CHAPTER 3:
METHODS OF DRAWING REPRESENTATION
PICTORIAL
AE-1023: AIRCRAFT DRAWING
Lecture Outline
Objectives
Introduction (2.4, p.85)
Isometric drawings (2.4.1, p.87)
Oblique drawings (2.4, p.86)
Perspective drawings (2.7, p.104)
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Objectives
Learn how to construct three types of pictorial
drawings:
1) Isometric
2) Oblique
3) Perspective
Introduction
Comparison of
Isometric,
oblique, and
perspective
drawings
Introduction (con’t)
Examples:
Perspective
Oblique
Isometric Drawings (2.4)
An axonometric pictorial drawing for which the angle
between axes equals 120 degrees and the scale used is full
scale
Isometric axes
can be positioned
in a number of
ways to create
different views
of the same object
Regular isometric
is the most
common type
Isometric Drawings (con’t)
True length distances can only be measured along isometric
lines, that is, lines that run parallel to any of the isometric
axes
Isometric Drawings (con’t)
Hidden lines are omitted Center lines are drawn for
unless absolutely necessary showing symmetry or for
to describe the object dimensioning – normally
they are not shown
Example: Hidden Lines Example: Center Lines for
Necessary for Details Dimensioning
Isometric Drawings (con’t)
Dimensioning for production purposes:
Dimensions per ANSI standards
Dimension lines, extension lines, and lines dimensioned shall lie in
the same plan
All dimensions and notes
should be unidirectional,
reading from the bottom
upward and outside the
view
Isometric Drawings (con’t)
Dimensioning for illustration purposes:
Use the aligned method
Dimension lines, extension lines, and lettering are all draw in the
plane of one of the
faces of the object
Takes on more of
a pictorial look
Isometric Drawings (con’t)
Constructing an isometric
drawing using the Boxing-In
Method:
Box in from the
outmost shape
to inside details
Isometric Drawings (con’t)
What if you have non-isometric lines?
Remember that true-
length distances can
only be measured along
isometric lines, that is,
lines that run parallel to
any of the isometric
axes
Isometric Drawings (con’t)
What if you have curves?
Use the offset coordinate method
Oblique Drawings (2.4)
A form of pictorial drawing in which
the most descriptive or natural view
is treated as the front view and is
placed parallel to the plane of
projection
Typical oblique drawing angles are
30, 45, or 60 degrees from the
horizontal
Oblique Drawings (con’t)
Three basic types of oblique drawings:
Cavalier: drawn true length along the receding axis
Cabinet: drawn half the true length along the receding axis
General: drawn anywhere from full to half length along the receding
axis
Oblique Drawings (con’t)
In oblique projection, the object face that is placed parallel
to the frontal plane will be drawn true size and shape
Thus, the first rule in creating an oblique drawing is to place
complex features (i.e., arcs, holes, or irregular surfaces)
parallel to the frontal plane
Oblique Drawings (con’t)
In oblique drawings, dimensions lie in the plane of the
surface to which they apply, and unidirectional text
placement is used
Dimension text
may need to be
changed because
only the cavalier
oblique projection
gives true depth.
Oblique Drawings (con’t)
Creating an Oblique sketch:
Step 1: Block in the front face of
the object. Estimate distances to
create a proportioned sketch
Step 2: Sketch depth
construction lines at 30 to 45
degrees. Estimate depth along
the sketched lines
Step 3: Draw a line between
each depth mark to create the
back edge
Step 4: Darken all visible lines
including any part of a back
circle that is inside a front circle
Perspective Drawings (2.7)
Pictorial drawings used to represent 3-D forms on 2-D
media in a manner closest to how we perceive the objects
with our eyes
Terms to be familiar with include horizon line (HL), ground
line (GL), station point (SP), picture plane (projection plane),
and vanishing point (VP)
Perspective Drawings (con’t)
The view of the object can be dramatically changed by
moving the vanishing point along the horizon line
Points to the right of center will reveal details about the
right side of the object; while points to the left of center will
reveal details about the left side
Perspective Drawings (con’t)
The human’s eye view is the
most commonly used for
sketching everyday objects
The position of the view has a
dramatic effect on the
representation of the drawing
Perspective Drawings (con’t)
Perspective view drawings
can be one-, two-, or
three-point perspectives
Four variables to consider
in perspective view
drawings:
Distance of object from
picture plane
Position of station point
Position of ground line
Number of vanishing points
Practice creating a one-point perspective sketch (Fig. 2.54 in text)
Perspective Drawings (con’t)
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