Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

Name : Agha Haseebullah Khan.

Subject : Research.

Topic : Factors affecting literacy rate.

Date : 27 – 01– 2021.

Semester : 8th.

Submitted to : Sir Nadir Bhayo.

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

Exploring the factors of illiteracy and Role of Schools in

improving the literacy in Taluka Garhi Yaseen District
Shikarpur, Sindh.
(B.ED Hons: )
By Agha Haseebullah Khan
Teacher Education
Batch – 2017
ID # 17-ADE-08
Supervisor: Dr. NADIR BHAYO

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

Educational Research
Literacy rate and
Factors affecting literacy rate
Prepared by
Agha Haseebullah Khan
Student of Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur.

Start with the name of Almighty Allah, The most

compassionate and most merciful.

Research is submitted to the fulfilment of the requirements

of degree
B.Ed. (Honours)
By
Haseebullah Khan
Teacher Education
Part IV/2020
ID # 17-ADE-08
Supervisor
Dr. Nadir Ali Bhayo

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

Department of Teacher Education Faculty of Education in

Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan.

Author’s Statement
I am Haseebullah Khan hereby I state that the title of my
research.
“Role of education in literacy rate and factors affecting
literacy of all schools in Garhi Yasin.” This work is done by
me by my own research.
This research is submitted by me for taking the degree of B.Ed.
from Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan.

Plagiarism
I am Haseebullah Khan B.Ed. (Hons) scholar solemnly declare
that research work presented in the thesis titled the Factors
Affecting Literacy rate in Taluka Garhi Yaseen is my research
work with no participate from any other person. This small data
has been collected by me. I understand the zero-tolerance policy
of the HEC and University (Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur)
towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above titled
thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized
and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited.

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

Student/Author Signature __________________

Acknowledgement
This work has performed in B.ED (Hons) At
Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur. This research is performed or
done at Taluka Garhi Yaseen by the given schedule.

Abstract
The research title as the “Factors Affecting Literacy Rate” at
Taluka “Garhi Yasin” District Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan.
The objectives are that to find out the role of teachers students,
environment and politics in affecting the literacy rate because by
their role we understand the factors, we will also get the
knowledge from their experience to know about the factors, so
we are going to school to ask the questions to teachers and know

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

about the factors which affect the literacy . Questionnaire of the

Research used for the data collection to the teachers. The
researcher collected the data from teachers to different schools.

Content
S.No Topic P
01 Introduction 07
02 Background of Problem 08
03 Problem Statement 08
04 Research Questions 08
05 Objectives of Research 09
06 Purpose 09
07 Finding/ Aim 10
08 Challenges 11
09 Literature Review 11
10 Research Methodology 11
11 Factors Affecting literacy 12
12 Theories on Literacy 15
13 Marie Clay Biography 16
14 Emergent Literacy theory 17
15 Important Factors Affecting Literacy 18
16 Literacy Skills before School 20
17 Six Early literacy Skills 20
18 Factors Affecting Students 22
19 Classroom Factors. 23
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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

 Introduction:
Literacy is one of the important factors which play a role in
the development of education. Literacy is the ability to read and
write, not only in any particular language but in any language.
Discussion is one of the most widely usable and valuable
method in promoting cognitive skills or simply called to
improving the literacy. Every individual life begins with oral
communication. In the oral communication they also have a
need to first they learn the phonics, phonemic awareness after
that they have able to starts the communications as same for the
literacy, they have a need to learn about the basic factors as like
phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, fluency and
comprehension. But here we discuss about some different
definitions given by different authors.
 Literacy rate has always been at the centre of the
educational enterprise (purposeful) Berlin 1987. By the
1830s, approaches to reading were influenced by Johann
Hein rich.
 Nicholas Carr : In 2010, He argues that phones and
computers and rewiring neural structures in ways that
influence attention, reading, creative and critical thinking
competencies. He said the internet is changing the way we
think.

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

 Literacy requires active and independent engagement with

print and including both sending and receiving
orthographic messages “(Harris & Hodges 1995 as cited in
beukelman & Miranda, 2005, p. 351.”
 Many children who use argumentative or alternative
communication (AAC) systems are at risk for not
developing functional literacy skills (Kelford, Smith,
Thurston, Light, Parnes, & O’Keefe, 1989; Koppenhaver
& Yoder, 1990; McNaughton & Tawney unpublished
manuscript, as cited in Light in light & McNaughton,
1993).

 Background of Problem:
There is a illiteracy in Garhi Yaseen. In Garhi Yaseen there
are a lot of tribe, which have a lack of knowledge, reading,
writing and manners. There are also a literate peoples in Garhi
Yaseen but in less quantity.

 Problem Statement:
Here we are going to find out about the factors which affect
the literacy of Garhi Yasin & also to know about the role of
education in our village and will know about the abilities of the
students. It will help us to know about the school management
and system of schools of Garhi Yaseen for this purpose. I am
doing a research and will collect the data from schools which
will help me to know about the factors affecting the literacy.

 Research Questions:

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

Conduct interviews from school heads and teachers and

ask these two question from them and take notes of that
and write your findings based on these interviews.

 What are the factors of illiteracy in Garhi Yasin

Taluka?
 How schools play their role in improving the literacy in
taluka Garhi Yasin?
 Which methods do teachers apply in the classroom?


Objectives of the Research :

To understand the factors affecting literacy rate.
To know about the role of schools in improving the literacy.
To know about the role of teachers in education in Garhi
Yaseen.
 To understand the internal and external Factors affecting
literacy.
 To understand whether teachers are enable to use discussion
method or not.
 To find out the abilities of teachers and their skills.
 To find the way of discussion method.
 To find out the difficulties of discussion.
 To analyse the current situation and discussion.
 To understand the role of private school teachers and
Government school teachers.
 To understand whether teachers are able to teach in a effective
way.

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

 To understand the challenges of students and teachers which

they are facing.

 Purpose: This article clarifies that how Government and

Private schools play role since last 2 decades or last twenty
years in our village. We will also find the role of students and
teachers. We will collect the data about that how many students
are interested and involved in learning. We will find that how
much teachers play role with honestly. It will help us to know
about the students and teachers abilities, strengths and
weaknesses. We have seen that since last twenty years or two
decades the student’s quantity of Government school which pass
out the school have no ability to read and write correctly as
compare to private schools. We have noticed that the students of
private school have more ability to read and write (literacy).
There are a lot of teachers in the Garhi Yaseen which teach the
students as in government school or private in the Garhi Yasin.
It will help us know about the development of education in
Garhi Yasin, we will know about the students abilities and
disabilities in order to be influential with them and the second
largest town of the district Shikarpur and the total time of the
schools play role in education

 Finding : The research help us to collect new data and

provide us new evidence to find out that how schools play a
role in our society and how much they give us advantages.
We will also focus on schools leadership, their abilities
theirs advantages and their effectiveness. We will diagnosis

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

to find out the factors which affect the literacy of Garhi

Yasin. The factors will external and internal of school. The
internal factor of school is; curriculum, syllabus, rules,
regulations, methods, management, materials, classrooms,
library, laboratory, and technology because these all are
factors internal factors which are effective for the student’s
literacy. These factors help them to provide easy way of
teaching and learning. These factors manage them to work
collaboratively after all these factors we will also focus on
teachers work that how much they work honestly and
collaboratively and to know about their teaching ways.

 Challenges: There are many challenges and difficulties in

educational Research by which they face the difficulties are
given below.
 It is very difficult to understand the real fact and data.
 Spend too much time in research.
 They have various problems and challenges.
 When researchers go to any institution for collecting data
they less chances to meet any particular person.
 They have fewer chances to collect data from administration.
 No one be easily ready to give data about school.

 Literature Review:
The data was collected by Agha Haseebullah Khan
by questions to different teachers from different Schools and
also from citizens and labours. Everyone have different point of
view, so we add the data in research. The teachers of Agha

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

Badardin Higher Secondary School Garhi Yaseen (ABHSSGY)

shared their ideas about the factors affecting literacy rate .

 Research Methodology:
Descriptive Method is used in research methodology to
understand it.

 Factors Affecting literacy:

 There are two types of factors which affect the literacy. The
first one is external and second one is internal. Here we are
discussing about the both, they are given below.

 External Factors affecting literacy or

Problems :
 There are many problems which the today peoples are facing
the problems with related to education. We are here trying to
find out these problems and after finding the Problems we
will also find the solutions of these problems.
 Poverty :
 The first one is poverty by which the peoples don’t get the
admission in schools, because they’re facing the problems of
poverty as like; hunger, health, lack of knowledge and many
others. The thought of peoples about education is that why
they not spend their money and time on any business instead
of education.

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

 Lack of Jobs

 The second One is lack of jobs or low quality of Job. For the
lack of jobs 70 to 80 % peoples don’t get interest in
education. This problem is also being faced by poor peoples
because they don’t have an extra budget to spend on
education and they are worried about their future.

 Lack of Awareness:
 The third problem is Lack of awareness of students about
education. It is one of the main factors in which students and
their parents have lack of awareness. Parents do not try to
understand the value and role of education by which they get
interest. Parents don’t involve in education role. The one of
major factors in lack of awareness is that if any parent gets
the admission their children than they have lack of awareness
about it. They even do not know about their children that are
their children go to school or not, are their children go to
school at a time or not, attend the class or not,

 Lack of Parents Role :

 The fourth problem is lack of parent’s role in education. They
do not do their duties. They don’t try to know about their
children that are they learn or not, are they interest, do they
reach at a time to school or not, is it good or not, is the
education system good or not, are the teachers of schools
trainee or not, if the parents interact, then system will be

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effected. This is one of the main factors which affect the

literacy. So it is the reason to arise these problems by which
the factors arise.

 The fifth problem is Wadera Nizaam:

 The Wadera Nizaam is one of the major and effective roles
which affect the literacy rate. They are the person which is
the main cause of illiteracy. Every politician tries to influence
their power and control over the city. They give the jobs to
their voters and civilians but mainly their relatives and their
same castes peoples. They use the power in negative way.
They give the teaching jobs on deal, they deal with them that
teachers will do by politicians orders not their choice. The
politicians do not select by their abilities, they select them by
their own choice.
 Reference :
 Teachers, HSS Garhi Yasin, District Shikarpur, Sindh
Pakistan.
 The one of the current example is our university, The Vice
Chancellor of Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur resigned
due to Political interference by local MPA Imtiaz Shaikh.
 Reference
Shikarpur News Reporters, Facebook video.

 Internal Factors:
 Teachers have Lack of knowledge about subject matter
knowledge.
 Lack of Management system.
 Irresponsible for their duties.
 Corruption.

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

 Lack of Knowledge:
 Teachers have the lack of about subject matter knowledge as
we above discussed about the selection of teachers by
politicians so this is the reason that the teachers don’t have
subject matter knowledge and this is a factor which affect the
literacy.
 Management Problems.
The lack of management system in education system is
one of the major systems which affect the whole school. There
are some factors given; Planning Organizing directing and
controlling. The Material Problem, Institutional Problems,
Classroom Problems, Students Problems, Health Problems,
Electricity Problems, Department Problems, Technology
Problems, Laboratory Problems, Library Problems.

 Irresponsible For Their Duties:

 There are large quantities of teachers which are
irresponsible for their duties and not take the
classes.

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 Theories on Literacy : There are many theories

given on literacy, as like cognitive development given by Jean
Piaget. Jean Piaget defined that literacy play a role from our
birth to adulthood. It is a continuous process of learning.
Maturation theory given by American psychologist Dr:
Arnold Gesell, theory of literature given by Donald Holdaway.
Kurt Lewin gave the theory on stage modal of reading,
Emergent literacy theory given by lady her name is Marie Clay
so there are a lot of theories on literacy which tell the process of
literacy related to our activities. They all defined in different
directions and their ideas taught us that literacy is not a closed
system in education but it is also a part of our life. Reading play
a role in our daily life, we know that the ability of teaching and
learning is called literacy.
Here we are discussing about the Dam Marie Clay.
She was born in 3 January 1926 in Wellington New and died in
13 April 2007 in Auckland New Zealand at the age of 81 years.
Her father was Donald leolin irwin who was an accountant and
her mother’s name is Mildred Blanche Godlier, and her mother
was teacher. Her parents were separated when she was five
years old. She studied in Victoria College
She was known by her work on educational literacy. Marie
Clay share the ideas that the children who facing the problem of
reading and writing we can help them in early intervention.

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

 Marie Clay Biography :

Dame Marie Mildred Clay DBE FRSNZ was born in 3
January 1926 Wellington, New Zealand and died in 13 April 2007
Auckland New Zealand. She was an educationist and Researcher. The
father of Dame Marie Mildred Clay was leolin Irwin Godlier and He
was an accountant. Mildred Blanche Godlier was the mother of Marie
Clay, she was teacher. Her parents were divorced when she was five
years old. She attended four schools after that she has got the
admission at East Girl’s College. After completion of college, she
graduated B A from Victoria University in 1947 and M.A in 1949. In
1948 she also received a Diploma of Education. After studying
clinical child psychology at the University of Minnesota as a
Fulbright scholar, Clay received her PhD from the University of
Auckland in 1996, where she had been on the faculty since 1960. She
developed the Reading Recovery intervention programme, which was
adopted by all New Zealand schools in 1983. In 1985, teachers and
researchers from Ohio State University brought Reading Recovery to
the United States. Reading recovery is an early intervention for at risk
students in grade one that is designed to close gaps with in an average
of 13 to 20 weeks. The programme is currently used in Great Britain,
Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United State, including
Department of defence Schools. To date reading recovery has played
a role in the development of over 1.6 million readers in the United
States. Its use in Australia and New Zealand has reduced significantly
over recent years because of a report from the South Wales
Department of Education concluded that Reading Recovery was
largely ineffective and should not be used for most children.

In 1982, Clay was inducted to the in the international Reading

Association’s Reading Hall of fame. In the 1987 New Year honours,
she was appointed a Dame Commander of the order of the British
Empire, for services to education.
In 1992 she was elected president of International reading
association and was first non-North American to hold this position.
Her teacher’s guide book, Reading Recovery: Guideline for Teachers
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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

in training, has sold more than one millions copies worldwide. She
died in Auckland, New Zealand at the age of 81 by illness.
Reference:
 May Helen (2018). “Clay Marie Mildred.” Te Ara- The
Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
 “NZ universitygraduates1870-1961: I-K". Shadowsof Time.
Retrieved12 February 2019.
 Fox, Margalit (20 April 2007). “Marie M. Clay, Remedial
Reading Specialist, Dies at 81.” The New York Times.
Retrieved 27 September 2008.
 Bradford, Deborah wai-Yin (2015). Reading Recovery: A Sector-Wide
Analysis (Report). Centre for Education Statistics and Evaluation, Department of
Education, New South Wales, Australia.

 Emergent literacy theory:

Her belief was that the children started the learning before
admitted the school. She said that the early learning language
was influences from environment; these may be positive or
negative because it is dependent on environment. Children
are actively involved in constructing their understanding of
language. Social interaction supports literacy development.
Literacy activities should be purposeful and a part of all
content areas. Reading is more than decoding. Emergent
reader means any individual who is not yet formally reading.
Emergent literacy reading measures the student’s natural
ability of reading and writing, which they learn before the
school. It measures the skills and ability before they learn.
She believes that if they live in a good and literate
environment than they will get the positive effects of
environment and have the more ability of literacy.
 Reference of Marie Clay:
 Emergent Literacy”. Provo City Library at Academy Square.
Archived from the original on 2010-04-05.

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Educational Research by Agha Haseebullah Khan

 2. "Learning Point Associates - Emergent

Literacy”. Emergent Literacy. North Central Regional
Educational Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2000-
08-31.
 3. "Learning Point Associates - Critical Issue: Addressing the
Literacy Needs of Emergent and Early Readers”. Emergent
Literacy. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.
Archived from the original on 2000-08-17.

 Important Factors Affecting Literacy.

 These are the factors which affect the literacy :

 Positive Factors of Learning:

The positive factors are those factors which give the
advantages to students, which are helpful for students.

 Negative factors affecting Learning:

Learning factors are the factors by which the students
affected negatively, these are the given;
The students do not understand the concept of topic. They
may have difficulty in listening, seeing, and asking. May be
the students do not know the easy way of learning, May be
they do not have skills to get and learn the main ideas, May
be do not know about the method of learning, May be
background is affected.
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 Physical factors.
There are such students which have some physical problems,
by which they have affected physically, May be they have;
physical problems, eye problem or visual problem, and
physical development problem.
For positive physical factors they should take part in
physical activities as like; cricket game, football game and
running game. It will help to develop the students physical
skills and improve their strengths.

 Mental Factors :
Some factors affect the mentality; positively and negatively.
The strict behaviour of parents and teachers with students
affect students negatively. The negatively factor is that the
lack of involvement, insult, strict role with children. When
all students participate in the classroom and some are not
than it will affect the some students negatively. Because
when they see others participants do not involve them, it will
affect them. Sometimes poverty and stress affects the
students.
The positive factors affecting their literacy are;
positive behaviour in classroom of teachers with students and
students with students.
 Emotional and Social Factors.

 Literacy Skills before School:

 Confidence.
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Confidence is the main and important skill, which helps to

develop the child. It helps them to improve the activities, belief
on their selves and communication skills. It plays an important
role at everywhere in different situations, where they want.

 Awareness.
Before to come the school, students should have the
awareness about the rules and regulations of school and also
should have the knowledge about reading and writing and must
be aware about their uses. They should have interest in reading
and writing.

 Six Early Literacy Skills :

There are six early literacy skills which are
useful for students. It helps to develop the
student’s skills. It improves the knowledge and
awareness about words. It develops the student’s
literacy. These six literacy skills are discussing
below.
 Print Motivation
 Print Awareness
 Letter Knowledge.
 Narrative Skills.
 Phonological Awareness.
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 Vocabulary.

 Print Motivation:
It is a first and basic step in early literacy from the six
early skills. The researchers believe that print motivation is very
important for children for purpose of print motivation; first
teachers improve the attention of children to the reading. Print
motivation is a motivation which motivates the pupils to the
books. In this way the students motivated to the written text.
They get interest in reading. In this process children get interest
in reading and books. They love with books. They read for fun
and enjoyment.

 Print Awareness :
Print awareness is a way to understand the text. It is
a process to know about the written form of text. It is a
skill to use for a purpose to aware about written text.
Students will be aware by the help of pictures, which the
teacher shows them in book or on the board.

 Letter Knowledge:
Letter Knowledge is the skill use for to know about
the Letters, to understand their shapes with names and
remember them. They can improve their knowledge of
letters by practice and by repeating them. Teacher should
start the letter practice by the name of every object as like;
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A for apple, b for ball, c for cat. At that time they don’t
know about the names of objects in English and their
spelling but they learn by practice.

 Narrative Skills:
Narrative means to tell the story or events.
Narrative skills are used to tell the stories to the students.
In the stories students get interest and attention to listen
carefully. Stories may in in the form of poems, and
poems read by rhythms, which helps students to get
interest and also helps them to learn easily.

 Phonological Awareness:
It is the Awareness about the words and understands
their relation with other words. It helps to understand that
how to pronounce the words. It shows that how words
are joined and how to pronounce them. It helps to know
the relation of letters; it helps to know about the
connection of letters and their phonemes. It helps to learn
the syllable and rhythm. Syllable is the process of
segmentation and blending of words. Rhymes are the
awareness of construction and connection.

 Vocabulary :
Vocabulary is the collection of words. It is the knowledge of
words. It is a process of accumulation of words. It is a process to
acquire the meaning of words. It is the process to gather the
information of words.
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 Classroom Factors affecting Students

Learning.
There are many classroom factors which affect the
students learn and their literacy skills which is the
finally affect the literacy rate. Some of them are
given below:
 Assessment.
 Teacher’s behaviour and teacher’s Parental Habits and
Involvement.
 Family Issues and Instability.
 Peers Relationships.

 Assessment:
Teachers play an important role to decrease the
negative factors of literacy by understanding the
students levels, their ability, and their strengths.
Assessment is a tool which helps to know about the
student’s ability and disability. This factor is the basic
and starting factor, if teachers do not use it, they will not
know about the students’ abilities and disabilities. When

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teachers know about the weaknesses and strength of the

students it will help to take a new action or direction in
the classroom for students.

 Teacher’s Behaviour and Teacher’s

Parental Habits and Involvement :
Teachers’ behaviour is the factor which mostly influences
on students' learning. If the teachers behaviour is positive and
body language is good than it is very effective for students and
students get interest in learning. They are motivated by the
behaviour of teachers. When teachers behave them strictly at
every time than it will affect the students learning. Strictness
is also a need to maintain the classroom but not to cross the
limit. There is also a need of strictness in the classroom to
maintain the situations.
In Garhi Yaseen there are many teachers which play
a role as parents but in more quantity there are teachers who
do not play a role of parents. Some of them , play a role very
strictly not only with strictness but also cruelly. Sabre School
(Sabre Public School Garhi Yaseen) is one of the cruellest
School in Garhi Yaseen .

 Teaching Methods :
There are many different types of methods used for
different purposes and for the different directions. Every method
is used according to the students’ need, ability, and mentality.
Some students understand through lecture method, some
demonstration method, some inductive some deductive, and
some by computer based learning.

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But in Garhi Yaseen teachers use only lecture methods in

all the schools.

 Family Issues and Instability :

Family Issues and Instability affect their
education system. The students who are facing the family
problems; money, health or job problems, they don’t have time
and money to get admission or complete their education.

 Peer Relationships :
Peer relationships is a main factor by which students
perform cooperatively and equally and it helps them to improve
their social and emotional skills.

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