111110010011000010110 11111001001 10000101 101010001110 0101000111011111001001 100001011 11111001001 10000101 101010001110 10101000111011111001001 10000101 11111001001 10000101 101010001110 110101000111011111001001 1000010 11111001001 10000101 101010001110 01101010001 1101111100101 100001 v(t) 31 11-36 RO=WDIN 1 0.032 ~0.032 ~0.032 -0.32 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 -0.032 0.032 -0.032114-2 continued + original/shifted Wa) R(X) = (VN 15 11111001001 10000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 101101010001 1101111001001 10000, 16 1111100100110000101 101010001110 1 -0.032 0101101010001 1101111 10010011000 17 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 0010110101001 1011111001001 100 28 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 0001011010100011 1011100100110 19 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 0000101 101010001 1101110010011 20 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 10000101101010001 1101111101001 21 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 1100001011010100011 101111100100 22 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 0110000101 101010001110111110010 23 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 0011000010110101000111011111001 24 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 100110000101 1010100011 101111100 25 1111100100110000101101010001110 1 -0.032 0100110000101 101010001110111110 26 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 001001 10000101 1010100011 1011111 27 1111100100110000101101010001110 =1 -0.032 1001001 10000101101010001 1101111 28 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 11001001 10000101 1010100011 10111 29 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 11100100110000101 101010001 11011 30 1111100100110000101101010001110 -1 -0.032 1111001001 10000101 101010001 1 101 31 11111001001 10000101101010001110 311 11111001001 10000101 101010001110 11-37114-2 continued 40.00 20.00 30.00 © 40.00 (2) is periodic with period = 31 Is the output a ml sequence? Apply ML rules: (1) #1s=16, #0s = 15 obeys balance property; (2) obeys the run property; (3) has a single autocorrelation peak; (4) obeys Mod-2 property, and (5) all 32 states exist during sequence generation. 114-3 ‘m, =m, +m, and the output sequence = m, shift mmm, o riid 1 oid 2 0011 3 LOO a 4 1100 5 1 0) 6 ri. 11-3811.4-3 continued The autocorrelation function is calculated as follows: ‘+ original/shifted o1liioo ie 1110) 0 Litiloo On i 00) 2111100 oo1lit 3111100 100111 4111100 110011 S111100 111001 6111100 111100 WRG) =“a)/N 6 2 6/6=1 0.333 0333 -0.333 -0.333 0.333 R(2) is periodic with period = 6. 150 R(t) 1.09 0.50 0.00 4 0. 600 8ho 050 The [4.2] register does not produce a ml sequence exist in the output sequence and the period is not 2 ince there are only 5/16 possible states : 11-39Chapter 12 vs 2333 = va, ps 24r2333 ene WwW Y 00 => -M=2"2>200'°=5.85 = n=3 121-2 dy 2200 > M=2'2200'°=288 > n=2 12.1-3 Transmit one quantized pulse, having q* possible values, for every N successive quantized samples, The output pulse rate is f, /N so B, = 3 fIN)2WIN, allowing B, q2116, vs B,/W=5.3, q=M” Mov q comment 2 5 32g toosmall, ry M >2 3 243 ok 3. 4 81g toosmall => Take M = 3, v = 5,f,$2B,/v=64kHz12.1-6 (SIN), =3q? x0.25 24000 = 9273, vSB,/W=6.7, g=M" Mov q comment 2 6 64 — q toosmall, try M > 2 3 6 729 qexcessively large 3. 5 BL ook = TakeM = 3, v = 5,f,S2B, ly=10kHz 12.1-7 W =SkHz, (S/N), = 40-50 dB = 10° -10° (a) (S/N), =0.9q° 210'-10° = qg=2' =105-333 so v=7or8 B, 2 vW = 35-40 kHz (b) vS4, q=M"=108-333 => M24 12.1-8 2x 10° -3.2x 10° = 596-1886 so vy = 10 => B, 2vW =200 kHz W =20klIz, (S/N), = 55-65 dB = (a) (S/N), = 0.99? 23.2 x 10° -3.2x 10° > q (b) vS4, = 596-1886 => M25 12.1-9 Xuip = 5X 10° Vand x, =200x 10° V = normalize = x4. = 25x 10% Vand Xu =1V Assume a sinusoidal input, the power of the smallest signal is => S, = (25 x 10%)? /2 =3.12x 10” Using Eq. (7) = 40 dB = 4.8 + 10log(2” x 3.12 x 10") = v= 21.7 9 v= 22, 12.1-10 Seale +/- 10V input by a factor of 10 to make input +/- 1V, then because its sinusoidal = S, = 0.5 q=2" = quantum size = 2/q =2/4096 = 0.488 mv. (SIN), =39°S, x10" => 74 dB.121-11 Scale 10V input by a factor of 10 to make input +/- IV, then because its sinusoidal => S, = 0.5 q= 2 = quantum size = 2/q =2/65,536 = 30.5 uV. (SIN)y = 3g°S, = 3(2"*)? x 0.56.44 x 10" = 98 dB. 12.1-12 Let Vis + Visa = Maximum and minimum input voltages = Dynamic range = 20108 ju nin) Assuming the largest signal = 1 volt => the smallest signal = 1/g volts 20log(q)=20log(2") Dynamic range = 201og(2")=120 dB => = Dynamic range = If (S/N), =35 dB and assuming S, S35 =4.8+4 60 v= 5.03 Memory must hold: 10 min x 60 secs/min x 8000 samples/sec = 4.8 Msamples @ 5 bits/sample = 24 Mbits 121-14 (a) v=12 bits g=2" =4096. With |x], = 10 V = each step size = 10 x 2/g = 4.88 x 10° V Maximum input = x(K7, au, =(g~1)/ g = 4095/4096 x 10 = 9.9976 V For positive inputs from 0 to 10 V, x, (KT, ) = 0.00244, 0,00732, 0.01221, 0.01709, 0.02197... = x(¢) = 0.02 V = x, (KT,) = 0.02197 = |e, | =|0.02 - 0.02197] = 0.00197 Quantization error% = 0.00197/0.02 x 100% = 9.85% (b) For x(t) =0.2 V = x,(kT,) = 0.19775 = |e,| = |0.2-0.19775| = 0.00225 Quantization error% = 0.00225/0.2 x 100% =1.125% 121-15 Lety=2+n, n21 then h, =2/qg= so p,(x) is constant over each band. 4, =4,-1/q, 6 =x, 41/q12.1-15 continued 201 fal = n=qi8 nog ed gi2-n=34q/8 feral Cr ees ate teas a Pots of (xa = 2 sles ede) x tar|="2=0.229 ; as 96 Thus, (S/N)p = ?x0.229= 0.7¢° 12.1-16 h, ‘a 4, sala. be Thus, €7 = p,(x,) “f (C7 +14. ps) = p(x) fora, 1]=20(/6,)<001 > 26 * Thus, (S/N), $10log,,(3 x 2” x 0.148) =-3.5 + 6v dB 12.1-18 PU|>1] n2[Seraree* <001 > o2-In0.01 so 8, = 2/a° <2/(In100) = 0.0943 and (S/N), <10log,.(3 x 2” x 0,0943) 5.5 + 6 dB 12.1-19 = x(z)=(sgnz)z" 12.1-20 (a) 2>0: In. +p) =zin(l +p) =n + py => x= [ew - 1p 2<0: In(l—px)=—zln(L+y)=In(l+ yy? > x =f py? Aye 1 Thus, x(2) ten tH12.1-20 continued Ind+w J 2 2| ROY) f+ po’ p, (de [ H ] fe Ue In? (1 +p)| [focoaee au fp. (ayde +9? fo? pcan where Jecde=1/2, [Link], cde [Link] =f 121-21 (a) With.x(¢) = 0.02 V => with companding using Eq, (12) we have In(1++ 255 x 0.02/9.9976) | _9 7439 1n(256) 2(.) is fed to the quantizer giving 2(kT,) = 0.74463 Using Eq. (13) with x, (AT, )=2(KT,) gives 4 = 9:9976, 929976) 255 22) =9. oor [a+ 255)4°""" — 1] = 0.02005 =e, | =|0.02 -0,02005| = 0=> 0% quantization error. (b) With x(¢) = 0.2V = with companding using Eq. (12) we have In(1+ 255 x 0.2/9.9976) 2x) =9. oor Hels 285 3029 978, Bosal ) (2) is fed to the quantizer giving 2(kT,) = 3.25928, Using Eq. (13) with x, = 2(K7,) gives 176 | 255 | | 3.26059 [+ 255)" —1] = 0.19983 = |e, |= [0.2 0.19983] = 0 0% quantization error. 12.1-22 (@ Z@)=3e", x>0 fe Os o a yoo 2 9(6-@) 9a) (S/N), =10l0g,,(9 x 3.x 2"S,) =14.346.0v+5, dB ee ale (o-n=3 fora 1 12-612.1-22 continued (b) (S/N), =52945,-K, dB a S,(dB) K(aB) (S/N), oO 1s 424 8 -Is 42 424 16 -21 “75 39.4 1 9.5 62.448, hp aT) 12.1-23 i — OS1, v51 = M>7. Thus, take M=8, vy =2, q=64 Se NW y= 2a = 6(B, /W)(M? -1)=945 = S,2945N,W =56.7 mW12.2-2 (S/N), =397 x 1/22 4x10" = g>Sl, vSB,/W =3.33 so qSM*>51 = M>3.7 Thus, take M=4, v =3, g =64 Y Pie ts = (B/N (M -1)=300 = S$, 2300N,W =18 mw fi 12.2-3, (S/N), =3¢? x22 4x10" = q>S51, vSB,/W =8.33 so gSM*>51 => M>1.2 Thus, take M=2, v=6, q=64 Se = Y= age 2M = (BY 1)=150 = S,2150NW =9mW 12.2-4 PCM: 200[ STN, ]<10° = (S/N), 249° B,/W2v=8, y=(B,/W) (S/N), 2192 = 22.8 dB Analog: (S/N), =p IN), =37dB = 5000, y= (S/N), =10° = 50 dB PCM advantage: 50-22.8 = 27.2 dB 12.2-5 PCM: =1000[ Y(S7N), ]<10* = (S/N), 252° BuW2v=8, Y=(By/W) G/N), 2216 =23.4 4B Analog: (S/N)y “we IN), =37 4B ~ 5000, y= (S/N), = 5x 10° = 57 dB PCM advantage: 57 - 23.4 = 33.6 dB12.2-6 10log,,(1+4q?7P) = 1dB => 144g? P=10"=1.259 so P= 0.259/4q n= OVE, ]=7 Wel (SIN), = ys hy (SIN) na B SST > aM 5x2 (SIN), =4.8+6.0v dB ve (STN), ‘Ya (4B) (S/N), dB 426x104 35 16.9 28.8 8 10x 10° 48 yee 52.8 12 4.0.x 10° 58 26.1 76.8 ty tee oon 60 so vee to ae) ord ae % 122-7 Errors in magnitude bits have same effect as before, and there are q /2 equiprobable values fori Thus ely.) 1 oe 2a =| ¥ 22" | + 4" +£=S 4? -4i+), Je2-] [Ee +2840] +2/anitalzenas) giq 220,41 a q 6 2 2 5 > ye 12-1012.2-8 Y2Yy = OM? THUS, das. M bo % “B 2 8 144 216 O 4 25.6 16 2 3060 34.9 256 1 3.93x10' 55.9 Ty ag «60 40 26 4 o 2 4 8 12.3-1 : 2m Ay Using Eq. (5) anda sine wave = fA2|x(0)|,,. =2af,4, > 42 2n3 IEW =3 kUYz and normalized input with 4, =1=> f,, =3 klz > As 12-11123-2 Using Eq. (5) anda sine wave = f,A2|x()|,. =2nf, 4, > 4, S If W=1 kHz and Nyquist sampling => f,= 20 kHz < 20x 10° x 0.117 34, < . 2n x 1000 = 0.372 123-3 Note slope overload when A=I 12.3-4 DM: (S Np = 5.80) K0n2by =7.6+ 10lopy = : in PCM: (S/N), =3 x2” x 7605-1048 b DM PCM 193 14 8 25.8 38 16 32.9 86 12-1212.3-4 continued CDr)p, go aB 60 do 12.3-5 f, = 2Wb =8b kHz, o= 5, =1/3 fA, Sop =In2b DROW, 1.3m 1n2b 12 6b b J, (kHz) Mw 3d 0.177 64 0.118 16,28 0.0737 123-6 f,A2 Inf, => AZ2Mf/f,, f,=2Wb 12-1312.3-7 ae Oe 22k Ww - SS, Six [onar= 2K ae a wens > K = acan TA yl rewe-S ioe Q th 2K Ww ro \-4 [i fost Thus, W,, =|—@__] w ~ f arctan |} = 1.3 wit arctan? /f) a when I” = 4 kHz,f, = 0.8 KHz 123-8 A=200W,,s/f,, b=f/W, o= # (Wu) F (Wim) 6b | Ww 2 vee N, +N, = K[s?-+aQs+De™ ] where K =~] —= | 8, 6b w A(y, +, )=K[2s+ 3a 3a(3s+ De ]=0 = 2-9%ae*=0 ds Thus, s,, =n” = Lingo’ =1n2 See eeeeemeceen 12.3-9 P) = R.(0)/S, =1 n=l: Pye =P, > =P, G,=[l-pi]'=2.77=4.4 dB 1 08]fe,]_[os n=2: lis Alla abel = G =8/9, c,=-1/9 8 x08+4x06] =281=458 9 9 12-1412.3-10 =R (OVS, =1 2 Pe =P. => 6 =P G, =[1-p?3}' =10.26=10.1 dB 1 0.95 ]fe, ]_ [0.95 =2: = =0.9744, ¢, =-0. n=2 [iss ji ki [iso] => G =0.9744, c, =-0.0256 G, =[1= 0.9744 x 0.95 + 0.0256 x 0.9}' =10.27 = 10.1 dB 123-11 aM(k-DT]=x,K-) xe ae a) oy ee ke fe [x -x@-T)] = 7, a x, (k-1)—x, (k= 2) leon Thus, take x, (ke) =x, (k =I) + Lx, (k= I) —¥, (k-2)] =2x, (k 1) — x, (k= 2) 80 6 =2, ¢ =-1 12.3-12 ¥,(k) = cx,(k-1) = (k=) 50 €,(k) = x(k) —ex(k 1) Then & = E[x"(k) -2ex(ku(k -N +e? (k-1)] where Ely ())]=EL¥k-DJ=ELP@]=5, Ele()e(k-D]=Efe@e@-T)]= RT) so € =S,-2R(T,)+e°S, = (1+) 5, -2eR(T,) $,-2R(T)=0 = c=R(T)/S,=p, de 12.3-13 Fb) = ex, (kN +e,%, (k= 2) = exh) +e,x(k-2) so €,(k) =x(k)—6,(k-1)—6,(k-2) 2X (k)+ ex (k 1) +0} (k — 2) 2c, ( K)x(k = 1) —2e, (x(k 2) + 2c,6,(k Dak = 2) where EL ¥(k-m)]= E[x'O]= 5S, E [x(k -n)x(k-m)] = E[x(t—n x(t mT, )] =R [en -n) 0) Hence, & =(l+e) +e2)S, +2¢,(c, - IR, (T,)-2c,R, 27) 12-1512.3-13 continued We want ae /de, aes S, +2, -)R(T,)=0 2c, 8, +2, R(T, - 2K 2T,)=0 Same result as Eq, (16b) with 1 =2 since p, = R,(0)/S, =1 124-1 Assume just music samples and no parity or control information 70 min/CD x 1.4112 Mbits/sec x 60 sec/min = 5.927 Gbits. 12.4-2 981 pages x 2 columns/page x 57 lines/column x 45 characters/line x 7 bits/character =35 Mbit. Based on problem 12.4-1, a CD can store 5.9 Gbits=5900 Mbytes => 35/5900 x 100% = 0.59% 12.4-3 Assume with the 2 Gbyte hard drive there is no need to store extra control or parity bits. Music => 1.4112 Mbits/sec x 1 byte/Sbits — 18° ___ x g bits/byte x 1 min/60sces x 2 x 10° bytes/hard drive = 189 minutes 14112 x 10°bits If'we do incorporate the same error control used on the CD, the recording time is 1s 7350 frames x 1 min/60 sees x 1 frame/S61 bits x 8 bits/byte x 2 x 10” bytevhard drive =65 minutes. 12-16=f, 2 12x 2x 15 kHz = 360 kbps 1.544 Mbps _ 4 % Ns 2 1 Digital B, 2— x 1.544 Mbps = 772 kHz igital B, >> ps 7 Analog B, 2 NW = 60 kHz 125-2 wf, = 12x 2x 15 kHz = 360 kbps 2.048 Mbps Ns 6 => N=5 Digital B, at x 2.048 Mbps = 1.024 MHz| Analog B, > NW =75 kHz 12.5-3 From Fig, 12.5-8, if we subtract Transport and Path overhead, a SONET frame has 9 rows x 86 bytes/row =774 bytes of user data. Thus a STS-1 has a capacity of 774 bytes/frame x 8 bits/byte x 8000 bits/frame = 49.536 Mbps. A DSO line is 64 kpbs => and STS-1 can handle 49536/64 = 774 DSO lines. However, in practice, a VT is used to interface DSO and DSI lines to a STS-1 The additional overhead of the VT reduces the number of DSO inputs to 672 and the number of DSI inputs to 28. See Bellamy (1991) for more information. 12.5-4 (600 dots/inch)” x (8 inches x 11 inches)/page = 31,680 kbits/page. 2 BRI channel — 128 kpbs > 31,680 kbits/128 kbps = 247 seconds/page. Obviously, some image compression is needed for this to be practical! 12.5-5 (600 dots/inch)? x (8 inches x 11 inches)/page = 31,680 kbits/page. 1-56 kbps channel = 31,680 kbits/56 kbps = 566 seconds/page. 12-17Chapter 13 131-1 P(no errors) = P(0,4) = (I-0.1)' = 0.6561 P(detected errors) = P(1,4) = 4X0.1x0.9" = 0.2916 P(undetedcte d errors) = 1 — P(0,4)— P(1,4) = 0.0523 13.1-2 P(no errors) = P(0,9) = (1 =0.05)' = 0.5971 P(detected errors) = P(1,9) = 90.05 x0.95" P(undetedete d errors) = 1 P(0,9)— P(19) = 2985 .0712 13.1-3 (a) Two errors not in the same row or column yields 4 intersections as possible error locations. Two errors in the same row (or column) yields two columns (or rows) as possible error locations. (©) L shaped error pattern yields no parity failures and is undetectable. Other patterns yield 4 or 6 parity failures and are detectable. 13.1-4 31,26) f=1: fin v2 (ax 27, 221x2.9? =7.00B (50 2 2 y? 31 A (31,21) r=2 | x10* | =, 22.53’ =6.7dB ee df ins (som } eer (31,16) t=3: 24, lc 3%? 19+ 123x228 = 6.9dB 31 30x29x28 32 1 3.73" =8.4dB Uncoded : Olf2y,)< 104 =F, Thus, use (31, 21) code to save 1.7 dB. 13-113.1-5 31,26) t= 0 5. 3 30 1,21) f=2 d fie He x0") 21,2 31 30x29 e116) 123: of a 22 x10) Sy, 2 Shx2.65" =8.348 (V3 30x29x28 2 Uneoded : Off2y,}s10* sy, ahi, 16 Thus, use (31, 21) code to save 2.3 4B. x3.0° =8.2dB 0.5dB 13.1-6 1,26) t=1 ras hr lend fF Je = 30 it aw qa = 7. we [6B [Pax a Pie 23) 23x10" | 3.5x107 | 3.7107 3_ [7 85x10" [2x107 [1.2107 10 [10 T4xio® [2.2x10% [1.5x10* 13.1-7 121) t=2 rae llRrhendf fF [DB [Puc a. Poe 3___[23x107 [5x107_[5.4x10" 2 3_ [7 8.5x107 | 4.7107 | 4.510" to [10 [Taxio® [1.2x107 [7.5x10 13-213.1-8 Coded transmission has 7,/7=R," and O(J2RY, (21) f=1 as Axio" =9.5x10°4,R Aa-12a)=0.906.4, =3.12°/2R,'=7.3dB (sal) 1=2: 219%} =4.8x10%, 681.7, = 2.67/2 14x13 (611) 1=3: —3%2 19) =1.22«107,8 = LG 1600) = 0.554,y, = 2.25" /2R * =6.64B 15x 14x13 6 ~. * Uneoded transmission r, /7=1 2, at olan: = }x4.27° =960B i ‘ie ao od he Coded transmission has 1, /r =." and OGJ2RY,) =a. (21) f=1: as wee : F120) = 0913.7, 45? /2R,'=8,1dB (51) 1=2: a=(—_x10* =2.2x10°,R, (1-150) = 0,709,y, = 2.85" /2R.'=7.6dB 14x13 (1612) 1=3: dB a=(—2 _x10°) =6.9x10°,2'= 10-160) = 0.6129, = 2.45/28, 15x14x13 16 Uncoded transmission r, /r=1 * OW2,)=10* =, = 4x4.77? =10.648 b a ‘ ‘ir ot oe he 13-313.1-10 a = O(W2x4) =2.3x10", T, =n/r=30 ys, 24 . SNe 1, 2 45km/3x10° km/s =150 us p= no =0.035,. 1 _170.035__ 9 53g 5 1, = 269kbps 514 9% 0.035 134-11 15x14x13 4 =o a = O(W2x4) =2.3x10?,1=3,P,, = oa =10° 3% T= nir=32 ps, a ae 3242-9385 v=10 1, 2 45km/3x10° km/s =150 ts cs 11_1-0.037 p= net = 0.037,R, = 0.497 = 7, = 248kbps 161+9%0.037 131-12 P= ko? 510° > a4 <10° andp=(k+ Ija<<1 ifk<100 Dz 2x18km/3 x10° km/s teel soir oi 7, = (e+ 1)/r= 100(k +1) as eel Rishi y tee kg PM ps 66 eH “k+l 1+D/T, k+14+12~ 10,000 Then, 1x10 R.'= 0.732,00 = O(f2RYs sGx10%)? So, y, 23.35°/2R.'=8.8dB 131-13, P= ko? S10 =< 10" and p= (K+ ac<1 itk<100 Fo Oto oie 1, = (k+ 0/7 =100(K +1) ps et Rise pana Ta Then, R'=0.737,0= OER) $ EAI)" =2.8%10" So, Y, 2345? /2R,'=9.1dB = k2129=> k=13 13413.1-14 mi =1(1- p) +(1+ N)p(l— p)+(1+2N)p*(1- p) ++ 3N)p'(1- p)+ = (1 p)ll-+ (+ N)p+ (1+ 2N)p? + (14 3N)p? tee] = (I= p)[(lt p+ p? +p" +) + Np+2p+3p° +9] But (I+ p+p?+p'+-)= (=p), and (l+2p+3p' + 1-p)? Thus, 7 =(1 -o 131-15 ‘A word has a detected error and must be retransmitted if the number of bit error is t 7, = 13-513.2-1 (a) Let n, = number of Is in U, n,= number of Is in V, and 1n,. = number of 1s position in U and V. Then, WU)+W(V) =n, +n, dU,V)=WUFV)=n, +1, -1,, SWU)AWV) + Y4 Y+Z x, ®y, © y, ©z,-), where y, @ y, =0,ete, (b) U+ Thus, dU V) =WUtV)=W(X+Z)= (XZ) and W(U)+W(V)= WX 4+ WY + Z)= dX +d(¥.Z) So (XZ) W(U)+ WV) = X,Y) + d(¥.Z) 13.22 d(X,Y)=iSl, d(XY)+d(¥,Z)2 d(X,Z)2d,,, 2141 30, 1418 dyy Sitd(Y,Z)S14+d(¥,Z)> A(YZ)21 Thus, Y cannot be a vector in the code, and the errors are detectable. 13.23 d(X,Y) =i <1, (X,Y) +d(Y,Z)2 U(X,Z)2 dy, 2 241 50, 2U+1S dy, Si+dW,Z)St+d(Y,Z) and d(V,Z)2t+1> d(XY) Thus, Y is closer to X than to any other valid code vector, and the errors can be corrected. 13.24 13-613.2-4 continued yet no error 001 => 1* bit 010= 2™ dit ete. Ox, Ox, Ox, =0 x Ox, @x, ®x, =0 ®x, ®x, x,=0 Since x,,x;,and x, appear only once, they must be the check bits. Thus, BOG Gy i Ch GH) =m Om@m, S]q=m Om, Om, m,@m, ®m, 13.2-12 (a) M e ~ » ¢ ~ Tooo oo00 9 Teese Teti—, eerie, Patek foro ere geri fore 4 1e11 eoe1 4 Too FP4e 11e0 eral e101 fee; Ff tier Baio 4 @110 oorr 4 1110 pooo 4 olnt ofee 4 Lthtt Fay 8B (b) Note from check-bit equations in Example 13.2-1 that ®ey Be, = my, 80 m, Om, Om, Om, Be, Be, Oe, = Thus, ¢. 0, @m, Om, m, ®m,@m, (©) Form d= Yy, (mod 2)s0 [d = 0 => no crrors or even number of errors d =1=0dd number of errors 13-9,13.2-12 continued Is = (000) and d = 0, assume no errors so.X =¥, If + (000) and d =1, assume single error so. =¥ +E, ICS # (000) and d =0, assume detectedbut uncorrectable errors. 13.2-13, g ie i110i)1070000, L101 7 (100111) Y(p=0+ p'+0+04 p?+ p+1 ou 11101)0100111 1101 11101 11101 0000 = S(p)=0 13.2-14 - 100. 10111 )1010000 1100 > Qy(p)=p" +040, C(p) =p? +p? +0+0 = X =(101 31100) X'=(111001) ¥(p)=0+ p'+ p*+ p'+0+041 13-1013.2-14 continued ou 10111)0111001 rou 10111 tou 0000 > S(p)=0 13.2-15 Jou io1i)1000000 ton 1100 1011 110 lou 101=R, 101 1011}0100000 tou 1100 tou il Similarly, R, =110 and, =011 101 1 Which is the P matrix in Example 13.2-1. 13-113.2-16 g 1110 T107)1000000 = p* 01 1010 Lot 1110 L101 10=R, ou 1101}0100000 L101 1010 ol 1110 L101 O1=R, Similarly, R, =111 and R, =101 R] filo oll a " P=|Z |=, [ same rows as P matrix in Example 13.2-, but different order. R| [101 13.217 p*M (p) = 1100000 Ragute miter att he ar Sen 13-1213.2-18 Initialize register to (00. 0), close feedback, open output switch, and shift y into register. After 7 shift cycles, open feedback switch and close output shift, shift out S(p) from register in 3 shift cycles. Input bit Register before shift n= RE » hon ow y@n On Fi 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 14 1 0 1 1 I 0 1 1 0 1 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 S(p)=0+0+0 13.2-19 =1x 10° = O(J2y,) and d,, From Table 7.6 => 4/27, =4.3 = y,=9.2 (a) For (7.4) code => n= 7,k=4, R = 4/7, 1=1 sy. 6 i=! (: rer. PMOGRRYI" = OCI8T x 9.68 = O(2R7,) = OBIT 9.2) = 6 x 10% (b) (15,11) code + d,,,, =32 4+] r=] and R, =11/15 =e AO(22/15 x 9.2)P = 3.2 x 10” ot = O(2R7,) = O(22I15 x 9.68) = 1.5 x 10% 2x 10° 13-1313.2-19 continued (©) 31,26) code > R. = 26/31, 3 Calercseni =P, = 300(/S2B1 X92} =6.1 x 10" a=O(Y2R.¥, = O52, 31x 9.2)=4.5x 10° 13.220 With y, = Ry, 0=Q6f21.) = QR) = ify, fixed = Ry, fixed = ot fixed Let's assume a=1 x 107 With a (7,4) code and ¢=1=9 P,, x10* The percent reduncancy of the (7,4) code is 3/7 x 100%=43% With a (31,26) code and ¢ =1 = P,, = 300" =3x 10" The percent reduneancy of the (31,26) code is 5/31 x 100%=16% =F, 7,4)< B.G1,26) Because the (31,26) code has less redundancy than the (7,4) code, we would therefore expect Barra < Pegi 2e 13.2-21 Uncoded system: P,, =1 x 10° = O(27,) > 7, =9.2 data rate => R, = 1/3=9 P= O(y2x (13) x92) =7 x 10" Ifwe transmit at 3 tim An error occurs if 2 or 3 transmissions are received in error > R= )"(3) p/(I- py with p =7x 10° QO JB = P.=3(7 x 10°) (1-7 x 10°)! +(7 x 10°) (1-7 x 10°)” 1.46 x 10* = P (triple reduncancy) versus the case from problem 13.2-19 where P (7,4) = 2.2 x 10° and P(15,11)=3.2 x 107 13-1413,2-22 101 ul 1110100 110 Y =[0100101] and with a (7,4) code H=| 0111010 | => S = YH7 = [0100101]| 011 |= [010] 1101001 100 010 001 Using Table 13.2-2 5 = [010] => error in 6th bit=> X=[0100111] 101 1 110 (b) Y=[orrt1 1] > 8 =¥H7 =[O11 111] O11] =[1o1] > xX =[L11 11] 100 010 001 101 11 110 [1010111]] 011 | =[100] => x =[1010011] 100 010 001 101 1 110 (a) Y=[1101000] = S = YH™ =[1101000]} 011 | =[001] = x =[1101001] 100 010 001 (© Y=[lo1o1ti} S=Y" 13-1513.2-23 Glp) = p+ p+ p +p? +p 41 ASCI character "E"=1000101—> M(p)= p" +p! +1=3 p"M(p)= ph+ p+ p? pitptpi+p ti p's ps pepalp app? po +p" +p +p +p +p +p® pl+ph+ tp! + p'+ pie! paps pit pit o poap+ p'+p’+p'ept pl ap"+p™+ p's pis pis pt p+ph+ pitpi+pitp’ potp’ +p tp +p poe pt+ ptp tps Ditp’tp' tps +p? +ptl=Cp) X(p)= p°M(p)+C(p) = p+ p+ p+ p+ p “+p +p *+p +p+l X =[1000101101010100111] 13,2-24 X is transmitted => X => Y. won| 22] =0= no eros Gp) From problem 13.2-23, errors in received vector = Y=1000101101010100100 = (p= pit p+ pM p't p “+ p+ p +p? 13-1613.2-24 continued YP p) p+ pi pt pitt posp's p+ psp4+l) psp "+p? sp 4p pi+p'+p'?+p*+p'+p° pi tp*tp@+p “tp “tp tp stp? popes tp! + p+ pi tp peep" ep? sap" ap? + - pet p+ p +p +p +p" aD pos pt pot p+ pi+p peeps pit pops pitp +ptl ptl> => remainder #0 an error has occured. 13,2-25 9600 bps => 1/9600 = 0.1 ms/bit = 125 ms noise burst > 125 ms x 10 bitms=1250 bits in error for each burst. A (63,45) code can correct for 3 errors => distribute 1200 errors over 400 blocks => 3 errors/block. We interleave the bits so we have 63+3=66 bits between errors, = each block=66 bits long latency delay between interleaving and deinterleaving => 2.x (400 blocks x 66 bits/block x 0.1 ms/bit)=2 x 2.64 seconds = 5.28 seconds 13-17Any combination of il : sf (jth et nl 3 Ae Men Maple mn 13.3-3 @) boon aeu Input 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 State a b © b d © a b d Gros) We = 0M = (i) ty ym = a) = (b) Minimum-weight paths: abee = D'/' and abede = D*/* Thus, d, =8, M(d,) = 142 =3 13-18 ouabdgei abdce = Thus, d= 6, Midi) =2 13.35 10101110111000000 > 1+D+D'+D'+D+D+D+ D'+D" +D+D* and G, =D+D? andG,=1 X)=G.M=(1+D+D\1+D+D +D+D+D+ D+ D'+D') = 14D’ +D°+D°+D"+D"+D" G.M=(D+D\1+D4+D+D+D+D+ D+ P+D') =D+D+D4+D+0 +d +D'+D° X) =M=(1+D+D'+D'+D'+D'+D'+D"+D") x j= 0 1234 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 x, = O11 101 010 101 100 111 111 001 000 101 111 001 000 110 010.000 000 13-1913.3-6 Redrawing Figure 13.3-5 to eliminate the input distributor, we have the following equivalent convolutional encoder: With M =110101110111000000 5 14+D+D'+D'+D+D+0+ D'+D) and +D? +D°, G,=1+D+D? and G, =1+D? X/=GM=(+D'+DY1+D+D' +D +0 +0 +0 +P +D') =14D+4D' +D°+D'+D+ D+ 0+ D'+0 Because we eliminated the input distributor => we will partition the output bits in groups of 2 and select the second bit for the ouput => 11 11 10 00 11 00 10 10 S=x= 11000000 M=(1+D+D\l+D+D+D+0+ 0+ D+ D+D') =14D°+D +i +d? +D° +d" = 10 00 01 10 00 10 11 10 =x oo100010 13-2013.3-6 continued X)=GM=(1+DY1+D+D' +D'+D'+D'+D'+D" +D") =1+D+D' +D'+D'+D"+D"+D" > 11 10 00 10 10 10 11 00 S>v= 10000010 Interleaving x, , x, and x} we get Input messageof 11 O1 O1 11 01 11 00 00 Sx, 101 100 010 000 100 000 011 000 13.3-7 Redrawing Figure 13.3-5 to eliminate the input distributor, we have the following equivalent convolutional encoder: Input ms m,; m, nm + x >——_______e 13-2113.3-7 continued With M =110101110111000000> 1+ D+D'+D' +D' +0 +0 +0" +0 and G,=1, G, =1+D! and G, = D'+D’ X,=GM=()1+ D+ D' + +0 +5 +0 +8 40!) =1+D+4D' 4D 40° 40 +0 +0 +0' +040 Because we eliminated the input distributor = we will partition the output bi and select the second bit for the ouput = 11 01 01 11 01 11 00 00 Pritittioo G.M = (I+ DYI+D+ D+ D+ D+ 0+ 0+ P+D') =14+D+D'+D°+D'+D"+D"+D" = 11 10 00 10 10 10 10 11 : AOOOUDON M =(D? + D'\1+D+D' +D' +D° +D' +D" + D° +b") D! +D'+D°+D°++D' + D"+ D'+ D?+ D* +0 > 00 10 11 11 00 11 10 10 j= 00110100 Interleaving x, , x, and x} we get Input message of 11 01 O1 11 01 11 00 00 110 100 101 101 100 101 010 000 =x, 13.3-8 (a) The state transition diagram does not have a transition with a nonzero input that has a zero output => noneatastrophic Altematively, factoring G,(D)=1+ D? = (1+ D\1+4 D) and dividing GD) = D’ + D+1 by (D+1) we get 13-2213.3-8 continued D+ip?+D+1 1 = there are no common factors to G, (D) and G, (D) = noncatastrophic (b) The state transition diagram of Fig 13.3-5 does not have a transition with a nonzero input that has a ze output => noneatastrophic. Altematively, with G,(D) = D' + D? +1, G,(D) Dividing G,(D) and G,(D) by D +1 we get * + D+, and G,(D) =D? +1=(D+1XD+1) D D+D D+l)D'+D'+1 and D+1)D'+D+1 D+D D+D D+ 1 = there are no common factors to G,(D),G, (D) and G,(D) => noneatastrophic (c) G(D) = D+D* = D(D+ land G,(D) = D’ +1 =(D+1KD+1) => (D +1) is common to both G,(D) and G, (D) => catastrophic13.3-9 First, we consider 1, W, section where and T(D,) = D?IxT, xD? =P! -2DI 13,3-10 ari.) ar(p,n) aT 22. a =r [Eeeao]oe yu@bkfed-ol where M(d)= Sid.’ 1 4, “2, 7 2 Sp yMid 2" fad? + Yi M(ay2"la-} } If Vee <<1 ,then 1-c = 1 and M(d)2" [a(1- on)” << M(d, )2" [ala]? for d 2d, +1, so tua)" a” K 13,3-11 (a) azo ee a a bei Loe 13-24