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cA = Your individual number
S base = 100 (MVA)
UN1 = 130 (kV)
Ȧ0= 100*pi(rad/s)
H = (2 + A/5)
D=0
G1: (85 + A/5) (MVA), 10 (kV), x0d = (15 + A/5 )%
T1: 85 (MVA), 10(kV)/130(kV), x = 7%
T2: 50 (MVA), 20(kV)/130(kV), x = 8%
S L: Impedance load, PL = 34 (MW) at 20 (kV), cosĭ = 0.95
L1: ȦL = 0.4 (/km), l = 100 (km)
L2: ȦL = 0.4 (/km), l = 150 (km)
In the pre-fault state, the voltage at bus N 3 is UN3 = 130 ej_ĭ (kV), where ĭ = 26:2147
(deg.).
Question:
1)a) To determine the power, generator voltage and generator angle in the steady state, we
need to model the system as shown in the figure above in terms of thevenin voltage and
thevenin impedance seen from the generator.
Firstly, we open circuit the generator connect ion because we want to calculate the thevenin
voltage as seen from N3. Then the circuit becomes,
Impedance seen by the current entering from N1 will be the sum of the impedances of L2 ,
Transformer 2 and the load. Thus, we know the impedance and we can calculate the current
by U1/Z where Z is the impedance seen by this current as explained before.
Value of this current is-I1=0.3066 - 0.1466i= 0.3399 with an angle of -25.5538 degrees
Now, the voltage at node 2 is calculated by multiplying the calculated current with the
impedance which is sum of the impedance of transformer2 and the load.
This voltage is Uth=0.9653 - 0.0726i=0.9680 with an angle of -4.2997degrees.
This is the thevenin voltage as seen from node 3.
To calculate the thevenin impedance as seen from node 3, we short circuit the infinite bus
which can be considered a constant voltage source. Thus, the circuit becomes
And Z thevenin is calculated as result of par allel connection of impedance of L1 and sum of
impedance of transformer2 and load in series with L2.
i.e Zthevenin=ZL2+ ZL1//(Ztransformer2+Zload)
Once we know the voltage at node3 without the effect of generator i.e the thevenin voltage
calculated above and the voltage at node 3 when the generator is connected(given), we can
find the injected current in the system due to the generator by the formula
I=(Voltage at node3(given) ± Thevenin Voltage)/ Thevenin Impedence
The value of thi s current is 0.8772 + 0.1426i= 0.8887 with an angle of 9.2348degrees
Then the voltage at the generator is calculated by multiplying current and the total
impedance which is the sum of the thevenin impedance and the impedance of the
transformer1 and the generator¶s impedance xd .
i.e E= I*(Zthevenin + Ztransformer1 +xd)
The value calculated for E = 0.8459 + 0.7568i = 1.1351 with an angle of 41.8193 degrees
Its absolute value is Eq=1.351
And the angle is delta= 41.8193
Since before the fault, system is in steady state, Mechanical power= Electrical Power .
Thus, Mechanical power= real part of E*Iconjugate
E is the voltage of the generator calculated above
And I conjugate is the conjugate of the injected current due to th e generator.
The mechanical power calculated is Pm -----------------------------------------------
b)
Swing equation for the system is given by,
dį/dt = Ȧ
and dȦ/dt=(Pm-Pe-D*Ȧ)/M
where į is the angle of rotor
Ȧ is the speed of rotation of the rotor
Pm is the mechanical power
Pe is the electrical power
M is 2*H*Sng/(Ȧo*Pbase)
Pe is calculated by the formula given
Where the symbols have the m eaning shown in the figure drawn on page1 .
D is the damping factor which is zero in this case
To calculate the frequency of oscillation around the stable equilibrium point , we first find the
jacobian of these system of equations.
Jacobian matrix is [ df1/dx1 df2/dx1; df1/dx2 df2/dx2]
Where f1=Ȧ
And f2==(Pm-Pe-D*Ȧ)/M
X1=į
X2=Ȧ
Then we calculate the eigen values of this matrix which are given by,
Ȝ 1,2 =sqrt(K/M)
where K is derivative of Electrical power with respect to į.
And the frequency is given by sqrt(K/M)/(2*ʌ)
This is the frequency of oscillations
The value of frequency calculated is f ------------------------------------------
c)To calculate the critical clearing time, equal area criterion is used.
Where Aa=Ad
Aa=(Pm-Pef)dį
Where į varies from steady state value to critical clearing angle
Pm is the mechanical power
Pef is the electrical power obtained from generator during the fault.
And
Ad=(Pepost ± Pm)dį
Where į varies from critical clearing angle to the angle where the system is in unstable
equilibrium.
This angle is called įu and is the greater of th e two values of į where mechanical power is
equal to the electrical power. This is the point till when Pe>Pm i.e system absorbs
more energy from the system than feeded into it thus deaccelerating the rotor.
Pepost is the electrical power taken from the gen erator after the fault is rectified.
ǻu can be obtained by equating Pe and Pm.
The formula used for Pepost is the one given in the assignment i.e,
Physically, Aa represent the kinetic energy injected into the system during the fault and Ad is
the ability of the post fault system to absorb energy. System can only be stable if the
ability of the post fault system exceeds the energy injected into the system during the
fault. To calculate the maximum time for which system can be in faulty state, we
should calculate the time when Aa=Ad. With increase in duration of fault, injected
energy increases and the ability to absorb energy after the fault decreases.Thus,
Time for which it can remain faulty is when Aa<Ad.
After equating the areas,
We get įcc,critical clearing angle for the case1=x_case1_deg«««««««««««..
To calculate the critical clearing time, we use the equation
2(į)/t = dȦ/dt=(Pm-Pef)/M
Integrating it twice where the limits vary from į at steady state to į critical clearing angle ,
we get
Steady state į ± critical clearing angle=(Pm -Pef)*tcc*tcc/2M
Where tcc is the critical clearing time.
Thus, now critical clearing time can be calculated.
And critical clearing time for case1 is tcc_cas e1-------------------------------------------
Similarly,
For second case
Equal area criterion is applied but in th is case Pef=0 because the line L 2 is shorted and
thus, all the impedences are imaginary.
With this, we get įcc for the second case whose v alue comes out to be x_case2_deg ---------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
So, critical clearing time for this case is tcc_case2 ---------------------------------------------
e)The graphs of angle vs power in both the cases are attached.
In the first case, Power obtained from the generator during the fault is not zero whereas in
the second case, it is zero. Mechanical Power is constant in both the cases. During
the fault, Electrical power is less than the mechanic al power. The extra mechanical
energy given to the generator accelerates the rotor and increases its angle. The
acceleration is more in the second case as no electrical energy is taken out. For a
system to be stable, the extra mechanical power given to t he generator should be
less than the ability of the post fault system to absorb energy. Since in the first case,
energy is given at a slower rate ,it can sustain fault for more time compared to the
second case where more more extra energy is given for a gi ven time.
2)a and b) The plots of į vs time for tc1 and tc2 are attached for case 1 and case2.
c) The plots of į vs time are attached. The frequency of oscillations are approximated by
looking at the values in the graph. These are found to be
1)frequency for tcc/2
2)frequency for tcc/10=
d) The frequency calculated in part 1 is valid only for small disturbances. If system remains
faulty for tcc/2,then rotor angle increases considerably and the disturbance is not
small. Thus, the frequency for this oscill ation is not the one calculated in part 1.
Tcc/10 causes less angle disturbance which can be considered small and thus,its frequency
of oscillations is approximately same as that calculated in part 1.
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