Objective Oriented Learning Process Format RBT (OLF)
Branch: Automobile Engineering Semester: III
Subject code & Title : 18AU302-Engineering Thermodynamics Unit/Lesson No.: I / 2
T-L tools: Black Board, Power Point, Video & Demo kit Faculty name: Dr.M.Bharathiraja
MICRO PLANNING 3% 3%
Alpha Breathing
8% 5%
Evocation
5%
General Objective & Specific Objectives
9%
Discussion
Mind Map
Stimulating Questions
67%
Formative Assessment
ALPHA BREATHING
BREATHE IN (DEEPLY)
BREATHE OUT (SLOWLY)
HOLD THE BREATH
UNIT I 8 Hours
INTRODUCTION AND ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Definitions and concepts - heat, work, thermodynamic
equilibrium, system and types, surroundings,
Properties- intensive and extensive properties, Path and
point functions, Energy- macroscopic and microscopic
modes of energy, Thermodynamic processes and cycle,
State postulate, Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
1. Topic for Learning through evocation:
Prerequisite Knowledge:
Engineering Mathematics
Engineering Physics
2. Topic Introduction:
2.1. General Objective:
• Students will be able to solve the problems with the basic concepts of
thermodynamics .
2.2. Specific Objectives :
Students will be able to understand
1. Define – Temperature, pressure, Specific heat. (R/F)(S)
2. State gas laws, characteristic gas equation, universal gas constant. (R)(C)( S)
3. Differentiate primary and secondary forms of energy. (U)(C)( E)
4. Calculate specific heat, change of internal energy, specific heats. (U)(C)( E)
Taxonomy of Objectives
The Cognitive Process Dimension
Knowledge Dimension
Remember Understand Apply Analyse Evaluate Create
A. Factual Knowledge 1
B. Conceptual Knowledge 2 3,4
C. Procedural Knowledge
D. Meta Cognitive
Knowledge
Explanatory Notes: (This is not the notes for the topic. It is an explanatory notes to remember the reason for doing a particular mapping in the table above)
A. Factual Knowledge: It is a knowledge that contains the basic elements students must know if they are to be acquainted with the discipline or to solve any of the problems in it.
B. Conceptual Knowledge: It includes knowledge of categories and classifications and the relationships between and among them.
C. Procedural Knowledge: It is the knowledge that takes the form of series of logical steps to be followed. It is more skill oriented and can include algorithms, techniques and methods.
D. Meta Cognitive Knowledge: It is the knowledge of one’s own cognition.
Temperature
What is temperature and how to measure it?
Temperature Conversion _ Celsius to Fahrenheit to Kelvin -
Temperature Units
Temperature
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively
expresses hot and cold.
Temperature is scalar intensive property.
The property of a body or region of space that determines whether
or not there will be a net flow of heat into it or out of it from a
neighboring body or region and in which direction (if any) the
heat will flow.
If there is no heat flow the bodies or regions are said to be in
thermal equilibrium and at the same temperature.
If there is a flow of heat, the direction of the flow is from the body
or region of higher temperature.
Temperature is expressed in Kelvin K in the SI system, or the
derived units °C Celsius, where absolute zero 0 K = -273.15 °C, thus
T(K) = T(°C) - 273.15.
Temperature
Temperature
Pressure
What is Pressure?
Pressure
Pressure is a scalar intensive quantity expressing the force
exerted perpendicular (normal) to the surface of an object per
unit area over which that force is distributed.
When solids exert a similar perpendicular force on a surface,
it is called a normal stress.
Its unit is pascals Pa, where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.
The pressure force arises from random collisions of
molecules due to their kinetic energy.
Pressure
Absolute pressure is the true pressure on the surface relative to
absolute vacuum zero pressure.
Gage pressure (gauge pressure) is the difference between absolute
pressure and atmospheric pressure where the measurement is
being made.
When Pabs > Patm, Pgage = Pabs - Patm.
When Pabs < Patm, a partial vacuum exists and Pgage is often
expressed as a positive vacuum pressure Pvac, where Pvac = Patm -
Pabs
In USCS, pressure is given by lbf/in2 or psi, but absolute and gage
pressures may be shown as psia and psig, respectively.
A tire pressure of 32 psi is actually psig, the absolute amount
above Patm.
Pressure
Pressure
Specific Heat
The specific heat capacities of any substance is defined as the
amount of heat energy required to raise the unit mass through
one degree temperature raise.
In thermodynamics, two specified conditions are used, those of
constant volume and constant pressure.
The two specific heat capacities do not have the same value and
it is essential to distinguish them.
Specific Heat
specific heat capacity
Specific Heat for a Constant Volume
Process (Cv)
If 1 kg of a gas is supplied with an amount of heat energy
sufficient to raise the temperature of the gas by 1 degree whilst
the volume of the gas remains constant, then the amount of heat
energy supplied is known as the specific heat capacity at
constant volume, and is denoted by Cv.
The unit of Cv is J/kg K or kJ/kg K.
For a reversible non-flow process at constant volume, we have
dQ = mCvdT.
For a perfect gas the values of Cv are constant for any one gas at
all pressures and temperatures.
Equations can then be expanded as follows :
Heat flow in a constant volume process, Q12 = mCv(T2 – T1).
Specific Heat for a Constant Pressure
Process (Cp)
If 1 kg of a gas is supplied with an amount of heat energy
sufficient to raise the temperature of the gas by 1 degree whilst
the pressure of the gas remains constant, then the amount of
heat energy supplied is known as the specific heat capacity at
constant pressure, and is denoted by Cp.
The unit of Cp is J/kg K or kJ/kg K.
For a reversible non-flow process at constant pressure, we have
dQ = mCpdT.
For a perfect gas the values of Cp are constant for any one gas at
all pressures and temperatures.
Equation can then be expanded as follows: Heat flow in a
reversible constant pressure process Q12 = mCv(T2 – T1).
Relation between Cp and Cv
Ideal Gas
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of a set of randomly-
moving point particles that interact only through elastic
collisions.
The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas
law, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis
under statistical mechanics.
Ideal Gas Laws
The laws which deal with ideal gases naturally called ideal gas
laws and the laws determined by the observational work of
Boyle in the seventeenth century and Charles in the eighteenth
century.
Boyles Law – states that for a given mass of gas held at a
constant temperature the gas pressure is inversely
proportional to the gas volume.
Charles Law – states that for a given fixed mass of gas held at
a constant pressure the gas volume is directly proportional to
the gas temperature.
Ideal Gas Laws
Gas laws
Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, Avogadro's Law
Boyle’s Law
Charle’s Law
Gay Lusaac Law
Ideal Gas Law
The ideal gas law illustrates the relationship between pressure,
volume , temperature and moles.
The formula for the ideal gas law is PV=nRT.
In this formula:
P = Pressure
V = Volume
n = Moles
T = Temperature
R = The Ideal Gas Constant
Universal Gas Constant
Characteristics Gas Equation
PV=mRT
Where
m = nM,
n = number of moles,
M = Molecular mass
Energy
Energy originally denoted the capacity of acting or being
active, but in modern physical science, it is the capacity to do
physical work. (In reality, its exact forms are not always easy to
define and encompass.)
Energy is defined as: "the ability to do work.“
Our bodies transform the energy stored in the food into energy
to do physical work
Work means moving something, lifting something, warming,
something, lighting something.
All these are a few of the various types of work.
But where does energy come from?
Energy Unit
Sources of Energy (Primary Energy)
The forms of energy in nature we will look at include:
Electricity
Biomass Energy - energy from plants
Geothermal Energy
Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas
Hydro Power and Ocean Energy
Nuclear Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Total and Specific Energy
Energy can exist in different forms such as thermal,
mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical and
nuclear
The total energy E is an extensive property
The specific energy is an intensive property defined as the total
energy of a system by unit mass:
e=E/m
Energy in Thermodynamics
(Secondary Energy)
Thermodynamics deals only with the change of the total
energy and give no information about the absolute value of the
total energy ( we need a reference).
The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system posses as a
whole such as kinetic energy and potential energy.
The microscopic energy are related to the molecular structure
and the sum of all the microscopic energies is called internal
energy (U).
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
The kinetic energy of an object is the energy it possesses
because of its motion.
The kinetic energy* of a point mass m is given by
Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy is energy an object possesses
because of its position in a gravitational field.
Flow Energy
Work is needed to push the fluid into or out of the boundaries
of a control volume if mass flow is involved. This work is called
the flow work (flow energy).
W = Pv, P = Pressure, v = Volume
Internal Energy
Internal energy is defined as the energy associated with the
random, disordered motion of molecules.
It refers to the invisible microscopic energy on the atomic and
molecular scale. IE = mCvdT.
Kinetic energy, potential energy, flow
energy and internal energy
The Difference Between Kinetic and Potential
Internal Energy
3. Discussion:
The students will be asked to discuss the relevant topic among their team/other team/Faculty.
4. Mind Map: (It must revolve around the concept)
5. Stimulating Question
List the energies involved in automobile?
Differentiate Ideal Gas and Real Gas.
6. Formative Assessment:
1. The property diagrams (p-V) of petrol engine are given in Fig. Using this figure, answer the
following questions.
The work produced by the system is from _________ process.
(a) 1-2 (b) 2-3 (c) 3-4 (d) 4-1 (e) 1-3
2. The system which transmits the heat energy away from the diesel engine is the air compressor.
(a) True (b) False
