s\ 50 " ea yess a ay re a oh Major American Universities Ph.D. Qualifying Questions and Solutions PROBLEMS anp SOLUTIONS on QUANTUM MECHANICS Compiled by: The Physics Coaching Class University of Science and Technology of China Edited by: YUNG-KUO LIMMajor American Universities Ph.D. Qualifying Questions and Solutions PROBLEMS anb SOLUTIONS on QUANTUM MECHANICS Compiled by: The Physics Coaching Class University of Science and Technology of China Edited by: YUNG-KUO LIM oe by & Co A Ss 3 w = i \ World Scientific NewJersey ¢ London ¢ Singapore « Hong KongPublished by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. First published 1998 Reprinted 1999, 2000, 2002, 2005 Major American Universities Ph.D. Qualifying Questions and Solutions PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS ON QUANTUM MECHANICS Copyright © 1998 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright ‘Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ed ISBN 981-02-3132-6 ISBN 981-02-3133-4 (pbk) Seay, Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers > Y¥ Suse ‘ aPREFACE This series of physics problems and solutions, which consists of seven vol- umes — Mechanics, Electromagnetism, Optics, Atomic, Nuclear and Parti- cle Physics, Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Solid State Physics and Relativity, contains a selection of 2550 problems from the graduate-school entrance and qualifying examination papers of seven U.S. universities - California University Berkeley Campus, Columbia University, Chicago University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York State University Buffalo Campus, Princeton University, Wisconsin University — as well as the CUSPEA and C. C. Ting’s papers for selection of Chinese students for further studies in U.S.A., and their solutions which represent the effort of more than 70 Chinese physicists plus some 20 more who checked the solutions. The series is remarkable for its comprehensive coverage. In each area the problems span a wide spectrum of topics, while many problems overlap several areas. The problems themselves are remarkable for their versatil- ity in applying the physical laws and principles, their uptodate realistic situations, and their scanty demand on mathematical skills. Many of the problems involve order-of-magnitude calculations which one often requires in an experimental situation for estimating a quantity from a simple model. In short, the exercises blend together the objectives of enhancement of one’s understanding of the physical principles and ability of practical application. The solutions as presented generally just provide a guidance to solving the problems, rather than step-by-step manipulation, and leave much to the students to work out for themselves, of whom much is demanded of the basic knowledge in physics. Thus the series would provide an invaluable complement to the textbooks. The present volume consists of 380 problems. It covers practically the whole of the usual undergraduate syllabus in quantum mechanics, just falling short of quantum field theory, but in substance and sophistication going much beyond. In editing, no attempt has been made to unify the physical terms, units and symbols. Rather, they are left to the setters’ and solvers’ own prefer- ence so as to reflect the realistic situation of the usage today. Great pains has been taken to trace the logical steps from the first principles to the final solution, frequently even to the extent of rewriting the entire solution.vi Preface In addition, a subject index to problems has been included to facilitate the location of topics. These editorial efforts hopefully will enhance the value of the volume to the students and teachers alike. The editor is most grateful to Prof. C. H. Oh of the National University of Singapore for some most illuminating discussion on the topics. Yung-Kuo Lim EditorINTRODUCTION Solving problems in school work is exercise of the mind and enhances understanding of the principles. In general examination questions usually parallel such problems. Thus working out problems forms an essential and important part of the study of physics. Major American University Ph.D. Qualifying Questions and Solutions is a series of seven volumes. The subjects of each volume and the respective referees (in parentheses) are as follows: 1. Mechanics (Qiang Yuan-qi, Gu En-pu, Cheng Jia-fu, Li Ze-hua, Yang De-tian) 2. Electromagnetism (Zhao Shu-ping, You Jun-han, Zhu Jun-jie) . Optics (Bai Gui-ru, Guo Guang-can) 4. Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics (Jin Huai-cheng, Yang Bao- zhong, Fan Yang-mei) 5. Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics (Zheng Jiu-ren) 6. Quantum Mechanics (Zhang Yong-de, Zhu Dong-pei, Fan Hong-yi) 7. Solid State Physics, Relativity and Miscellaneous Topics (Zhang Jia- lu, Zhou You-yuan, Zhang Shi-ling) co This series covers almost all aspects of University Physics and contains 2550 problems, most of which are solved in detail. The problems have been carefully chosen from a collection of 3100 prob- lems, of which some came from the China-U.S.A. Physics Examination and Application (CUSPEA) Program, some were selected from the Ph.D. Qualifying Examination on Experimental High Energy Physics sponsored by Chao Chong Ting. The rest came from the graduate preliminary or qualifying examination questions of seven world-renowned American uni- versities: Columbia University, University of California at Berkeley, Mas- sachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Wisconsin, University of Chicago, Princeton University and State University of New York, Buffalo. Generally speaking, examination problems in physics in American uni- versities do not involve too much mathematics. Rather, they are to a large extent characterized by the following three aspects. Some problems involv- ing various frontier subjects and overlapping domains of science are selected by professors directly from their own research work and thus have an “up- to-date” flavor. Some problems involve broad fields and require a quickviii Introduction mind to analyse, while the methods needed for solving the other problems are simple and practical but requires a full “touch of physics”. Indeed, we venture to opine that the problems, as a whole, embody to some extent the characteristics of American science and culture, as well as the philosophy underlying American education. Therefore, we considered it worthwhile to collect and solve these prob- lems and introduce them to students and teachers, even though the effort involved was formidable. As many as a hundred teachers and graduate students took part in this time-consuming task. A total of 380 problems make up this volume of eight parts: basic prin- ciples and one-dimensional motions (72), central potentials (27), spin and angular momentum (48), motion in electromagnetic field (16), perturbation theory (83), scattering theory and quantum transitions (61), many-particle systems (37), and miscellaneous topics (40). In scope and depth, most of the problems conform to undergraduate physics syllabi for quantum mechanics in most universities, while many are rather profound and sophisticated or broad-based. A remarkable fact is that the problems from American universities often combine fundamental principles and latest research activities. Thus the problems may help the reader not only to enhance understanding of basic principles, but also to cultivate the ability of solving practical problems in a realistic environment. This volume is the result of the collective effort of 19 physicists who worked out and checked the solutions, notably Zhang Yong-de, Zhu Dong- pei, Fan Hong-yi, Ren Yong, Dai Tie-sheng, Ning Bo. The original trans- lation was carried out by professors Zheng Jiu-ren and Qi Bo-yun.CONTENTS Preface Introduction Part I Basic Principles and One-dimensional Motions (1001-1071) Part II Central Potentials (2001-2023) Part III Spin and Angular Momentum (3001-3048) Part IV Motion in Electromagnetic Fields (4001-4016) Part V__ Perturbation Theory (5001-5083) Part VI Scattering Theory and Quantum Transitions (6001-6061) Part VII Many-Particle Systems (7001-7037) Part VIII Miscellaneous Topics (8001-8040) Index to Problems vii 123 171 255 292 468 601 666 746ca 8% - 2 a Y Cen,1. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTIONS 1001 Quantum phenomena are often negligible in the “macroscopic” world. Show this numerically for the following cases: (a) The amplitude of the zero-point oscillation for a pendulum of length 1=1m and mass m = 1 kg. (b) The tunneling probability for a marble of mass m = 5 g moving at a speed of 10 cm/sec against a rigid obstacle of height H = 5 cm and width w=1cm. (c) The diffraction of a tennis ball of mass m = 0.1 kg moving at a speed v = 0.5 m/sec by a window of size 1 x 1.5 m2. (Wisconsin) Solution: (a) The theory of the harmonic oscillator gives the average kinetic energy as V = }E, ie. }mw?A? = thw, where w = ./g/l and A is the root-mean- square amplitude of the zero-point oscillation. Hence A=) F041 x 10-7 m, TM) Thus the zero-point oscillation of a macroscopic pendulum is negligible. (b) If we regard the width and height of the rigid obstacle as the width and height of a gravity potential barrier, the tunneling probability is T w exp [- 2m (mot 7 37?) = exp ("= V 29H — *) y where ote V2gH — v? = 0.9 x 10°. Hence 30 T mw e7 09x10" ~ 9 That is, the tunneling probability for the marble is essentially zero. (c) The de Broglie wavelength of the tennis ball is d= h/p=h/mv = 1.3 x 107% cm,2 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism and the diffraction angles in the horizontal and the vertical directions are respectively 0, = A/D =1.3x 107%? rad, 2 A/L = 9 x 107%? rad. Thus there is no diffraction in any direction. 1002 Express each of the following quantities in terms of h, e, c, m =electron mass, M =proton mass. Also give a rough estimate of numerical size for each. (a) Bohr radius (cm). (b) Binding energy of hydrogen (eV). (c) Bohr magneton (choosing your own unit). (d) Compton wavelength of an electron (cm). (e) Classical electron radius (cm). (f) Electron rest energy (MeV). (g) Proton rest energy (MeV). (h) Fine structure constant. (i) Typical hydrogen fine-structure splitting (eV). (Berkeley) Solution: (a) a = h?/me? = 5.29 x 10-9 cm. (b) E = me*/2h? = 13.6 eV. (c) we = eh/2mc = 9.27 x 1077! erg - Gs7?. (d) \ = 2ah/me = 2.43 x 107! cm. (e) re = e?/me? = 2.82 x 10-!3 cm. (f) Ee = mc? = 0.511 MeV. (g) Ep = Mc? = 938 MeV. (h) a = e?/fe = 7.30 x 1073 = 1/137. (i) AE = eme?/8h?c4 = 2 atme? = 1.8 x 10-4 eV. 1003 Derive, estimate, guess or remember numerical values for the following, to within one order of magnitude:Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 3 (a) The electron Compton wavelength. (b) The electron Thomson cross section. (c) The Bohr radius of hydrogen. (d) The ionization potential for atomic hydrogen. (e) The hyperfine splitting of the ground-state energy level in atomic hydrogen. (f) The magnetic dipole moment of 3Li7 (Z = 3) nucleus. (g) The proton-neutron mass difference. (h) The lifetime of free neutron. (i) The binding energy of a helium-4 nucleus. (j) The radius of the largest stable nucleus. (k) The lifetime of a x° meason. (1) The lifetime of a z- meason. (Berkeley) Solution: (a) Ae = h/mec = 2.43 x 107? A. (b) o = 8 r2 = 6.56 x 10-3! m?. (0) a= My =0.53 A. (d) l= £ = 13.6 eV. (e) The splitting of the ground-state energy level is 2 1 -4 AE; = 13.6 x (=) = 10% eV. The hyperfine splitting of the ground-state energy level is AEny © AE; /10° = 1077 eV. (f) w= 1.67 x 10-7 J. T7), (g) Am = mp — my = —2.3 x 10799 kg. (h) tT © 15 min = 9 x 10? s. (i) B= 4x 7 MeV = 28 MeV. (j) The radius r corresponds to a region of space in which nuclear force is effective. Thus r= 1.4 Ab =1.4 x (100)3 = 6.5 fm. (k) 7 = 8.28 x 107!7 s, (1) The decay of y~ is by weak interaction, and so 7 = 2.2 x 10-8 s.4 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism 1004 Explain what was learned about quantization of radiation or mechanical system from two of the following experiments: (a) Photoelectric effect. (b) Black body radiation spectrum. (c) Franck-Hertz experiment. (d) Davisson—-Germer experiment. (e) Compton scattering. Describe the experiments selected in detail, indicate which of the mea- sured effects were non-classical and why, and explain how they can be understood as quantum phenomena. Give equations if appropriate. ( Wisconsin) Solution: (a) Photoelectric Effect This refers to the emission of electrons observed when one irradiates a metal under vacuum with ultraviolet light. It was found that the magnitude of the electric current thus produced is proportional to the intensity of the striking radiation provided that the frequency of the light is greater than a minimum value characteristic of the metal, while the speed of the electrons does not depend on the light intensity, but on its frequency. These results could not be explained by classical physics. Einstein in 1905 explained these results by assuming light, in its inter- action with matter, consisted of corpuscles of energy hv, called photons. When a photon encounters an electron of the metal it is entirely absorbed, and the electon, after receiving the energy hv, spends an amount of work W equal to its binding energy in the metal, and leaves with a kinetic energy 1 5 mv? =hy-W. This quantitative theory of photoelectricity has been completely verified by experiment, thus establishing the corpuscular nature of light. (b) Black Body Radiation A black body is one which absorbs all the radiation falling on it. The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted by a black body can be derived from the general laws of interaction between matter and radiation. TheBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 5 expressions deduced from the classical theory are known as Wien’s law and Rayleigh’s law. The former is in good agreement with experiment in the short wavelength end of the spectrum only, while the latter is in good agreement with the long wavelength results but leads to divergency in total energy. Planck in 1900 succeeded in removing the difficulties encountered by classical physics in black body radiation by postulating that energy ex- changes between matter and radiation do not take place in a continuous manner but by discrete and indivisible quantities, or quanta, of energy. He showed that by assuming that the quantum of energy was proportional to the frequency, € = hv, he was able to obtain an expression for the spectrum which is in complete agreement with experiment: _ Behe 1 v= 3 Ol]? where h is a universal constant, now known as Planck’s constant. Planck’s hypothesis has been confirmed by a whole array of elementary processes and it directly reveals the existence of discontinuities of physical processes on the microscopic scale, namely quantum phenomena. (c) Franck—Hertz Experiment The experiment of Franck and Hertz consisted of bombarding atoms with monoenergetic electrons and measuring the kinetic energy of the scat- tered electrons, from which one deduced by subtraction the quantity of energy absorbed in the collisions by the atoms. Suppose Eo, Fi, E2, -.. are the sequence of quantized energy levels of the atoms and T is the kinetic energy of the incident electrons. As long as T is below A = E, — Ep, the atoms cannot absorb the energy and all collisions are elastic. As soon as T > E, — Eo, inelastic collisions occur and some atoms go into their first excited states. Similarly, atoms can be excited into the second excited state as soon as T > E2 — Ep, etc. This was exactly what was found experimen- tally. Thus the Franck-Hertz experiment established the quantization of atomic energy levels. (d) Davisson—Germer Experiment L. de Broglie, seeking to establish the basis of a unified theory of mat- ter and radiation, postulated that matter, as well as light, exhibited both wave and corpuscular aspects. The first diffraction experiments with matter6 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism waves were performed with electrons by Davisson and Germer (1927). The incident beam was obtained by accelerating electrons through an electrical potential. Knowing the parameters of the crystal lattice it was possible to deduce an experimental value for the electron wavelength and the results were in perfect accord with the de Broglie relation \ = h/p, where h is Planck’s constant and p is the momentum of the electrons. Similar exper- iments were later performed by others with beams of helium atoms and hydrogen molecules, showing that the wavelike structure was not peculiar to electrons. (e) Compton Scattering Compton observed the scattering of X-rays by free (or weakly bound) electrons and found the wavelength of the scattered radiation exceeded that of the incident radiation. The difference Ad varied as a function of the angle @ between the incident and scattered directions: where h is Planck’s constant and m is the rest mass of the electron. Further- more, Ad is independent of the incident wavelength. The Compton effect cannot be explained by any classical wave theory of light and is therefore a confirmation of the photon theory of light. 1005 In the days before Quantum Mechanics, a big theoretical problem was to “stop” an atom from emitting light. Explain. After Quantum Mechanics, a big theoretical problem was to make atoms in excited states emit light. Explain. What does make excited atoms emit light? (Wisconsin) Solution: In the days before Quantum Mechanics, according to the Rutherford atomic model electrons move around the nucleus in elliptical orbits. Classi- cal electrodynamics requires radiation to be emitted when a charged particle accelerates. Thus the atom must emit light. This means that the electrons would lose energy continuously and ultimately be captured by the nucleus. Whereas, in actual fact the electrons do not fall towards the nucleus andBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 7 atoms in ground state are stable and do not emit light. The problem then was to invent a mechanism which could prevent the atom from emitting light. All such attempts ended in failure. A basic principle of Quantum Mechanics is that, without external inter- action, the Hamiltonian of an atom is time-independent. This means that an atom in an excited state (still a stationary state) would stay on and not emit light spontaneously. In reality, however, spontaneous transition of an excited atoms does occur and light is emitted. According to Quantum Electrodynamics, the interaction of the radia- tion field and the electrons in an atom, which form two quantum systems, contains a term of the single-photon creation operator a*, which does not vanish even if there is no photon initially. It is this term that makes atoms in excited states emit light, causing spontaneous transition. 1006 Consider an experiment in which a beam of electrons is directed at a plate containing two slits, labelled A and B. Beyond the plate is a screen equipped with an array of detectors which enables one to determine where the electrons hit the screen. For each of the following cases draw a rough graph of the relative number of incident electrons as a function of position along the screen and give a brief explanation. (a) Slit A open, slit B closed. (b) Slit B open, slit A closed. (c) Both slits open. (d) “Stern—Gerlach” apparatus attached to the slits in such a manner that only electrons with s, = h/2 can pass through A and only electrons with s, = —h/2 can pass through B. (e) Only electrons with s, = h/2 can pass through A and only electrons with s, = h/2 can pass through B. What is the effect of making the beam intensity so low that only one electron is passing through the apparatus at any time? (Columbia) Solution: (a) The probability detected at the screen is that of the electrons passing through slit A:8 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism + pope Pa + ; of 7 = — 5 Fig. Ll h=1(z). (b) The probability detected at the screen is that of the electrons passing through slit B: Iz = Ip(z). (c) Ie = Iho(z) = 1, + Ip + interference term # I + Ih. (d) The eigenstate of the electrons passing through slit A is different from that of the electrons passing through slit B, and so there is no inter- ference term. The intensity on the screen is just the sum of the intensities of the single-slit cases:Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 9 Ig=h+h. (e) Similar to (c), but the intensity is half that in (c): Te = I,/2. Because of the self-interference of the wave functions of the electrons, the answers above remain valid even when the incident electron beam intensity is so low that only one electron passes through at a time. 1007 A particle of mass m is subjected to a force F(r) = —VV(r) such that the wave function y(p, t) satisfies the momentum-space Schrédinger equation (p?/2m — aV;) o(p, t) = id9(p, t)/dt, where fi = 1, a is some real constant and Vj, = 0?/dp2 + 6? /Op} + 8°/ap?. Find the force F (r). (Wisconsin) Solution: The coordinate and momentum representations of a wave function are related by v(r, t) = (3) [ot t) &¥ dk, 3 otk )= (5) [oene* ar, where k = 8. Thus (with h = 1) P’ 9(p, t) + -V7o(r, t), V59(P, t) > —r7b(r, t),10 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism and the Schrodinger equation becomes, in coordinate space, -v? . Op(r, t (= +ar?) g(r, t) =i Felt) Hence the potential is V(r) =ar?, and the force is F(r) = -VV(r) = -- 4 V(r) = —2ar. 1008 Consider the one-dimensional time-independent Schrédinger equation for some arbitrary potential V(x). Prove that if a solution #(z) has the property that (zx) -> 0 as x + too, then the solution must be nondegen- erate and therefore real, apart from a possible overall phase factor. Hint: Show that the contrary assumption leads to a contradiction. (Berkeley) Solution: Suppose that there exists another function ¢(x) which satisfies the same Schrodinger equation with the same energy E as y and is such that limz4o0 ¢(x) = 0. Then o/b = -2m(E-V)/P, $"/$ = -2m(E-V)/R, and hence v"o— ov =0, or v'o — ¢'p = constant. The boundary conditions at — oo then give v'o-dp=0,Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions i or yl yp Integrating we have In y =In $+ constant, or ~ = constant x ¢. There- fore, w and ¢ represent the same state according to a statistical interpre- tation of wave function. That is, the solution is nondegenerate. When V(z) is a real function, * and 7 satisfy the same equation with the same energy and the same boundary condition limz0 ~* = 0. Hence * = cy, or p = c*y*, from which we have |c|? = 1, or c = exp (id), where 6 is a real number. If we choose d = 0, then c = 1 and y is a real function. 1009 Consider a one-dimensional bound particle. (a) Show that ad [2 £ [ ¥" (2, t) ¥, t) de =0. ad Jie (wp need not be a stationary state). (b) Show that, if the particle is in a stationary state at a given time, then it will always remain in a stationary state. (c) If at t = 0 the wave function is constant in the region —a < tz — Vp+Vy, (1) Pe iE : * —ih Oy’ /8t=->— Vb +Vy". (2) Taking * x (1) — W x (2) we obtain he ay Vd - pve"). 2m atte edh aS ww=12 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism For the one dimension case we have, integrating over all space, 5 fv eovene-2 f° o (0 e-0 SF) ae ih iy opie = 5 Wau /ax — vav* /az|™,, If p is a bound state, then (x — +00) = 0 and hence d [? 5 [_.¥ @0v@ Hae=0 tt Sco (b) Supposing the particle is in a stationary state with energy E at t = to, we have 5 Hy(z, to) = Ev(z, to), where H does not depend on ¢ explicitly. At any later time t, the Schré- dinger equation ih (2, t)/dt = Hy(c, t) applies. As H does not depend on ¢ explicitly, the Schrédinger equation has the formal solution (a, t) = exp [-iH (t — to)/h] 4 (z, to). Multiplying both sides by H from the left and noting the commutability between H and exp[-i(t — to) H/h], we find A(z, t) = exp [eee AY(c, to) =Eexp eel w(z, to) =Ev(z, t). Hence (a, t) represents a stationary state at any later time t. (c) The wave function given for t = 0 can be written as C, |x| — Baht (« + =) m apo We can also expand the wave function as a linear superposition of plane waves and getBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 15 V1) = Game [_ ¥P.0) oe" ap m= oe = pa lene (2rh)/2 J_., Joh 4h? 20 22 ne Aa » |-S ip*t | a a 4 Imh Oh Aa 2 2iht m™m which agrees with the previous result. 1011 A particle of mass m is confined to a one-dimensional region 0 < z An(t)}n(z, 0) 7” with An(t) = An(0) exp (-“52*) . As mo An(0)=0 forn#1,2.Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions (a) Thus (x, to) 8 ex] inthto sin mm a, to) =f - — end 5a OP 2ma? a 7 [2 a i2n*hito a Qaa 5a OP ma? a _ fs —in*hto Vea |*P \ oma? —i2n*hito Tz . Tr + exp | ——5— ] cos — | sin —. ma’ a a (b) The average energy of the system is (E) =O Wn IE | dn) 7 =F An(0)?En . = : E,+ : Eo dn? ~ Sma? * (c) The probability of finding the particle in 0 < x < $ at t = to is P(osest)= [" |[email protected])Par 8 fe? TZ Te sin? (=) 1+cos? — a a =a hh 2 +2 cos = (Fe) |e 2ma’ THI 307 hito 2* ier ° (ey).18 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism 1012 A particle of mass m moves in a one-dimensional box of length J with the potential V=o0, z<0, V=0, 0<2l. At a certain instant, say t = 0, the wave function of this particle is known to have the form p= §30/F c(l—2), 0O 0) as a series, and expressions for the coefficients in the series. (Wisconsin) Solution: ‘The eigenfunctions and the corresponding energy eigenvalues are vals) = [2 in (Sn), z= (En), n=1,2,3,.... Thus Iv) =o In) (n |v), where ' ff paz 30 mive=oy= [fF sin (Zn) - (Bau-aae 1 3 = 4v15 2) (1 — cos nm) = 4ViB [2 - (-1)"] (/mm’, and hence (2, t) = Yo (| B= 0)) Yn (a) exp (“3 ‘) n=l =. [30 1 . (2n+1 Hid (244m)? “L8Vr maa ( fone) 4Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 19 1013 A rigid body with moment of inertia of I, rotates freely in the x-y plane. Let ¢ be the angle between the x-axis and the rotator axis. (a) Find the energy eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions. (b) At time ¢ = 0 the rotator is described by a wave packet (0) = Asin’ ¢. Find y(t) for t > 0. (Wisconsin) Solution: (a) The Hamiltonian of a plane rotator is H = —(W?/21,) @/dg? and so the Schrédinger equation is —(W?/21,) Py/dg? = Ep. Setting a? = 2I,E/h?, we write the solution as p= Ae? + Bete, where A, B are arbitrary constants. For the wave function to be single- valued, i.e. (¢) = p(¢ + 2m), we require a=m=0, +1,+2,.... The eigenvalues of energy are then En =m?h?/2I,, m=0, +1,.... and the corresponding eigenfunctions are Von(6) = ex e™*, m= 0, £1,. after normalization fe T bt Windb = 1. (b) Att=0 (0) =A sin? = 4 (1 — cos 24) = A/2— 4 (e# + 4), which corresponds to m = 0 and m = +2. The angular speed is given by Em = } 1.47, or ¢ = 5%. Hence we have for time t20 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism A_A = -i w(t) = ne [et2@-BH/Te) 4 e124 RE/ T=) 1014 An electron is confined in the ground state in a one-dimensional box of width 10-?° m. Its energy is 38 eV. Calculate: (a) The energy of the electron in its first excited state. (b) The average force on the walls of the box when the electron is in the ground state. ( Wisconsin) Solution: (a) An electron confined to a one-dimensional box can have energy levels (Problem 1011) En = f?n?n?/2ma?, n=1,2,3,.... Thus for the first excited state (n = 2), the energy is Ey = 4E, = 152 eV. (b) The average force on the walls of the box is F = —(0H/da). Differentiating the equation of a stationary state (1 — En)n = 0, we have é aH OEn On _ (3-) Yat (H- Ba) = and hence a OE, OH 5 (HE — By) He = yg (2-2) Yn Integrating the left-hand side of the above, we have ay, Btn oi m yeye [vB Be a= f Be a By ae, which is zero since H is real. Integrating the right-hand side of the equation then gives # (0H /8a) = 6E,/da.Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 21 Hence F =-0E,/0a. For the ground state, n = 1 and F = 2E;/a = 7.6 x 10° eV/cm = 1.22 x 107? dyne. 1015 Give the energy levels E{) of the one-dimensional potential in Fig. 1.3(a) as well as the energy levels E®) of the potential in Fig. 1.3(b) (Wisconsin) (a) (b) Fig. 1.3 Solution: (a) Use coordinate system as shown in Fig. 1.4. The Schrédinger equa- tion is22 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism where V=0 forz>a (region 1), V=-V) for -aa. The requirement that ~ — 0 as x —-> too demands that =Ce-*'® for x >a (region I), b= De¥’® for x a, y=0 forx <0, satisfying the requirement ~ —> 0 as x — oo. The boundary conditions at = 0 and z =a then give B = 0, A sin ka = Ce~*’, Ak cos ka = —Ck'e and finally € cot € = —n, e+pPa=y, as for the class 2 solutions above. 1016 Consider the one-dimensional problem of a particle of mass m in a potential (Fig. 1.8) Ve=oo, «<0, V=0, 0<2a. (a) Show that the bound state energies (E < Vo) are given by the equation tan ithout solving any further, sketch the ground state wave function. 'b) With vi further, sketch th id functi (Buffalo) Solution: (a) The Schrédinger equations for the two regions are op" + ImEp/h? = 0, O0a,26 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism with respective boundary conditions y = 0 for r = 0 and » — 0 for x ~+ +00. The solutions for E < Vo are then yp =sin(V2mEz/h), O<2Ka, where A is a constant. The requirement that and 9 are continuous at z =a gives tan (V2mEa/h) = —[E/(Vo — E)|”?. (b) The ground-state wave function is as shown in Fig. 1.8. Vix) \ "yb Fig. 18 1017 The dynamics of a particle moving one-dimensionally in a potential V(z) is governed by the Hamiltonian Ho = p?/2m + V(z), where p = —ih d/dz is the momentum operator. Let E, n = 1, 2, 3,..., be the eigenvalues of Ho. Now consider a new Hamiltonian H = Ho + Xp/m, where 2 is a given parameter. Given \, m and B®), find the eigenvalues of H. (Princeton) Solution: The new Hamiltonian is H = Ho + Ap/m = p*/2m + Ap/m + V(z) = (p+ A)?/2m + V(z) — 47/2m,Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 27 or a H = om tV@), where H! = H+, p!=p+2. The eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of H’ are respectively EO) and yo it As the wave number is k’ = a = }(p+A), the new eigenfunctions are b= YO e-a/h and the corresponding eigenvalues are En = E®) — \?/2m. 1018 Consider the one-dimensional wave function (2) = A(e/20)" e-7/°, where A, n and zo are constants. (a) Using Schrédinger’s equation, find the potential V(x) and energy E for which this wave function is an eigenfunction. (Assume that as x -> 00, V(z) > 0). (b) What connection do you see between this potential and the effective radial potential for a hydrogenic state of orbital angular momentum /? (Wisconsin) Solution: (a) ena the given wave function, n-1 n @ 7 2/20 ZY)" (1) .-z/2 = VO= <7 (=) 7 fa (3) ( ne i n(n-1) aT Tiiapes fve-a2tg? (2) n-1 1 n ee et 44> (2) o-2/z0 Zo z§ \zo 3] ve. Xox ze28 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism and substituting it in the time-independent Schrédinger equation Re (-Fa @/as? +V(e)) v= Eve), we have 2 fe -1) & 1 Fam [2-2 +5] As V (x) 0 when x > 00, we have E = —h?/2ma3 and hence h [n(n—-1) V(z)= — | - : (x) om [ z 2n/r0t| (b) The effective radial potential for a hydrogen atom is e?/r —1(!+1) h? /2mr?. Comparing this with V (x) we see that the 1/r? term is formally identical with the 1/z? term with the angular momentum / taking the place ofn. The 4 term of V (x) depends on n = 1, while the 4 (Coulomb) term in the effective potential for the hydrogen atom is independent of the orbital angular momentum I. This is the difference between the two potentials. 1019 Consider the following one-dimensional potential wells: Vix)Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 29 (a) Can each well support a bound state for an arbitrarily small depth V; (i = 1,2)? Explain qualitatively. (b) For V; = Ve, what is the relationship between the energies of the bound states of the two wells? (c) For continuum states of a given energy, how many independent so- lutions can each well have? (d) Explain qualitatively how it is possible to have bound states for which the particle is more likely to be outside the well than inside. (Wisconsin) Solution: (a) For bound states, we must have —-V < E <0. Let R= 2m(E+V) 42 = —2mE a Ra, where V = Vj, Vo for the two cases, and set € = ka, = ka, y = 2mVa, The discussion in Problem 1015 shows that for the potential in Fig. 1.9, the solutions are given by EcotE=—n, C+nPay. The energy levels are given by the intersection of the curve € cot € = —n with a circle of radius ~ with center at the origin (Fig. 1.6) in the first quadrant. As the figure shows, must be greater than the value of € for which € cot € = 0, ie. > $. Hence for a bound state to exist, we require oil > 5, or Vi > Hits. For the potential shown in Fig. 1.10, two classes of solutions are possible. One class are the same as those for the case of Fig. 1.6 and are not possible for arbitrarily small V2. The other class of solutions are given by € tan €=7, C4+P=7. As the curve of € tan € = 7 starts from the origin, may be arbitrarily small and yet an intersection with the curve exists. However small V2 is, there is always a bound state. (b) For V; = V2, the bound states of the potential of Fig. 1.9 are also bound states of the potential of Fig. 1.10.30 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism (c) For continuum states of a given energy, there is only one independent solution for well 1, which is a stationary-wave solution with w = 0 at x =0; there are two independent solutions corresponding to traveling waves in +z and —z directions for well 2. (d) Let pi, p2 denote respectively the probabilities that the particle is inside and outside the well. Consider, for example, the odd-parity solution w=Asinkz for 0 0, and PL Po 70. The particle is then more likely outside the well than inside.Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 31 1020 Obtain the binding energy of a particle of mass m in one dimension due to the following short-range potential: V (2) = —Vo6(z). (Wisconsin) Solution: The Schrédinger equation dyjde? + B-V (a ¥=0, (B<0), on setting k=J2ml|E|/h, Uo =2mVo/h?, can be written as ¥" (a) — Kp(a) + Up d(2) (2) = 0. Integrating both sides of the above equation over x from —e to €, where eis an arbitrarily small positive number, we get ¥@Q-v(-2)-# | party) =0, -e which becomes, by letting « — 0, ¥'0*) — v'(0-) + Uov(0) =0. (1) At x # 0(4(x) = 0) the Schrédinger equation has solutions (x) ~exp(-kz) forz>0, o(z) ~exp(kx) forz <0. It follows from Eq. (1) that ¥'(0*) — v' (07) = -2kv (0). A comparison of the two results gives k = Up/2. Hence the binding energy is —E = hi?k?/2m = mV@2/2h?.32 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism 1021 Consider a particle of mass m in the one-dimensional 6 function potential V(x) = Vo 4(a). Show that if Vo is negative there exists a bound state, and that the binding energy is mV?/2h?. (Columbia) Solution: In the Schrédinger equation @/dz* + 2m[E —V(zx)] ¥/h? =0, we set E <0 for a bound state as well as k? =2m|E|/h?, Up = 2mVo/h?, and obtain dep /dx? — kp — Up 6(z)p =0. Integrating both sides over x from —e to +e, where ¢ is an arbitrarily small positive number, we obtain € VW (e)—o'(-e)-W fp dx — Uoy(0) = -€ With « — 0+, this becomes 7/(0+) — y/(0-) = Up ¥(0). For x # 0 the Schrédinger equation has the formal solution (zx) ~ exp (—k|z|) with k positive, which gives lel ey —ke-**, x>0, wi (a) ~ —k = ev Fltl = @) a kek=, z<0, and hence ¥'(0*) — oO") = —2kY(0) = Uow(0). Thus k = —Uo/2, which requires Vo to be negative. The energy of the bound state is then E = ee = —mV2/2h? and the binding energy is E, =0— E=mV@/2h*. The wave function of the bound state is Wa) = A exp (at |x|) = V=mVGIIF exp (Vo | 21/1),Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 33 where the arbitrary constant A has been obtained by the normalization ooo Pda + foo Wr de=1. 1022 A particle of mass m moves non-relativistically in one dimension in a potential given by V(x) = —a6(x), where 6(z) is the usual Dirac delta func- tion. The particle is bound. Find the value of zo such that the probability of finding the particle with |x| < zo is exactly equal to 1/2. (Columbia) Solution: For bound states, E < 0. The Schrédinger equation Rd -m a ab(e)] v(e) = Bv(2) has for z # 0 the solutions finite at « = too as follows, He) Ae for <0, 2) = Ae** forr>0, where k = ¥=2@E and A is an arbitrary constant. Applying lim,_,9+ 5, da to the Schrédinger equation gives 2ma ¥0")-¥ 0) =-FF vo) q) since _ - [¥@5@)4e= 400), tim [/ v@)de=0 for finite (0). Substitution of (zx) in (1) gives ma k=. Hence p(x) = A exp (-"u=!) ;34 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism On account of symmetry, the probabilities are 2 [7 .~2R |AP 2k: P(|z| <2) =2|A| i, ort de = IAL (y —-2He0y, 0 2 f° oaks [AP P(-co <2 <0) =2/A| e dz = 0 As it is given a 1—e7%o = . 2 we have x 7 In2= ie In 2 Pork ede va 1023 A particle of mass m moving in one dimension is confined to the region 0 < a < L by an infinite square well potential. In addition, the particle experiences a delta function potential of strength ) located at the center of the well (Fig. 1.11). The Schrédinger equation which describes this system is, within the well, _ 1 ay(a) 2m Ox? +4(x — L/2)b(2) = Ev(a), 0<2 0), is added at the center of the well, sketch the new wave function and state whether the energy increases or decreases. If it was originally Ep, what does it became when 4 > 00? (Wisconsin) Solution: For the square well potential the eigenfunction corresponding to the lowest energy state and its energy value are respectively ¢o(2) = V2/E sin (x2/L), wR -2*.36 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism A sketch of this wave function is shown in Fig. 1.12 With the addition of the delta potential H’ = A(x — L/2), the Schré- dinger equation becomes a" + [k? — ad(x — L/2)]p =0, where k? = 2mE/h?, a = 2mA/h?. The boundary conditions are $olx) V2 Fig. 1.12 ¥(0) = Y(L) =0, @ v (2) ] -W (] = ay(L/2), (2) (O](0} Note that (2) arises from taking limeso wee dz over both sides of the Schrédinger equation and (3) arises from the continuity of (x) at x = £. The solutions for x # £ satisfying (1) are A, sin (kz), 0<2 Ey = Ee , Since ko > }. Thus the energy of the new ground state increases. Furthermore, if \ > +00, ko — 2/L and the new ground-state energy E-4Eo. Yoo x 0 L/2 L Fig. 1.13 1025 A nonrelativistic particle of mass m undergoes one-dimensional motion in the potential V(x) = -g[5(x — a) + 6(2 + )] where g > 0 is a constant and 6(z) is the Dirac delta function. Find the ground-state energy eigenfunction and obtain an equation which relates the corresponding energy eigenvalue to the constant g. (Berkeley) Solution: Since V(x) = V(—z), the energy eigenfunctions have definite parity. The ground state has even parity, y(—z) = p(z). It is a bound state and its energy is negative, E < 0. For x > 0, the Schrédinger equation is [-(#?/2m) d? /dx? — 96 (x — a)] (2) = E¥(2),38, Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism whose solutions for x # a are y ~ exp (+kz), where k = /2mE/h. With the condition that the wave function remains finite as z — oo and has even parity, we obtain ve) Ae-*=, z>a, 7) B cosh (kz), OS 2 a, 2) = B cosh(kz), Oa, v@)= B cosh (ka), |z| -d, V(x) =o, a<-d,Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 39 where 5(z) is the so-called “delta function”. (a) Find the modification of the bound-state energy caused by the wall when it is far away. Explain also how far is “far away”. (b) What is the exact condition on Vo and d for the existence of at least one bound state? (Buffalo) Vix) Fig. 1.14 Solution: (a) The potential is as shown in Fig. 1.14. In the Schrédinger equation w" + (2m/h) [E+ Vos (x)] p=0, 2>-d, let k = /—2mE/h, where E < 0. This has the formal solutions ve) ae** +be“*® for —d<2z<0, 2) = Chad for z>0, as (2) is finite for z + co. The continuity of the wave function and the discontinuity of its derivative at « = 0 (Eq. (1) of Problem 1020), as well as the requirement +(x = —d) = 0, give a+b=1, —k — (a —b)k = —2mVo/h?, ae~*4 + bekd — 9.40 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism Solving these we find ezkd a=- Ta > mV : k= TP ae). The wall is “far away” from the particle if kd >> 1, for which k = mVo/h?. A better approximation is k ~ (mVo/h?)[1 — exp (—2mVo d/h?)], which gives the bound-state energy as nk? hn? /mVo\? 2mVod\]? E=->~—*->— |= 1—exp {- Fe lm 2m \ he mV 2mVod Ser [2 exp (- Bz i _ _mVe | me 2mVod “~on +e wm) The second term in the last expression is the modification of energy caused by the wall. Thus for the modification of energy to be small we require d >> 1/k = h?/mVo. This is the meaning of being “far away”. ie 1 Fig. 1.15 (b) Figure 1.15 shows line 1 representing y = k and curve 2 representing Y = Ye [l—exp (—2kd)], where ye = mVo/h?. The condition for the equation k = mVo [1 — exp (—2kd)]|/h?Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 41 to have a solution is that the slope of curve 2 at the origin is greater than that of line 1: = 2mVod/h? > 1. Hence if Vod > #4, there is one bound state. 1027 The wave function of the ground state of a harmonic oscillator of force constant k and mass m is Yo(z) = (a/m)M4e-9"?, = mun/h, w= k/m. Obtain an expression for the probability of finding the particle outside the classical region. (Wisconsin) Solution: The particle is said to be outside the classical region if E < V(z). For the ground state, E = fwo/2 and the nonclassical region is } hwo < 22 a> 2 h 1 a’ } mug2?, ie., > wma T r<-y-. a The probability of finding the particle in this nonclassical region is there- fore P= 8 (x) d: elo ‘Wo (2) dx — Jia 00 =/ = ew dct f fo ec? de 00 w Visa =f” (ter dz Vila —? dt ~ 16%.42 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism 1028 Consider a linear harmonic oscillator and let Yo and 4; be its real, nor- malized ground and first excited state energy eigenfunctions respectively. Let Ayo + By, with A and B real numbers be the wave function of the oscillator at some instant of time. Show that the average value of z is in general different from zero. What values of A and B maximize (z) and what values minimize it? ( Wisconsin) Solution: The orthonormal condition [4% + By)? dz =1 gives A? + B? = 1. Generally A and B are not zero, so the average value of z, (2) = f 2(4vo + Bya)?ae = 248 (vo | |v) is not equal to zero. Rewriting the above as (2) = (1 — (A? + B? + 2AB)] (Yo || v1) = [1-(A~ BY] (Ho || vn) and considering f = AB = A(1—A?)}, which has extremums at A = Jp we see that if A = B = 1/72, (x) is maximized; if A= —B = 1/¥V2, (2) is minimized. 1029 Show that the minimum energy of a simple harmonic oscillator is hw/2 if AzAp = h/2, where (Ap)? = ((p — (p))*). ( Wisconsin) Solution: For a harmonic oscillator, (x) = (p) = 0, and so (Az)? = (27), (Ap)? = (p?).Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 43 Then the Hamiltonian of a harmonic oscillator, H = p?/2m + mwz2/2, gives the average energy as (H) = (p?)/2m + mu? (x?)/2 = (Ap)? /2m + mu?(Az)?/2. As for a, b real positive we have (fa — Vb)? > 0, or a+b > 2Vab, (H) min = (Ap)(Az)w = hw /2. 1030 An electron is confined in the ground state of a one-dimensional har- monic oscillator such that \/((x — (x))?) = 10-1 m. Find the energy (in eV) required to excite it to its first excited state. (Hint: The virial theorem can help.] (Wisconsin) Solution: The virial theorem for a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator states that (T) = (V). Thus By = (H) = (T) + (V) = 2(V) = mw? (22), or, for the ground state, fo Zz = mew? (2?), giving ik O* Gin. (@)” As (x) = 0 for a harmonic oscillator, we have Ve = @))) = Ve?) = (a)? = V@) = 107 m. The energy required to excite the electron to its first excited state is therefore he Rec? 2m, (a2) 2mec? (a) _ (6.58 x 10716)? x (3 x 108)? ; i 2x 0.51 x 10-20 7 AE=hw= 8 eV.44 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism 1031 The wave function at time ¢ = 0 for a particle in a harmonic oscillator potential V = } kz”, is of the form (2, 0) = Ae~(22)"/2 [cos oa) + +38 5 Ha(oa)] where ( and A are real constants, a? = V/mk/h, and the Hermite polyno- mials are normalized so that [ee ete oa? ae = (a) Write an expression for 7(z, t). (b) What are the possible results of a measurement of the energy of the particle in this state, and what are the relative probabilities of getting these values? (c) What is (x) at t = 0? How does (zx) change with time? (Wisconsin) Solution: (a) The Schrédinger equation for the system is ihd, v(x, t) = H(z, t), where y(z, t) takes the given value (z, 0) at t = 0. As H does not depend on t explicitly, ; Yn(z, t) = Yn(a)e*Pn'/™, where /,(z) is the energy eigenfunction satisfying Fn (2) = En tn (2). Expanding ~(z, 0) in terms of tp (x): (2, 0) = Santn(2), where an = [ ¥5 (2) ¥(a, Oar.Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 45 Thus O(a, t) = Yan vn (a, t) = So an bn (x) et. For a harmonic oscillator, 2,2 %n (2) =Nne** /? Ha (az), so that: ee / Nge~®#"/? Hy, (ax) » Ae~2"2"/2 7 As the functions exp (—42”) H,, (x) are orthogonal, all an, = 0 except ag = ANo Va cos , a2 = ANg 4/75 2V2 sin B. a x [vs 6 Ho(ax) + =F Haaz)] dr. Hence W(@, t) =A 4] [No cos Bho (x) eit” + 2V2N2 sin Bp2 (x) e~'F2t/M] | + Ee i ik =A (3) [cos Bo (2) ew 4+ sin Bw2(z) e me] : as Np are given by fln(z)]? dz = 1 to be No = (%)4, No = =15(S)?. (b) The observable energy values for this state are Ey = fw/2 and Ey = 5fw/2, and the relative probability of getting these values is Po /P2 = cos B/sin? 6 = cot? B. (c) As #(z, 0) is a linear combination of only (x) and #2(zx) which have even parity, ¥(-z, 0) = ¥(z, 0).46 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism Hence for t = 0, (2) -f ¥(c, 0) 2¥(2, 0) dz =0. It follows that the average value of x does not change with time. 1032 (a) For a particle of mass m in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator potential V = mw*z?/2, write down the most general solution to the time- dependent Schrédinger equation, #(z, t), in terms of harmonic oscillator eigenstates $p (x). (b) Using (a) show that the expectation value of z, (x), as a function of time can be written as A cos wt + B sin wt, where A and B are constants. (c) Using (a) show explicitly that the time average of the potential energy satisfies (V) = }(E) for a general >(z, t). Note the equality 2 am = dors t fF dans. (Wisconsin) Solution: (a) From the time-dependent Schrédinger equation ih 2 w(z, t) = Ad(s, t), as H does not depend on time explicitly, we get wb(a, t) = e H/F h(x, 0). We can expand 7(z, 0) in terms of $p (x): (2, 0) = S> andn(z), n where Gn = (Gn (x) | (2, 0)),Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 47 and ¢n (x) are the eigenfunctions of Hén(2) = Endn(z), with Ey = (» + 5) hw. Hence W(a, t) = > andn (x) oP”. (b) Using the given equality we have {z) [ ve a Se aay ena Bodt/ | 6% (2) 2by (2) dx nn 7 (Ey n+l => Os ag EE nt En)t/h ( 2 Sawn +1 nn n h +5 faw-t) Yes ns n+1 h =k (ana yf Felt + anys ~) + 7 :( 2 2 mw =A coswt+ B sin wt, [hh n [n+1 A=\— > ay (-- gt anti =) , fh . [n [n+1 B=\/— » ia; (= gant =) , and we have used En41 — En = hw. (c) The time average of the potential energy can be considered as the time average of the ensemble average of the operator V on #(z, t). It is sufficient to take time average over one period T = 2n/w. Let (A) and A where48 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism denote the time average and ensemble average of an operator A respectively. As Viv) = tw ™ a? 1p) =} raf 2 on af nd) et =} hw Veda ( Be int) +3 in-1)) entu(nth/2¢ =; om [SRE Int 2) + (n+3) |n) + BOD In a] e iF we have V=WIV IY) 1S, 1 1S, = 7 hw Dante nts +z hw Sakae n=0 n=0 [(m+1)(n+2) iat 1, = Xan Fsrecccraceeeeeern + zhu Yan n=0 x arg [(m+ Hier?) en itut lo, l =p hw Dahan nt5 n=0 1 @ + 5 hw Dla 42%n | V(n+1)(n +2) cos(2ut + dn), n=0 where 6, is the phase of a%,,, an. Averaging V over a period, as the second term becomes zero, we get wy=2 [ve Liss ata (n+5) == == = ai T Jo a 2Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 49 On the other hand, B= (W1H|v) =hw Y- ajon (n+3), n=0 and (E) = B. Therefore (V) = (E)/2. 1033 Consider a particle of mass m in the one-dimensional potential V(x) = mw*x2/2, |x| >; V(z) =Vo, |x| fi?/mb? > fw, i.e. a harmonic oscillator potential with a high, thin, nearly impenetrable barrier at x = 0 (see Fig 1.16). Vix) % 2b Fig. 1.16 (a) What is the low-lying energy spectrum under the approximation that the barrier is completely impenetrable? (b) Describe qualitatively the effect on the spectrum of the finite pene- trability of the barrier. (MIT) Solution: (a) For the low-lying energy spectrum, as the barrier is completely im- penetrable, the potential is equivalent to two separate halves of a harmonic oscillator potential and the low-lying eigenfunctions must satisfy the con- dition (x) = 0 at = 0. The low-lying energy spectrum thus corresponds50 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism to that of a normal harmonic oscillator with odd quantum numbers 2n +1, for which Up (x) = 0, at x = 0 and E, = (2n+3/2)hw, n =0, 1, 2, ... with a degeneracy of 2. Thus only the odd-parity wave functions are allowed for the low-lying levels. (b) There will be a weak penetration of the barrier. Obviously the prob- ability for the particle to be in |x| < b, where the barrier exists, becomes less than that for the case of no potential barrier, while the probability outside the barrier becomes relatively larger. A small portion of the even-parity solutions is mixed into the particle states, while near the origin the prob- ability distribution of even-parity states is greater than that of odd-parity states. Correspondingly, a small portion of the energy E}, = (2n+1/2)hw is mixed into the energy for the case (a). Since (| barrier potential |) > 0, the energy levels will shift upwards. The level shifts for the even-parity states are greater than for odd-parity states. Furthermore, the energy shift is smaller for greater energies for states of the same parity. 1034 The Hamiltonian for a harmonic oscillator can be written in dimension- less units (m = fi = w =1) as A=ata+1/2, where a= (@+ip)/v2, at One unnormalized energy eigenfunction is ba = (22° — 82) exp (—a?/2). Find two other (unnormalized) eigenfunctions which are closest in en- ergy to ta. (@- iB) /V2. (MIT) Solution: In the Fock representation of harmonic oscillation, @ and 4+ are the annihilation and creation operators such that Abn = Vn, @ n= Vn Tat, GG* dn = (n+ 1) dn, B= (n+5) fw, n=0,1,2,....Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 51 aay = 4 («+) (*-z) (203 — 32) e- F 1 2 =3 (e+5) (424 — 122? +3) ew = 4(20° — 32) e~F = (3 +1) da, we have n = 3. Hence the eigenfunctions closest in energy to %, have n= 2, 4, the unnormalized wave functions being va = Jy a w= (#+E) (2x3 — 32) e~?"/2 ~ (22? —1) e~®/?, 1 1 d Va 5a be = Oe (= - z) (203 - 32) e-®*/? ~ (424 — 122? + 3) e~?"/?, where the unimportant constants have been omitted. 1035 At time t = 0 a particle in the potential V(x) = mw?z?/2 is described by the wave function H(z, 0) = A > (1/V2)" dn (2), where p(x) are eigenstates of the energy with eigenvalues E, = (n + 1/2) hw. You are given that (Un, Yn’) = San’ (a) Find the normalization constant A. (b) Write an expression for (zx, t) for t > 0. (c) Show that | %(z, t) |? is a periodic function of time and indicate the longest period r. (d) Find the expectation value of the energy at t = 0. (Berkeley)52 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism Solution: (a) The normalization condition (H(@, 0), W(x, 0)) = JAP? S (1/2)? a, Bm) =l4P DO (3) =214P=1 gives A = 1/2, taking A as positive real. (b) The time-dependent wave function is (a, t) =e y(a, 0) n+l =d (=) ertetnt by, (2). (c) The probability density is EPH mp [weet = (GZ) eM vale) vee). mn Note that the time factor exp [—iw(n — m)t] is a function with period 2x the maximum period being 2n/w. Tam) (d) The expectation value of energy is min yy 1 + A= (2,0), (2,0) => (5) (ns vm) “E() 7" (wed) mee mn oo 1 1 => roel (n+5) fw. n=0 NotingBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 53, or, by differentiation, : Yea = antl ~ (¢-1)?’ we have - : YS ae} +1 il n=0 an and hence H = 3hw/2. 1036 Consider the one-dimensional motion of a particle of mass ys in the potential V(z) = Vo(a/a)"", where n is a positive integer and Vo > 0. Discuss qualitatively the distri- bution of energy eigenvalues and the parities, if any, of the corresponding eigenfunctions. Use the uncertainty principle to get an order-of-magnitude estimate for the lowest energy eigenvalue. Specialize this estimate to the cases n = 1 and n -+ oo. State what V(x) becomes in these cases and compare the estimates with your previous experience. (Buffalo) Solution: Since the potential V(z) — oo as x —> oo, there is an infinite number of bound states in the potential and the energy eigenvalues are discrete. Also, the mth excited state should have m nodes in the region of E > V(z) given by kAx ~ (m+ 1)x. As increases slowly as m increases. From the virial theorem 2T « 2nV, we have K? x (Az)? «x [(m + 1)x/k]?", and so E«k« (m+ 1)2r/(n4) | Generally, as n increases, the difference between adjacent energy levels increases too. Since V(—x) = V(z), the eigenstates have definite parities. The ground state and the second, fourth, ... excited states have even parity while the other states have odd parity.54 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism The energy of the particle can be estimated using the uncertainity prin- ciple Pz ~ h/2b, where b= (Ax). Thus 1 E ~ — (h/2b)? + Vo(b/a)". 2p For the lowest energy let dE/db = 0 and obtain b= (h2a?" /8ynVo 1/20) : Hence the lowest energy is E~ [(n + 1)Vo/a?"] (Wa? /8ynVo)"/ +) . For n = 1, V(z) is the potential of a harmonic oscillator, V (a) = Vox?/a? = pw*2?/2. In this case E equals fw/2, consistent with the result of a precise cal- culation. For n = co, V(z) is an infinite square-well potential, and E =f? /8u07, to be compared with the accurate result h??/2pa7. 1037 Consider a particle in one dimension with Hamiltonian H=p*/2m+V(z), where V(x) < 0 for all z, V(+oo) = 0, and V is not everywhere zero. Show that there is at least one bound state. (One method is to use the Rayleigh-Ritz variational principle with a trial wave function (a) = (6/n)/* exp (—bx?/2). However, you may use any method you wish.) (Columbia)Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 55 Solution: Method 1: Assume a potential V(z) = f(x) as shown in Fig 1.17. We take a square-well potential V’(z) in the potential V(z) such that V'(a)=-Ve, [el a, V' (xz) > f(x) for allz. Vixd Fig. 1.17 We know there is at least a bound state (zr) in the well potential V’ (x) for which (ole) LH’ | e(2)) = (p|p?/2m + V' (2) |) =Ey)<0. We then have (lH | 9) = (y|p?/2m + Ff (2) |) < (pp? /2m+ V' (x) | y) =E) <0. Let ---Pn_1(z), Yn(x), --- denote the eigenfunctions of H, and expand (2) = Y> Cnn (2) -56 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism As co (el He) = 32 [Cn Pn | Hen) <0, " there is at least an eigenfunction 7; (zx) satisfying the inequality (bi | H| Yi) <0. Hence there exists at least one bound state in V(z). Method 2: Let the wave function be O(a) = (b/n)/4 exp (—be?/2), where b is an undetermined parameter. We have (H) = vb/n ie ee (-= a) eo"? dx + (V) 2m dx? = Fb/4m+(V), where oo Wy = /n)? [™ ¥(e) exp(-ta") de, ee and thus OH) 1 oe ie - ba? sS Frmta M-l= V(az)e dx ab am te) (G aN Ro : =gmtyeV)- Vv) =0, giving (Vv) afew -E] Substitution in the expression for (H) yields b= [2v) 7 | V) Jen -2]Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 57 As V(z) <0 for all x, V (00) = 0, and V is not everywhere zero, we have (V) <0, (c?V) <0 and hence E <0, b>0. In fact, under the condition that the total energy has a certain negative value (which must be greater than (V) to make (7) positive), whatever the form of V a particle in it cannot move to infinity and must stay in a bound state. 1038 The wave function for a particle of mass M in a one-dimensional poten- tial V (x) is given by the expression (x,t) =aa exp(—Gx) exp(iyt/h), «>0, =0, z<0, where a, B and ¥ are all positive constants. (a) Is the particle bound? Explain. (b) What is the probability density p(E) for a measurement of the total energy E of the particle? (c) Find the lowest energy eigenvalue of V(x) in terms of the given quantities. (MIT) Solution: (a) The particle is in a bound state because the wave function *p(z, t) satisfies lim, ¥(@, t) =0 lim v(z,t)= lim. ace Fe'"t/* = 9. 00 200 (b), (c) Substituting the wave function for z > 0 in the Schrédinger equation aay ba, t) = "+ V(a)) ola, t) hi “2M & Ox? gives i P 2. 2, Vv mye = Fa (Pa 28) + VG),58 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism whence the potential for « > 0: 2 V (2) = —7+ Jaz (6? 26/2). As the stationary wave function of the particle in V («) satisfies 2 -F; (G- 0 + 28/2) vel) = (B47) velo), (o>) 7 Eve te) + ME (B+ e/2) vole) =0 by setting E'=E+7-('h/2M, e? = Gh/M, and bz (x)"=90, we see that the above equation is the same as that sat- isfied by the radial wave function of a hydrogen atom with | = 0. The corresponding Bohr radius is a = h?/Me? = 1/, while the energy levels are El, = —Me'/2h?n? = —6?h?/2Mn?, n=1,2,.... Hence En = —7+ (G78? /2M)(1-1/n?), n=1,2,..., and consequently the lowest energy eigenvalue is EZ, = —y with the wave function p(x; t) = ax exp(—Gx) exp (int/h) « wei (x) exp(—iEit/h). The probability density p(E) = ~*b = Wer is therefore 1039 A particle of mass m is released at t = 0 in the one-dimensional double square well shown in Fig. 1.14 in such a way that its wave function at t =0Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 59 is just one sinusoidal loop (“half a sine wave”) with nodes just at the edges of the left half of the potential as shown. Vix) Plx,0) Fig. 1.18 (a) Find the average value of the energy at t = 0 (in terms of symbols defined above). (b) Will the average value of the energy be constant for times subsequent to the release of the particle? Why? (c) Is this a state of definite energy? (That is, will a measurement of the energy in this state always give the same value?) Why? (a) Will the wave function change with time from its value at t = 0? If “yes”, explain how you would attempt to calculate the change in the wave function. If “no”, explain why not. (e) Is it possible that the particle could escape from the potential well (from the whole potential well, from both halves)? Explain. (Wisconsin) Solution: (a) The normalized wave function at t = 0 is %(zx, 0) = vi sin 32. Thus 2 a (eo =-Vo- 2” sin (2) Hsin (%) ae 2m a a Wn? =." -%. 2ma : (b) (H) is a constant for t > 0 since 0(H)/dt = 0. (c) It is not a state of definite energy, because the wave function of the initial state is the eigenfunction of an infinitely deep square well potential60 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism with width a, and not of the given potential. It is a superposition state of the different energy eigenstates of the given potential. Therefore different measurements of the energy in this state will not give the same value, but a group of energies according to their probabilities. (d) The shape of the wave function is time dependent since the solution satisfying the given conditions is a superposition state: oe, 0) = 2 sin (=) =D cntn (2), O(a, t) = DO enn (a) eH! The shape of ~(z, t) will change with time because E, changes with n. (e) The particle can escape from the whole potential well if the following condition is satisfied: h??/2ma > Vo. That is to say, if the width of the potential well is small enough (i.e., the kinetic energy of the particle is large enough), the depth is not very large (i.e., the value of Vo is not very large), and the energy of the particle is positive, the particle can escape from the whole potential well. 1040 A free particle of mass m moves in one dimension. At time t = 0 the normalized wave function of the particle is (a, 0, of) = (202) "/* exp (—2?/402), where 2 = (x). (a) Compute the momentum spread op = \/(p”) — (p)? associated with this wave function. (b) Show that at time ¢ > 0 the probability density of the particle has the form W(x, 0)? = YG, 0, of + 050? /m?)/?. (c) Interpret the results of parts (a) and (b) above in terms of the uncertainty principle. (Columbia)Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 61 Solution: (a) As w= f- v (-in ) bdx = inf See eE de =0 ~ "LL, Grea? \~ 303 ae w= fv (- we mz) vde ef ete ee @nroz yi { at aa} xe a dx = h?/402, h (p?) = 2o2° (b) By Fourier transform, V(p, 0) = aa / e7P2/% w(x, 0) dx oa | a Q@ahy2 (@ra2)V74 x exp (—2?/402) dx = [(2n02)/4/V2rh] exp [-ozp?/h?]. Then ¥(p, t) = Vp, 0) eV, where62 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism for a free particle. By inverse Fourier transformation veet)= fe v(p, 1) dp= SETS f coe! exp (i 1) v2 (nh) o2p? o2\3/4 1 x exp (- = ) ar- (52) Se eae (2 +i) eo" 2m 2 xexp |-—7——— 4 7 +4 =) [w(@, t)? = = Qn (+2 orto 4 =) m =|¥(z, 0, 02 + o3t?m~*) (?. (c) Discussion: (i) The results indicate the width of the Gaussian wave packet at time t (which was originally 7, at t = 0) is VYort o3 t?2/m? where o7 = h?/402. (ii) As oop = h/2, the uncertainty principle is satisfied. 1041 A particle of mass m moves in one dimension under the influence of a potential V(x). Suppose it is in an energy eigenstate (x) = (7?/z)!/4 exp (—7?2?/2) with energy E = h?y?/2m. (a) Find the mean position of the particle. (b) Find the mean momentum of the particle. (c) Find V (2).Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 63 (d) Find the probability P(p) dp that the particle’s momentum is be- tween p and p+ dp. (Wisconsin) Solution: (a) The mean position of the particle is 20 (2) = ie v'(@)a0(@) de = il ae"? dr =0. 00 (b) The mean momentum is w= [vw 2(Z wa) ae WEE Fa ev) Set") de =0. x “IVE Sco (c) The Schrédinger equation em @ (-F t¥@) ¥@) = 20) can be written as © 4 ve =8-valve). As PP aa a Pe? Fon ears (—y? + ya?) e-P2"/2, we have we ae Ree ae E-V(2)=-55 (-P +72"), or i’ Ag? _ 12 (fe? - 7°) + Py? Bey’. 2 2m im ; V(a) = Femi (d) The Schrédinger equation in momentum representation is (F- #) w= 200.64 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism Letting o uae =Ne and substituting it into the above equation, we get 2 PP op ht A or : i‘ 252 S P ee As the parameter a is independent of p, the above relation can be sat- isfied by a = 1/2h?y?. Hence YP) = N exp(—p?/2h?4”). This is the eigenfunction of the state with energy h?y?/2m in the mo- mentum representation. Normalization gives N = (1/h?y?7)!/4. Thus the probability that the particle momentum is between p and p + dp is 1 1/2 p 2. Pw) dp=10(0)P d= (ja4=) exp (- ger) ao. Note that y(p) can be obtained directly by the Fourier transform of (a): i de ip-zin (PF) ten ¥@) =/ (Qnhyi72 © 7 f He dz y va Pp iyz\? pe -/ nny (=) ae (Fa Z 3) a ( a) 1 1/4 4 Ar =(gag)" Pn. 1042 In one dimension, a particle of mass m is in the ground state of a potential which confines the particle to a small region of space. At timeBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 65 t = 0, the potential suddenly disappears, so that the particle is free for time t > 0. Give a formula for the probability per unit time that the particle arrives at time t at an observer who is a distance L away. (Wisconsin) Solution: Let Yo (x) be the wave function at t = 0. Then —ip*t ov (Se) +00 ; = [tele #eX2mm | 2") de (|) —00 wn) =(e vo(e)) +00 oe = [ele #120 | 2") (2!) do,66 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism Represent the particle as a Gaussian wave packet of dimension a: Yo («) = (ma?)“¥/* exp (—2?/20”) The last integral then gives 1 Vani Fa pros (33 b-agap} ant ht (Fhe + az) 1 +00 x — |[ ef Vani + tat “°° ag _ Mm ox ma? 1 ~ @ll2gi/4 m+i ts Poa? m+i |’ whence the current density Fat 1 Vraem? (1+ we )? zl a 1+ (Be)? |” By putting x = L, we get the probability per unit time that the particle arrives at the observer a distance L away. j=Re (w Be ) = 1043 A free particle of mass m moves in one dimension. The initial wave function of the particle is (2, 0). (a) Show that after a sufficiently long time t the wave function of the particle spreads to reach a unique limiting form given by U(z, t) = V/m/ht exp (—in/4) exp (ima?/2ht) p(ma/ht) ,Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 67 where ¢ is the Fourier transform of the initial wave function: ok) = (2m)? / (a, 0) exp (—ikz) dz. (b) Give a plausible physical interpretation of the limiting value of Ww, #/. Hint: Note that when a — 00, exp (—iau?) + »/x/a exp (—im/4) 5(u). (Columbia) Solution: (a) The Schrédinger equation is [sh /dt + (Kh? /2m) d?/dzx?] H(z, t) =0. By Fourier transform, we can write vi, )=4 [dre vee, , Von and the equation becames , 9 Wk? (a aT ~) (k,t) =0. Integration gives ¥(b t) = ¥(b, 0) exp (5) , 2m where 1 v(k, 0) = Yan i, aze-** p(x, 0) = y(k). Hence : , Ke ht ¥(b,t) = 9(6) exp (15),68 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism giving 2 x exp [= (-= ] o(k). With € = k — mz/Rt, this becomes 1 _ mx? saa v(t) = Te oo (Fe) fi« x alt 2 (¢ 4m exp (“ta ) e Tit For a — 00, en iaut _, yi exp (-iF )6(w), and so after a long time t (t + 00), exp (ze) > Poe exp (-14) : andBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 69 ) I iweere=® [o(ME)P. Because p(k) is the Fourier transform of (z, 0), we have - 100 [ior ae= [9G 0)P ae. 00, On the other hand, we have +00 +09 mn, may |2 v(q, t Pas = [ = —)} dz ie 1o(a, +) fi a |? (a) +00 : -f | p(k) [? dk = which shows the conservation of total probability. For the limiting case of t + 00, we have +00 |v(a, 0) P de, |¥(z, t)? +0 - |y(0)? =0, which indicates that the wave function of the particle will diffuse infinitely. 1044 The one-dimensional quantum mechanical potential energy of a particle of mass m is given by V(x) =Vod(z), -a 0.70 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism Vix) -a 0 Fig. 1.19 (c) Find the (real) solutions for the energy eigenfunctions in the two regions (up to an overall constant) which satisfy the boundary conditions. (d) The t = 0 wave function can be expressed as an integral over energy eigenfunctions: va)= [sy ve(e) ak. Show how f (k) can be determined from the solutions 7; (x). (e) Give an expression for the time development of the wave function in terms of f(k). What values of k are expected to govern the time behavior at large times? ( Wisconsin) Solution: (a) The required wave function (x) must satisfy the boundary condi- tions ~(—a) = (0) = 0. A complete orthonormal set of wave functions defined in —a < x < 0 and satisfying the Schrédinger equation consists of én (x) = v2 sin (=), -a<2z<0, 0, outside[—a, 0], where n = 1, 2,..., with ($n |H dm) = En bmn, En = (h?/2m) (n/a)? . ‘The normalized lowest-energy wave function is given by n = 1 as wel v2 sin (™), -a<2 —a is Rd? - sm ah + Vos (ay = BY, or 0" (2) + BY (@) = 06(2) 6(2) with omE ew, 7 m Baar a= The boundary conditions and the discontinuity condition to be satisfied are yl(-a)=0, ¥'(0)=¥"(0), wv" (+00) = finite, ot 0) — Y" (0) = ay! (0). The last equation is obtained by integrating the Schrédinger equation over a small interval [—e, ¢] and letting « + 0 (see Problem 1020). (c) In both the regions I and II, the wave equation is w" (x) + k(x) =0, whose real solutions are sinusoidal functions. The solutions that satisfy the boundary conditions are ph (x) = cy sin k(x +a), -a<2<0, de (z) = § VE (a) = cy sin k(x +a) + Ay sin kz, x >0, 0, a<-a. The discontinuity and normalization conditions then give A, = ae sin ka, aal@ 14 sin 2ka asin ka\? . ee \2 k k . (d) Expand the wave function (x) in terms of > (z), v2) =f £08) vel) a,72 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism and obtain [vite ule) ae = ff £08) vale) vi () ade = [* £05e-¥) ae= se, or 1) = [ ¥i@)¥@ ae. (e) As oo ¥(2,0)= f F(R) vu(o) ak, we have +00 ve t)= [£08 va (@) eel dk. At time t = 0, the particle is in the ground state of an infinitely deep square well potential of width a, it is a wave packet. When t > 0, since the 6(x) potential barrier is penetrable, the wave packet will spread over to the region x > 0. Quantitatively, we compute first re=f cx sin k(a +a) « yi sin as “Vif. ox {os [ («-4) 2+ ka] om [(n+2) 2+] a =" 2 sin ka ee o Vem wont sin k(x + a) iB KA/R ap e 7 sin k(x +a) + & sin ka sin kx and thenBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 73 where E, = h?k?/2m. In the last expression the upper and lower rows are for regions I and II respectively. When t -+ 00, the oscillatory factor exp(—iE,t/h) changes even more rapidly, while the other functions of the integrand behave quite normally (k = 1/a is not a pole). Thus #(z, t) tend to zero for any given x. When t is very large, component waves of small wave number k play the principal role. At that time the particle has practically escaped from the region [-a, 0]. 1045 The radioactive isotope g3Bi?!? decays to iT! by emitting an alpha particle with the energy E = 6.0 MeV. (a) In an attempt to calculate the lifetime, first consider the finite po- tential barrier shown in Fig. 1.20. Calculate the transition probability T for a particle of mass m incident from the left with energy E in the limit Tb, and so —k'(2—t2) = ikta, or to = 2ik'/(k + ik’). Hence the transition probability is given by T = tht, e¥? to be ITP = 16k?k’? en? 165 (Vo E) ene (+k Ve (b) To estimate the rate of a-decay of g3Bi?)”, we treat, in first approx- imation, the Coulomb potential experienced by the a-particle in the Tl nucleus as a rectangular potential barrier. As shown in Fig. 1.21, the width of the barrier ro can be taken to be _ 2Ze? _ 2(83-2) e? hie nee te Tie MeV ot 162 1 22 10 = AF & gay 8.58 x 107 x 3 x 10 =3.9x 107 cm.Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 75 Vix) Fig. 1.21 The radius of the nucleus of T] is R=1x 10-8 x 2083 =6 x 107 cm, corresponding to a Coulomb potential height of 2 = 22e" | 7 _ 39 Mev. To R An aparticle, moving with speed v in the nucleus of Tl, makes aR collisions per second with the walls. Hence the lifetime 7 of g3Bi?!? is given by uv TITP eed or _ 2k TS TITRE: Taking for the rectangular potential barrier a height Vo ~ 4(39-6)+6 = 22.5 MeV, b = ro—R = 33x 10-1 cm (see Fig. 1.21), v = 22 = \/2i8 cx 0.1c, we find 2k'b = 2,/2me2(Vo—E) , _ 272x940 x 16.5 x 33x 1073 50 i he ~ 6.58 x 10-22 x 3x 1010” 2x6 x 10-8 22.57 59 = eK oOo oe Xe 3x 10° 16 x 6 x (22.5 — 6) =5.4x 108s.76 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism 1046 An electron with energy E = 1 eV is incident upon a rectangular barrier of potential energy Vo = 2 eV (see Fig. 1.22). About how wide must the barrier be so that the transmission probability is 10-3? (Wisconsin) Vix) Fig. 1.22 Solution: The transmission probability is (Problem 1045) 16E(Vo — E) 2d Te fen Vai 7 exp |— V2m(Vo — E) =4 exp [-F TnkVo = 3B] whence 1-2) __he 2 2me? (Vo — E) In (22 16 10 __ ( 7 ) 4 858X101 X 3X10 gs 198m 2 v2 x 0.51 x 10° 1047 Consider a one-dimensional square-well potential (see Fig 1.23) V(z) =0, “<0, V(t) =-Vo, 0a,Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 77 where Vo is positive. If a particle with mass m is incident from the left with nonrelativistic kinetic energy E, what is its probability for transmission through the potential? For what values of E will this probability be unity? (Columbia) Vix) Fig. 1.23 Solution: Let the wave function be (2) =e** + Re“, og <0, w(x) = Set, x>a, (x) = Ae*’* + Be-*’®, O< a a. (a) For E <0, find the wave function of a particle bound in this poten- tial. Write an equation which determines the allowed values of E. (b) Suppose a particle with energy E > 0 is incident upon this potential. Find the phase relation between the incident and the outgoing wave. (Columbia)Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 79 Solution: The Schrédinger equations for the different regions are nd? -= w-%-5| v(x) =0, 0<2| (x) =0, «>a. (a) B<0. (i) Consider first the case of Vy < —E, for which the wave function is 0, «2<0, p(z) =¢ Asinh(kz), 0a, Qm(—-Vvo—E) ,,_ [2m(-E) ae Ka The continuity conditions of the wave function give where A sinh(ka) = Be~*?, Ak cosh (ka) = —Bk'e7*’* and hence k coth(ka) = —k’. As coth x > 0 for x > 0, there is no solution for this case. (ii) For Vo > —E, ik + k, k = \/2m(Vo+ E)/h, and the equation determining the energy becomes k cot (ka) = —k’. The wave function is 0, xa. From the continuity and normalization of the wave function we get 1/2 2 sin? (ka) +a—- sin(2ka)| ”80 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism . i ka Foam? (hay a-g sin@kay| © | mle). (b) E > 0. The wave function is 0, xz<0, (2) = 4 A sin(ka), 0<2Ka, [2m(E+Vo k= putea Kl = \/2mE/. As 8Iny/dInz is continuous at x = a, where (ka) cot (ka) = (k'a) cot (k’a + 9), whence k y = arccot (E cot(a)) —ka. For x >a, = B y-ik's-iy _ B in'eriy ¥@)= 5 2i © > where Pinc(z) « e¥ i”, Pout(x) x eff’ =+i9, Hence the phase shift of the outgoing wave in relation to the incident wave is 6=2%=2 [aroot (§ cot (k)) - Wal 7 1049 Consider a one-dimensional system with potential energy (see Fig. 1.25) V(z)=Vo, z>0, V(z)=0, «<0,Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 81 where Vo is a positive constant. If a beam of particles with energy E is incident from the left (i.e., from x = —oo), what fraction of the beam is transmitted and what fraction reflected? Consider all possible values of E. Vix) Yo Fig. 1.25 Solution: For x < 0, the Schrédinger equation is a 2mE ag Ute 9m % whose solution has the form B(x) =e + rem, where 2mE k= For z > 0, the equation is a 2m(E — Vo) a Yt =O (i) If E < Vo, write the above as @ _ 2m(Vo-E) dx? As (x) must be finite for x + 00, the solution has the form p=0. (2) = te“*?, (Columbia)82 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism The continuity conditions then give where l+r=t, ik — ikr = —tk’, whence r = (k’ + ik)/(ik — k') = (1 — ik'/k)/(1 + ik’/k). ‘Therefore the fraction reflected is R = jret/jinc = |r|? = 1, the fraction transmitted is T=1-R=0. (ii) E> Vo. For x > 0, we have @ | %mM(E-V rn mn) ¥@) =0. (a) =te¥?, k= /2m(E — Vo) | Noting that there are only outgoing waves for x — 00, we have 1+r =, ik —ikr = ik’t, and thus r = (k! — k)/(k’ +k). Hence the fraction reflected is R = [(k’ — k)/(k’ + k)]?, the fraction transmitted is T = 1- R= 4kk! /(k + k’)?. where 1050 A particle of mass m and momentum p is incident from the left on the potential step shown in Fig. 1.26. Calculate the probability that the particle is scattered backward by the potential if (a) p?/2m < Vo, (b) p?/2m > Vo. (Columbia)Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 83 Vix) Fig. 1.26 Solution: The Schrédinger equations are d mE (a+ 3r) p(x) =0 for <2, 2 [ete e-v| (2) =0 for 2>20. (a) If E < Vo, we have etk(z—20) 4 pe-ik(=-20), x < x0, va) = te“ (2-20), zZ> 2, where the condition that (zx) is finite for x —> oo having been made use of. The continuity conditions give 1 +r = t, ik — ikr = —k’t, whence r = (k! + ik)/(ik — k’). The probability of reflection is R = j,/9; = |r|? =1. (b) If E > Vo. We have etF(2—20) 4 re-i2-20), x < xq, vz) = tetk (=-20), z> 2X0,84 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism where 2mE [alee y=, [PmE—W) = me noting that there is only outgoing wave for x > zo. The continuity condi- tions give 1+ 1 = t, ik — ikr = ik’t, and hence r = (k — k’)/(k +k’). The probability of reflection is then R = |r|? = [(k — k’)/(k+k’)]?. k= 1051 Find the reflection and transmission coefficients for the one-dimensional potential step shown in Fig. 1.27 if the particles are incident from the right. (Wisconsin) Vix) Yo Fig. 1.27 Solution: As the particles are incident from the right we must have E > \. And there are both incident and reflected waves in the region x > 0. The Schrédinger equation for x > 0, ¥"(a) + ki ¥(z) =0, where ky; = \/2m(E — Vo)/h, has solutions of the form p = exp (—-ikiz) + R exp (ik,z).Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 85, There are only transmitted waves in the region x < 0, where the Schrédinger equation is p" (x) + kz (x) =0 with kp = V2mB/h, and has the solution (2) = S exp (-iken). Using the continuity conditions of the wave function at z = 0, we get 1+R=S. From the continuity of the first derivative of the wave function, we get ky(1—R) = ky S. Hence R = (kj —kz)/(ki+kz), giving the reflection coefficient 2 vg ~ (JE+VE—Ve)*’ ki — ke ky + ke and the transmission coefficient [RP = v2 SP =1-|RP?=1-— ~—_,——.. Is] [R| Ws Baw 1052 Consider, quantum mechanically, a stream of particles of mass m, each moving in the positive x direction with kinetic energy E toward a potential jump located at x = 0. The potential is zero for z < 0 and 3E/4 for x > 0. What fraction of the particles are reflected at x = 0? (Buffalo) Solution: The Schrédinger equations are py" +k’ =0 for «<0, ob" + (k/2)?p =0 for «>0, where k = V2mE/h. As for x < 0 there will also be reflected waves, the solutions are of the form yp =exp(ikx)+r exp(-ikr), z<0, yp =t exp(ikz/2), z>0.86 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism From the continuity conditions of the wave function at z = 0, we obtain l+r=t, k(1—r) = kt/2, and hence r = 1/3. Thus one-ninth of the particles are reflected at + = 0. 1053 Consider a particle beam approximated by a plane wave directed along the z-axis from the left and incident upon a potential V(x) = 7 6(zx), 7 > 0, 5(z) is the Dirac delta function. (a) Give the form of the wave function for x < 0. (b) Give the form of the wave function for x > 0. (c) Give the conditions on the wave function at the boundary between the regions. (d) Calculate the probability of transmission. (Berkeley) Solution: (a) For x < 0, there are incident waves of the form exp (ikx) and re flected waves of the form R exp (—ikz). Thus (x) = exp (ikx) +R exp(-ikz), 2 <0. (b) For z > 0, there only exist transmitted waves of the form S exp (ikx). Thus (xz) = S exp(ikz), 2>0. (c) The Schrédinger eayaton is re ES Wa) +1602) 0) = Bv(@) and its solutions satisfy (Problem 1020) —\_ 2my 0%) - 0) = = vO. As the wave function is continuous at z = 0,4(0+) = (0°). (a) From (a), (b) and (c) we have 1+R = S, ikS—ik(1—R) = 2myS/f, giving S = 1/(1 + imy/h?k). Hence the transmission coefficient is -1 2\-1 =|sP= = ee T=|s| -(1+ 5%) = (1+ 375) ; where E = h?k?/2m.Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 87 1054 Consider a one-dimensional problem of a particle of mass m incident upon a potential of a shape shown in Fig. 1.28. Assume that the energy E at x -+ —oo is greater than Vo, where Vo is the asymptotic value of the potential as x + 00. Show that the sum of reflected and transmitted intensities divided by the incident intensity is one. (Princeton) Vix) Fig. 1.28 Solution: As E > Vo we may assume the asymptotic forms wb ek 4 ret for 2 + —00, b> telbe for x —+ +00, where r,t, k, @ are constants. The incident intensity is defined as the number of particles incident per unit time: J = Ak/m. Similarly, the reflected and transmitted intensities are respectively R=|r[hk/m, T=|t?AG/m. Multiplying the Schrédinger equation by »*, ue PV + OV = Epp, 2m Ht 7 and the conjugate Schrédinger equation by 7, FP ptt + otVy = But ay PVE + OV = Evid,88 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism and taking the difference of the two equations, we have PV — wVo = V - (Y"Vh — oVY") =0. This means that f (@) = Ydyp/da — dy" /dz is a constant. Then equating f (+00) and f (—0o), we find kQ-|r?) = Alt? Multiplying both sides by © gives I=R+T. 1055 A Schrédinger equation in one dimension reads (—8?/Ox? — 2 sech? x) p = ew (h=1,m=1/2). (a) Show that exp (ikz)(tanh x + const) is a solution for a particular value of the constant. Calculate the S-matrix (transmission and reflection coefficients) for this problem. (b) The wave function sech x happens to satisfy the Schrédinger equa- tion. Calculate the energy of the corresponding bound state and give a simple argument that it must be the ground state of the potential. (c) Outline how you might have proceeded to estimate the ground-state energy if you did not know the wave function. (Buffalo) Solution: (a) Letting the constant in the given solution p be K and substituting wp in the Schrédinger equation, we obtain k? (tanh a + K) — 2(ik + K) sech” 2 = ¢ (tanh 2 + K).Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 89 This equation is satisfied if we set K = —ik and ¢ = k?. Hence v(x) = e*** (tanh x — ik) is a solution of the equation and the corresponding energy is k?. Then as tanh x + 1 for x > co and tanh (—zx) = — tanh x we have p=(1—ik)e** as 2r- 00, p=—(1+ikje** as 2-00. Since V(x) < 0,¢ > 0, the transmission coefficient is T = 1 and the reflection coefficient is R = 0 as the particle travels through V(x). So the S-matrix is 1 —(1— tk)/(1 + ik) ey — ik) /(1 + ik) 0 ) : (b) Letting ~ =sech x in the Schrédinger equation we have — = ev. Hence « = —1. Because sech z is a non-node bound state in the whole coordinate space, it must be the ground state. (c) We might proceed by assuming a non-node bound even function with a parameter and obtain an approximate value of the ground state energy by the variational method. 1056 A monoenergetic parallel beam of nonrelativistic neutrons of energy E is incident onto the plane surface of a plate of matter of thickness t. In the matter, the neutrons move in a uniform attractive potential V. The incident beam makes an angle @ with respect to the normal to the plane surface as shown in Fig. 1.29. (a) What fraction of the incident beam is reflected if t is infinite? (b) What fraction of the incident beam is reflected if V is repulsive and V = E? Consider t finite. (CUS)90 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism y Solution: (a) Let ko be the wave number of an incident neutron, given by kj = 2mE For x <0, the wave function is ahi (a, y) = etkor £08 0+ hoy sin 8 + Re~ikor cos 0+ikoy sin 0 With t infinite and the potential negative, for z > 0 the Schrédinger equa- tion is Wy =(B+V om VY= (E+V)y. Assuming a solution tba(a, y) = Teibertibvy and substituting it the equation, we obtain k2 + k? = 2m(E + V)/f?. The boundary conditions at x = 0 v1 (0, y) = ¥2(0, y), Obi] _ de ox - Or , 2=0 j2=0 then give eitov sin 8 4 peikoy sin 0 _ Teikyy, ik cos Be 8" — Riko cos Be‘ 8" ° = Tiky ei ,Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 91 As the potential does not vary with y, ky, = ko sin @ and the above become 1+R=T, ko(1—R) cos 0 = keT, which give R = (ky cos 6—kz)/(ko cos 0+kz). The probability of reflection is then P =| R|? = (ko cos 0 — kz)?/(ko cos 0+ kz)?, with k2 = 2m(E + V)/h? — k@ sin? 0, kg = 2mE/h?. (b) For z < 0 the wave function has the same form as that in (a). For 0<2t, a(x) = cel, with ‘ ke =4/ ame os, k= \/ImE/ sind. The boundary conditions 1(0) = $2(0), a(t) = $a(t), dix| _déa| én] _ dn dx lig At |pcp) AE Ieee give l+r=a+b, ik,(1—r) =k’ (a-b), c exp(ikzt) =a exp(k’t) + exp(-k’t), ik,c exp (ik,t) = k’a exp (k’t) — k’b exp(—k't),92 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism whose solution is LF (Se) LEGER) a/b = [(k’ + tke)/(k’ — ike)] - e7?*'*. Hence with and the fraction of neutrons reflected is 2 erk't 4 e-2k't_ 9 RP =|rP =a IRI erk't + e-2k’t — 2 cos 40 Alternative Solution: The solution can also be obtained by superposition of infinite ampli- tudes, similar to the case of a Fabry-Perot interferometer in optics (see Fig. 1.30). Fig. 1.30 We need only consider the x-component of the waves. Let Tj2, Riz de note the coefficients of amplitude transmission and reflection as a wave goes from medium 1 to medium 2, respectively. Let T21, Rai denote coefficients of amplitude transmission and reflection from medium 2 toBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 93 medium 1. Take the amplitude of incident wave as 1. Then the amplitude of the wave that is transmitted to medium 2 is the sum T =Ti2e~? - Toy + Trge~® - Rare" Rar - Tar +Tye~> - (Rove~* Ros)? + Tay +++ =Ti2e~ Ta [1 + R3, 7? + (Rjye7*8)? +--+] 1 =T\2Tne~’ ——, . Tae TRE = In the above exp(—6) is the attenuation coefficient of a wave in medium 2, where 6=k't with k! = \/2mE(1 — cos?6)/h = V2mE sin 6/h. From (a) we have the coefficients of transmission and reflection Riz = (kiz — kaz)/(kiz + kez); Ti = 1+ Riz = 2ki/(kiz + kez). As kiz = V2mE cos 0/h, koe = ik! =i V2mE sin 6/h, we find Ee +H 2 cos 8 cy -i0 Typ = 2kiz/ (kz + koz) = wsotisnd = 2 cos 6e~™", i __isin@ ww Try = 2kow/(kiz + kez) = weotismO 2i sin Be~™, Ee isin@—cos@ — _oi9 Ray = (kar — kiz)/(kiz + kee) = Fano ees Oe and hence 1 = -5 T= Tate pas 10, eo k't _ 4i cos 0 sin 6e~” re 1 — en die 2kt _ 2i sin 20 e77 e-Kt = nen ti0g—kt94 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism The transmissivity is therefore 4 sin? 26¢~?#'t (1 — e~?#'t cos 0)? + (e~#'t sin 40)? 4 sin? 20¢~?*'t 1+ e74ht — Je-2k't cos 40 4 sin? 20 't + e~2k't — 2. cos 40’ ITP = and the reflectivity is 4 sin? 20 RTE ePFt — 208 46 tp en mtg kit + e-2k't — 2 cos 40” 1-|TP=1- where k’ = /2mE sin 0/h. 1057 Find the wave function for a particle moving in one dimension in a constant imaginary potential -iV where V « E. Calculate the probability current and show that an imaginary potential represents absorption of particles. Find an expression for the absorption coefficient in terms of V. Solution: The Schrédinger equation is ihOp/dt = (p?/2m — iV) p. Supposing = exp(—iEt/h) exp(ikx), we have k? = (2mE/h?)(1+ iV/E). AsV 0 (for all x), and calculate OE,/O). (b) Now consider the potential (Fig. 1.31) U(x) = kx?/2, |x| a. Ulx) Fig. 1.31 We want to determine the number of bound states that this potential can hold. Assume this number N is > 1. It may be helpful to draw a qualitative picture of the wave function for the highest bound state. Choose a solvable comparison potential and use the theorem above to determine either a rigorous upper bound to N or a rigorous lower bound to N. (Both can be done but you are asked for only one.) (Berkeley) Solution: (a) Define V(A, z) = AV2(x) + (1 — A)Vi(z). Obviously V(0, 2) = V4 (x),V(1, x) = Vo(x), OV/OA = Va (x) — Vi (x) > 0. The Hamiltonian is then A(A) = 6?/2m4+V(A, 2), and the eigenequation is A(A)|1, A) = En(A)|2,), where Ey, (A) = (n, | H(A) |n,d). AsBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 101 AE q(A)/0A = & (fm, ALO) In, X] = (nd| OV(A)/OA| na) = [ Fine, » Pao 20, we have Ein = En (0) < En(1) = Eon, and the theorem is proved. Note that we have used (nA|nd) = 1. (b) Let V(x) = kx?/2. Then V(x) > U(z). If Ep is an energy level for the potential U(x), then E, < (n + 1/2) hw, where w = /k/m. For a bound state, En < ka?/2. Solving (N + 1/2) hw < ka?/2, we find mwa? 1 _ [mwa? < --= NSH 72 [ 2h |: where [A] indicates the maximum integer that is less than A. We now choose for V(x) a square well of finite depth, V(a) = ka?/2, |x| >a, V(z) =0, |z| 1 the term 1 can be neglected. Taken together, we get that the number of bound states is between [mwa?/2h] and [2mwa?/rhi. 1062 For electronic states in a one-dimensional system, a simple model Hamil- tonian is N N H= Yo Boln)nl + DoW {In} nt t+ in +1) (nl, where |n) are an orthonormal basis, (n|n’) = Onn’; Eo and W are pa- rameters. Assume periodic boundary conditions so that |N + j) = |j). Calculate the energy levels and wave functions. ( Wisconsin)102 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism Solution: From the fact that |n) form a complete set of orthonormal functions, where n = 1, 2, 3,..., N, and N N H=)>0 Eoin) (nl + OWE In) (n+1/+|n+1) n]}, n=1 n=1 or H=Ey+W(A+A*), with N N A= Soin) (n+1/,At = int) (nl, n=1 n=1 and A|n) =|n-1),At|n) =|n+1), AAt=AtA=1, or At=A", we know that H,A and A+ have the same eigenvectors. Hence we only need to find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the operator At to solve the problem. As Arik = (k'| Al) = by,k—1, We have 0 0 0 001 0 0001 A= 01 100 - - 0/ yywBasic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 103 -+ 1 0 0 0 -A 1 0 Tete ie Mato a a . - 1 1 0 0+ + -A) yyw ie, det (A — AZ) = (-A)" + (-1) #1 = (-1)% (AN - 1) = 0, giving an. dy =e, 0) = FF 5, §=0,1,2,-..,N-1. If |Z) are the same eigenvectors of the operators A and At, ice., 1 A\E;) = 3 Ej), A*1 Es) = > 1 By), 4 then 1 H18;) = [B+w (a+ >)] 16) 4 = (Ey + 2W cos 6;)| E;). Hence the eigenvalues of H are Qn. . hi (§=0,1,2,...,N-1). Ej = Ey +2W cos @;, with = The corresponding eigenfunctions can be obtained from the matrix equa- tions (A~A;)|E5) Thus104 Problems and Solutions on Electromagnetism or al 1 N 1E3) = = SY ell % In). N n=1 1063 Give a brief discussion of why there are energy bands in a crystalline solid. Use the ideas of quantum mechanics but do not attempt to carry out any complicated calculations. You should assume that anyone reading your discussion understands quantum mechanics but does not understand anything about the theory of solids. (Wisconsin) Solution: A crystal may be regarded as an infinite, periodic array of potential wells, such as the lattice structure given in Problem 1065. Bloch’s theo- rem states that the solution to the Schrédinger equation then has the form u(x) exp(iKx), where K is a constant and u(z) is periodic with the pe riodicity of the lattice. The continuity conditions of u(x) and du(z)/dz at the well boundaries limit the energy of the propagating particle to cer- tain ranges of values, i.e., energy bands. An example is given in detail in Problem 1065. 1064 A particle of mass m moves in one dimension in a periodic potential of infinite extent. The potential is zero at most places, but in narrow regions of width b separated by spaces of length a (b < a) the potential is Vo, where Vo is a large positive potential. [One may think of the potential as a sum of Dirac delta functions: ys Vo b (az — na). n=—00 Alternatively one can arrive at the same answer in a somewhat more messy way by treating the intervals as finite and then going to the limit. | V(z) (a) What are the appropriate boundary conditions to apply to the wave function, and why?Basic Principles and One-Dimensional Motions 105, (b) Let the lowest energy of a wave that can propagate through this potential be Ey = hk2/2m (this defines ko). Write down a transcendental equation (not a differential equation) that can be solved to give ko and thus Eo. (c) Write down the wave function at energy Ep valid in the region 0 < z 1. Therefore in a certain region of k > n7/a, there is no eigenfunction. On the other hand, ka = nr corresponds to eigenvalues. So the energy at which the first energy gap begins satisfies the relation ka = 7, or E = 2h? /2ma?. 1065 We wish to study particle-wave propagation in a one-dimensional peri- odic potential constructed by iterating a “single-potential” V(q) at inter- vals of length 1. V(x) vanishes for |x| > 1/2 and is symmetric in z (ie., V(z) = V(—z)). The scattering properties of V(x) can be summarized as follows: If a wave is incident from the left, ~4(x) = exp(ikx) for 2 < —1/2, it produces a transmitted wave y(z) = exp(ikx) for z > 1/2 and a re- flected wave y_(x) = exp(—ikz) for x < —1/2. Transmitted and reflected coefficients are given by = Peel) _ 1 poietel peaide 4. 2K Te) = Fay 72 ee, |2|> 2 v1) 1 ait jay [ePife — @80), |x] > ; Re) = Flap © 2