Group Communication Papers
GROUP COMMUNICATION IN
THE ORGANIZATION
By:
CUT RENITA DWI HUMAYRA
1910102010101
Supporting lecturer :
Deni Yanuar, S.IP, MIKom
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION
SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND POLITICAL
SCIENCE
KUALA SYIAH UNIVERSITY, BANDA ACEH
DECEMBER, 2020
FOREWORD
Praise be to Allah who has made it easy for us to complete this paper. Without His
help, the compilers might not be able to solve it properly. Hopefully prayers and greetings
will be abundant to our beloved king, the Prophet Muhammad.
This paper is structured so that readers can broaden their knowledge of "Group
Communication in Organizations", which we present based on observations from various
sources. This paper is arranged by compilers with various obstacles, both those that come
from the compilers and those from outside. full of patience and especially help from God
finally this paper can be completed.
Hopefully this paper can provide wider knowledge to readers. Although this paper has
flaws. Composers need constructive criticism and suggestions from readers.
Banda Aceh, 14 December 2020
Author
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
WORDS INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................II
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...........................................................................1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION.................................................................................3
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION..........................................................................15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ii
PIG
PRELIMINARY
A. Background of the problem
Language is a system of sound symbols used by humans for
communication purposes. Therefore, Indonesian language teaching has a scope
and objectives that foster the ability to express thoughts and feelings by using
good and correct language so that a person can communicate properly and
correctly. There are many theoretical studies about this language. One of them is
the study of phonology. As prospective educators, it is appropriate to understand
this study of phonology to serve as a guide for teaching Indonesian lessons. The
author feels the need to compile this paper in order to help compilers in particular
and readers in general to know about phonological limitations and studies, some
definitions regarding sound systems, phonetic studies, phonemic studies,
phonological symptoms
Language is a sound system. The science of sound is generally called
phonology. Phonology includes the sounds of language, both those concerned
with sound formation, sounds as air vibrations, and audible sounds (all three are
studied by phonetics) as well as those concerned with the function of sound in
communication. Generative phonology is a phonological development initiated by
Chomsky and Halle in 1968. Generative phonology generally discusses the
phonological processes of a language. Therefore, in the study of generative
phonology, the rules of sound change are found.
This paper will discuss phonological theories and their application in life.
B. Formulation of the problem
How is phonological theory and its application in life?
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C. Purpose of the Problem
The purpose of the preparation of this paper It is hoped that the reader will
be able to understand phonological concepts and theories and their application in
life.
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Basic Concepts of Phonology
Phonology is a part of grammar or linguistics that analyzes the sounds of
language in general. Phonology has two branches of knowledge, namely phonetics
and phonemics. Phonetics is a part of phonology that studies how to produce
language sounds or how a language sound is produced by human speech tools.
Phonemic is a part of phonology that studies speech sounds according to their
function as a differentiator of meaning (Widi, 2009: 03).
According to Chaer (2003: 102) phonology is a field of linguistics that
studies, analyzes, and talks about sequences of language sounds. The term
phonology comes from the Greek language, namely phone = 'sound', logos =
'knowledge'. Phonology is literally the science of sound. Phonology is a part of
linguistics that studies sound. The first object of phonological study is the sound
of language (fon) which is called sound system (phonetics) and the second
examines the phoneme which is called the phonemic system. Thus it can be
concluded that phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies language
sounds, the processes of their formation and change. Phonology examines the
sound of language in general and functionally.
B. Understanding Generative Phonology
In 1957, Noam Chomsky put forward a new idea in linguistics, namely the
generative theory. Initially, this generative theory studied language at the
grammar level. In its development, this theory can be applied at the phonological
level which is then called generative phonology. This generative phonology first
appeared in America and Morris Halle was the first to apply generative principles
in the field of phonology (Yusuf, 1998: 92).
Based on generative theory, which is discussed in generative phonology,
among others, the system of rules related to sound and meaning, the phonetic
representation of a language, the process of sound changes, and the assumptions
that underlie sound changes. From the explanation above, it can be revealed that
generative phonology is a component that comes from generative grammar
applied to the field of phonology. The phonological process or sound change of a
language is a concern of generative phonology. Generative phonology describes
the process for changing the sound to occur.
Apart from that, in phonology there is also the term distinctive feature.
Schane (1992) states that the phoneme is not the smallest unit. There are smaller
units called distinctive features or sound distinguishing features. The
distinguishing features of a segment in generative phonology are based on:
(1) main class features (syllabic, sonoran, consonantal);
(2) articulation area (anterior, coronal);
(3) mode of articulation (continuous, delayed discharge, strident, nasal,
lateral);
(4) tongue shaft (high, low, back);
(5) lip shape (round);
(6) additional (tense, voiced, aspirational, glotalization); and
(7) prosodi (pressure and length) (Kenstowicz, 1994: 452; Schane, 1992a: 28-
35; and Carr, 1994 in Sawirman).
Meanwhile, Dardjowidjojo (2010: 44) explains that the distinctive features
that exist in consonants are vocal and consonantal, anterior, coronal, continuous
(malar), straiden, nasal, and vois (sound). Furthermore, for vowels, the distinctive
features are: high, vocal (syllabic), back, round, and tense. From the explanation
above, it can be concluded that there are units that are smaller than the phoneme,
and the smallest units are explained through a distinctive feature.
This distinctive feature serves to determine the smallest unit in sound
analysis. Generative Phonological Rules The rules for sound change in generative
phonology include: characteristic change rules, segment impingement rules,
segment addition / insertion rules, segment unification rules (coalition), and
metathesis (permutation) rules. These rules are thought to apply universally in all
languages. In general, these rules have the following formula:
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1. Addition of Segments Segment addition is the addition or insertion of
segments in words. This rule can be formulated as follows: A. Ø / B __ C
2. Segment Impression Segment impingement is the deletion of a segment in
a word. This rule can be formulated as follows: Ø A B C
3. Segment Unification (coalition) Segment unification is a phonological
process in which two sounds are combined into a single sound that has the
properties of two original sounds respectively. Often the sound produced
has a place where one source sound is articulated and another articulation
event. In this rule, both consonant and vowel groups are pronounced as
one sound. Coalition formula example: [xy] z / # __
4. Assimilation Assimilation is the process of changing one phoneme into
another phoneme as the result of putting morphemes together (Ramelan in
Sutomo, 2012).
Assimilation is the change in sound from one phoneme to another as a
result of putting morphemes together. In other words, assimilation is two different
sounds that become the same or nearly the same sound. This happens because the
sounds of the language are pronounced sequentially so that they have the potential
to influence or be influenced by each other as a result of almost the same
environment.
Assimilation based on the articulation path is divided into progressive and
regressive assimilation. Progressive assimilation is the process of influencing a
sound on the sound after it. Meanwhile, regressive assimilation is the process of
the effect of a sound on the previous sound. In addition, there is a division of
assimilation types based on the influence of consonants and vowels. The kinds of
assimilation are:
1. assimilation of Consonants (KK): consonants that are assimilated with
consonants;
2. Consonant-Vowel assimilation (KV): consonants that are assimilated with
vowels;
3. Vocals assimilation (VV): vowels assimilated with vowels; and
4. Vowel-Consonant assimilation (VK): vowels that assimilate consonants.
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This paper will provide an explanation of the process of changing sound at
a phonological level, accompanied by data taken from various languages. This
explanation is explained using the principles of generative phonology as stated
above.
The phonological process is basically the process of changing the sound of
a word or phrase due to a process of changing the sound from the basic form to
the derivative form. These changes are usually the result of affixation. This sound
change can be in the form of adding a segment, impingement of a segment,
joining of segments, or assimilation. From the explanation and analysis above, it
can be concluded that the sound change event and its causes can be explained
using a generative phonological approach.
C. Some Definitions Regarding Sound System
a. Phoneme
The term phoneme can be defined as the smallest functional unit of
language, meaning that the phoneme unit has a function to distinguish meaning.
Phonemes in a language have several pronunciations depending on their place in
the word or syllable. For example phoneme / t / if it is at the beginning of a word
or syllable, it is pronounced loosely. In the word / cap /, the phoneme / t / is
pronounced independently. However, if it is at the end of a word, the phoneme /
t / is not pronounced independently. Our lips are still tightly closed when
pronouncing sounds, for example the word / make /.
b. Allophone
Phoneme variants are based on the position in the word, for example the
first phoneme in the word eat and the meaning is phonetically different.
Variations of a phoneme that do not differentiate between meanings are called
allophones. Allophone is written between two square brackets […]. If [p] is loose
we mark with [p] only, while [p] which cannot be separated, we mark with [p>].
So we can say that in Indonesian the phoneme / p / has two allophones, namely
[p] and [p>].
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D. Phonetic Studies
a. Sound Classification
1) Based on whether there is an obstacle to the flow of air in the sound channel.
- Vowels are language sounds where the air flow does not experience obstacles. In
the formation of vowels there is no articulation.
- Consonants are language sounds that are formed by blocking the flow of air in
some speech tools. In this case articulation occurs.
- A semi-vowel sound is a sound that is practically a consonant, but because when
it is articulated it has not yet formed a pure consonant.
2) Based on the outlet of the air flow.
- Nasal sound, which is the sound produced by blocking the flow of air out of the
oral cavity and opening the way for air flow to escape through the nasal cavity.
- Oral sound, which is the sound that is produced by lifting the tip of the child
gently to the soft palate to cover the nasal cavity, so that air flows out through the
mouth.
3) Based on the presence or absence of air current tension when the sound is
articulated.
- Loud sound (fortis), namely the sound of language when articulated
accompanied by a strong current tension.
- Soft sound (lenis), which is a sound when articulated is not accompanied by a
strong current tension.
4) Based on the length of the sound at the time it was uttered or articulated
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- Long beep
- Short beep
5) Based on the degree of loudness
The sound is divided into a loud sound and a loud sound. The degree of
loudness is determined by the area or size of the resonant space at the time the
sound is spoken. The wider the resonant space of the speech channel when
forming a bell, the higher the degree of loudness. Vice versa.
6) Based on the manifestation in syllables
- Single sound, which is a sound that stands alone in one syllable (all vowels or
monophthongs and consonants).
- Double sound, namely two or more sounds contained in one syllable. The double
sound consists of
- Diphthong (double vowel): [ai], [au] and [oi].
- Clusters (consonant clusters): [pr], [kr], [tr] and [bl].
7) Based on air currents
- Egressive sound, which is a sound that is formed by expelling air currents from
the lungs. Egressive sounds can be divided into:
- Pulmonic egressive sound: formed by shrinking the lung space lungs,
abdominal muscles and chest cavity.
- Glotalic egressive sound: formed by tightening the vocal cords so that the
glottis is closed.
- Ingressive sounds, which are sounds formed by sucking air into the lungs.
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- Glothallic invasive: the formation is the same as glotalic egressive but
different in air currents.
- Velarik progressive: formed by raising the base of the tongue is placed
on the soft palate. Most of the sounds in Indonesian are egressive
sound
E. Phonemic Studies
The term phoneme can be defined as the smallest functional unit of
language, meaning that the phoneme unit has a function to distinguish meaning.
Phonemes can also be limited as sound units that are distinctive or significant
sound units. In this case, there is a need for phonemization aimed at finding
sounds that function in the context of differentiating these meanings. Thus the
phonemization aims at
(1) determine the phonemic structure of a language, and
(2) make practical orthography or spelling of a language.
To recognize and determine language sounds that are functional or
phonemes, it is usually done through "minimal pair contrast". In this case the
minimal pair is the pair of the smallest and meaningful language forms in a
language (usually a single word) which are ideally the same, except for one
different sound. There are at least four premises for recognizing a phoneme,
namely
(1) the sound of the language is influenced by the environment,
(2) the sound of the language is symmetrical,
(3) the sounds of the language which are phonetically similar, must be classified
into different phoneme classes, and
(4) complementary sounds of language must be included in the same phoneme
class.
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a. Realization of Phonemes
Phoneme realization is the actual expression of phonological features or
units, namely phonemes into language sounds. Phoneme realization is closely
related to phoneme variation. Phoneme variation is one form of expression of
phoneme realization. The Indonesian phoneme is divided into vowels and
consonants segmentally
b. Phoneme Variations
Phoneme variation is a form of various conditional and unconditional
manifestations of phonemes. The result of the variation of a phoneme that is
determined by its environment in a complementary distribution is called the
allophonic variant or allophone.
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CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
Based on this explanation, it can be concludedthat:
1. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sounds of
language, the process of its formation and change.
2. Phonology examines the sound of language in general and
functionally. The term phoneme can be defined as the smallest
functional unit of language, meaning that the phoneme unit has a
function to distinguish meaning.
3. Phoneme variants based on the position in the word, for example the
first phoneme in the word eat and the meaning phonetically different.
Variations of a phoneme that do not differentiate between meanings
are called allophones.
4. Phonetic studies are divided into sound classifications, most of which
are egressive sounds in Indonesian. And the second is the formation of
vowels, consonants, diphthongs, and clusters. In the case of phonetic
studies, there is a need for phonemization aimed at finding sounds that
function in the context of differentiating these meanings. Thus the
phonemization aims to (1) determine the phonemic structure of a
language, and (2) make a practical orthography or spelling of a
language.
5. Symptoms of Indonesian phonology include the addition of phonemes,
deletion of phonemes, changes in phonemes, contractions, analogies,
suprasegmental phonemes.
6. At the word level, the emphasis, term, and tone in Indonesian do not
differentiate between meanings. However, the pronunciation of the
word is distorted in terms of stress, and the tone feels awkward.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dardjowidjojo, S. 2010. Psycholinguistics: An Introduction to Human Language
Understanding, Second Edition. Jakarta: Indonesian Torch Foundation.
Eugene, AN 1949. The Descriptive Analysis of Words, second edition. Michigan:
University of Michigan Press.
Odden, D. 2005. Introducing Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Luqman, M. 2010. Generative Phonology. Papers. Malang: State University of
Malang.
Mahsun. 2007. Language Research Methods: Stages of Strategy, Methods, and
Techniques. Revised Edition. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Ramelan. 1985. English Phonetics. Semarang: IKIP Semarang Press.
Sawirman. 2008. Suprasegmental as Land for Cultural Studies, ebook 135.
Downloaded from http: // sawirman- e135.blogspot.com/2009/08/e135-
sawirman-dansuprasegmental-2008.html.
Schane, SA 1992. Generative Phonology: Translated by Kentjanawati Gunawan.
Jakarta: Summer Institute of Linguistics Indonesia.
Sutomo, J. 2012. English phonological processes, a study of generative
phonology. Journal of Language and Cultural Dynamics Vol. 7 No.2 2012.
Semarang: Unisbank.
Yusuf, S. 1998. Phonetics and Phonology. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia General Library.
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