CHAPTER 5 iversal Gravitation ‘cular Motion; Ur Circular Motion is a class of PERTODIC MOTION, Motion that repeats itself; that completes a cycle; that finishes where it starts; that oscillates; motion that repeats itself; that completes a cycle; that finishes where it starts; that oscillates; motion wah that repeats itself; that completes a cycle; that finishes where it starts; that ee Ryser oscillates... “ = ego Ne oF Ae (eg Recall: x? < C _ 0 (radians) read as f S2re Conversions: civ 6 Lae “Lge ) = 2y(_#_)- (4 (i) = 4am eg. (75 (ce) ari (180°) 180°) (ta)( 8] 2 eg. (u)( 12} -172 Uniform Circular Motion ¥] Uniform in this case means constant speed. Can an object moving with a constant speed have acceleration? Nes. Vectos ve mixytitate and direction, Changing eur mess We aadteatel Chena mies sped ug [sie down, on eat M If so, we physicists are going to want to find a value for it, but how? Fos gurlety ds we Chums Cliveehna 7 NOTE: The magnitude of the velocity is not changing, but the direction is changing. | AA Maiadnin Constent spect Gilt gulag ja & Circle, 2net * Tue you” / In Figure 2 triangle made by the two radii and A/ i will be similar to the triangle made by 1 ,v2 , Av. \ PROOF: = By definition: Figure 1 a snail object ‘moving ina cirle, Note the The angle between the radius and the instantaneous instant loi ors velocity is always 90°. (See figure 1) ‘tangent fo the circular path, ‘Figure 2 Determining the chenge inthe volocity, Av, fora particle For this to remain true, the angle between r; and r) must tag ina, The ng Ala cord om, at be equal to the angle between v; and v, (See figure 2 (a) Shyrmcnseroal approaches the and (b)) Teen me Togenta valerie Therefore, —"=—~ Towel velsarry ch vouT OS Veet forts aleve ow And Av=—Al pork. r Av Al a=— then a=—— a [ At At @ Note: For small values of AO, A/ is ~ s (are length). See Figure 2 () 7 oe een Therefore since At At? and ‘at i our definition of linear speed, v. dg 2 Gonrigeyel acieterrr. (*[5*) (Equation) \\ > See Jaenlive Hae ugh arc (4 s) p> eda ch cake (x)Hopefully, it is clear that this formula can only give positive answers, and therefore only can find the magnitude of the acceleration, Acceleration is a VECTOR so... in what direction is the acceleration? Centripetal vs. Centrifugal i Centri from the Latin Centrum: the middle point of a circle, the center. Pe oe ") Petal from the Latin Peto — to seck, strive after, endeavor to obtain, \ Fugal from the Latin Fugito — to flee, to fly from, avoid or shun. By looking at the direction of the change in velocity, you should be able to see the direction of the acceleration. Arccets vee fia bm TsitCentipetal or Contrtugal? Av A Cea pre \ vy Aecel utio- scour hireedid- v) feat, A> %E-% of Av is towards the center of the circle! a=Av/At The direction of acceleration is also towards the center of the circle! THUS, centripetal! The acceleration of an object moving with Uniform Circular Motion is known as centripetal acceleration or radial acceleration,| pevoluron > | fay te Hace eee Carte How do we find the speed of an object going in a circle? Measure the time it takes for the object to complete a certain number of revolutions. EXAMPLE: We know an object makes 10 revolutions in 2 seconds. With the information given we know the frequency of each revolution. ee 5 Be pewiunos fr St = 10. 5 sea 4 See. Kee a = rev eae : _ Zac ee (ee iaicics BS hie ow ne rev peroiuron The time needed to complete one revolution is known as the Period (T). r= or=02,, rev rev and fen see. How far does an object move in one revolution? (circumference) VW rev =2ar rari ee tas) (Equation 2) \ (eek wh Steaveds Ww y —flistance _ 2ar time T | fati revetumrs «Ay othe lenis Heroagh conte Se Arave liv cwinnfeewe Nee tavelive Sem. orelery th ( y Cicmm ference > 2TC \ arclegy 2 $2 76 pa fhewl > tue Ge brwwtvhen) f+ Tee poledMore Useful Formulas... If we substitute Equation 2 into Equation 1... 2m aaa & A r \i THEN SIMPLIFY ast | _ oA 4n’r T? | (Equation 3) L ric’. dlaw't necel fo lerow speed t ho keel Gear (Opel Gcrcleahie ) i RS Y oeO22 Ne Bee Oo date Problems: 1. () A jet plane traveling 1800 km/h (500 m/s) pulls out of a dive by moving in an arc of radius 6.00 km. What is the plane’s acceleration? > see ms e+ & Cx ben > bem fe so) ae? a OO e0ue 2. (I) Calculate the centripetal acceleration of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun and the net force exerted on the Earth. What exerts this force on the Earth? Assume that the Earth’s orbit is a circle of radius S010" eects 2 Ge = Yt Cs nee” ume ae >7 (sisseav) ort PE > Bisse Seeerely A, ~OWDA mise (1 Yap Crowd sun) =T 3. Will the acceleration of a car be the same when it travels around a sharp curve at 60 km/h, as when it travels around a gentle curve at the same speed? Explain. Leaps, ie oat Corel, of gaucho | Lestewng, a eGe8 tue paocen ye Poe relive ow 2. turn, da contin Pr ‘ UL oapelere Hos > Oe. ee wil dere 0 0 gD learTaticang, alsuuk frees, DYNAMICS of Circular Motion Revisiting Newton’s 2" Law Newton stated that if a body is accelerating, there must be a NET force acting on it, in the direction of the acceleration. The NET force the cause circular motion is called the CENTRIPETAL force. Note: This is not a new type of force, we will treat it very much the same as we did any NET force. 2 2 \iF=ma and F=ma,=™ mr r T A centripetal (center seeking) force causes circular motion NOT a centrifugal (center fleeing) force. © The force that is acting on the ball causing circular motion is inward i a (centripetal). 7 i © The force acting on the hand is outward, I eee and NOT causing circular motion. \ string * A centrifugal force is a “fictitious” or N “pseudo” force caused by viewing the oe situation from an accelerating reference felt frame.Problems: 1.) A horizontal force of 280 N is exerted on a 2.0-kg discus as it is rotated uniformly in a horizontal circle (at arms length) of radius 1.00 m. Calculate the speed of the discus. Fito Fosma c 2 role fa oe a IE yo? ie oF v wr dey Caetano \ 2. (I) A 0.40-kg ball, attached to the end of a horizontal cord, is rotated ina circle of radius 1.3 m on a frictionless horizontal surface. If the cord will break when the tension in it exceeds 60 N, what is the maximum speed the ball can have? How would your answer be affected if there were friction? > 4 oo le ‘ Here Fusme is te & Moni Comapinet fae cou rite Hu ball Wo ge mM o& Orck & = Fr) Fee ben (eo Fr yet Fo2 ma saw sh | \ be > &s) il 13GURE 5-13 Forces ona -f rounding a curve on a flat road, Example 5-7. (a) Front view, (©) top view. By Fg=mg @ Here, Shue Srune is dw fac Het come U f& dm bm o cmb (A) Ay Ob Fa may EXAMPLE 5-7 (from book) A Car rounding a bend A 1000 kg car rounds a curve on a flat road of radius 50 m at a speed of 50 km/hr (14 m/s), Will the car make the turn, or will it skid, if: (a) the pavement is dry and the coefficient of static friction is 1; = 0.60; (b) the pavement is icy and Ms = 0.25? : i ee => Firl mex Speck b sefely nowy comgace te Oe sgt Ha tum, (it ef 5) (6yz 2 O.eF fe sm ' a “ Pome foasylan) ave c ( Se bie » myo ‘ Vater nlf / ~ eu ‘ anpve fy, off (uct) (4.419)11. (0) What is the maximum speed with which a 1050-kg car can round. a turn of radius 70 m on a flat road if the coefficient of friction between tires and road is 0.80? Is this result independent of the mass of the car? Ferns. 16 0% ye? Rema c eee = a Soa m> lose ley ie haa © c aA 2 tom ce am phy + pe fer Orke pyre av fo ws for) @x teis v TT More Practice (mixed problems) 1, Arace car makes one lap around a track of radius 50 m in 9.08. ‘a) What is the average speed? T24s ye 2me _ 2m) Baa als | — ae me Eh yo? b) What was the car's centripetal acceleration? Le Gay oot a 4c Mot) Oe oe Gan) [p33 [>| oe as ty ofa st 2. Normie Neutron swings a rubber ball attached to a string over his head in a horizontal, circular path ‘The piece of string is 1.5 m long and the ball makes 120 complete turns each minute. a) What is the average speed of the ball? i‘ z > 21 27 States Ue erp te F vr ure, als) faces GO sey T Os fee ana jeeescccesaae Gece es [ve tise ab | b) What is the bail’s centripetal acceleration? —~ a2, ie Sy st Oo. 4a Gs) cae 2.83 MS oo tee dG is aa i ry EERO od aneea 3, Acar goes around a curve at 20. m/s. If the radius of the curve is 60 m, what is the centripetal y D3e. 6+ acceleration of the car? _ whe Qo+v (ee) i eek EE ary CN cs Bel Ger? 4, Professor Brown holds on to the end of the minute hand of a clock atop city hall If the minute hand is 4.0 mong, what is the professor's centripetal acceleration? Hoes dey Th en Ae iva thal bo yp Ground Hae, Chote ace t (Rerrod) —D Gs minutes » Beons ¢ T+ teus; ————_—____— ire gt eae i Labrie ale | ; et ay ae? 25. A fiea gels Its thrills by riding on the outer edge of a golden oldies record album of radius 15 cm as itis being played with a rotational period of 1.8 seconds. 2) What is the flea's average speed? Piven cure ve? oe T+18s b) What is the flea’s centripetal acceleration? de > Aor | aot ous) ae (sy +f 183 wp \ 6, A0,100 kg mass is attached toa string 75 om long and swings in a horizontal circle, revolving once every 0.80 s. Caloulate: a) the centripetal acceleration of the mass. MG key Scr arbe Antes) Ca Wen FO a com Tees - > Guee &|y ee) Tension is ou Ema centeigeted Geen : ¢ Fr * (on) Were) nea { Fre Qelen 7. A0.50 kg mass is attached to a string 1.0 m long and moves in a horizontal circle completing 1 revolutions in 0.5 seconds. Calculate: 2) the centripetal acceleration of the mass. ie Gex8ete | dnt “| naan a AA nf | rete i: Ce eeeeeee Tres b) the tension in the string. Erma Fy am de Fe = (o.s)Ustar) aa B8. It takes a 900. kg racing car 12.3 s to travel at a uniform speed around a circular racetrack of radius ‘90.0 m. What is the centripetal force acting on the car, and which force provides it? Ms Wo by ame E> Ge DET Stee a see Ge wr c oto {& = oe ee 9. Peepaeeeeesnnpapen papas = fe of radius 4.0 m completing 2 revolutions in 6 seconds. Determine: __'s, a) the velocity of the object. etme ary Ley g | reg at = ££. wee £235 vee ) the acceleration ofthe object. Oe = ve (3.377) fess tance Qe pHs noe ) the pull of the object Fow mon Fee (urss) =[351 x | d) what happens if the cord breaks. The Ob jech Will Move an cc Straight line , aceoreting fo i tupnrel weluery vecte 10. (Il) What is the maximum speed with which a 1000-kg car can round @ turn of radius 78 m on a flat road if the coefficient of friction between tires and road is 0.607 f ie A® tao 5 MY Me {000 ey Fo 2 Moe. oe rte pe ae L Fun 5 ae a Fommy ve? Poort 7 Ab Be . VAY ; . oe PES ye yg ~(ENENG