Reservoir Dynamic Modeling Technologies &
Geological Modeling Technologies
Kassem Ghorayeb
MEA Reservoir Engineering Advisor
CONSULTING SERVICES | The Middle East Hub
© 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
An asterisk is used throughout this presentation to denote a mark of Schlumberger.
Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their respective
owners.
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Overview
Field Development Plan – The Big Picture
Integrated Seismic-to-Simulation
Static Modeling
Uncertainty Analysis
Dynamic Modeling
Integrated Surface-Subsurface Modeling
Multi-Scenario Production Forecast
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
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Field Development Planning – The Big Picture
Exploring Possible Subsurface Outcomes (Realizations).
– Predictive Reservoir Simulation Models
– Reservoir Uncertainties and Risk Mitigation
Building Alternative Development Concepts.
– Wells, Completions & Facilities
Developing the Optimum Concept
– Robustness of Development Concepts to Subsurface Uncertainty.
– Economic Analysis
Supporting the Recommended Concepts with Appropriate Strategies in
a Comprehensive FDP.
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Build a Petrel project of the
Static Model field assembling all the data
available
Seismic Interpretation & Inversion
– Horizons and Fault Interpretation
Core Description:
– Conceptual depositional model
Petrophysical Interpretation
– Data review and QC
– Cementation factor (m), and Saturation exponent (n)
– Permeability-Porosity Transform
– Rock Typing (MICP, RCA, Log Data, Lithofacies)
– Free Water Level and Saturation Height Function
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Static Model (Cont.)
Structural modeling
– Fault model, Pillar gridding, Horizon model, Zonation and Layering
Facies Modeling
– Population of lithofacies and depositional facies in the 3D Grid
Petrophysical Property Modeling
– Realistic property model reflecting the reservoir geological and
production characteristics.
– Stochastic porosity and permeability modeling
– Water saturation modeling
Volumetrics Estimation
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Static Model Workflow (SPE 127599)
Well Tops
Structural Model
Seismic Horizons
Core Data
Log Data Facies Model
3D Interpretation
OIIP & GIIP
Estimates
Core Data
Log Data Porosity Model Matrix Model
3D Interpretation
Uncertainty
&
Sensitivity
SCAL DATA
Analysis
MDT Data Log Data SHF
Log Data FWL Model
Well Test Data
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Uncertainty Analysis Workflow
3D Porosity Model
3d Facies Model
Constrained with Facies Model
Multiple Runs Multiple Runs
Structural Uncertainty Porosity Modeling Uncertainty Facies Modeling Uncertainty
In Place Volumetrics Estimation
Uncertainty & Sensitivity Analysis
FWL Uncertainty Bo/Bg/Rs/Rv Uncertainty
Derive & Generate
Multiple Runs Multiple Runs P10/P50/P90 Models
Fluid Contact Model PVT Model
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Uncertainty Analysis Workflow (Cont.)
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Uncertainty Analysis Workflow (Cont.)
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Uncertainty Analysis Workflow (Cont.)
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Fracture Model Workflow (SPE 140666)
Hard Data (Image Logs, Core, MEM Logs) Soft Data
Fracture Rose Stereo Rigidity 3D Seismic
Tadpoles Diagrams Plots Modulus Volume Curvature
Understanding of Fracture Fracture Intensity
Fracture Corridors
Orientation & Relation to Tectonics Model
Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)
Upscaling to
3D Model
Fracture Model
Assign Fracture Assign Fracture
Aperture Permeability
Calibration with Fracture Model Calibration with
Well Test Data Calibration Fracture Density Log
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Fracture Model Workflow (SPE 140666)
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Building the Dynamic Model – Building Blocks
SCAL PVT VFP
Fully Petrel
1
Based
Relative Permeability
0.8 Liquid Va por
Workflow
BHP, (10 3) Psia
0.6
Pr essure
0.4
0.2
T wo -Phase
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Liquid Rate, MMSTB/Day
Water Saturation T emperature
Upscaling
Calibration Depletion Scenarios
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Fully Integrated Petrel Framework
Entire model will be based on Petrel
– PVT, SCAL, VFP, Aquifers, Development Strategies, …
Petrel workflows and macros will be used to ensure a
portable and maintainable history matched model.
Grid block-independent multipliers will be used:
Zones, Segments, polygones, …This enables a
smooth transition from one grid size to another in the
history matching process.
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Upscaling
Honoring reservoirs heterogeneity
– Retain as much geological details as possible
Two Upscaled models:
– High Resolution: Targeted studies (infill drilling, EOR, …)
– Low Resolution: Multi-scenario production forecasts.
– History Matching will take place on the low resolution
model first
– Results will then feed into the HM of the high resolution
model
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Upscaling (Cont.)
Understand the continuity of the reservoir properties
both areally and vertically (facies)
Preserve vertical barriers
HCPV maps per zone and porosity cross-sections
were made. The final proposed layering scheme is
selected giving priority to zones with high HCPV and
high vertical contrast of porosity.
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Upscaling – QC
Check Volumetrics (see separate slide)
For all wells compare synthetic porosity, permeability and
saturation logs (fine scale and upscaled models).
Perform visual checks on the upscaled porosity and permeability
by comparing 2D map views, 2D cross-sections for the upscaled
model and the static model for all relevant zones.
Compare histograms and k-phi cross-plots before and after
upscaling for all the relevant horizons and facies
Compare dynamic behavior on a sector model between fine scale
and upscaled models
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History Matching
Uncertainty Analysis: Identify the set of reservoirs
parameters with high uncertainty and their corresponding
ranges of uncertainty.
Run a sensitivity analysis to investigate the impact of
different parameters on the flow performance (rates, water
breakthrough, WCT, GOR, pressure).
Narrow down the set of uncertainty parameters to be carried
on to be used in the history matching process.
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History Matching (Cont.)
Field, Group & Well level.
Production data analysis helps on setting the HM criteria.
Calibrate model to well test data.
Check quality of the HM using the RST/PNL Data.
Potential usage of assisted history matching as applicable
(Petrel HM & Optimization or MEPO).
History match the Low Resolution model followed my HM of
the High Resolution model.
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History Matching & Calibration of the DFN Model (SPE
125566)
Upscale the DFN into Static Model
Grid.
Reservoir information from
analytical PDD/PBU interpretations.
Extract a reservoir sector model
from the full field model.
Simulate the pressure transient
tests.
Adjust fracture properties to get a
good match.
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Calibration Results Example 1
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Multi-Scenario Production Forecasts SPE144442
Automated Well Placement Accounting for Uncertainty
'
Automated well layout and
scheduling.
Centralized drilling queues..
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Integrated Asset Model (SPE papers 79702, 92381)
Pressure interaction between a reservoir and a surface facility
network model.
Pressure interaction between different reservoirs in the case of
multiple reservoirs sharing a surface facility.
Influence of facility constraints on a set of reservoirs sharing a
surface facility.
Mixing of fluids from several reservoirs with different fluid
descriptions in a production network.
Integration with process and economic models.
Optimization of the integrated system.
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Integrated Asset Model (SPE papers 125595 and
144442)
Avocet IAM
Reservoir Model 1 Reservoir Model 2 Reservoir Model N
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Integrated Asset Model – Surface/Subsurface
Integration SPE papers 112223, 123689
Breaks Down Barriers between Disciplines.
Bring the Engineering Models Closer to the Operational World.
Feasibility Validation of Field Development Plans.
Evaluation of any Possible Production System Bottleneck.
Optimizing CAPEX and OPEX.
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Network Modeling
Well/Network Modeling
Well Design and Analysis
Nodal Analysis
Network Debottlenecking
Pipeline & Equipment Sizing
Gas Lift / ESP Optimization
Flow Assurance
Erosion & Corrosion Modeling
Slug flow prediction / Slug catcher sizing
Field Network Development Planning
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Schlumberger EOR Strategy
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Differentiated Offering Market Segmentation Leverage
Field Implementation / Management
Reservoir Management Full IPM
Field Implementation All segments
Field Pilots
Field Pilots Wireline / Deepreading
Mini & Micro pilots Testing Services
Large Scale Pilots Completions
EOR Screening
Method Selection SIS
Designing Phase Testing Services
Completions
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Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
EOR Stage Consulting Services
Preliminary Screening and Design Simulation modeling and screening
Evaluation of formation connectivity
Validation of Reserves
Rock and fluid characterization
Detailed Study and Laboratory Analysis Relative Permeability Upscaling
Recovery Forecasting
Fluid and rock compatibility
Risk evaluation Risk profiling
Evaluation of investment cost
Resource planning
Pilot Execution and Analyses Selection of observation, production and
injection wells
Well and completion design
Testing, interpretation and monitoring
Evaluation of Pilot and scale up Displacement efficiency evaluation
Full field EOR design
Determination of EOR fluid requirements
Evaluation of Business Impact Project implementation business risk evaluation
Determination of expected potential
Production and injection rates evaluation
Full-Field Implementation Well and surface facilities integrity evaluation
Flow assurance
Reservoir monitoring
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