PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT

(R&B construction div 2nd ).

Project Report

Submitted By : Anees MEHMOOD

In partial fulfillment for the award of

of

Three year Diploma IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

at

KITE POLYTECHNIC
Wavoosa Rangreth

MAY-2016

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled “____________________________” submitted for the
diploma(CE) degree is my original work and the project has not formed the basis for the award
of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or any other similar titles.

Signature of the student

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Place:

Date:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled””______________________________” is the bonafide

work carried out by _______________, a student of diploma (CE) of Kite polytechnic wavoosa
Rangreth during the academic year 2015-2016, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Diploma (Civil Engineering) and that the project has not formed on the
basis for the award previously of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or any other similar title.

Signature of the Guide

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Place:

Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people who in one way or another contributed and extended
their valuable assistance in preperation and completion of this study and I am
extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my project
[Link] I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I
would not forget to thank them

First and foremost ,we would like to thank Almighty Allah, who bestowed upon
me the oppurtunity to work on this project and provided me with the confidence
and skill to complete this mission

We are deeply indebted to Mr MOHSIN head of the civil engineering department,

my advisor and guide, for the motivation,guidance, tutelage and patience
throughout the project work. We appreciate his broad range of expertise and
attention to detail, as well as the constant encouragement he has given us over the
years. There is no need to mention that a big part of this project work is the result

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of joint work with him , without which the completion of the work would not have
been possible.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my incharge Er. Muzaffar Ali and
AEE and my parents and family members, without their love, patience and
support,I would not have completed this project

Signature of Student
Place:

Date: Anees Mehmood

ABSTRACT

My practical training started from 19th may [Link] project of

construction of buildings was sub divided into five (5) sectors viz A , B , C ,D
and E . For the first 2 months I was deployed at sector A where the work of piling
was being done. For the next half of training my location was changed and I was
shifted to sector B where the work of shallow foundation (Raft foundation) was in
progress and the work was being done on Pile caps at sector A. I was also given
detailed information about the soil investigations that were carried out in the
reconnaissance. During this span of my practical training I became well aware of
the various possible problems that can be faced on the site and the various possible
tackling options. I also became well aware of the way of interacting with the
workers that is deemed necessary for the smooth working of any work.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………….….9-10

LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………..11

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 12 - 16

1.1 Need of Practical training …………………………………………..12-13

1.2 About PWD(R&B) ………………………………………………….13-16

CHAPTER 2 : ABOUT THE PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 - 19

2.1 Overview …………………………………………………………... 17

2.2. Objective and scope of investigation work ……………….. . . . . . . 18

2.3 Quick Facts……………………………………….…………, ,…….. 19

CHAPTER 3 Field Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 20 - 25

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3.1 Geological and Geomorphological investigation … . . ……………20

3.1.1 Preliminary geological reconnaissance…. .………….. . . . .20

.
3.1.2 Seismicity………………………………. .……………. . . . 21

3.1.3 Climate conditions ……………………………….... . . . . . . 21

3.2. Sub soil exploration Methodology ……………………. . . . . . . …..21

3.2.1 Execution of Bore holes ……. . . . . . . . ……………………22

3.2.2 Subsoil water condition ……………………………22

3.3 Bore log investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-25

CHAPTER 4: LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 26

4.1 Identification Tests ………………………………………….26

4.1.1 Gradation test. ………. . . . . .………………………..26

.
4.1.2 Specific gravity test………………………………….26

4.1.3 Consistency test………………………………………26-27

CHAPTER 5 : CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF THE PROJECT. . . . 28-51

5.1 Main features of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.2 Piling …………………………………………………… . . . . .28

5.3 Steps in construction of central library block ……... . . . . . . ..28

5.3.1 Pile location setup …………………………. . . . . . …29

5.3.2Installation of casing …………………………. . . . . ...30

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 5.3.3 Drilling of pile bore hole ………………………. . . .…30-32

5.3.4 Reinforcement cage ………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..32

5.3.5 Concreting of pile……………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …33-34

5.3.6 Mix design of M35………………,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34-35

5.3.7 Removal of casing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5.3.8 Reinforcement Details . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36-37

5.3.9 Pile Head Chipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . …. . . . .. .38

5.4 Pile cap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39-41

5.5 Pile cap Reinforcement . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-48

5.6 Pile Cap Concreting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . 48-50

5.7 Column. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .50-51

CHAPTER 6: TESTS PERFORMED FOR QUALITY CHECK………52 - 70

6.1 Slump Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52-55

6.2 Load test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55-67

6.3 Concrete Cube Testing …………………………….. . . . . . . . . . . . . .…67-70

CHAPTER 7: FORMWORK / SHUTTERING . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .71-78

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .79-80

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REFRENCES ……………………………………………………. . . . . .…81
.

LIST OF FIGURES:

FIGURE ( I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOCATING POSITION OF PILE USING SENSORS

FIGURE ( II ). . . . . . . . . . . . . BUCKET BORING USING HYDRAULIC RIG

FIGURE ( III ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . AUGER BORING USING HYDRAULIC RIG

FIGURE ( IV ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREPARING BENTONITE SOLUTION

FIGURE ( V ) . . . . . . . . .. .. . . REINFORCEMENT CAGES FOR PILE

FIGURE( VI ) . . . . . . . .. . . . . HOPPER USED FOR POURING CONCRETE

FIGURE ( VII ) . . . . . . . . . . . BAR DETAILS

FIGURE ( VIII ) . . . . . . . . . . . BAD CONCRETE TO BE CHIPPED OFF

FIGURE ( IX ). . . . . . . . . . . . PLACING OF (6) PILES

FIGURE ( X ). . . . . . . . . . . . . PLACING OF (3) PILES

FIGURE ( XI ). . . . . . . . . . . PLACING OF (6) PILES

FIGURE ( XII ). . . . . . . . . . . . .REINFORCEMENT FOR PILE CAP

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FIGURE ( XIII ) . . . . . . . . . . . . LOWER CAGE OF PILE CAP

FIGURE ( XIV ). . . . . . . . . . . . REINFORCEMENT FOR TRIANGULAR PILE CAP

FIGURE ( XV ). . . . . . . . . . . . UPPER CAGE BARS RESTING ON CHAIRS

FIGURE (XVI ) . . . . . . . . . . . . REINFORCEMENT FOR RECTANGULAR PILE CAP

FIGURE ( XVII ). . . . . . . . . . . SHUTTERING OF CONNECTING BEAMS

FIGURE ( XVIII ) . . . . . . . . . . UPPER CAGE MAIN STEEL BARS

FIGURE (XIX ). . . . . . . . . . . PLACING OF CUBES BELOW LOWER CAGE

FIGURE ( XX). . . . . . . . . POURING OF CUBES

FIGURE ( XXI ) . . . . . . . . CONCRETING OF PILE CAP

FIGURE ( XXII ). . . . . . . . . SLUMP TEST

FIGURE ( XXIII ) . . . . . . . . SLUMP TEST

FIGURE ( XXIV) . . . . . . . . . . . KENTLEDGE

FIGURE ( XXV) . . . . . . . . . . .LOAD TEST (DIAL GAUGE)

FIGURE ( XXVI ). . . . . . . . REINFORCEMENT FOR RAFT AND COLUMNS

FIGURE ( XXVII ) . . . . . . SHUTTERING FOR FOUNDATION BEAMS

FIGURE ( XXVIII) . . . . . . . . . . .FOUNDATION BEAMS

FIGURE (XXIX) . . . . . . . . . . . . MIXING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE IN RAFT

FIGURE (XXX). . . . . . . . . . . . . COLUMN CONCRETING

FIGURE (XXXI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PEDESTALS

FIGURE (XXXII). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RAMP REINFORCEMENT

FIGURE (XXXIII). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COLUMN CURING

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FIGURE (XXXIV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SLAB SHUTTERING

FIGURE (XXXV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SLAB LAYOUT

FIGURE (XXXVI). . . . . . . . . . SLAB REINFORCEMENT

FIGURE (XXXVII). . . . . . . . . . . . . HUMANITIES BUILDING

FIGURE (XXXVIII). . . . . . . . . . . . . . CLASSROOM BLOCK

FIGURE (XXXIV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK

LIST OF TABLES:

TABLE ( I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .DESIGN FEATURES OF PROJECT

TABLE ( II ) .. . . . . . . . . . . . BORE LOG INVESTIGATION

TABLE ( III ). . . . . . . . . . . .SLUMP VALUES

TABLE ( IV ). . . . . . . . . . . . LOADING DETAILS OF TEST PILE ( P52 )

TABLE ( V ) . . . . . . . . . . . DEAILS OF SECONDARY GIRDERS

TABLE ( VI ) . . . . . . . . . . . DETAILS OF MAIN GIRDERS

TABLE ( VII ) . . . . . . . . . . . DETAILS OF PLATE

TABLE (VIII ) . . . . . . . . . . DETAILS OF DIAL GUAGE

TABLE ( IX ) . . . . . . . . . . . DETAILS OF HYDRAULIC JACK

TABLE( X ). . . . . . . . . . . . .DETAILS OF PRESSURE GUAGE

TABLE ( XI ) . . . . . . . . . . . .LOAD CHART

TABLE ( XII ) . . . . . . . . . . .READINGS FROM VERTICL TEST

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TABLE ( XIII ) . . . . . . . . . .COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 NEED OF PRACTICAL TRAINING :

Civil engineering is the foundation on which humankind builds its world and
engineers can shape the world into a better and more sustainable place to live. The
cultivation of professional and practical ability for undergraduate civil and
construction engineering students is very important to help us meet the challenges that
await us in the fast changing world . Based upon an extensive literature review of the
practical training curriculum worldwide, questionnaires were provided to contractors,
educators and students in Taiwan to assess problems in traditional summer practical
training courses for civil and construction engineering in Taiwan. At the outset of the
study, it was thought that the lack of available jobs for students might be related solely
to the economy but the findings indicated that the reasons were more complex ranging
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from concerns about liability for students working in construction sites to traditional
cultural concerns about whether apprentices should be paid . What is certain is that
practical training can play an important role in readying engineering students for the
work place in any location and making the practical training as effective and as safe as
possible should be a universal goal. In conclusion, the hands-on training of civil
engineering students to improve their practical ability has had a significant effect.
Through internships, students as practitioners become directly involved in industry.
They can add to the knowledge learned in class actual technical skills and
management skills. Furthermore, through internships, students can consolidate, enrich
and enhance their theoretical knowledge. Therefore, theory and practice are
integrated. Students trained in this way should become more competitive in modern
society and achieve more; thus, making a stronger contribution.

1:2 ABOUT PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (R&B) :

An effective communication network is essential not only to cater to the needs of

travel and transport but also for Socio-economic development of a State and the
country. In case of J&K, the same is all the more important for promotion of
tourism as well. Revival of Tourism and restoration of damaged infrastructure,
which had become the target during the period of disturbance in the State has been
a priority of the State Government.

The State Government, with the supplementation of Central resources, made

concerted efforts in rebuilding of destroyed infrastructure in the shape of roads,
bridges, school buildings and the social infrastructure, etc. With this objective in
view, special schemes were launched, besides giving a boost to the ongoing
schemes of the Department.

ROAD CONNECTIVITY (as on 01-01-2011):

 Total length maintained by R&B Department : 26711.27 kms
 Blacktopped : 12054.94 kms
 Metalled : 2514.95 kms
 Shingled : 3650.87 kms
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  Fair weather : 8300.06 kms
 Jeepable : 190.45 kms

The allocation of the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12) for R&B sector is
given as under:-

[Link] Year Allocation Additionality Total Expdt.

        (Rs. in lacs)
1 2007-08 53925.00 33076.18 87001.18 87001.18
2 2008-09 52950.00 37736.33 90686.33 90686.33
3 2009-10 110508.50 6672.68 117181.18 117181.18
4 2010-11 115106.97 11457.72 129564.69 129564.69
  Total 449194.73 88942.91 541137.64 424538.38

[Link] Design Directorate

During the year 2010-11, an amount of Rs. 79.00 lacs has been earmarked as
capital component for various works & maintenance of capital assets.

[Link]. Year Outlay Expenditure

      (Rs. in lacs)
1 2008-09 38.00 27.07
2 2009-10 79.00 72.68
3 2010-11 79.00 78.80

The Directorate of Designs & Planning was initially created under G.O number
114-C, Dated:16-05-1963, as part of the Reorganization of the PWD, which
included Electrical & Mechanical wings as well. The responsibilities of the
Directorate included planning of engineering works, coordination and linkage of
all branches of PWD in respect of project preparation, designing, planning etc.,
which in turn and according to the Govt. Order meant collection of statistical and
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other data, investigation and surveys of all the schemes of roads, buildings,
irrigation projects and electric works costing over Rs. 1.00 lac. The Directorate had
powers to inspect and conduct technical examination of works of the various
branches to ascertain if execution of works in the field is going on according to
approved plans, specifications and standards etc. In addition, the Directorate was
kept in charge of central stores and purchases.
Two new investigation sectors in the Hydraulic & R&B wing were created in the
Designs & Planning Directorate vide Govt. Order No: DP-741-WIP of 1966,
Dated: 30-09-1966, apart from the existing eight other sectors excluding Direction
Office with the functioning of the Directorate remaining the same.
The Directorate was re-organized vide Govt. Oder No. PW-534-WIP, Dated: 26-
09-967, when Town Planning and Architectural Planning, Salal Investigation
Circle & Salal Pre-construction Division were added to its functions, but at the
same time the Directorate was divested of the responsibilities of surveys and
investigation of schemes as also of the technical examination of the works.
In 1971, the Directorate was reorganized vide Govt. Order No. DP-284-WIP of
1971, Dated: 12-04-1971.
Finally in October-1986, the functions, responsibilities and powers of Design
Directorate were revised in suppression of all previous orders vide Govt. Order No.
PW-449 of 1986, Dated: 23-10-1986. According to this order, the functions of this
Directorate, as at present, are as under:-
1. Designs of R&B, Hydraulic and PHE works costing Rs. 30.00 lacs and above
shall be vetted and approved by the Designs Directorate.
2. Designing of all such works, as may be referred to Designs Directorate by Chief
Engineers of Engineering Organizations, shall be settled and approved by Design
Directorate.
3. Investigation in respect of works mentioned in (i) & (ii) above shall be carried
out under the directions and guidance of Design Directorate.
4. Consultancy services for preparation of design in respect of works mentioned at
(i) & (ii) above shall be engaged only after the Designs Directorate certifies that it
cannot design such works and that engagements of consultancy service is
necessary. Engagement of consultancy shall also be done by Design Directorate.
5. Technical Sanctions in respect of works mentioned at (i) above shall not be
accorded by the competent authorities unless design of these works have been
vetted and approved by the Design Directorate.
6. All technical problems encountered by the executing agencies in the field shall
be referred to Design Directorate.
7. The Design Directorate shall create a data bank of research made in materials,
techniques and methods of designs.
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8. The design Directorate shall prepare a reference shelf of typical designs and
plans.
9. The Design Directorate shall prepare/update book of specifications, rate analysis
and schedule of rates.
10. The design Directorate shall undertake the work of standardization of
specification of works and materials.
11. The Design Directorate shall exercise control in respect of quality over the
works, plans of which are vetted and approved by the Directorate. The Design
Directorate was re-designated as Designs , Inspections & Quality Control J&K,
Jammu and the post of Director was re-designated as Chief Engineer vide Govt.
Order No. 962-Works of 2001, Dated: 12-06-2001.

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 ABOUT THE PROJECT
CHAPTER 2 :
ABOUT THE PROJECT:

2.1 OVERVIEW:

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) through Public works department,

Srinagar, Kashmir (PWD, R&B), proposes to construct five buildings at Amar
Singh college Gogji Bagh Srinagar kashmir.
The project comprises of five buildings as under:

[Link] Name of work Approved cost in lacs

1. Administrative Block / VC”s Office 446.9

2. School of Humanities and Liberal Arts 334.97

3. Common classroom Block 223.57

4. Central Library Block 893.02

5. Canteen / Cafeteria/ Toilet Block 45.04

TOTAL= 1943.50

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2.2 OBJECTIVES/ SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION WORK

This report presents a detailed pre-construction technical insight into the

Lithology/Geomorphology and Geotechnical characteristics of the sub-soil strata at
the proposed construction site .
With principal information like ground penetration resistance, location and extent
of soft layers/gas pockets, ground water level, potential artesian conditions, depth
and extent of scouring (if any), engineering properties of soil, allowable/safe
bearing pressures on foundations, probable static settlements, likely sinking effort
for wells/piles, this report is expected to essentially enable the designer to make a
rational and most judicious choice for a suitable foundation system, as a load
transfer and sub-soil support mechanism, for proposed Buildings. Further the
purpose of this report is also to provide an idea/scheme for evaluation of potential
geotechnical impacts during the pre-construction/post-construction stages of
execution and provision/preparation of reasonable mitigation measures wherever
deemed necessary.
The following report/compilation describes in detail both Field and Laboratory
aspects of the technical investigation undertaken. The field and Laboratory
investigations have been conducted strictly in accordance with the relevant Codes/
Specifications.

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QUICK FACTS ABOUT THE PROJECT :

1. Total no. of buildings 5

2. Date of start September 2015

3. Date of completion September 2017

4. Name of Funding agency Rashtriya Uchchatar shiksha

Abhiyan (RUSA)

5. Name of cluster Cluster university srinagar

6. Lead college Amar singh college srinagar

7. Seismic zone V

8. Superstructure Rcc Columns , slab with

monolithic beams , Ramp and
Stairs
9. Foundation type Pile foundation for central
liberary , raft foundation for
school of humanities and
liberal arts , raft foundation
for common classroom
block , strip foundation for
canteen / cafeteria toilet block
, raft foundation for
administrative block /vs”s
office

10. Lifespan 100 years

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 FIELD INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 3
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

3.1 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

3.1.1Regional Geology and Preliminary Geological Reconnaissance

Geological and geomorphologic investigations were carried out to predict the

lithology/ nature of formation at the site. General geologic features pertaining to
the site topography were evaluated by reference to the Preliminary Geologic
Reconnaissance. The proposed site is located within Srinagar District, which
primarily comprises of old alluvium up to large depths, with an average altitude of
1600m to 1650m. These deposits along the entire alignment come under more
recent period of geological formation (Jhelum Valley Floor Deposits/ Lacustrine
Soil Deposits). As such the strata at the proposed location can broadly be
categorized under natural alluvium/ water laid deposits (Alluvial/Flood Outwash
Deposits), which generally include silty-clay or clayey-silt type soil in intermixed
layers with potential seams/bands of fine to coarse sand. Such alluvial deposits are
consistently associated with matrix of highly decomposed organic
silts/peat/trapped partially decomposed fibrous organic matter etc. The proposed
site of construction for has river (Jhelum) proximity of approximately 1000m.

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3.1.2 Seismicity

Kashmir Valley, as part of the Western Himalayan mountain range, critically lies
between Pir- Panjal (Middle Himalaya) thrust zone and Zanskar (Greater
Himalaya) thrust zone. Very proximity of these heavily faulted thrust zones,
particularly the Pir-Panjal Range, which is underlain
by Main Boundary thrust, essentially yields entire Kashmir Valley as seismically
active and quite susceptible to earthquakes. As such, for all practical and design
related understanding, the project is located in a seismically active part of Kashmir
valley. Keeping in view the Maximum credible earthquake magnitudes in the
region, the site area is classified in Zone-V of the BIS-code of Practice (IS-1893-
2002), with capacity of Design Basis

Earthquake of magnitude of 7.5 or more. Maximum credible earthquake

magnitudes represent the largest earthquakes that could occur on the given fault
based on the current understanding of the regional Geo-tectonics. Global
positioning reference (GPS Marking) for each of the
executed borehole is presented in respective bore logs in subsequent section.

3.1.3 Climate Condition

Climatic conditions in Kashmir Valley varies from short summer from May to
July, with maximum temperature of 30C to 33C and relatively very cold
winters from November to February, withlowest temperature of 0C to -5C.
Rainy season lasts for a very short period from March to April
& mid of July to August. Since valley falls under relatively Cold-Temperate areas
of western Himalayas, the relative humidity is generally of the order of 70% to
80%. Soil temperature regime is mesicand moisture regime is udic. Valley floor
soils are principally categorized under Inceptisols, Entisolsand Mollisols, of World
Soils Order.

3.2 SUB-SOIL EXPLORATIONS METHODOLOGY

On the day of field investigation the exact filed test locations/alignment of

boreholes for the proposed construction, within the site area, were confirmed by
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the concerned engineers of the construction [Link] the clear information from
the client, multiple borehole locations have been identified for the said central
Library Block, with proposed/intended exploration depth of 11.0m each.

3.2.1 Execution of Boreholes /Open pit excavation

Geological and geomorphologic investigations at the site have indicated the subsoil
strata to be mostly of silt-clay or sandy-silt type soil. Therefore, it was considered
appropriate to proceed with the boring maneuver to reach the required depth
intervals using manually driven augers & wash boring,
with use of casing up to desired depth (MORT&H / IRC Specifications followed
for sampling).For each boring location, sampling (Disturbed /Un-disturbed) was
planned and executed at 1.5m depth intervals below NSL (up to 15.0m).
Disturbed /Un-disturbed was done up to 11m or refusal (whichever occurred
earlier), with maximum DS/UDS interval of 3.0m.

3.2.2 Subsoil water condition/artesian condition and prospective seepage

potential at site.

Water table was measured inside the borehole, on the day of field investigations,
with reference to the Existing Ground Level/ Natural Surface Level (NSL), and
was encountered at a relatively shallow depth at all boring locations, as indicated
in subsequent respective bore-log data. A potential seasonal variation of ± 0.5m to
1.0m may be expected. In view of above, there is a prospect for seepage water to
get intruded at location of working area, during any open excavation, below NSL
at boring locations. In general observation during exploration, no potential artesian
condition or large gas cavity has been encountered along the bored depth, at any of
the presently investigated boring location.

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3.3.3 Bore log investigation .

Field Bore log for subsurface exploration Dated: - 06-02-2014

Project :-Construction of Central Library Block

Client :- RUSA thru public works department construction div 2nd (R&B)

Site/ Location :-Amar Singh College Gogji Bagh, Sgr , Kmr (J&K)

Bore Hole no.:- BH-39 GPS : N34º03’31.4”

E74º48’10.0”

RD:- P-56 Boring Type:- Auger/Wash (DS)

Bore Diamter:- 150mm Soil/Rock classification system : IS Intended Boring depth

= 11m Seepage Water Encountered at : NIL Elevation

Reference:-Ground Water Encountered at 1.50m below EGL

Depth Blow count(45Cm pentration) Remarks

Interval
below
 
NSL(M)
SPT
15-
0-15 30-45 VALUE
30
(N)
Sandy silt
1.5
- - - <5 Sandy silt soil with
3.0
gravel
Yellowish brown silt/ 90% silt
3.0
2.00 2.00 3.00 5.00 silt clay soil of soft clay
4.5
consistency 10% sand

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 95% silt
4.5 Brown silt/silt clay soil
1.00 2.00 3.00 5.00 clay
6.0 of soft consistency
5% sand
Grey sandy-silt/ silty
40% silt
6.0 sand soil of overall
9.00 11.00 17.00 28.00 clay
7.5 dense nature/medium
60%sand
to stiff consistency
Sandy-silt subsoil
no sample
7.5 strata of very loose/
2.00 8.00 12.00 20.00 recovery
9.0 saturated nature with
>50% sand
OM

Grey sandy-silt/ silty 40%

9.0
6.00 8.00 10.00 18.00 sand soil of overall siltclay
10.5
dense nature 60% sand

Grey silt clay / clayey

80% silt
soil soil of overall stiff
clay10 %
10.5 12.0 8.00 10.00 12.00 22.00 consistency with
sand 10%
decomposed organic
OM
matter

Dark Grey silt- Clay / 85% silt

12.0 clayey silt soil of clay
2.00 3.00 5.00 8.00
13.5 overall medium 5% sand
consistency 10% OM

Dark Grey silt- Clay / 65% silt

13.5 clayey silt soil of clay
3.00 3.00 6.00 9.00
15.0 overall medium <5% Sand
consistency 30% OM

65% silt
Grey silt clay / clayey
15.0 clay
3.00 4.00 6.00 10.00 silt soil of overall
16.5 <5%sand
medium consistency
30 % OM
Grey silt/ silt clay soil 90% silt
18.0
4.00 6.00 14.00 20.00 of overall medium to clay
21.0
stiff consistency <5 % sand
Grey Sandy Soil soil 70% silt
21.0
4.00 6.00 8.00 14.00 of overall medium clay
24.0
consistency with OM 30 % sand

23 | P a g e
 Grey Sandy Soil soil 65% silt
24.0
5.00 8.00 10.00 18.00 of overall medium clay
27.0
consistency with OM 35 % sand
Grey Sandy Soil soil 70% silt
of overall medium clay15 %
27.0 30.0 2.00 5.00 9.00 14.00
consistency with sand sand 15%
and decomposed OM OM

Table ( II )

24 | P a g e
 LABORATORY
INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER 4
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION

Disturbed and Undisturbed soil samples, retrieved from the field exploration, were
subjected to
following tests for assessment/determination of engineering properties

4.1 IDENTIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION/TESTS

Samples (DS/UDS) were subjected to various identification/classification tests

which include:

4.1.1 Gradation test:

These tests were performed to establish the depth wise grain/ particle size
distribution of soil samples. Given the relatively fine nature of the soil for almost
entire explored depth, wet sieve analysis was performed for fraction larger than
75μ and, wherever practical, sedimentation analysis (Hydrometer Analysis) for
fraction passing 75μ (particularly for soils with
high silt-clay content and high degree of plasticity characteristics). Typical
hydrometer analysis and wet sieve analysis results have been presented

4.1.2 Specific Gravity: These tests were performed on disturbed/undisturbed

samples of soil to ascertain the general nature of soil, in terms of its geological
origin and mineralogy.

4.1.3 Consistency test: These tests were performed (Wherever applicable) on

representative
25 | P a g e
samples of soil from various depths to ascertain their consistency limits
(Atterberg’s Limits),
which mainly comprise of Liquid limit and Plastic limit tests. The test results were
employed for
classification of soil as per IS code procedure.

26 | P a g e
 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER 5

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF THE PROJECT

5.1 MAIN FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

 The five buildings are adjacent to each other

 Space between any two buildings provided is 20m

 The ground floor of each building has a separate parking

 Each floor of building is connected with a Ramp

 Each floor have atleast two stairs

 Each floor of each building have toilets and washrooms

STEPS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CENTRAL LIBRARY BLOCK.

[Link] :

When it becomes impossible to provide the suitable surface foundation

for a structure; the use of pile foundations becomes necessary, this

27 | P a g e
situation arose from either the soil condition or the order of bottom
layers, the nature of the loads transferred to the soil or the nature of the
site and operational conditions

Many factors prevent the selection of surface foundation as a suitable

foundation such as the nature of soil and intensity of loads, we use the
piles when the soil have low bearing capacity or in building in water like
bridges and dams

The main components of the foundation are the pile cap and the piles.
Piles are long and slender members which transfer the load to deeper
soil or rock of high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low
bearing capacity. The main types of materials used for piles are Wood,
steel and concrete. Piles made from these materials are driven, drilled or
jacked into the ground and connected to pile caps. Depending upon type
of soil, pile material and load transmitting characteristic piles are
classified accordingly.

5.3 LAYING OF PILE FOUNDATION INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING

SUB STEPS :

5.3.1 PILE LOCATION SETUP.

28 | P a g e
Prior to the rig setup at the pile location existing utilities, obstacles or other
underground services (telephone lines, electric cables, drainage system etc.) are to
removed or relocated. The piling rig will drill from working platform level. The
working platform and access to pile location shall be made with suitable hardcore
material for the movement of the equipment and ready mixed concrete trucks.

5.3.2 INSTALLATION OF TEMPORARY GUIDE CASING.

The position of the casing center shall be reconfirmed before starting of drilling
and after completions of drilling. A temporary guide casing of an internal diameter
slightly more than diameter of the pile will be installed. The temporary casing shall
be installed into the ground with help of piling rig or with a Vibro hammer. The
center of the temporary guide casing is the previous installed steel pin.

5.3.3 DRILLING OF PILE BORE HOLE.

The rotary rigs are utilized in this process. The hole will be drilled by means of a
bucket equal to diameter of the pile from the working platform using a temporary
casing. The supporting fluid shall be Bentonite slurry. The slurry support system
relies on the presence of thyrotrophic mud water mix to maintain the stability of
the side walls in drilled borehole. After fixing the guide casing the borehole will be
drilled down on its final level. The buckets grabs the soil inside the hole deepens
the bore. The bucket when filled up with soil is lifted from the hole and spoil is
29 | P a g e
dumped outside. This process is continues till the final stratum is reached. The
verticality of the drilled borehole shall be ensured to its full depth. . For cleaning
the bottom of the borehole, a cleaning bucket will be [Link] keep the quality of
Bentonite during the drilling within the allowable limits a recycle process of
cleaning the Bentonite from sand and silt is continuously done during the
installation of the pile.

5.3.4 REINFORCEMENT CAGE INSTALLATION

The reinforcement for the pile shall be in accordance to the requirements of the
specification and the design of the pile. The reinforcement cages will be fabricated
up to the designed length. The cage should be free from dirt. The pre-fabricated
reinforcement cage will be lifted and placed in the pile borehole using the service
crane. The cage will then be lowered to keep the top level at the designed level.
Durable spacers shall be used at intervals to keep reinforcement cage in position.
The spacers shall be PVC material or cement concrete and as per approved sample

30 | P a g e
for clean concrete cover 75mm to the reinforcement.

FIGURE ( V )

5.3.5 CONCRETING OF PILE.

31 | P a g e
The concrete is delivered by means of transit mixers with the capacity of transit
mixer being = 6M3 . The concrete is received on site and delivery ticket is checked
for correctness in accordance with the approved mix design. The concrete was
checked for slump and temperature having different slump values for different
works . Concrete cubes were also taken as per specification. The concrete had an
accessto the site only after concrete quality was found in compliance with the
specifications. In case of Piles the concreting was done with the help of trimmie
pipes in order to avoid segregation

5.3.6 MIX DESIGN FOR M35

CEMENT USED = TCI MAX, OPC—43

Water Cement Ratio = 0.4

Water = 188.40 kg/m3

Cement = 471 kg/m3

Sand = 676 kg/m3

Coarse Aggregates = 1044 kg/m3

Admixture Used = FOSROC SP-400

32 | P a g e
 1.2 % by weight of cement

CEMENT : SAND : COARSE AGGREGATES = 1 : 1.43 : 2.21

5.3.7 REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY GUIDE CASING.

After concreting, the guide casing will be withdrawn by the piling rig. A sufficient
head of concrete will be maintained to prevent reducing in diameter of pile shaft by
earth pressure, Bentonite slurry or soil and to prevent extraneous material from
mixing with fresh concrete. The quantity of poured concrete volume will be
measured and it will be compared with the theoretical volume. Soil from drilling of
boreholes shall be removed from site to designated disposal areas.

33 | P a g e
5.3.8 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF 23 METRES DEPTH BORE CAGE
PILES

Ltd = 35∅ = 560mm Ldc=28∅ = 448mm

Diameter of bars for vertical reinforcement = 16mm∅ @100c/c 24 numbers.

Diameter of bars for helical reinforcement(TOP) =

16mm∅ @100c/c.

Diameter of bars for helical

reinforcement(remaining length) = 10mm∅

@150c/c.

(1) Vertical Bars = 24 numbers.

FIGURE ( VII )

Length of bar = 0.300 + 22.925 + 0.05 + 0.448 + 0.112

= 23.835 mts.

Weight of 24 bars = 22.835 X 24 X 1.58 = 903.823 kgs---------(a)

Where 1.58 is unit weight of steel.

(2) Helical bars 16∅ mm@100c/c (1.5 X 2) = 3mts

Top = 0.300 + 1.200 = 1.500 mts depth@100c/c

34 | P a g e
Nπ(D+d) + 8d .

X = 1.5/0.1 X 3.141(1.05+0.016) + 8 X 0.016

= 15 X 3.141 X 1.066) + 0.128 = 50.336mts @1.58

= 79.53 X 2 = 159 kgs---------(b)

Helical 10∅ mm@150c/c

Length = 7.52 mts

= 7.52/0.15 X 3.141 X 1.066 + 8x + 0.016

5.3.9 PILE HEAD CHIPPING

After the completion of concreting of pile , the mixture of bentonite slurry reaches
the top of pile which has not enough strength and can result in failure at any
section above the cut off level . So this extra portion of concrete with Bentonite
slurry needs to be chipped off . The process of chipping off this extra concrete also
known as BAD CONCRETE is called as Pile head chipping . The pile head
chipping is done after 28 days of the concreting of pile . The reinforcement of the
pile is made to bend above the cut off level in order to make the built up area of
pile and contribute to make the structure monolithic .

35 | P a g e
 FIGURE ( VIII )

5.4 PILE CAP :

A pile cap is actually a thick concrete mass that rests on concrete piles to provide
a suitable foundation . It usually forms part of the foundation of the building . The
main function of pile cap is to equally distribute the load from the super structure
to the piles . The size of pile cap varies with the number of piles used in the pile
group . The size of pile cap also depends upon the center to center spacing between
the piles which in turn depends upon the type of pile used . Center to center
spacing between the end bearing piles varies from 2 to 2.5 times the dia of pile
whereas it is 3 times the diameter in case of frictional piles . However the length
from the center of pile upto the endd of pile cap is taken as R + 150 mm

Since the diameter of pile is 1.2 m . So center to center distance between two piles
is given as :

(Diameter of Pile ) = 3(1.2 m ) = 3.6 m

Center to center distance between two extreme piles in case of ( 3× 3 ) group piles

= 3.6× 2 = 7.2 m

Distance between center of pile to the end of pile cap is given as ( R + 150 )mm

= ( 600 + 150 ) 2

= 1500 mm
36 | P a g e
Hence , dimension of pile cap in case of 9 group pile cap will be given as :

= (7.2 + 1.5 ) m

= 8.7 m × 8.7 m

However the depth of pile cap is taken as 1.5 m

Similarly in case of 12 group pile cap , the dimension of pile cap stands as
12.3 m × 8.7 m × 1.5 m
8.7 m

FIG(IX)

37 | P a g e
 FIG(X)

FIG(X)

FIG(XI)

38 | P a g e
 FIG(XI)

5.5 PILE CAP REINFORCEMENT :

The reinforcement of pile cap is divided into two cages – upper cage and the lower
cage . The lower or the bottom cage consists of main reinforcement and
distribution . The main steel consists of steel of 32mm dia and distribution of 20
mm steel each 58 bars of main and distribution steel. The upper and the lower
cages are separated by chairs so as to maintain the vertical distance between the
two cages and also to avoid sagging of the upper reinforcement cage . The upper
cage consists of main reinforcement of 20 mm diameter and distribution steel of
12mm dia . The top reinforcement cage rests on the chairs . The bottom
reinforcement cage is having reverse action of steel with distribution steel lying
below the main reinforcement . The main reason behind this action is that the the
uplift from the pile is very less as compared to the load from top . Link bars are
provided at the intersections in order to avoid torsion . The number of link bars
used in the 9 pile group were 743 .

39 | P a g e
 FIGURE (XII)

40 | P a g e
 FIGURE (XIII)

41 | P a g e
 FIGURE(XIV)

42 | P a g e
 FIGURE ( XVI )

43 | P a g e
 FIGURE ( XVII )

44 | P a g e
 FIGURE ( XVIII ) FIGURE ( XIX )

5.6 PILE CAP CONCRETING :

After the reinforcement caging of the pile cap is done , the next steps involves the
concreting of pile cap . The side reinforcement is attached with a concrete cube in
order to maintain a clear cover of 50 mm between the reinforcement and the
shuttering . After the shuttering process is done , proper tightening of shuttering is
ensured in order to avoid bleeding of concrete . The concrete is then poured into
the cap and then removal of air gaps is ensured by vibrator . As the weather was

45 | P a g e
too cold so the use of admixtures was of dearth importance . FASROXE and SICA
were used as Retarders and to improve the workability of the concrete . Slump
value of 130 – 165 was ensured for concreting of pile cap .

PROBLEMS FACED : a brownish color appeared at the top of concrete surface

SOLUTION : It may have been either due to the use of bad quality of sand or due
to the use of excess admixtures . Later on lab investigations suggested the use of
extra admixtures in the concrete that resulted in the formationof a brownish layer
on the top surface of the concrete .

However the quantity of admixture should be limited to 0.4 to 0.6 % of the total
cement used .

46 | P a g e
 FIGURE ( XX ) FIGURE ( XXI )

5.7 Column :

After the completion of the pile cap reinforcement , column is located and the
reinforcement for the column is installed in the pile cap reinforcement so as to
maintain a monolithic structure . The column is of 1X2 ft and the reinforcement
involves vertical bars of 25 mm dia with 16 as number of bars . The center to
center distance between two columns is 3 m
As the location of column is above the ground level so pumps are used to transport
concrete to the column . This is done by using interconnected pipes in order to
transport concrete . Needle vibrators are used in order to avoid air gaps in the

47 | P a g e
concrete . Before the concreting process , shuttering of pier cap supported on cap
lock pipes is done to ensure that bleeding of concrete does not take place .

TEST PERFORMED FOR

QUALITY CHECK
48 | P a g e
CHAPTER 6

TESTS PERFORMED FOR QUALITY CHECK:

6.1 SLUMP TEST:-

PROCEDURE:-

1. To obtain a representative sample, we take samples from two or more regular

intervals throughout the discharge of the mixer or truck. Samples at the beginning
or the end of the discharge are not taken.
2. Then we dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-absorbent,
level surface that will be large enough to accommodate both the slumped concrete
and the slump cone. We place the stand or, foot pieces throughout the test
procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.
3. Then the cone is filled 1/3 full by volume and tamped 25 times with 5/8-
inchdiameter x 24-inch-long hemispherical tip steel tamping rod. (This is a
specification requirement which will produce nonstandard results unless followed
exactly.) Rodding is evenly distributed over the entire cross section of the sample.
4. Cone is filled 2/3 full by volume. This layer is also tamped 25 times with rod
penetrating into, but not through first layer. Rodding is evenly distributed over the
entire cross section of the layer.

49 | P a g e
5. Now the cone is filled to overflow it. This layer is tamped 25 times with rod
penetrating into but not through, second layer. Rodding is evenly distributed over
the entire cross section of this layer.
[Link] excess concrete from the top of the cone is removed using tamping rod as a
screed. Overflow is cleaned from base of cone.
7. The cone is immediately lifted vertically with slow, even motion. The cone
cannot be tilted during this [Link] withdrawn cone is inverted, and placed
next to, but not touching the slumped concrete. (Performed in 5-10 seconds with no
lateral or torsional motion.)
8. Then a straight edge is laid across the top of the slump cone. The amount of
slump in inches from the bottom of the straight edge to the top of the slumped
concrete at a point over the original center of the base is measured. The slump
operation shall be completed in a maximum elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes.
Concrete used in test is discarded and is not used in any other test

Piling mix Typical slump Conditions of use

(mm)
A 125 Poured into water-free unlined bore. Widely
spaced reinforcement leaving ample room for
free movement of the concrete between bars.
B 150 Where reinforcement is not spaced widely
enough to give free movement of concrete
between bars. Where cut-off level of concrete is
within casing. Where pile diameter is < 600 mm.
C >175 Where concrete is to be placed by tremie under
water or bentonite in slurry.

50 | P a g e
 TABLE 3

51 | P a g e
.
FIGURE ( XXII ) FIGURE ( XXIII )

6.2 LOAD TESTS PERFORMED ON PILES:-

Load tests can be of two types INITIAL OR ROUTINE TESTS.

INITIAL TEST:- This is done in case of important or major projects and number
of tests may be one or more depending upon the number of piles required.
52 | P a g e
This test is used in the determination of ultimate load capacities and arrival at safe
load by application of factor of safety. Also done to get an idea of suitability of
piling system.

Note:

Piles used for initial testing are loaded to failure or at least twice the design load.
Such piles are generally not used in the final construction.

ROUTINE TEST:- The number of tests may generally be one-half percent of the
total number of piles required. The number of the test may be increased upto 2
percent in a particular case depending upon nature, type of structure and strata
condition.

This test is used to determine the safe load of the pile and detection of any unusual
performance contrary to the findings of the initial test.

Note:

During this test pile should be loaded upto one and half times the working (design)
load and the maximum settlement of the test should not exceed 12 mm not exceed
12 mm. These piles may be used in the final construction.

VERTICAL TEST

The test can be initial or routine test. The load is applied in increments of 20% of
the estimated safe load. Hence the failure load is reached in 8-10 increments.

Settlement is recorded for each increment until the rate of settlement is less than
0.1 mm/hr.
53 | P a g e
The ultimate load is said to have reached when the final settlement is more than
10% of the diameter is more than 10% of the diameter of pile or the settlement
keeps on increasing at constant load.

After reaching ultimate load, the load is released in decrements of 1/6 th of the total
load and recovery is measured until full recovery is measured until full rebound is
established and next unload is done.

54 | P a g e
 After final unload the settlement is measured for 24 hrs to estimate full elastic
recovery

FIGURE(XXIV)

55 | P a g e
56 | P a g e
 5. LENGTH OF PILE BELOW 23.05m
CUTOFF LEVEL

6. BORING STARTED ON 23-12-2013

7. BORING COMPLETED ON 23-12-2013

8. REINFORCEMENT MAIN REINFORCEMENT 16mm(24

DETAILS NUMBERS)
HELICAL 10mm+16mm
9. GRADE OF CONCRETE M35

10. SLUMP 160,155,160,149,160mm

11. TYPE OF CEMENT USED OPC 43 GRADE TCI MAX

12. NO. OF CEMENT 09

CONCRETE CUBES TAKEN

13. ACTUAL CONCRETE 30cum

CONSUMPTION
14. NUMBER OF PILES IN THE 09
GROUP

VERTICAL TEST ON PILE NUMBER P52

57 | P a g e
LOADING DETAILS

1. DETAILS OF ISMB600 SECONDARY GIRDER:-

[Link] LENGTH OF GIRDER(m) NUMBER OF PIECES TOTAL LENGTH(m)

1. 12.50 01 12.50
2 10.19 01 10.19
3 10.15 01 10.15
4 11.80 01 11.80
5 11.30 01 11.30
6 10.16 01 10.16
7 11.75 01 11.75
8 11.80 01 11.80
9 11.55 01 11.55
10 11.10 01 11.10
11 12.00 05 60.00
12 10.10 01 10.10
13 10.20 01 10.20
= 17 = 192.6
TABLE ( V )

UNIT WEIGHT OF ISM600 = 122.60 kg/m

TOTAL WEIGHT = 192.6 X 122.6 = 23612.76 kg = 23.612 MT = (A)

2. DETAILS OF MAIN GIRDER(BUILT UP SECTION):-

S.N BUILT UP LENGTH(m) NUMBER OF TOTAL

O SECTION PIECE LENGTH
1. 1740 10 02 20

TABLE ( VI )
WEIGHT PER GIRDER = {10 X (0.3 X 0.02 X 2 + 1.7 X 0.016) + 14 X (0.14 X 1.7 X 0.01)} X
7.8
= 3.334 MT
WEIGHT OF MAIN GIRDERS = 3.339 X 2 = 6.678 MT= (B)

58 | P a g e
 3. DETAILS OF BLOCKS:-
1ST LAYER------ 1m x 1m x 1m = 80 NUMBERS = 80 cum
2ND LAYER------ 1m x 1m x 1m = 80 NUMBERS = 80 cum
TOTAL = 160 cum
UNIT WEIGHT OF BLOCK = 2.4 T/m3
TOTAL WEIGHT OF BLOCKS = 160 X 2.4 = 384 MT = ©

4. DETAILS OF PLATE ABOVE JACK:-

[Link] DIMENSION(m) NUMBER OF PIECES WEIGHT(T)

1 1.6 X 1.05 X 0.1 1 1.3188 = (D)

TABLE ( VII )

THEREFORE,

TOTAL DEAD LOAD INCLUDING KENTLEDGE = A+B+C+D

= 23.612 + 6.677 + 384 + 1.3188

= 415.6078 MT

REQUIRED DEAD LOAD = 1.25 X TEST LOAD

= 1.25 X (1.5 X 210)

= 393.75 MT < 415.6078

HENCE OK.

59 | P a g e
 A. DETAILS OF DIAL GAUGE:-

[Link]. DESCRIPTION DETAILS

1 RANGE 0-100mm

2 LEAST COUNT 0.01mm

3 NUMBER OF DIAL GAUGE USED 4

TABLE ( VIII)

B. DETAILS OF HYDRAULIC JACK:-

[Link]. DESCRIPTION DETAILS

1 CAPACITY 1000T

2 NUMBER OF JACKS USED 01

3 RAM DIAMETER 450mm

4 HEIGHT OF JACK 640mm

5 RAM AREA 1589.625 cm2

TABLE ( IX)

C. DETAILS OF PRESSURE GAUGE:-

[Link]. DESCRIPTION DETAILS

1 RANGE 0-900 kg/cm2

2 LEAST COUNT 20 kg/cm2

TABLE ( X )
60 | P a g e
LOAD CALCULATIONS

DESIGN LOAD ON PILE = 210 T

TEST LOAD ON PILE = 1.5 X DESIGN LOAD

= 1.5 X 210

= 315 T

INCREMENTAL LOAD = 20% OF DESIGN LOAD

= 20/100 X 210 = 42 T

DIAMETER OF RAM = 450 cm

RAM AREA = 1589.63cm2

1 DIVISION OF PRESSURE GAUGE = 20 kg/cm2

LOAD PER DIVISION OF PRESSURE GAUGE = AREA OF RAM X LEAST COUNT OF

PRESSURE GAUGE

= 1589.63 X 20 = 31792.6 kg = 31.792 MT

FOR EACH INCREMENT NUMBER OF DIVISION = 42/31.792

= 1.321 DIVISION

61 | P a g e
 [Link] PRESSURE GAUGE RAM AREA OF ACTUAL REMARKS
. READING HYDRAULIC JACK LOAD IN MT
2
DIVISION Kg/cm Cm2
1 1 20 1589.63 31.792 1st
INCREMENT
2 2 40 1589.63 63.584 2ND
3 3 60 1589.63 95.376 3RD
4 4 80 1589.63 127.168 4TH
5 5 100 1589.63 158.96 5TH
6 6 120 1589.63 190.752 6TH
7 7 140 1589.63 222.544 7TH
8 8 160 1589.63 254.336 8TH
9 9 180 1589.63 286.128 9TH
10 10 200 1589.63 317.92 10TH

READINGS FROM VERTICAL TEST

TIME APPLIED LOAD DIAL GAUGE AVERAGE SETTLEMENT

READING IN(mm) READING IN(mm)
DIVISION Kg/cm2 MT A B C D GROSS NET
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
12:05 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
PM
12:10 1.0 20 31.792 1.04 1.01 1.11 2.00
PM
12:20 1.0 20 31.792 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.250
PM
12.25 1.0 20 31.792 2.22 1.00 1.00 1.09 1.330 0.080
PM
12.40 1.0 20 31.792 2.22 1.00 1.00 1.09 1.330 0.080
PM
12:45 2.0 40 63.584 2.22 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.330 0.080
PM
01:00 2.0 40 63.584 2.50 2.00 1.00 1.10 1.515 0.105
PM
01:00 3.0 60 95.376 2.61 1.18 1.18 1.22 1.547 0.297
PM

62 | P a g e
 01:15 3.0 60 95.376 2.66 1.28 1.19 1.25 1.595 0.345
PM
01:15 4.0 80 127.16 2.70 1.51 1.54 1.73 1.870 0.620
PM 8
01:30 4.0 80 127.16 2.73 1.61 1.57 1.80 1.927 0.677
PM 8
01:30 5.0 100 158.96 2.84 1.72 2.25 1.89 2.175 0.925
PM 0
01:45 5.0 100 158.96 2.95 1.74 2.25 1.92 2.215 0.966
PM 0
01:50 6.0 120 190.75 3.14 1.81 3.14 2.10 2.547 1.297
PM 0
02:05 6.0 120 190.75 3.15 1.89 3.19 2.16 2.597 1.347
PM 0
02:05 7.0 140 222.54 3.66 2.03 3.55 2.45 2.922 1.672
PM 4
02:20 7.0 140 222.54 3.78 2.14 3.65 2.54 3.022 1.772
PM 4
02:25 8.0 160 254.33 3.96 2.28 3.70 2.63 3.140 1.892
PM 6
02:40 8.0 160 254.33 4.00 2.35 3.76 2.72 3.200 1.957
PM 6
02:45 9.0 180 286.12 4.34 2.53 3.87 2.84 3.395 2.145
PM 8
03:00 9.0 180 286.12 4.35 2.66 3.99 2.03 3.482 2.232
PM 8
03:05 10.0 200 317.92 4.64 2.81 4.06 3.01 3.632 2.497
PM 0
03:20 10.0 200 317.92 4.80 2.97 4.14 3.08 3.737 2.575
PM 0
03:35 10.0 200 317.92 4.85 3.03 4.23 3.14 3.825 2.610
PM 0
03:50 10.0 200 317.92 4.90 3.06 4.26 3.22 3.860 2.655
PM 0
04:05 10.0 200 317.92 4.92 3.08 4.32 3.30 3.905 2.655
PM 0
04:05 11.0 220 347.71 5.00 3.20 4.37 3.35 3.905 2.730
PM 2
04:20 11.0 220 347.71 5.14 3.29 4.37 3.35 4.980 2.787
PM 2
04:35 11.0 220 347.71 5.28 3.42 4.39 3.36 4.037 2.862
PM 2
04:50 11.0 220 347.71 5.28 3.46 4.40 3.36 4.112 2.875
PM 2

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 05:05 11.0 220 347.71 5.28 3.50 4.40 3.36 4.125 2.885
PM 2
05:05 12.0 240 381.50 5.49 3.62 4.42 3.46 4.135 2.885
PM 4
05:20 12.0 240 381.50 5.62 3.79 4.49 3.54 4.360 3.110
PM 4
05:35 12.0 240 381.50 5.66 3.84 4.52 3.57 4.397 3.147
PM 4
05:50 12.0 240 381.50 5.68 3.87 4.55 3.59 4.220 3.172
PM 4
06:05 12.0 240 381.50 5.69 3.89 4.56 3.59 4.432 3.182
PM 4
06:10 13.0 260 413.29 5.79 4.00 4.64 3.68 4.507 3.277
PM 6
06:25 13.0 260 413.29 5.87 4.09 4.69 3.76 4.602 3.352
PM 6
06:40 13.0 260 412.29 5.94 4.16 4.72 3.78 4.650 3.400
PM 6
06:55 13.0 260 413.29 5.94 4.21 4.73 3.79 4.670 3.420
PM 6
07:10 13.0 260 413.29 5.95 4.23 4.75 3.79 4.680 3.430
PM 6
07:15 13.5 270 429.19 6.10 4.32 4.81 3.86 4.772 3.522
PM 2
07:30 13.5 270 429.19 6.10 4.32 4.81 3.86 4.722 3.522
PM 2
07:45 13.5 270 429.19 6.28 4.50 4.86 3.87 4.877 3.627
PM 2
08:00 13.5 270 429.19 6.28 4.56 5.88 3.90 5.155 3.905
PM 2
08:15 13.5 270 429.19 6.28 4.61 5.89 3.90 5.167 3.917
PM 2
08:45 13.5 270 429.19 6.28 4.67 5.90 3.90 5.187 3.937
PM 2
09:15 13.5 270 429.19 6.28 4.70 5.90 3.90 5.202 3.952
PM 2
09:45 13.5 270 429.19 6.28 4.73 5.95 3.93 5.222 3.972
PM 2
10:15 13.5 270 429.19 6.28 4.79 5.99 4.00 5.230 3.980
PM 2
10:45 13.5 270 429.19 6.28 4.74 5.99 3.96 5.242 3.992
PM 2
11:15 13.5 270 429.19 6.28 4.79 5.99 4.00 5.265 4.015
PM 2

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 11:20 12.0 240 381.50 6.27 4.78 5.95 3.99 5.247 3.997
PM 4
11.40 10.0 240 381.50 6.27 4.77 5.95 3.99 5.245 3.995
PM 4
11:55 10.0 200 317.92 6.24 4.73 5.90 3.95 5.205 3.995
PM 0
12:00 8.0 200 317.92 6.20 4.71 4.98 3.95 4.960 3.710
AM 0
12:15 8.0 160 254.33 6.15 4.69 4.95 3.90 4.922 3.672
AM 6
12:20 6.0 160 254.33 6.15 4.67 4.92 3.88 4.905 3.655
AM 6
12:35 6.0 72 190.75 6.10 4.58 4.86 3.50 4.757 3.507
AM 2
12:40 4.0 72 190.75 5.98 4.57 4.84 3.48 4.717 3.467
AM 2
12:55 4.0 48 127.16 5.85 4.21 4.47 3.12 4.412 3.162
AM 8
01:00 2.0 48 127.16 5.82 4.20 4.45 3.12 4.397 3.147
AM 8
01:15 2.0 24 63.564 5.35 3.75 4.40 3.05 4.137 2.887
AM
01:20 0.0 24 63.564 5.33 3.72 4.38 3.05 4.120 2.870
AM
01:35 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.30 2.70 3.41 0.89 2.825 1.575
AM

TABLE ( XII )

6.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBES:-

Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives
an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that
whether Concreting has been done properly or not. For cube test two types of
specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm

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depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical
moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm are commonly used.
This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any
voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in
water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and
smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole
area of specimen.
These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or
28 days curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per
minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen
gives the compressive strength of concrete.

PROCEDURE:-

1. When the concrete mixer arrives at the site, the moulds are brought and
filled with the concrete.
2. The concrete is filled in the molds in layers approximately 5cm thick.
3. Each layer is compacted with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a
tamping rod (steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end).
4. The top surface is levelled and smoothened with a trowel.

CURING
The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the
specimens are marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear
fresh water until taken out prior to test.

The water for curing should be tested every 7 days and the temperature of water
must be at 27+-2oC.
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PROCEDURE:-

1. The specimen is removed from water after specified curing time and excess
water is wiped out from the surface.
2. The dimension of the specimen is taken to the nearest 0.2m.
3. The bearing surface of the testing machine is cleaned out.
4. The specimen is placed in the machine in such a manner that the load is
applied on the opposite sides of the cube cast.
5. The specimen is aligned centrally on the base plate of the machine.
6. The movable portion is rotated gently by hand so that it touches the top
surface of the specimen.
7. The load is applied gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails.
8. The maximum load is recorded and any unusual features in the type of
failure are noted down
9. Compressive strength of different grades of concrete at 7 and 28 days

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 Grade Minimum Specified characteristic
of compressive compressive strength
Concret strength N/mm2 at (N/mm2) at 28 days
e 7 days
M15 10 15
M20 13.5 20
M25 17 25
M30 20 30
M35 23.5 35
M40 27 40
M45 30 45

TABLE ( XIII )

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Form Work / Shuttering
CHAPTER 7
7.1 .After the completion of the reinforcement for columns , pedestals and
foundation beams,  Shuttering or form workring started immediately. The
type of shuttering that we used in the project was timber and plywood and
in certain slabs steel shuttering were done. shuttering is the term used for
temporary timber, plywood, metal or other material used to provide support
to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self [Link] were
providid for foundation beams upto 2-3 days and shuttering for pedestals
were provided till 1-2 days and shuttering for columns were provided upto 7
days.

And when the concrete took its hardened shape and strength ,witdrawal of
shuttering started.

7.2 PROBLEMS FACED

 Due to the weight of the wet concrete mix and the pressure for
placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form
work/shuttering, the dislocation of shuttering occurred
 Deflection on the surface after laying cement concrete
 Deflection in the columns due to wrong showel
 Loss of water and mortar form cement concrete

7.3 LAYING OF CONCRETE

At ist stage in shallow foundation the concreting of mud matt was being and the
mix grade used for mud mat was M10 grade

At the 2nd stage in shallow foundation the reinforcement work was the next
operation and laying the concrete in the raft

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====

FIGURE (XXVI)

At the 3rd stage in shallow foundation shuttering for foundation beams and
pedestals was done

After the shuttering of pedestals and foundation beams, the concrete in the
pedestals and foundation beams was done and the mix used for foundation
beams was M20 and for pedestals it was M25

After the withdrawal of shuttering from pedestals and foundation beams the DPC
along the perimeter of the building was laid down
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After all these operations shuttering for columns is done and then laying of
concrete takes place. In all such operations the vibrator must be used .

FIG(XXVII) FIG(XXVIII)

FIG(XXIX)
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 FIG (XXX) FIG (XXXI)

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 FIG (XXXII) , FIG (XXXIII) , FIG (XXXIV)

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 FIG (XXXV)

FIG(XXXVI)

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 FIG(XXXVII) , FIG (XXXVIII)

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 FIG (XXXIV)

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 CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION:
1. It is clear, therefore, how much improvement has came to this field of
Engineering. As earlier we used timber piles now we have techniques to develop
concrete piles, steel piles of large diameters, so that they could be used for heavy
traffic loads and of course in the buildings that has to bear a large amount of loads.
So we can see new techniques are being developed day in day out to cater with
different problems in an economical way.

2. In this project all latest machines and equipments are used. Reinforcement cages
are prepared on site. Rig machines and cranes are used to move the things from
one place to another and for the installation of these reinforcement cages.

3. As the surveying has already been done, but the pile locations are always cross
checked by the surveyor to remove any kind of error, which could have been
generated if they wouldn’t have done that. I can say each and every work was
being neatly and keenly observed.

4. At each place of installation of piles, soil investigation is done by the

geotechnical staff and samples are sent to the laboratory for further tests to
determine various properties of soil. And also N-values are determined, on this
basis depth of the pile is decided by the Designers and Design is provided
according to these results.

5. Initial and Routine both the tests are performed at the site and settlements are
checked by various tests which are performed under the above given heads like

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Vertical test, Lateral test, Pull out tests to check safety against the loads which can
cause damage to the structure.

6. Concrete from each and every mixer is first checked by the engineers to know
its Slump Value. And if the slump value comes out to be less than the required
value, Admixture is added to the concrete present in the truck. And the concrete
cubes are taken to the laboratory for 7 and 28 days strength tests to be carried out
on them.

So from all this we can conclude that each and every step taken in this project was
neat and clean without any negligence from any one from the staff of engineers as
well as workers.

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 REFRENCES

1 ) Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete- Code of practice, 4th revision
(IS 456:2000)

2. Dr. [Link] (2008 Edition) ‘Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

3. [Link]/wiki/

4. S. Chand ‘Concrete Technology Theory and Practice’ an ISO 9001:2001

Company.

[Link] of aggregates as per IS: 383, IS: 2386 and IS 456:2000.

6. Concrete cube testing as per IS 456:2000, IS: 1199 and IS: 516 and CPWD
specifications.

7 Consolidation of Soils by Dr. S.V. Dinesh.

8 Negative Skin Friction in Piles and Design Decisions by M.T. Davisson.

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